Lilongwe Water Board
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LILONGWE WATER BOARD Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for Lake Malawi Water Supply Project for Lilongwe City VOLUME 2 – APPENDIX Rpt_t17049/02 February-18 www.nemus.pt [email protected] Government of Malawi Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR LAKE MALAWI WATER SUPPLY PROJECT FOR LILONGWE CITY VOLUME 2 — APPENDIX — LILONGWE WATER BOARD February 2018 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR LAKE MALAWI WATER SUPPLY PROJECT FOR LILONGWE CITY VOLUME 1- ESIA REPORT VOLUME 2 - APPENDIX TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 2. Geology, Topography and Hydrogeology 3 2.1. Introduction 3 2.2. Regional geomorphology 4 2.3. Geology 6 2.4. Geohazards 7 2.4.1. Neotectonics and seismicity 7 2.5. Economic geology 9 2.6. Hydrogeology: type of aquifer and other general aspects 13 2.7. Alluvial aquifer system 14 2.8. Weathered basement: aquifer properties 15 2.9. Groundwater quality 16 3. Soils 21 3.1. Introduction 21 Rpt_t17049/02 ESIA for Lake Malawi Water Supply Project for Lilongwe City: Appendix i 3.2. Soil characterization 22 3.3. Soil suitability 31 3.4. Slopes 33 3.5. Soil erosion 35 3.6. Soil contamination 36 4. Climate and Meteorology 39 4.1. Climate of Malawi 39 4.2. Rainfall 43 4.3. Temperature 58 4.4. Extreme meteorological events 66 4.4.1. Floods 67 4.4.2. Extreme temperatures and rainfall 67 4.4.3. Droughts 67 4.5. Climate trends and expected evolution 70 4.5.1. Rainfall 70 4.5.2. Temperature 74 4.5.3. Extreme meteorological events 77 4.5.4. Summary of the climate projections for the region 80 5. Air Quality 82 5.1. Air quality standards 82 5.2. Sensitive receptors 84 5.3. Air pollution 84 5.3.1. Health 84 5.3.2. Ambient air quality 85 5.4. Air pollution sources 87 5.4.1. Road traffic 88 5.4.2. Biomass combustion 90 ii Rpt_t17049/02 ESIA for Lake Malawi Water Supply Project for Lilongwe City: Appendix 5.4.3. Other sources 91 5.5. Atmospheric dispersion conditions 93 5.6. Air quality assessment 94 6. Surface Water Quality 97 6.1. Overview of the water resources in the project area 97 6.1.1. Water quality assessment methodology 102 6.1.2. Water uses 106 6.1.3. Pollution sources 107 6.1.4. Water quality assessment 109 7. Ecology, Flora and Fauna 119 7.1. Introduction 119 7.2. Habitats 120 7.3. Vegetation and flora 135 7.3.1. Vegetation 135 7.3.2. Flora 138 7.4. Fauna 140 7.4.1. Aquatic macro-invertebrates 140 7.4.2. Ichthyofauna 141 7.4.3. Herpetofauna 142 7.4.4. Avifauna 144 7.4.5. Mammals 146 8. Socioeconomics and Public Health 148 8.1. Political evolution, administrative and community structure 148 8.2. Population characteristics and dynamics 152 8.3. Education and literacy 157 8.4. Household and housing characteristics 161 8.5. Social conditions and public health 169 Rpt_t17049/02 ESIA for Lake Malawi Water Supply Project for Lilongwe City: Appendix iii 8.6. Economic activity 173 8.7. Employment 180 8.7.1. Land Ownership 184 9. References 185 Annex 1 – ESIA Team Composition 193 Volume 1 Annex – Maps Map PRJ1 – Administrative Framework (orthophoto map – 1:300 000) Map PRJ2 – Pipeline alignment and projected infrastructures (topographic map – 1:25 000) Map PRJ3 – Pipeline alignment and projected infrastructures (orthophoto map – 1:5 000) Map GEO1 – Hypsometry (1: 50 000) Map GEO2 – Slope Angles (1: 50 000) Map GEO3 – Geological / Hydrogeological Map (1: 50 000) Map SOL1 – Soil Types (Lowole, 1983) (1:300 000) Map SOL2 – Soil Types (GeoNode, 2013) (1:300 000) Map CLI1 – Average Annual Rainfall (1:300 000) Map CLI2 – Average Annual Temperature (1:300 000) Map FF1 – Habitat Map (1:15 000) iv Rpt_t17049/02 ESIA for Lake Malawi Water Supply Project for Lilongwe City: Appendix LIST OF TABLES Table 1 – Dominant lithology along the study area 6 Table 2 – Results from different monitoring campaigns held in the alluvial aquifer and near the pipeline project 15 Table 3 – Parameters from groundwater in the Lilongwe area (weathered basement aquifer) from 1997 and 1999 (N = 43) and drinking water quality standards and guidelines from MBS (2013) and WHO (2017) 17 Table 4 – Quality results from a monitoring well located in the alluvial aquifer, in the Kambwiri Sere Irrigation Scheme (Salima district) and drinking water quality standards and guidelines from MBS (2013) 18 Table 5 – Soil classification according to LREP system: characteristics and properties of soil types present in the pipeline area 25 Table 6 – KIA weather station total annual precipitation records, for the 1961-2011 period, and classification of hydrological year type 49 Table 7 – Parameters for each hydrological year type, according to data from the KIA station, for the 1961-2011 period 50 Table 8 – Chitedze weather station total annual precipitation records, for the 