1 PO POLICY PARADOX
POLICY PARADOX: THE ART OF POLITICAL DECISION MAKING
Third Edition
DEBORAH STONE
W • W • NORTON & COMPANY • NEW YORK • LONDON 1)(1 W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its (oun,lni ni r, 1 i, crcd William Warder Norton and Mary 1). Ilcrtcr Norton first l,nblished lei ter at the People's Institute, the adult education division of Nees \ stinue, pil libs'!, Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the I n !.1 by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By mid-centur%, 11 pillars of Norton's publishing program—trade hooks and eolle i I,•\N \\ its established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control ,fihc • ',kik', employees, and today—with a staff of four hundred and a compiirable college, and professional titles published each year—W. \\*. as the largest and oldest publishing house owned Nyholly by its eintili iyees
Copyright © 2012, 2002, 1997, 1988 by Deborah A. Stone.
All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America
Cover art by Josef Albers, Structural Constellation, 195:3-58.
Editor: Aaron Jaysicas Editorial Assistant: Cait Callahan Project Editor: Diane Cipollone Production Manager: Eric Pier-Hocking Manufacturing by Maple-Vail Composition by Jouve North America—Brattleboro, VT
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Stone, Deborah. Policy paradox : the art of political decision making / Deborah Stone.---3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-393-91272-2 (pbk.) t. Policy sciences—Economic aspects. 2. Political planning—Economic aspects. I. Title. H9 7.S83 2019 320.(i—dc23
2011(147217
W W Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110 wwnorton.com W W Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London WIT 3QT 31567890 For Jim
SOMetchere always, alone among the noise and policies of summer
Contents
Intrciduction: \\Air This Book? PARI I POLITICS 17 Thc Market and the Polk 19
PART II GOALS P3 7
2 Equity 39 3 Efficiency 63 1 \V■Arare 85 5 Liberty 107 6 ScCill'iTV 429
PART III PROBLEMS 155
7 Symbols 157 8 Numbers 183 9 Causes 206 10 Interests 229 11 Decisions 248 PART IV SOLUTIONS 269
12 Incentives 271 13 Rules 289 11 Facts 311 15 Rights 331 16 POWers 354
vii V111 CONTENTS
Conclusion: Policy Analysis and Political Argument