9780521873796 Index.Pdf

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87379-6 - Infertility and Assisted Reproduction Edited by Botros R. M. B. Rizk, Juan A. Garcia-Velasco, Hassan N. Sallam and Antonis Makrigiannakis Index More information

n index n

abdominal pregnancy, 608, 620, 625 eggs/embryos, 587 contribution to circulating abortions. See also spontaneous good prognosis patients, 583–584 progesterone, 14 abortions number of treatments, 585–587 adrenal hyperplasia, 59, 205, 207, and hydrosalpinges, 79 poor prognosis patients, 582 286 role of trophoblastic oxidative stress, role of prolactin/cortisol, 587–590 advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), 637 research overview 77 sex-selective, 720 acupuncturist vs. needle inserters, Advanced Cell Technology company, therapeutic, 43 599 696 and unicornuate uterus, 329 biochemical studies, 580 Agarwal, S. K., 608 viewpoint of Vatican, 741–744 financial considerations, 601–602 age Academy of Andrology (Europe), 178 outcomes, 580 and ART acanthosis nigricans, 59–60, 286 patient identification, 578 patient selection/preparation, 349 acarbose, 291 good prognosis (GP), 580 success rates, 56 acquired thrombophilia inclusion criteria, 580 CC determination factors, 211 antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, poor prognosis (PPr), 580 influence on fertility rates 408 placebo effect vs. real phenomenon, fetal loss, Danish study, 57 mechanism of implantation 596–599 Hutterite data, 55–56 failure, 409 standard protocols vs. male factors, French study, 56 activins differentiation of syndromes, miscarriages, 56–57 and estrogen withdrawal, 221 578, 582, 596, 599 influence on reproductive influence on FSH, 10 utility of acupuncture consortium, efficiency, 55–57 inhibin/activin system, 12–13, 15 601 and IUI outcomes, 418 and steroidogenesis, 12 and stress hormones in IVF, and oocyte donation, 444–445 acupuncture. See also traditional 595–596 Aguilera, D. C., 568 Chinese medicine (TCM) studies/design, 580 Aitken, R. J., 170 basis for impact on fertility/IVF, 595 treatment protocols, 580 albumin modified Paulus protocol Addison disease, 339 albumin-containing medium, 182, post-embryo transfer, adhesion molecules 449 595 b-integrin, 42 and OHSS, 198, 249, 250–251 pre-embryo transfer, 595 prevention of embryo adhesion, 48 alcohol. See also fetal alcohol spectrum modified Stener-Victorin regulation of, 48 disorders (FASD) protocol, 595 role in folliculogenesis, 7–8 and caffeine consumption, 59, 351 electro-stimulation form, 576, 580 adhesions and dopamine agonist drugs, 278 IVF protocols, 581 cell-cell, 4 and fertility, 58–59, 371 procedure, pre-/post ET, 581 use of lasters and premature ejaculation, 188 statistical analysis, 581–582 intraperitoneal, 133–134 alfentanil, 77 evolution of use, with IVF, 592–595 intrauterine, 134 Almeida, O. D., 85 historical perspective, 577–578 adnexal masses, 60, 328, 622 Almodin, C. G., 711 ideal studies/RCTs, 599–600 in adolescent females, 87 Almog, B., 607 pulsatility index (PI) differential diagnosis, 89 Altered Nuclear Transfer (ANT) monitoring, 580–581 and ectopic pregnancy, 626 technique, for hESC RE&I initial reaction, 576 adolescent laparoscopy. See laparoscopy extraction, 697 research data/discussion pediatric/adolescent amenorrhea, 58, 276. See also premature all IVF patients, 584–585 adrenal glands ovarian failure (POF) demographics of impact, 590–592 adrenal hyperplasia vs. PCOS, 59 causes of, 62, 286

759

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87379-6 - Infertility and Assisted Reproduction Edited by Botros R. M. B. Rizk, Juan A. Garcia-Velasco, Hassan N. Sallam and Antonis Makrigiannakis Index More information

760 n I NDEX n

hypergonadotropic, evaluation, definition, 189 gestrinone, 310 343–344 incidence, 189 mifepristone, 311 and hyperprolactinemia, 276 anencephaly, 685 antipsychotic drugs, and hypothalamic amenorrhea, 62 anesthesia hyperprolactinemia, 275 and ovarian failure, 62 for fertiloscopy, 70 antithrombin deficiency, 407–408 secondary vs. primary, 339 for microlaparoscopy, 77–78 antral follicles. See also folliculogenesis; American College of Obstetrics and aneuploidy syndromes, 543. preantral follicles Gynecology, 423, 725 See also embryo acquisition of capillary networks, 3 American Fertility Society. See aneuploidy screening, PDG AMH influence on, 3 American Society for for, materials/methods characteristics, 3 Reproductive Medicine and blastomere asymmetry/ cyclic recruitment, 10 (ASRM) multinucleation, 523 development of, 3 American Society for Reproductive chromosomal, detection of, 162–163 expression of N-cadherin Medicine (ASRM), 116, 294, from cryopreservation, 458, 460 molecules, 7–8 335, 423 and male infertility, 182 growth of endometriosis categorization in older women, 56 androgens, 14 scheme, 320 and ovarian stimulation, 235 estrogens, 14 ethical nursing guidelines, 568 post-zygote aneuploidies, 650 follicle rescue/atresia, 13–14 ethics committee screening for, 522, 524 FSH intercycle rise, 11–12 gender selection issue, 720 of sperm, and DNA IGFs/IGFBPs, 13 perimenopausal fertility treatment, fragmentation, 633 inhibin/activin system, 12–13 725, 726 Angelman syndrome (AS), 679, 680, 687 steroids production, 12 recommendations/stance on anovulation ultrasound evaluation, 206 cryopreservation, 466, classifications of, 193 and VEGF, 3–4 474–475 and hyperandrogenism, 7 apoptosis (programmed cell death) and single embryo transfer, 519 hypogonadotropic anovulation, 194 assessment, in ejaculated sperm, stance on sperm and laparoscopic ovarian 169 cryopreservation, 466, 706 electrocautery, 297 and atresia, 14 American Urological Association, 188 and luteinized unruptured follicle apoptic factors, 14 Amin, K., 124 syndrome, 61 features/mechanisms of, 168–169 anastrozole, 126, 225, 313. See also medication FSH and, 10 letrozole clomiphene citrate, 195, 202, 210 of GCs/luteal cells, progesterone half-life, 289 DHEAS, 207 inhibition of, 7 side effects, 313 metformin, 195, 354 and male fertility, 169 anatomy mifepristone, 311 and male infertility, 169 fallopian tubes, 99–100 opioid receptor antagonists, 197 and Mu¨llerian tube regression, 115 androgens, 14 tamoxiphene, 195 presence in early CL, 5 as atretogenic factor, 14 normogonadotropic related genes, 5–7 increase of DNA fragmentation, 14 anovulation, 194, 195 p53 tumor suppressor, 5–7 presence in GCs of early antral and PCOS, 286, 294 Wilm’s tumor suppressor gene, 5 follicles, 14 and unexplained infertility, 333 appendectomy, incidental, 85–86 production/actions, 7 anti-angiogenesis therapy, for Appleton, Tim, 565 progesterone conversion to, by endometriosis, 314 Arbab, F., 608 P450c17 enzyme, 7 anticardiolipin (ACL), 412 arcuate uterus, 115, 122, 123, 330 transfer to granulosa cells, 12 anti-estrogen intervention, for argon lasers, 134, 294, 319 androstenedione, 3, 12, 32 ovulation induction. aromatase deficiency syndrome, 14 and aromatase enzyme, 220, 352 See also clomiphene aromatase inhibitors. See also cholesterol conversion to, 194 citrate (CC), for anastrozole; letrozole correlation with follicle diameter, 14 ovulation induction background information, 220 and endometriosis, 314 anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) benefits to patient groups and HOXA-10 expression, 39 in cancer survivors, 708 endometriosis, 223 and PCOS, 286, 377 influence on FSH, 3, 10, 25–26 estrogen-dependant malignancy production during preovulatory inhibition of early development of survivors, 224 cycle, 3, 12 follicles in culture, 26–28 PCOS, 223–224 anejaculation, 182 as ovarian diagnostic marker, 62 poor responders, 223 causes/treatment antinuclear antigen (ANA), 412 for breast cancer, 220, 313 congenital, 189 antiphosphatidylserine (APS), 412 for endometriosis, 42, 313–314 idiopathic/psychogenic, 189 antiphospholipid antibody clinical basis for treatment with, infectious, 190 syndrome, 408 314 medications, 190 antiprogesterones, for endometriotic stromal cell neurological, 189–190 endometriosis, 310–311 expression, 313–314 surgical, 189 Cochrane database review of, 311 estradiol inactivation, 314

