Policy Paradox
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GENERAL ELECTION IN GREECE 7th July 2019 European New Democracy is the favourite in the Elections monitor Greek general election of 7th July Corinne Deloy On 26th May, just a few hours after the announcement of the results of the European, regional and local elections held in Greece, Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras (Coalition of the Radical Left, SYRIZA), whose party came second to the main opposition party, New Analysis Democracy (ND), declared: “I cannot ignore this result. It is for the people to decide and I am therefore going to request the organisation of an early general election”. Organisation of an early general election (3 months’ early) surprised some observers of Greek political life who thought that the head of government would call on compatriots to vote as late as possible to allow the country’s position to improve as much as possible. New Democracy won in the European elections with 33.12% of the vote, ahead of SYRIZA, with 23.76%. The Movement for Change (Kinima allagis, KINAL), the left-wing opposition party which includes the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), the Social Democrats Movement (KIDISO), the River (To Potami) and the Democratic Left (DIMAR), collected 7.72% of the vote and the Greek Communist Party (KKE), 5.35%. Alexis Tsipras had made these elections a referendum Costas Bakoyannis (ND), the new mayor of Athens, on the action of his government. “We are not voting belongs to a political dynasty: he is the son of Dora for a new government, but it is clear that this vote is Bakoyannis, former Minister of Culture (1992-1993) not without consequence. -
2019 European Elections the Weight of the Electorates Compared to the Electoral Weight of the Parliamentary Groups
2019 European Elections The weight of the electorates compared to the electoral weight of the parliamentary groups Guillemette Lano Raphaël Grelon With the assistance of Victor Delage and Dominique Reynié July 2019 2019 European Elections. The weight of the electorates | Fondation pour l’innovation politique I. DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THE WEIGHT OF ELECTORATES AND THE ELECTORAL WEIGHT OF PARLIAMENTARY GROUPS The Fondation pour l’innovation politique wished to reflect on the European elections in May 2019 by assessing the weight of electorates across the European constituency independently of the electoral weight represented by the parliamentary groups comprised post-election. For example, we have reconstructed a right-wing Eurosceptic electorate by aggregating the votes in favour of right-wing national lists whose discourses are hostile to the European Union. In this case, for instance, this methodology has led us to assign those who voted for Fidesz not to the European People’s Party (EPP) group but rather to an electorate which we describe as the “populist right and extreme right” in which we also include those who voted for the Italian Lega, the French National Rally, the Austrian FPÖ and the Sweden Democrats. Likewise, Slovak SMER voters were detached from the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) Group and instead categorised as part of an electorate which we describe as the “populist left and extreme left”. A. The data collected The electoral results were collected list by list, country by country 1, from the websites of the national parliaments and governments of each of the States of the Union. We then aggregated these data at the European level, thus obtaining: – the number of individuals registered on the electoral lists on the date of the elections, or the registered voters; – the number of votes, or the voters; – the number of valid votes in favour of each of the lists, or the votes cast; – the number of invalid votes, or the blank or invalid votes. -
Issues in the Normativity of Logic and the Logic As Model View By
Issues in the Normativity of Logic and the Logic as Model View by Haggeo Cadenas A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Approved November 2017 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee Angel Pinillos, Chair Bernard Kobes Shyam Nair Richard Creath ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY December 2017 ABSTRACT After surveying the literature on the normativity of logic, the paper answers that logic is normative for reasoning and rationality. The paper then goes on to discuss whether this constitutes a new problem in issues in normativity, and the paper affirms that it does. Finally, the paper concludes by explaining that the logic as model view can address this new problem. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...1 A ROMP THROUGH THE NORMATIVITY OF LOGIC: HARMAN AND THE NORMATIVITY OF LOGIC ……………...……………………………………………..6 Can Harman-esque Worries Lead to Normative Skepticism? ..............................17 Is Logic Normative?..............................................................................................19 WHY THINK THERE IS A UNIQUE PROBLEM?.......................................................22 Field’s account of the Normativity of Logic………………..…………………..35 Field and the Instrumental Conception of Epistemic Rationality………………..38 THE LOGIC AS MODEL VIEW AND NORMATIVITY……………………………...47 Three Ways Logic Might Relate to Reasoning……………………….………….47 An Elaboration of the Logic as Model View…………………………………….50 The Logic as Model View: A Layout, Application, and Analysis………….……55 A Layout………………………………………………………………………....55 The Application and Analysis……………………………………………………58 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………..62 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………..64 ii Issues in the Normativity of Logic and the Logic as Model View §1: Introduction What was the charge that Plato and Socrates levied against to sophists? Simply put, it’s that they, “made the weaker argument appear the stronger?” Surprisingly, this charge was brought against Socrates in his trial. -