1997-2011 period, and classification of hydrological year type 52 Table 9 – Parameters for each hydrological year type, according to data from the Chitedze station, for the 1997-2011 period 53 Table 10 – Salima weather station total annual precipitation records, for the 1997-2011 period, and classification of hydrological year type 55 Table 11 – Parameters for each hydrological year type, according to data from the Salima station, for the 1997-2011 period 56 Table 12 – Drought classification according with the Percentile Drought Index method 68 Table 13 – KIA, Chitedze and Salima weather stations’ drought annual precipitation thresholds and years that threshold is verified, according with Percentile Drought Index (Gibbs, 1987) 69 Table 14 – GCM projections of wet season (November-March) precipitation changes in Central Malawi, for the period 2071-2100 71 Rpt_t17049/02 ESIA for Lake Malawi Water Supply Project for Lilongwe City: Appendix v Table 15 – GCM projections of wet season (November-March) temperature changes in Central Malawi, for the period 2071-2100 74 Table 16 – Summary of climate projections for the South African region 81 Table 17 – IFCs’ reference guidelines for ambient air quality 82 Table 18 – Ambient air quality standards limits for Malawi 83 Table 19 – Air quality standards for motor vehicles in Malawi 83 Table 20 – Carbon dioxide emissions for Malawi in the period 1990-2011 86 Table 21 – Assessment of air quality in South Africa 94 Table 22 – Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) (μ/m3) in Malawi 95 Table 23 – Location and sampled parameters of LWB surface water quality monitoring sites 103 Table 24 – Water quality standards and guidelines 105 Table 25 – Lake Malawi (Leopard Bay area) major pollution sources and associated water quality impacts 108 Table 26 – Water quality standard/guidelines compliance assessment for Lake Malawi sample site 109 Table 27 – Water quality standard/guidelines compliance assessment for Lumbadzi sample site 110 Table 28 – Water quality standard/guidelines compliance assessment for Linthipe sample site 111 Table 29 – Turbidity results for monitoring sites 112 Table 30 – Suspended solids results for monitoring sites 113 Table 31 – Electrical conductivity results for monitoring sites 114 Table 32 – Total dissolved solids results for monitoring sites 115 Table 33 – Nitrates results for monitoring sites 116 Table 34 – Iron results for monitoring sites 117 Table 35 – Faecal coliforms results for monitoring sites 118 Table 36 – Areas of each habitat within the study area 120 Table 37 – Key demographic indicators (1998-2030) 155 vi Rpt_t17049/02 ESIA for Lake Malawi Water Supply Project for Lilongwe City: Appendix Table 38 – Internal Migration, in Malawi and at Districts, in 2008 156 Table 39 – Population distribution by religion, in 2008 156 Table 40 – Literacy status of persons aged 5 years and older by region, in 2008 157 Table 41 - Sex distribution of the literate population, in 1998-2008 157 Table 42 – Literacy rate by sex for districts, in 2008 158 Table 43 – Percent distribution of school going age population by sex and region, 2008 159 Table 44 – Percent distribution of persons 6 years and over by school attendance status for district, in 2008 160 Table 45 – Population aged 5 years and over by highest educational level attended and by district, in 2008 160 Table 46 – Number of persons and type of dwelling unit by district, in 2008 162 Table 47 – Population distribution of households according to main source of drinking water by districts, in 2008 164 Table 48 – Population distribution of households according to type of toilet facility used by district, in 2008 166 Table 49 – Population of households by main source of energy for cooking by district, in 2008 168 Table 50 – Population of households by main source of energy for lighting by district, in 2008 168 Table 51 – Population of households by type of assets by district, in 2008 169 Table 52 – Proportion of distribution of top most reported diseases (2016-2017) 172 Table 53 – Annual percentage growth rates, 2014-2018 174 Table 54 – Sectoral contribution to Malawi GDP, 2014-2018 175 Table 55 – Employment by sector, sex and region, in 2013 182 Rpt_t17049/02 ESIA for Lake Malawi Water Supply Project for Lilongwe City: Appendix vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 - Longitudinal survey of altimetry along the design trajectory 5 Figure 2 – The Afro-Arabian rift system (continental graben and depressions are shaded) 8 Figure 3 – Epicentre of 1989 Salima Earthquake, a magnitude 6.6 quake, occurred on March 10, 1989 in central Malawi 8 Figure 4 – Seismic hazard for Southeast Africa expressed as peak ground acceleration (PGA) 9 Figure 5 – Borrow pits located close to the main road (km 3+900 – Salima District/TA Maganga) 10 Figure 6 – Borrow