n I NDEX n 761

evidence for role in AR collection criteria/limitations, insulin-sensitizing drugs, 354 gonadotropin reduction in COH, 570–571 nitric oxide donors, 352 224 economic influences, 573 embryo transfer, 354–355 poor responder improved historical development, in U.S., 570 luteal phase management response, 224 Live Births per Embryo Transfer dose/timing of, 355–356 half-life, 225 (LB/ET) data, 571 methodology, 355 ovarian stimulation, mechanism for patient selection/management, need for, 355 central mechanisms, 221 572–573 ovarian stimulation protocol peripheral mechanisms, 221–222 report interpretation, 571–572 optimization, 351 in vitro maturation, 222 assisted reproductive technology patient selection/preparation ovarian stimulation safety concerns (ART), complications. age/duration of infertility, 349 low estrogen levels, 225 See also ectopic pregnancy; causes of infertility, 349–350 pregnancy outcomes, 225 miscarriages; multiple lifestyle factors/concurrent side effects of aromatase pregnancies; ovarian conditions, 349–351 inhibitors, 224–225 hyperstimulation assisted reproductive technology (ART), for ovulation induction, 196 syndrome (OHSS) religious perspective for PCOS treatment, 289 birth defects, 108 Coptic Church, 731 reduction of estrogen levels in clomiphene citrate, side effects, 606 Islam, 728–740 COH, 222 COH, 108 Judaism, 728 risk reduction for OHS, 222 financial implications, 612–613 Vatican, 741 role (hypothetical) for AR, 220–224 maternal/fetal complications Assisted Reproductive Technology Arslan, M., 158 congenital abnormalities, 611–612 Success Rates, 56 Asherman’s syndrome, 58 obstetric, 610–611 Association of Urology (Europe), 189 assisted reproductive technology (ART) perinatal, 611 astaxanthin age-related success rates, 56 multiple gestations, 107, 107–108 for improved sperm quality, 183 aromatase inhibitors, hypothetical oocyte pick-up (OPU), 607 asthenozoospermia, 163, 182–183, 416 role of, 220–224 bleeding, 607 asthma, 373 complications bradycardia/bradypnea, 607 Asung, E., 608 birth defects, 108 infection, 607 atresia, 13–14 COH, 108 pelvic structure injuries, 607 of alimentary tract, 685 multiple gestations, 107–108 post-operative pain, 607 antiapoptotic factors, 14 OHSS, 107, 108 rectus sheath hematoma, 607 and apoptotic cell death, 14 and controlled ovarian stimulation, 4 vertebral osteomyelitis, 607 atretogenic factors, 14 for endometriosis-associated ovulation induction linking of p53/WT1 with, 6 infertility breast cancer, 606 atropine, 77 COH and IUI, 304–305 OHSS, 107, 108, 605 Australia, application of SET, 524 IVF-ET, 305–307 other malignancies, 606 autoimmune disorders, associated and infertility, failure of, 123–124 ovarian cancer, 605–606 with POF, 342–343 luteal phase pregnancy complications, 107 Ayestaran, C, 607 and COH, 395 ectopic pregnancy, 608 Azem, F., 607 and GnRH agonist, 396 heterotopic pregnancy, 608–609 azoospermia, 152 and GnRH antagonist, 396 miscarriage, 608 complications, TESA/TESE/MESA, luteal phase support molar pregnancy, 609 484–485 GnRH, 399–400 multiple gestations, 107, 609–610 intracytoplasmic sperm injection progesterone and hCG, 399 psychological complications, 612 fresh vs. cryopreserved sperm, progesterone vs. hCG, 398 assisted reproductive technology (ART), 485–486 and multiple births, 107–108 ethical considerations influential factors, non-ejaculated oxidative stress, impact on, 633–636 cloning/use of stem cells, 719–720 sperm and progesterone gamete donation, 717–718 female, 482–483 administration routes gender selection for social reasons, male, 482 intramuscular, 400–401 720–721 outcomes, non-ejaculated sperm, oral, 400 perimenopausal women, 725 483 vaginal, 401 PGD, with/without HLA non-obstructive azoospermia role of, 400 matching, 718–719 (NOA), 478 safety of, 677 assisted reproductive technology chances for success, 481 and smoking, 58–59 (ART), medical choice of method, 481–482 success of, definition, 747 improvement strategies definition, 493 and unexplained infertility, 334–336 adjuvant therapies obstructive azoospermia assisted reproductive technology aromatase inhibitors, 352 (OA), 478, 479 (ART), assessment of ascorbic acid, 352–353 chances for success, 481 outcomes aspirin, 352 choice of method, 481–482 advances for future, 573–574 glucocorticoids, 353–354 prevalence of, 479–480

762 n I NDEX n

prognostic factors, 483–484 embryo cryopreservation, 458, 474 cancer patients, female fertility proper diagnosis, importance of ICSI vs. other IVF methods, 687 preservation, 372. See also post-testicular azoospermia, 479 inherited chromosomal premature ovarian pretesticular azoospermia, 479 imbalances, 689 failure (POF) testicular azoospermia, 479 oral hypoglycemic agent, 290 assisted reproductive technologies surgical sperm retrieval (SSR), 478 twins vs. singletons, 688 cryopreservation/transplantation MESA procedure, 480 unrepaired spermatozoon, 633 of ovarian tissues, 710–711 PESA procedure, 480 blastocyst stage composition, embryo cryopreservation, 710 TEFNA/TESA procedure, 480 of human embryos oocyte cryopreservation, 710 testicular sperm extraction inner cell mass (ICM), 695–696 chemoprotection, 709 conventional, 481 trophoectoderm, 695 fertility preservation strategies, 709 cryopreservation methods, 486 blastocyst transfer, 395, 518, 519 oocyte biology, 706–707 microdissection, 481 clinical data, 531–533 ovarian tissues, cryopreservation/ varicocelectomy recommendation, 487 cumulative pregnancy rates/impact of transplantation cryopreservation, 536 human trials, 711–712 Baart, E. B., 752 day 3 transfer, 653 ischemic damage prevention, 711 Babylonian Talmud, 82 day 5 transfer, 751 vascular grafts/animal models, 711 baby Louise. See Brown, Louise (baby embryo selection, 533–536 ovariopexy, 709–710 Louise); Edwards, Robert; monozygotic twinning and premature ovarian failure Steptoe, Patrick concerns, 536–537 chemotherapy-induced, 707–708 Balakier, H., 545 move to SET, 536 diagnosis/prediction of, 708–709 balanced salt solution (BSS), 30, 480 obtaining cysts in IVF laboratory, radiotherapy-induced, 708 Barbieri, R., 311, 562 531 survival rates, 706 basal body temperature (BBT) vs. cleavage-stage ET, 524 in vitro maturation, 712–713 charting, 61, 421 Blumenfeld, 709, 708 cancer patients, male fertility basic fibroblast growth factor body mass index (BMI). See also preservation (bFGF), 28, 697, 698 obesity; weight reduction assisted reproductive technologies bax proapoptotic gene, 6 and oocyte donation, 445 semen cryopreservation, 713 bcl-2 prosurvival gene, 6, 115 and ovulation, 290 testicular tissue cryopreservation, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome WHO definition, 373 713 (BWS), 457, 612 Bonduelle, M., 611 chemo-protection 679–681, 687 bone morphogenetic protein-4 choice of chemotherapeutic Bedaiwy, M. A., 632, 634 (BMP-4), 11, 28 regimens, 713 Belgian Registry of Artificial bone morphogenetic protein-6 hormonal co-treatment, 713 Reproduction (BELRAP), (BMP-6), 11 testicular shielding, 713 520 bone morphogenetic protein-7 Carr, Elizabeth, 235 benign prostatic hyperplasia, 190–191 (BMP-7), 11, 28 CASA. See computer-aided sperm Berker, B., 78 bone morphogenetic protein-15 motion analysis (CASA) biaryl derivative modulation, of FSHR (BMP-15), 11 Casper, R. F., 420 agonist, 240 breast cancer CBAVD. See congenital bilateral bicornuate uterus, 115–117, 122, 127, aromatase inhibitors, 220, 313 absence of the vas deferens 330 associated risks, 606, 710 (CBAVD) bilateral tubal ligation (BTL) cyclophosphamide, 708 Centers for Disease Control and background information/ GnRH agonist add-back therapy, 311 Prevention (CDC), 335, 423 overview, 91–92 ovarian failure, 224 Fertility Clinic Success Rate and postoperative protocols, 95 ovulation induction, 606 Certification Act of 1992, 570 preliminary workup, 92 bromocriptine, 195, 205, 253 cervical polyps, 143–144, 149 results, 95–96 277–278, 279, 336, 607 cervical pregnancy, 148, 608, 620, 625 reversal of procedure, 91 bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) cervical smear, 60 success rates, 91 incorporation technique, 32 cervix, uterine surgical technique, 92–93 Brown, Louise (baby Louise), 228, cervical smear, 60 tubal cannulation, 93–94 562, 574, 576, 747 infertility factors, 58 ‘‘use it or lose it’’ concept, 94–95 Buttram, V. C., 116, 122 morphology of, 143 use of ICSI vs. sexual butyrophenones, 275 ultrasonography exam intercourse/IUI, 91 in pregnancy biochemical pregnancy, 138, 139, 140, cabergoline, 195, 252, 277–278, 280 cervical funneling, 145–146 204, 580 cadherins (CAMs) cervical pregnancy, 148 birth defects E-cadherin molecules, 8 midtrimester, 145 and ART, 108, 611, 684 N-cadherin molecules, 7–8 timing of exam, 146 clomiphene citrate, 214–215 regulation of cell adhesion, 7 transvaginal ultrasound, 118–120, discontinuance of corticosteroids, caesarean sections, 28, 373, 524, 688 123, 143 207 caffeine consumption, 59, 351, 356 cervical fibroids, 144