Review of European and National Election Results Update: September 2019
REVIEW OF EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL ELECTION RESULTS UPDATE: SEPTEMBER 2019 A Public Opinion Monitoring Publication REVIEW OF EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL ELECTION RESULTS UPDATE: SEPTEMBER 2019 Directorate-General for Communication Public Opinion Monitoring Unit May 2019 - PE 640.149 IMPRESSUM AUTHORS Philipp SCHULMEISTER, Head of Unit (Editor) Alice CHIESA, Marc FRIEDLI, Dimitra TSOULOU MALAKOUDI, Matthias BÜTTNER Special thanks to EP Liaison Offices and Members’ Administration Unit PRODUCTION Katarzyna ONISZK Manuscript completed in September 2019 Brussels, © European Union, 2019 Cover photo: © Andrey Kuzmin, Shutterstock.com ABOUT THE PUBLISHER This paper has been drawn up by the Public Opinion Monitoring Unit within the Directorate–General for Communication (DG COMM) of the European Parliament. To contact the Public Opinion Monitoring Unit please write to: [email protected] LINGUISTIC VERSION Original: EN DISCLAIMER This document is prepared for, and primarily addressed to, the Members and staff of the European Parliament to assist them in their parliamentary work. The content of the document is the sole responsibility of its author(s) and any opinions expressed herein should not be taken to represent an official position of the Parliament. TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL 1 1. COMPOSITION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 5 DISTRIBUTION OF SEATS OVERVIEW 1979 - 2019 6 COMPOSITION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT LAST UPDATE (31/07/2019) 7 CONSTITUTIVE SESSION (02/07/2019) AND OUTGOING EP SINCE 1979 8 PROPORTION OF WOMEN AND MEN PROPORTION - LAST UPDATE 02/07/2019 28 PROPORTIONS IN POLITICAL GROUPS - LAST UPDATE 02/07/2019 29 PROPORTION OF WOMEN IN POLITICAL GROUPS - SINCE 1979 30 2. NUMBER OF NATIONAL PARTIES IN THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT CONSTITUTIVE SESSION 31 3. -
Logic in the Light of Cognitive Science
STUDIES IN LOGIC, GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC 48 (61) 2016 DOI: 10.1515/slgr-2016-0057 Jan Woleński University of Information, Technology and Management Rzeszow LOGIC IN THE LIGHT OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE Abstract. Logical theory codifies rules of correct inferences. On the other hand, logical reasoning is typically considered as one of the most fundamental cognitive activities. Thus, cognitive science is a natural meeting-point for investigations about the place of logic in human cognition. Investigations in this perspec- tive strongly depend on a possible understanding of logic. This paper focuses on logic in the strict sense; that is, the theory of deductive inferences. Two problems are taken into account, namely: (a) do humans apply logical rules in ordinary reasoning?; (b) the genesis of logic. The second issue is analyzed from the naturalistic point of view. Keywords: logica docens, logica utens, rules of inference, genetic code, natural- ism, information. Logic is traditionally considered as very closely associated with cogni- tive activities. Philosophers and psychologists frequently say that human rationality consists in using logical tools in thinking and other cognitive ac- tivities, e.g. making decisions. In particular, reasoning and its correctness seem to have their roots in a faculty, which, by way of analogy with the lan- guage faculty, could be viewed as logical competence. On the other hand, one might also argue, logical competence itself is a manifestation of logic. Independently, whether logic is prior to logical competence or whether the latter has its grounds in the former, the concept of logic is indispensable for any analysis of the practice of inferences performed by humans as well as perhaps other species.1 The above, a very sketchy introduction, justifies taking the concept of logic as fundamental for my further analysis of logical aspects related to the cognitive space. -
Introduction
i i OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, //, SPi i i PART I Introduction i i i i i i OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, //, SPi i i i i i i i i OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, //, SPi i i Logical Consequence Its Nature, Structure, and Application Colin R. Caret and Ole T. Hjortland . Introduction Recent work in philosophical logic has taken interesting and unexpected turns. It has seen not only a proliferation of logical systems, but new applications of a wide range of different formal theories to philosophical questions. As a result, philosophers have been forced to revisit the nature and foundation of core logical concepts, chief amongst which is the concept of logical consequence. This volume collects together some of the most important recent scholarship in the area by drawing on a wealth of contributions that were made over the lifetime of the AHRC-funded Foundations of Logical Consequence project. In the following introductory essay we set these contributions in context and identify how they advance important debates within the philosophy of logic. Logical consequence is the relation that obtains between premises and conclu- sion(s) in a valid argument. Validity, most will agree, is a virtue of an argument, butwhatsortofvirtue?Orthodoxyhasitthatanargumentisvalidifitmustbethe case that when the premises are true, the conclusion is true. Alternatively, that it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false simultaneously. In short, the argument is necessarily truth preserving. These platitudes, however, leave us with a number -