n I NDEX n 763

cervical polyps, 143–144 premature ovarian failure Jewish perspective, 730 Mullerian anomalies, 144 (POF), 339–340 therapeutic strategy, 702, 700 nabothian cysts, 143 clomiphene citrate (CC), 195 Cochrane database review transvaginal 3-D US, 118–120, and cancer, 214 of danazol, 310 123 clinical management of GnRH agonists, 312 ultrasound-guided ET indications, 204–205 IVF vs. other treatment options, 685 placenta previa, 147 key points, 216 of progestogens, 311 uterocervical angle, importance, starting date/dosage considera- Coetzee, K., 158 146–147 tions, 205–206 Cohen, Mel, 578, 596 vasa previa, 147–148 and COH, 420 CO2 lasers, 132–133, 319 cGMP analog, 10 combination usage, 138, 205 Cole, R., 695 Chang, A. S., 681 and congenital abnormalities, 687 Collins, John, 601 chaotic embryos, 648 cyclical determination factors, COMET. See single-cell gel electro- chemokines (chemoattractant 211–213 phoresis assay (COMET) cytokines) age, 211 complications of assisted reproductive in implantation, 46–48 diagnosis, 211–213 technology (ART). See also expression in EE cells, 47, 47 follicle number, 211–213 ectopic pregnancy; miscar- GPCRs family, 46 male factor, 211 riages; multiple pregnancies implications in molecular network, and ectopic pregnancy, 215 birth defects, 108 46 and endometrial thickness, 138 ﬁnancial implications, 612–613 mechanism of action, 46 increasing pregnancy rates, 209 maternal/fetal complications mRNA expression analysis, 47 intrauterine insemination, 210 congenital abnormalities, 611–612 subfamilies, 46 lack of effect, on sex ratio, 215 obstetric, 610–611 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells mechanism of action, 259 perinatal, 611 expression of r-h, 231 methods for increasing follicle OHSS, 107, 108 expression of r-hFSH, 228 numbers oocyte pick-up (OPU), 607 use of HTS hFSHR gene reporter adjusting length of treatment, 210 bleeding, 607 assay, 240 dexamethasone, addition of, 210 bradycardia/bradypnea, 607 Chinese medicine. See acupuncture; dosage adjustment, 209–210 infection, 607 traditional Chinese gonadotropin, addition following pelvic structure injuries, 607 medicine (TCM) clomiphene, 210 post-operative pain, 607 chi-square test, acupuncture/IVF, 581 metformin, addition of, 210 rectus sheath hematoma, 607 Chlamydia trachomatis, 60, 63, 64, and miscarriage/birth defects, vertebral osteomyelitis, 607 100, 180 214–215 ovulation induction Cho, M. M., 607 monitoring breast cancer, 606 CHO cells. See Chinese hamster ovary endometrial thickness, 207 OHSS, 107, 108, 605 (CHO) cells follicle development, 207 other malignancies, 606 chorionic gonadotropin (CG). See also mid-luteal ultrasound, 209 ovarian cancer, 605–606 human chorionic post coital test, 207 pregnancy complications gonadotropin (hCG) progesterone, 209 ectopic pregnancy, 608 afﬁnity for/activation of LHR, 230 serum FSH, 209 heterotopic pregnancy, 608–609 and controlled ovarian stimulation, serum/urine LH, 207–209 miscarriage, 608 231 multiple pregnancy, 213–214 molar pregnancy, 609 pharmacodynamics of, 231 pharmacokinetics/pharmacodyna- multiple gestations, 107, 609–610 placental secretion of, 228 mics, 202–204 psychological complications, 612 structure/pharmacokinetics of, 231 anti-estrogenic effects compulsory single embryo transfer Christensen, B. V., 601 cervical mucus, 204 (cSET), 522 chromatin remodeling, 677, 678, 679 endometrial thickness, 204 computer-aided sperm motion Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA), 164 pregnancy rates after use of, and analysis (CASA), 158, 419 cimetidine, 276, 278 gonadotropins, 259–260 computerized tomography (CT), 153 Ciray, H. N., 546 pre-treatment tests congenital absence of bilateral vas CL. See corpus luteum (CL) endocrine functions, 207 deferens (CABVD), 479 clinical manifestations estradiol/progesterone levels, 207 congenital anomalies ectopic pregnancy, 620–621 ovarian cyst management, 206 associated risk factors, 685 hyperprolactinemia ultrasound, 206 and clomiphene citrate, 687 galactorrhea, 276 treatment results, 210–211 and embryo cryopreservation, 612, hypogonadism, 276 unexplained infertility, 210 685 in men, 276 cloning, 680 and gamete intrafallopian transfer, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome Coptic Orthodox Church 687 (OHSS), 246–248 perspective, 736 imprinting disorders, 687 polycystic ovarian syndrome, 286, 375 ethical issues, 719–720, 731 and intracytoplasmic sperm pregnancy, ectopic, 620–621 Islamic perspective, 739 injection, 686–687

764 n I NDEX n

and IUI, 687 Coptic Church, and infertility/ART, stability/cross-contamination, of odds ratio for, 107 731–736 frozen specimen, 472–473 twins vs. singletons, 688 coronary artery disease, 373 testicular biopsies, 471, 478 types of, 684, 685 corpus luteum (CL), 43 transportation of specimens, 473 congenital bilateral absence of the vas cysts, 87 vaporous nitrogen storage, 473 deferens (CBAVD), 152, 182 demise of, during FSH intercycle variability/variables, 472 congenital uterine malformations and rise, 12 culdoscopy, 70 reproduction development of, 4 Cushing’s syndrome, 60, 286, 371 absence of vagina, 327–328 GCs involvement in CXCR4 anomalous lateral fusion development of, 4 influence on culture media, 28 (obstructive) luteolysis process, 4 cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-2), 58 double uterus, 329 presence of apoptosis, 5 cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 19, 58 septate uterus, 329–330 production of progesterone, 4 cyproterone acetate, 287 unicornuate uterus, 329 corticosteroids cystectomy anomalous vertical fusion for adrenal hyperplasia, 205, 207 for adnexal masses, 87 imperforate hymen, 328 for thrombophilia, 411–412 for endometriomas, pre-IVF transverse vaginal septum, 328 COS. See controlled ovarian cycle, 111, 306, 323 embryology, 327 stimulation (COS) impaired response to unification operations Cridennda, Diane K., 576–578, 580, gonadotrophins, 383 arcuate uterus, 330 596, 599 vs. fenestration/coagulation, 323 bicornuate uterus, 330 cryobiology of human sperm, 468–469 cystic fibrosis (CF), 154, 479 DES exposure in utero, 331 cryopreservation cytogenic abnormalities, involving Jones procedure, 330 and blastocyst transfer, 536 X chromosome, 340 Strassman procedure, 330 of embryos, 456–459 Tompkins procedure, 330 chromosomal anomalies, 457 Dabirashrafi, H., 117, 123 uterus didelphys, 330 congenital anomalies, 457, 685 danazol, 309–310, 336, 366 controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for OHSS prevention, 249 DeBaun, M. R., 680 (COH), 38, 108 of oocytes, 459–461 dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and aromatase inhibition of ovarian cortex, 25 (DHEAS), 207, 287, 298, COH risk reduction, 222, 224 role in single embryo transfer, 524 434 reduction of estrogen levels, 222 use of propanediol, 458, 460 Del Priore, G., 712 basis for third factory theory, 40–41 cryopreservation, of human sperm Denmark and embryo multinucleation, 545 ASRM recommendations/stance, 466, application of SET, 525–526 and endometriosis-associated 474–475 fetal loss study, 57 infertility, 305 client vs. donor sperm, 466 National Birth Control Cohort ovarian reserve, 383 cryobiology of human sperm, alcohol data, 58 stage of endometriosis, 383 468–469 Denton, J., 563 surgical removal of cryo-inventory tracking, 473 dexamethazone, for PCOS, 288–289 endometriomas, 383 cryopackaging/storage materials, 473 diabetes mellitus, 59–60, 189, 195, 350, GnRH agonist vs. antagonist, cryoprotectant recipe, 469 373, 634, 687 389–390 genetic consequences, 474 diazepam, 77 protocols, 386 historical background, 466 Dicker, D., 124 serum estrogen levels, 710 indications Dickey, R. P., 596 controlled ovarian stimulation (COS), 4 asthenozoospermic sample, 468 didelphic uterus, 122, 124, 330 cryopreservation of embryo/oocyte, cancer patients, 467 Dieterle, S., 600, 601 451 ejaculatory duct transurethral diethylstilbestrol (DES), 138, endometriosis, early-stage option, 322 resection, 468 202, 331 fresh vs. cryopreserved sperm, MESA, TESE, TESA (See each direct intraperitoneal insemination 485–486 individually) (DIPI), 420 FSH administration, 228–229, 749 oligozoospermic sample, 468 discordant couples gamete intrafallopian transfer postmortem retrieval/storage, 468 HIV discordant couples, and HIV (GIFT), 687 spinal cord injured patient, 468 management of IVF cycle, GnRH agonist administration, 399 vasal/vasoepididymal 372–373 LH administration, 230 reconstruction, 468 post-IVF follow-up, 373 LIFE trial program, 237 vasectomy, 467–468 preparation for IVF, 372 oocyte collection post-COS, 643 nitrogen usage safety, 473–474 seropositive women, protocol improvements, 228 protocols special needs, 373 r-hCG administration, 231 epididymal/testicular and intrauterine insemination, r-hFSH administration, 230 sperm, 471–472 422–423 r-hLH administration, 230–231 general, 469–470 distal ejaculatory ducts, 154 conventional TESE, 481 processing for utilization, 470 distal tubal disease, 361–363 Coonen, E., 752 special procedures, 472 association with hydrosalpinx, 350

n I NDEX n 765

D-minimum essential medium progesterone, 622 embryo multinucleation (D-MEM), 30 ultrasonography, 622 in ART laboratories, 544–545 DNA. See also epigenetics; sperm, epidemiology of, 619 chromosomal anomalies, 543–544 human chromatin expectant management classifications, 544 damage to sperm, 162 abdominal pregnancy, 625 micronucleation test, 545 fragmentation cervical pregnancy, 625 pathophysiology of, 540 assessment of, 163 heterotopic pregnancy, 625 time-lapse photography observation, in ejaculates of infertile men, 162 interstitial pregnancy, 625 545 increase by androgens/decrease by and hydrosalpinx, 110 Embryo Protection Act (Germany), estrogens, 14 location, 620 521 methylation process, 678 methotrexate embryos single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), 164 local, 624 blastocyst stage composition, 695 supercoiled DNA, 163 with mifepristone, 624 cryopreservation of, 456–459 DNA microarrays technology, 49 multi-dose, 623–624 congenital anomalies, 457 Domar, Alice, 600 oral, 624 for OHSS prevention, 249 domperidone, 275, 278 single-dose, 623 embryo toxicity, mechanism, 110 dopamine agonists microlaparoscopic monitoring of, 80 mosaicism of, 650, 752 for hyperprolactinemia and PID, 619, 625–626 Mullerian duct development, 327 bromocriptine, 277 post tubal surgery rates, 103 selection, for blastocyst transfer, cabergoline, 277 risk factors, 619–620 533–536 duration of treatment, 279 and salpingitis isthmica nodosa, 101 selection developments, 751–753 pergolide, 278 and salpingoovariolysis, 134 sources for hESCs, 696 side effects of, 279 surgical treatment studies, in pre-hysterectomy therapeutic efficacy of, 278 laparoscopy/laparotomy, 624 women, 55 withdrawal of therapy, 279 salpingostomy/ uterine development, 115 for oligo-/amenorrhea due to salpingectomy, 624–625 embryo transfer (ET). See also single hyperprolactinemia, 195 and uterine myomas, 110 embryo transfer for ovulation induction, 195 Edwards, Robert, 562, 576 and ART outcome determination, for treatment of OHSS, 251–253 Edwards syndrome, 163 354–355 Doppler ultrasonography, 120–121, 180 ejaculatory system difficult transfers dorsal decubitus, 70 ejaculatory duct obstruction (EDO), cervical dilation, 513 double embryo transfers (DET) 152, 154 freezing embryos/subsequent cycle cohort studies, describing outcome, MRI evaluation, 153 retransference, 513 519 transrectal ultrasound evaluation, 155 hygroscopic rods for slow cervical differences with SET, 518, 520 ejaculatory system dysfunction dilation, 513 retained embryos and, 512 anejaculation, 182, 189–190 (See also hysteroscopic correction of cervical double uterus, 116, 327, 329 anejaculation) stenosis, 513 Down’s syndrome, 163, 457 CABVD, 182 special catheters, 513 Dubuisson, J. B., 608 erectile dysfunction, 182 trans-abdominal trans-myometrial dwarfism, Laron-type, 13 hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, ET, 512 dydrogesterone, 309, 400 182 trans-vaginal trans-myometrial ET, dynamic tests, for prediction of poor iatrogenic causes, 182 512–513 responders inhibited ejaculation, 189–190 frozen embryo transfer (FRET) cycles, clomiphene citrate challenge test, (See also inhibited 401, 457–469 431 ejaculation (IE)) future developments, 750–751 FSH stimulation test, 431–432 premature ejaculation, 187–189 importance of endometrial thickness, GnRH stimulation test, 432 (See also premature 139 dysmenorrhea, 41, 58, 88, 310, 314 ejaculation) IVF-embryo transfer dysmorphism, 648 retrograde ejaculation, 182, 190–191 salpingectomy prior to, 110 dyspareunia, 58, 60, 310, 339 (See also retrograde success of, 107 ejaculation) and selection, in PGD, 669 E. Coli, 180 undescended testis, 182 technique description, 506 Earle’s balanced salt solution (EBSS), elective-single embryo transfer (SET), UC elevation during, in IVF, 41 480 519, 519–520 ultrasound use during, 143–144 E-cadherin molecules, 8 defined, 522 146–147 ectopic pregnancy, 580 European experience, 520–521 embryo transfer (ET), transfer factors cervical pregnancy, 148 elongating/elongated difficult transfers from Chlamydia infection, 60 spermatids, 494–496 cervical dilation, 513 clinical manifestations, 620–621 embryo aneuploidy screening. See freezing embryos/subsequent cycle diagnosis preimplantation genetic retransference, 513 beta hCG, 621–622 diagnosis for aneuploidy hygroscopic rods for slow cervical other tests, 622 screening (PGD-AS) dilation, 513