Field on the Normative Role of Logic∗
Field on the Normative Role of Logic∗ Gilbert Harman Harman (1986) asserts that logic is neither a normative nor a psychological theory and, although immediate implication and inconsistency may play a role in reasoning, there is nothing special about logic in this connection. Field (2009) purports to reject these claims but actually accepts them and concludes that, because of the semantic paradoxes, logic is ‘somehow connected to norms of thought’! A real nonsequitur! Field (2009) purports to reject my arguments (Harman 1986) that there is not (as he puts it) ‘a close connection between logic and rationality’ (p. 252). Here I briefly reply. I begin by summarizing the first two chapters of (Harman 1986). The first chapter stresses the importance of not confusing inference with implication and of not confusing reasoning with the sort of argument studied in deductive logic. Inference and reasoning are psychological events or processes that can be done more or less well. The sort of implication and argument studied in deductive logic have to do with relations among propositions and with structures of propositions distinguished into premises, intermediate steps, and conclusion. Deductive logic is not a particular psychological subject and is not a particularly normative subject, although one might attempt to develop a logic of belief or a deontic logic, for example. The second chapter begins by considering the suggestion that logic might be specially relevant to reasoning in two ways, via implication and inconsistency. It seems that any relevant principle would have to be defeasible, holding only other things being equal. Furthermore, it would apply only to someone who recognized the implication or inconsistency. -
Economic Crisis, Poor Governance and the Rise of Populism: the Case of Greece
Forum DOI: 10.1007/s10272-020-0866-4 Daphne Halikiopoulou Economic Crisis, Poor Governance and the Rise of Populism: The Case of Greece The eurozone crisis has become associated with the rise and June 2012 elections, small anti-establishment par- of populism across Europe as it has coincided with in- ties from both sides of the political spectrum increased creasing electoral support for political actors who seek to their electoral support, including the extreme right Golden return politics back to ‘the people’. This has taken place Dawn, the radical right Independent Greeks (Anel) and the in different forms, depending on whether the country was Coalition of the Radical Left (Syriza). Greece also diverg- a debtor or creditor, the salience of cultural and/or eco- es from Western European patterns with regards to the nomic cleavages and other contextual factors. Golden Dawn’s extremism and violence, which contrary to other far right actors in Europe increased its represen- Right-wing and left-wing populism in Europe tation because of, and not despite, its extremism. In most instances, particularly in Western Europe, the This article focuses on the Greek case, in an attempt to populist actors that enjoyed increasing electoral sup- shed light on its exceptionalism. Its aim is threefold. First, port came from the right of the political spectrum. These to present a brief theoretical discussion of populism and are parties that defi ne the people on the basis of an in- place Greece within this framework; second, to focus on group/out-group dimension, and emphasise the need to the rise of the Golden Dawn, which is one of the few Eu- ‘take back control’ and restore national sovereignty. -
Corporatist Ideas in Inter-War Greece: from Theory to Practice (1922–1940)
Article European History Quarterly 2014, Vol. 44(1) 55–79 Corporatist Ideas in ! The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: Inter-war Greece: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0265691413513422 From Theory to ehq.sagepub.com Practice (1922–1940) Spyridon Ploumidis University of Athens, Greece Abstract The article examines the reception, conception and practical application of corporatist ideas in inter-war Greece. Drawing on Peter Williamson’s terms, this study looks closely at both consensual- and authoritarian-licensed corporatist theories and policies. In the period under consideration, Greece was a fledgling, fast industrializing society that was significantly affected by the economic advantages and misgivings of the ‘gloomy thirties’. High rates of unemployment, which were aggravated by the global economic crisis of 1929, low wages, long working hours and insufficient enforcement of labour law increased the dissatisfaction of the working classes and fanned social unrest. Consensual-licensed corporatist proposals for ‘professional representation’ entered the debate on the (re-)establishment of the Senate in 1928–29. Authoritarian-licensed corporatism found a much broader audience and practical scope during the Kondylis and the Metaxas dictatorships in the period 1935–40. Fascist-like corporatist practices were applied in agriculture and in the bargaining of collective agreements that regulated minimum wages and salaries. In fact, Metaxas had pronounced the transformation of his anti-parliamentary regime into a corporatist ‘new State’. However, the eventual imple- mentation of corporatist ideas was rather limited. For that matter, I argue that inter- bellum Greece remained, in its European setting, a marginal case of corporatist theories and policies. -