766 n I NDEX n

hysteroscopic correction of cervical surgical normalization, 111 antiprogesterones, 310–311 stenosis, 513 endometriosis, 41 danazol, 309–310 special catheters, 513 aberrant expression of b 3-integrins progestogens, 309 trans-abdominal trans-myometrial and, 39 selective estrogen receptor ET, 512 in adolescent females, 87–88 modulators, 313 trans-vaginal trans-myometrial ET, ARM categorization scheme, 320 selective progesterone receptor 512–513 and decreased endometrial modulators, 312–313 post-transfer receptivity, 42–43 endometriosis, ultrasound evaluation bed rest, 512 of fallopian tubes, 102 ovulation induction changes, 138 medication, 512 surgical management, 103 patterns, 137 sexual intercourse, 512 IVF success rates, 111–112 spontaneous cycle changes, 137–138 pre-transfer vs. tubal factor controls, 349 thickness, 137 catheter choice, 507 laparoscopic fulguration of, 79 waves, 137 cervical mucus flush, 508 laparoscopic surgical endometriosis-associated infertility embryo selection, 506 management of, 111–112 ART technologies in treatment of embryo transfer medium, 507–508 and monthly fecundity rate, 302 COH and IUI, 305 experience of provider, 508 and mRNA expression investigation, IVF-ET, 305–307 full bladder, necessity of, 508 50 expectant management, 304 mock embryo transfer, 507 and oocyte donation, 445–446 mechanism of, 302–303, 305 ultrasound, 508 operative fertiloscopy treatment, 39 318–319 during transfer and oxidative stress, 631–632 medical treatment, 304, 314–315 air in catheter, 511 posterior endometriosis, 70 outcome evaluation, 319–320 analgesia/anaesthesia, 509 and subfertility, 302 surgical treatment, 304–305, 319 atraumatic/gentle technique, and surgical preparation choice of lasers, 319 508–509 for IVF, 365–366 ENDOCAN collaborative trial, 321 cervical pressure for expulsion use of lasers, 319 endometriomas, 323 minimization, 512 stages I–II, 133 laparoscopy vs. laparotomy, 322 interval between loading/ stages III–IV, 133 posterior cul-de-sac, 323 discharging, 511 and uterine septum, 124 stage-specific outcome, 321–322 patient positioning, 508 endometriosis, and ART endometritis, 43, 62, 619 retained/double embryo and COH plasma cell endometritis, 355 transfers, 512 ovarian reserve, 383 endosalpingiosis, 101 site of deposition, 511 stage of endometriosis, 383 endoscopy, 76, 108, 112 transfer catheter removal, 512 results enterococci, 181 ultrasound, 509–511 intrauterine insemination, 381–382 enzymatic defects, of hypergonado- use of volsellum, 511–512 IVF, 382 tropic amenorrhea, 341 uterine contractility reduction, 509 oocyte donation, 382–383 epidermal growth factor (EGF), 10, 28, emission, in male sexual response, 187 and surgery 633 EMLA cream, for PE, 188 presence of ovarian endometrio- epididymal sperm, cryopreservation, emotional consequences of infertility, mas, 383 471–472 577 removal of endometriomas, 383 epigenetics endometrial epithelium (EE) risk of ovary damage/premature basic mechanisms and chemokine expression, 47 ovarian failure, 383–384 DNA methylation, 678 defined/described, 46 treatment choice, 381 histone modifications/chromatin endometrial hyperplasia, 118, 286, 344 endometriosis, medical management remodeling, 678 endometrial polyps, 58, 140, 206, 418 anti-angiogenesis therapy, 314 data analysis endometrial receptivity anti-inflammatory agents, 314 animal studies, 680 COH basis of third factor theory, aromatase inhibitors, 313–314 human epidemiological data 40–41 clinical basis for treatment with, Angelman syndrome, 680 contractility/receptivity, 41–42 314 Beckwith-Wiedemann donor egg IVF, 39–40 endometriotic stromal cell expres- syndrome, 680–681 and endometriosis (See sion, 313–314 defined, 677 endometriosis) estradiol inactivation, 314 deregulation causes, after ART, 681 and menstrual cycle GnRH agonists genomic imprinting, 678–679 glands/stroma, 38 add-back therapy, 311 mammalian life cycle integrins to pinopodes, 38–39 Cochrane database review, 312 reprogramming, 679–680 no-luteal E2 model, 40 dose titration, 311–312 epinephrine, with lidocaine, 78 third factor theory, 40–41 GnRH antagonists, 312 ERa receptors, 7 endometriomas, 323 herbal medicines, 314 ERb receptors, 7 adolescent females, 88 immunomodulators, 314 erectile dysfunction (ED), 182, 187, ovarian endometriomas (See ovarian pseudopregnancy and oral 274, 276, 416 endometriomas) contraceptives ESHRE ICSI Task Force, 483

n I NDEX n 767

estradiol (E2) source of, in pre-/postmenopausal historical background, 99–100 action via ERa/ERb, 7 women, 220 pathophysiology, 100–102 conversions to, 16 supra-physiological concentrations, endometriosis, 102 correlation with follicle diameter, 14 351 surgical management, 103 decline of, during FSH intercycle synthesis of, 16, 43 proximal tubule disease, 103 rise, 12 threshold hypothesis, 311 salpingitis, acute/chronic, 100 and dyssynchronous expression of urinary LH surge, 62 Fallopius, Gabriel, 99 pinopodes, 39 xeno-/pseudo- estrogens, 182 falloposcopy, 70 efficacy of, in priming endometrial estrogens FASD. See fetal alcohol spectrum receptivity, 40 and graafian follicles, 706 disorders (FASD) feedback to hypothalamic-pituitary ET. See embryo transfer (ET) Fas-Fas ligand system, 14 system, 13 ethical considerations, in ART Fauser, Bart, 235 IGF-1 production stimulation, 13 cloning/use of stem cells, 719–720 fentanyl, with midazolam, 77, 452 implication endometrial leukocyte European Convention on Human Fertility Clinic Success Rate and migration control, 47 Rights and Biomedicine, 719 Certification Act of 1992 inactivation in endometriosis, 314 gamete donation, 717–718 (FCSRCA), 570 menstrual exposure, during follicular gender selection for social reasons, fertility rates. See also infertility phase, 30–38 720–721 age-related influences, 55–57 pre-clomiphene administration test, Human Fertilization and Embryology fetal loss, Danish study, 57 207 (HFE) Act, 558, 719 Hutterite data, 55–56 production during preovulatory perimenopausal women, 725 male factors, French study, 56 cycle, 3 PGD, with/without HLA matching, miscarriages, 56–57 use in donor egg IVF, 39 718–719 in U.S., post WW II, 55 estriol, conversions to, 16 European Academy of Andrology, fertiloscopy. See operative fertiloscopy estrogen. See also estradiol (E2); 178 Fertiloscopy versus Laparoscopy estriol, conversions to European Association of Urology, 189 (FLY) study, 72, 74 actions of FSH on, 13, 15, 16 European Convention on Human fetal alcohol spectrum disorders add-back therapy, 288 Rights and Biomedicine, 719 (FASD), 58 administration in CC cycles, 140 European Society of Human fetal macrosomia, 373 anti-estrogens Reproduction and fibroblast growth factors aromatase inhibitors (See aroma- Embryology (ESHRE), 265, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), tase inhibitors) 294, 719–720 28, 697–698 for breast cancer, 372 European Tissues and Cells Directives, fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF-4), clomiphene citrate (See 558 274 clomiphene citrate) Evidence Based Guidelines (EBGs), fibroblast growth factor-8 (FGF-8), gonadotropins (See gonadotropins) 597 11 ketoconazole, 250 expectant management, in ectopic finasteride, 288 metformin (See metformin) pregnancy Finland, application of SET, 520, 524 naltrexone (opioid antagonists), abdominal pregnancy, 625 FISH. See fluorescent in situ 197 cervical pregnancy, 625 hybridization (FISH) tamoxifen (See tamoxifen) heterotopic pregnancy, 625 Flt-1 receptor (of VEGF), 4 and cervical mucous amount/ interstitial pregnancy, 625 fluorescent in situ hybridization viscosity, 416 expulsion, in male sexual response, 187 (FISH) and COH, 710 examination of in-vitro fertilization, conjugated estrogens, 127 factor V Leiden, 407 56 decrease of DNA fragmentation, 14 failure models and effects analysis in interphase sperm cells, 162 deficiency in malformed uteri, 123 (FMEA). See under risk/risk and PGD, 664–666 effect of excess exercise, 195 management, in IVF and PGD-AS, 650 endometrial changes, 395 laboratory flutamide, 288 in hormone replacement therapy, fallopian sperm perfusion (FSP), 420 focal spermatogenesis, 479 344 fallopian tube disease follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). hyperprolactinemia treatment, 279 choriocarcinoma, 606 See also recombinant for luteal support in assisted IVF for, 104 human FSH (r-hFSH) reproduction, 399 microsurgery for, 102–104 administration to poor responders, oral contraceptive component, 206 principals, 103 433 ovarian production, 7 salpingostomy, 103 and amenorrhea, 62 prolactin levels, 273 tubal anastomosis, 103 AMH influence on, 3, 10, 25–26 receptors-a and -b in ovaries, 14 fallopian tubes. See also gamete as antiapoptotic factor, 14 role in endometriosis progression, intrafallopian transfer and apoptosis, 10 223 (GIFT) and aromatase inhibitors, 220 role in follicle maturation, 14 anatomy, 99–100 in cancer survivors, 708 and ROS, 633 function, 99 and clomiphene citrate, 205

768 n I NDEX n

comparison with hMG, agonist/ regulating factors, 25 gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist, rec/urinary hCG/ roe of VEGF, 14 (GnRH). See also GnRH- LH/GnRH, 386 single-follicle selection, 15 associated peptide (GAP) as driver of folliculogenesis, 4, 10 steroids, role of, 7 activation of prolactin, 270, 272 endogenous secretion effects of, 228 VEGF involvement, 3–4 and clomiphene, 202 inﬂuence on culture media, 28 Fox, K. R., 709 for luteal support, in ART, 399–400 intercycle rise (FSH window), during frozen embryo transfer (FRET) cycles, for PCOS, 289, 377 antral follicle growth, 11–12 457–469 pulsatile, and HOMP reduction, 261 long-acting formulation, 237 FSH-CTP therapy. See follicle stimulation test, 194 and ovulation induction, 137 stimulating hormone- trigger of, for OHSS prevention, 250 pharmacodynamics of, 229–230 carboxyterminal peptides gonadotropin releasing hormone starting doses, ovarian stimulation (FSH-CTP) therapy (GnRH) agonists protocols, 749 FSHR agonist, 240–241 add-back therapy, for endometriosis, stimulation of granulosa cells, 7 furosemide, OHSS treatment, 251 311 structure/pharmacokinetics of, Cochrane database review of, 312 228–229 galactorrhea, 276 dose titration, 311–312 thresholds, in multiple follicle breast exam for, 60 ovarian stimulation protocol development, 17–19 hyperprolactinemia, symptom, 195 optimization, 747 recruitment process, 18 without hyperprolactinemia, 273, protocol for poor responders, 433 step-down protocol, 17 277 vs. antagonists, for COH, 389–390 step-up protocol, 17 galactosemia, and hypergonadotropic gonadotropin releasing hormone trigger of, for OHSS prevention, 250 amenorrhea, 341 (GnRH) antagonists follicle stimulating hormone gall bladder disease, 373 and endometriosis, 312 (FSH) b, 10 gamete donation, ethical issues, and OHSS, 250 follicle stimulating 717–718 ovarian stimulation protocol hormone-carboxyterminal gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), optimization, 749 peptides (FSH-CTP) 78, 139, 365 and PCOS, 289, 377–378 therapy, 19, 236–237 and congenital abnormalities, 687 plus letrozole, 224 follicle stimulating hormone receptor treatment for unexplained infertility, protocol for poor responders, (FSHR), 229–230 336 433–434 folliculogenesis. See also antral Garcia-Velasco, J. A., 224, 225 vs. agonists, for COH, 389–390 follicles; in vitro studies, Gardner, D. K., 680 gonadotropins. See also chorionic of follicular culture; gastroschisis, 457 gonadotropin (CG); follicle preantral follicles GCs. See granulosa cells (GCs) stimulating hormone adhesion molecules, role of, 7–8 GDF-9. See growth differentiation (FSH); human menopausal antral follicle growth (dominant factor-9 (GDF-9) gonadotropin (hMG); follicle) gender selection knockout mice, lessons androgens, 14 Coptic Church perspective, 736 from; luteinizing hormone estrogens, 14 ethical considerations, 671–672 (LH); New World monkeys, follicle rescue/atresia, 13–14 mechanics of, 665 lessons from FSH intercycle rise, 11–12 Muslim perspective, 739 alternatives to IGFs/IGFBPs, 13 and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), FSH, long-acting formulation, 237 inhibin/activin system, 12–13 657 FSH-CTP, 236–237 steroidogenesis, 12 for social reasons, 720–721 small molecule gonadotropin corpus luteum, 5 gene knockout technology, 25 mimetics dominant follicle growth, 15–16 gene regulation, in maternal interface, FSHR agonist, 240–241 follicle rescue/atresia, 13–14 49–50 LHR agonist, 238–240 FSH as driver of, 4 genetic counseling, 344, 487, 661–662 choice of, for PCOS, 376–377 Kit ligand regulation of oocyte genomic imprinting, 678–679 developmental background, 235 growth, 26 Germany, Embryo Protection Act, 521 induction of steroids, 7 length of process, 10 gestrinone, 310, 315 minimal doses, for HOMP reduction, midcycle endogenous LH surge, Gibbons, W. E., 116 260–261 19–20 GIFT. See gamete intrafallopian for ovulation induction, 196–197, 390 multiple follicular development, transfer (GIFT) and pregnancy rates after clomiphene, 16–19 glucocorticoids 259–260 FSH thresholds, 17–19 beneﬁts, in implantation failure, 412 sources of, 236 LH thresholds, 19 immunomodulating effect, 353 two-cell two-gonadotrophin theory, oocyte biology, 706–707 in PCOS, 294 12 and ovulation induction, 193–194 protective effect of, 14 gonadotropin surge-attenuating factor preantral follicle growth (initial GnRH-associated peptide (GAP), 272 (GnSAF), 16–17 recruitment), 10–11 GnSAF. See gonadotropin surge- Gonen, Y., 137 preovulatory follicle, 3–4 attenuating factor (GnSAF) Gosden, R. G., 710