Dataset of Electoral Volatility in the European Parliament Elections Since 1979 Codebook (July 31, 2019)
Dataset of Electoral Volatility in the European Parliament elections since 1979 Vincenzo Emanuele (Luiss), Davide Angelucci (Luiss), Bruno Marino (Unitelma Sapienza), Leonardo Puleo (Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna), Federico Vegetti (University of Milan) Codebook (July 31, 2019) Description This dataset provides data on electoral volatility and its internal components in the elections for the European Parliament (EP) in all European Union (EU) countries since 1979 or the date of their accession to the Union. It also provides data about electoral volatility for both the class bloc and the demarcation bloc. This dataset will be regularly updated so as to include the next rounds of the European Parliament elections. Content Country: country where the EP election is held (in alphabetical order) Election_year: year in which the election is held Election_date: exact date of the election RegV: electoral volatility caused by vote switching between parties that enter or exit from the party system. A party is considered as entering the party system where it receives at least 1% of the national share in election at time t+1 (while it received less than 1% in election at time t). Conversely, a party is considered as exiting the part system where it receives less than 1% in election at time t+1 (while it received at least 1% in election at time t). AltV: electoral volatility caused by vote switching between existing parties, namely parties receiving at least 1% of the national share in both elections under scrutiny. OthV: electoral volatility caused by vote switching between parties falling below 1% of the national share in both the elections at time t and t+1. -
Behavioral and Brain Sciences the Uncertain
Behavioral and Brain Sciences http://journals.cambridge.org/BBS Additional services for Behavioral and Brain Sciences: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here The uncertain reasoner: Bayes, logic, and rationality Mike Oaksford and Nick Chater Behavioral and Brain Sciences / Volume 32 / Issue 01 / February 2009, pp 105 120 DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X0900051X, Published online: 12 February 2009 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0140525X0900051X How to cite this article: Mike Oaksford and Nick Chater (2009). The uncertain reasoner: Bayes, logic, and rationality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences,32, pp 105120 doi:10.1017/S0140525X0900051X Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/BBS, IP address: 144.82.107.40 on 14 Aug 2012 Response/Oaksford & Chater: Pre´cis of Bayesian Rationality issues in the empirical data from the psychology of reason- Authors’ Response ing, and the modeling of that data. Finally, section R6 concludes the case for a “Bayesian turn” in the brain and cognitive sciences in general, and for the understanding The uncertain reasoner: Bayes, logic, and of human reasoning in particular. rationality doi:10.1017/S0140525X0900051X R2. The ubiquity of uncertainty: Distinctions that Mike Oaksforda and Nick Chaterb might preserve logic aSchool of Psychology, Birkbeck College London, London, WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom; bDivision of Psychology and Language Sciences & ESRC Centre for Many commentators suggest ways to preserve a role Economic Learning and Social Evolution, University College London, London, for logic as a separate and core component in an account WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom. of human reasoning, despite the challenge provided [email protected] by uncertainty (Allott & Uchida, Evans, Politzer & [email protected] www.bbk.ac.uk/psyc/staff/academic/moaksford Bonnefon). -
European Far-Right Parties and COVID-19
Nationalities Papers (2020), 1–18 doi:10.1017/nps.2020.93 SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE Victims of the Pandemic? European Far-Right Parties and COVID-19 Jakub Wondreys and Cas Mudde* Department of International Affairs, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Abstract It has become received wisdom that the pandemic has “exposed” the political incompetence of far-right parties in government and that far-right parties in opposition have become its (first) “victims.” This is largely based on the generalization of one or two individual cases—most notably US president Donald Trump— who is the exception rather than the rule. This article provides a comparative analysis of far-right responses to the COVID-19 pandemic within the European Union. Based on theoretical insights from previous research, we expect the responses to reflect the main ideology and the internal heterogeneity of the contemporary far right as well as to show the increasing mainstreaming of its positions. We analyze four different, but related, aspects: (1) the narratives about COVID-19 from far-right parties; (2) the proposed solutions of far-right parties; (3) the electoral consequences of the pandemic for far-right parties; and (4) the success of far-right parties in dealing with the pandemic. Finally, in the discussion we shortly look ahead at the possible consequences of a highly likely second outbreak of COVID-19. Keywords: nationalism, far right; COVID-19; pandemic; Europe Introduction Given the recent obsession with “populism,” which increasingly has become a (problematic) shorthand for “far right,” it should have surprised few people that the combination of “populism” and the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a flurry of public speculation.