n I NDEX n 769

Goswami, S. K., 224 haploidy, 647, 648, 652 Howles, C. M., 749 GPCRs. See G-protein-coupled Hardy, K., 540, 544 Ho:YAG (holmium) lasers, 132–133 receptors (GPCRs) Harvey, William, 597 HSG. See hysterosalpingography HSG G-protein-coupled receptors Hashimoto thyroiditis, 339 human chorionic gonadotropin (GPCRs), 46 Heijnen, E. M., 747, 750 (hCG) Graafian/antral follicle, characteristics, 3 heparin and ASA carboxyterminal peptides (CTP) of, graafian follicle for positive APA, 412 237 establishment of GDF-9, 11 for thrombophilia, 411–412 comparison with hMG, agonist/ source of ovarian estrogens, 706 Hertig, A. T., 55 antagonist, rec/urinary granulosa cells (GCs) hESCs. See human embryonic stem LH/GnRH, 386 apoptosis of, 5 cells (hESCs) vs. progesterone, luteal phase in culture heterotopic pregnancy, 78, 608–609, support, 398 expression of PCNA, 30–32 619, 622, 625 withholding of use of BrdU incorporation high-order multiple pregnancy for HOMP prevention, 258, technique, 32 (HOMP) 263–265 and estradiol/progesterone causes of, 258 for OHSS treatment, 248 production, 16 minimizing doses of gonadotropins, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) FSH expression in, in preantral 260–261 available research lines, 695 follicles, 10 reduction techniques, 258–265 blastocyst stage of embryo genes expressed in, 10–11 and clomiphene citrate, 259 inner cell mass (ICM), 695–696 IGF-1 production, 13 coasting, 262 trophoectoderm, 695, 698 inhibin/activin production, 12 effects of previous gonadotropin derivation of, 695–697 involvement in CL development, 4 cycles, 265 differentiation of, 698–700 LH action on, 19, 25 low-dose hCG/LH during late embryo sources, 696 and N-cadherin regulation, 7 proliferative phase, 261–262 ethical issues, 719–720 presence of androgen, in early antral minimal gonadotropin doses, future prospects, 700 follicles, 14 260–261 historical background, 695 production of IGF-2, 13 and pulsatile GnRH, 261 maintenance of, 697–698 and steroid production, 7 supernumerary follicle aspiration, feeder-free culture system, 698 time sequence in folliculogenesis, 262 fetal calf serum (xenoprotein), 697 10 twin pregnancies, 265 human foreskin cells, 697 transfer of androgens to, 12 withholding HCG administration, mouse embryonic fibroblasts granulosa cells inhibitory factor 263–265 (MEF), 697 (GCIF), 16 relationship of COH-IUI cycles, Human Fertilization and Embryology Graves disease, 339 259–260 (HFE) Act, 558, 718–719 growth differentiation factors high-performance liquid chromatog- human immunodeficiency virus 9 (GDF-9), 11, 19, 25–26 raphy (HPLC), 163 (HIV) 9B (GDF-9B), 11, 707 Hinckley, M. D., 124 discordant couples with growth factors supplemented culture hirsutism, 60 and intrauterine insemination, media from danazol, 309–310 422–423 activation of primordial follicles, from PCOS, 58, 286, 375 management of IVF cycle, 372–373 26–28 treatment post-IVF follow-up, 373 culture of isolated early-stage acarbose, 291 preparation for IVF, 372 follicles, 28 antiandrogens, 287–288 seropositive women, special needs, growth hormone (GH) oral contraceptive pills, 287 373 activation of prolactin, 270 histone modifications/chromatin human menopausal gonadotropin prolactin’s similarity to, 270 remodeling, 678 (hMG). See also Carr, growth hormone releasing hormone HIV discordant couples, and HIV Elizabeth (GHRH), 270 management of IVF cycle, 372–373 combined with clomiphene citrate, activation of prolactin, 270, 272 post-IVF follow-up, 373 138, 205 comparison with hMG/FSH, agonist/ preparation for IVF, 372 comparison with FSH, agonist/ antagonist, rec/urinary hCG/ seropositive women, special needs, antagonist, rec/urinary hCG/ LH, 386 373 LH/GnRH, 386 Guhr, A., 695 Hodgkin’s disease, 342, 372, 708–709 developmental history, 196–197, 235, Gunalp, S., 158 Hofmann, G. E., 137 241 Gunn, C. C., 601 Holland, application of SET, 521, 524 and endometrial thickness, 138 homeobox (HOX) genes and ovulation induction, 137 hair dyes, and infertility, 59 HOXA-10, 39–40, 361 human placental lactogen (HPL), 270 Halliday, J., 681 Hook, G. J., 170 human serum albumin (HSA), 30, haloperidol, 190, 275 Hopkins rod-lens system, 82 471, 481 Haman, J. O., 38 hormone replacement therapy, 279, embryo transfer medium, 507 Hansen, M., 685 344 sperm preparation media, 637

770 n I NDEX n

Hutterites, age-related fertility data, pergolide, 278 and obstructive azoospermia, 178 55–56 side effects of, 279 postinfection tubal damage, 63 hydatidiform mole, 637–638 therapeutic efficacy of, 278 sexually transmitted hydrocephaly, 685 withdrawal of therapy, 279 AIDS, 46 hydroflotation, 70 estrogen, 279 medical history issue, 58 hydronephrosis, 457 treatment, of nonadenoma causes, 279 Neisseria gonorrhoea, 63 hydropelviscopy, 70–71 treatment, radiation therapy, 279 sinopulmonary, and obstructive hydrosalpinx. See also endosalpingiosis treatment, surgical, 279 infertility, 152 and abnormal HSG, 72 hyperthyroidism, 60, 275 and sperm chromatin defects, 162 associated mild adhesions, 73 hypogonadism, 279, 343 infertility. See also endometriosis- benefits of laparoscopy for, 109–110 hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, associated infertility; fertility and distal tubal disease, 361–363 10, 14, 237, 276 rates; male infertility; embryo toxicity of, 100 hypogonadotropic anovulation, 194 unexplained infertility formation of, 100 hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and ART failure, from uterine influence on fertility/IVF, 79 182 septum, 123–124 pre-IVF removal, 78–79 hypoparathyroidism, 339 cervical factors, 58 hymen, embryonic development, 327 hypophosphataemic rickets, 457 defined/statistics, 235 hyperandrogenism, 195–196, 286 hypoplastic uterus, 115 emotional consequences of, 577 and anovulation, 7, 193, 286 hypospermatogenesis (HA), 493–494, endometriosis-associated, 302–303 benefit of weight loss, 290 499, 503 epidemiology of, in U.S., 55 from danazol, 310–313 hypothalamic amenorrhea, 62 evaluative indications, 57–60 decrease of, by ovarian electrocautery, hypothalamic-pituitary system, 13 couple’s evaluation, 57 196 hypothyroidism, 60, 339 lifestyle/environmental factors, and metabolic factors, 290 hysterosalpingography (HSG), 78 58–59 OHSS risk factor, 246 complementary to laparoscopy with patient history, 57–58 in PCOS, 193, 286–287, 298, 375 hydrotubation, 72, 107 physical examination, 59–60 reduction of, by OCPs, 287 and endometriosis, 303 laparoscopy benefits hypercholesterolemia, 373 and fertiloscopy, 72 adhesion management, 109 hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism, for genital assessment, 70 endometriosis management, 339, 478–479 for infertility testing, 63 111–112 hypergonadotropic amenorrhea. tubal patency demonstration, 109 hydrosalpinx management, See also premature ovarian uterine septum, diagnosis, 117–118 109–110 failure (POF) vs. diagnostic laparoscopy, 63 myoma management, 110–111 enzymatic defects of, 341 hysteroscopic myomectomy, 134–135 microlaparoscopic assessment, 78 evaluation, 343–344 hysteroscopy, 64, 71, 110, 509 normal reproductive efficiency, and galactosemia, 341 for uterine fibroids, 363 55–57 and radiation therapy, 342 for uterine septum, 117, 120–121 and PCOS management, 375–376 hyperhomocysteinemia, 408 hysterosonography, 70 unexplained, and laparoscopic hyperinsulinemia, 195–196, 286, 373 consideration, 303–304 hyperprolactinemia. See also ICSI. See intracytoplasmic sperm infertility, perimenopausal women macroprolactinemia injection (ICSI) age-related obstetrical concerns, and amenorrhea, 62 idiopathic epididymal obstruction, 725 causes of, pathologic 479 effective ART treatments, 725 CNS, 274 idiopathic oligozoospermia, 182–183 ethical considerations, 725 medications, 275 immunological infertility, 181–183, literature review, 723–725 prolactinomas, 274 417 overview, 723 causes of, physiologic, 274 immunomodulators, for endometri- infertility, religious perspectives clinical manifestations/diagnosis osis, 314 Coptic Church, 731–736 galactorrhea, 276 implantation Islam, 737–740 hyperprolactinemia in men, 276 failure of, in thrombophilia Judaism, 728 hypogonadism, 276 acquired thrombophilia, 409 Vatican, 741 evaluation for clinical studies, 409–411 infertility, testing, 60–65 history, 276 inherited thrombophilia, 409 anatomic assessment laboratory/imaging tests, 276–277 molecular mechanisms cervical factors/sperm-mucus physical examination, 276 chemokines in, 46–48 interaction, 63 galactorrhea without, 277 gene regulation in maternal tubal factor, 63 and infertility, 273–274 interface, 49–50 basal body temperature (BBT) treatment, medication human, vs. transendothelial charting, 61 dopamine agonists migration, 48–49 chlamydia antibody testing, 64 bromocriptine, 277 infections. See also pelvic inflamma- endometrial biopsy, 62 cabergoline, 277 tory disease (PID) hysterosalpingogram, 63 duration of treatment, 279 Chlamydia, 60, 64 hysteroscopy, 65

n I NDEX n 771

laparoscopy, 63 troglitazone, 290–291 sperm preparation technique, menstrual history, 61 International Commission on 421–422 ovulation assessment, 60–61 Non-Ionizing Radiation timing of insemination, 421 serial transvaginal ultrasound, 61 Protection (ICNIRP), 170 risks of, 422–423 serum progesterone, 61–62 International POF Association discordant couples with viral sonohysterography, 64 (IPOFA), 344 infections, 422–423 urinary luteinizing hormone, 62 interstitial pregnancy, 362, 619–620 and unexplained infertility, 334 informed consent process, 189 intracervical insemination (ICI), 420 vs. timed intercourse (TI), 213, 225, 563–564 intracytoplasmic sperm injection 334, 419, 687 inherited thrombophilia (ICSI), 336, 457, 478 workup prior to, 418 antithrombin deficiency, 407–408 and congenital anomalies, 686–687 in vitro fertilization (IVF) APCR and Factor V Leiden, 407 elongating/elongated spermatid, 496 application of LH’s dual action, 19 hyperhomocysteinemia, 408 fresh vs. cryopreserved sperm, and blastocyst transfer, 531 mechanism of implantation failure, 485–486 from donor egg, 39–40 409 influential factors, non-ejaculated endometriosis success rates, 111–112 protein C deficiency, 408 sperm for fallopian tube disease, 104 protein S deficiency, 408 female, 482–483 first baby (1978), 16 (See also baby prothrombin gene mutation, 407 male, 482 Louise) inhibin/activin system, 12–13 introduction of, 493 FISH data examination, 56 and dominant follicle growth, 16 non-ejaculated sperm outcomes, 483 hydrosalpinx, influence of, 79 and steroidogenesis, 12 outcomes/outcome concerns, natural cycle, for poor responders, inhibited ejaculation (IE) 107–108, 494 434 causes/treatment and poor responders, 428 and OHSS, risks of, 448 congenital, 189 round spermatids, 496–498 oocyte recruitment, stimulation idiopathic/psychogenic, 189 and SCSA infertility test, 164 protocols, 235 infectious, 190 intrauterine growth restriction outcome concerns, 107–108 medications, 190 (IUGR), 107, 524 for PCOS, 376 neurological, 189–190 intrauterine insemination (IUI), 72, pregnancy rates, 39 surgical, 189 74, 183 statistics, annual/international, 576 definition, 189 and congenital abnormalities, 687 success rates, 235 incidence, 189 determinants of outcome superovulation induction for, 16 inner cell mass (ICM), blastocyst stage duration of infertility, 418 UC elevation during ET, 41 of embryo, 695–696 the endometrium, 419 and unexplained infertility, 334–336 insulin-like growth factor binding female age, 418 vs. ICSI on sibling oocytes, 336 proteins (IGFBPs), 13 follicular count, 418–419 in vitro fertilization (IVF), from donor IGF-4, 13–14 sperm count/morphology, 419 egg, 39–40 IGF-5, 13 type of infertility, 418 use of E2/progesterone, 39 insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and endometriosis-associated window of transfers, 39 IGF-1, 10, 13, 633 infertility, 305 in vitro fertilization (IVF), laboratory autocrine effects, 13 indications risk management stimulation of estradiol cervical factor, 416 accreditation, 558–559 production, 13 male factor, 416 failure modes and effects analysis, IGF-2, 13 unexplained infertility/minimal 551–552 autocrine effects, 13 endometriosis, 417 overview, 550 produced by theca/granulosa cells, and PCOS, 376 poor quality/high-risk identification, 13 possible mechanisms of action 559–560 insulin resistance, 195 in females, 417 process management, 553–557 acanthosis nigricans, 59–60, 286 in males, 417 quality/quality management, and clomiphene, 205 ovarian stimulation, 417–418 549–550 and GnRHa, 288 unexplained infertility, 418 root cause analysis, 552–553 and metformin, 298 protocols tools for, 550–551 and normogonadotropic anovulation, catheter type, 421 troubleshooting, 557–558 195 COH-IUI cycles, 259–260, 420–421 in vitro fertilization (IVF), medically in PCOS, 210, 274 IUI vs. artificial insemination complicated patients role of, 286–287 direct intraperitoneal cancer patients statistics, 298 insemination, 420 impact of cancer on IVF, 372 sensitizing drugs, 354 fallopian sperm perfusion, 420 impact of IVF on malignant insulin-sensitizing agents intracervical insemination, 420 disease, 372 acarbose, 291 IUI vs. timed intercourse, 419 HIV discordant couples metformin (See metformin) number of cycles, 421 management of IVF cycle, 372–373 pioglitazone, 290–291 single vs. double insemination, post-IVF follow-up, 373 rosiglitazone, 290 421 preparation for IVF, 372

772 n I NDEX n

seropositive women, special needs, Jones, Howard, 747 and adnexal masses, 87 373 Jones procedure, 330 and chronic pelvic pain/ obesity and ART Judaism, and infertility/ART, 728 endometriosis, 87–88 impact of obesity on IVF, 373 instrumentation, 82–83 pregnancy outcomes, 373 Kallman’s syndrome, 59, 611 and pelvic inflammatory disease, preconception counseling Kant, Immanuel, 717 86–87 alcohol, 371 Karande, V., 572 preoperative considerations, 83, 88 health promotion, 371 keratinocyte growth factors (KGF), procedures, 85–86 risk assessment, 371 28 incidental appendectomy, 85–86 tobacco, 371 ketoconazole, 250 technique, 83–85 vaccines, 371–372 Khosla, S., 680 large offspring syndrome (LOS), 677, systemic lupus erythematosus Kirkland, J., 564 680 effect of IVF, 373 Kirsop, R., 124 Laron-type dwarfism, 13 impact on IVF, 373–374 kit ligand, 11 lasers in vitro fertilization (IVF), surgical Kit ligand (KL), 11, 26, 28, 707 physics of, 132 preparation of patient Klemetti, R., 608 practical aspects distal tubal disease, 361–363 Kligman, I., 543 adhesions endometriosis, 365–366 Klimanskaya, I., 698 intraperitoneal, 133–134 uterine fibroids, 363–365 Klinefelter syndrome, 163, 182, 686 intrauterine, 134 in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles knockout mice, lessons from, 58, 232, endometriosis critical ultrasound values 271 stages I–II, 133 endometrial pattern, 139 Koivurova, S., 611, 685 stages III–IV, 133 endometrial thickness, 139 Kolibianakis, E. M., 749 fibroids in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer KTP532 lasers, 319 guided interstitial myolysis, 135 (IVF-ET), 148, 305–307 Kupesic, S., 117, 122 hysteroscopic myomectomy, in vitro studies, of follicular culture Kurjak, A., 117, 122 134–135 basal culture media, 30 hair removal, PCOS patients, 135 enzymatic method, 28 lactotroph adenomas, 274, 277, 279 Mu¨llerian fusion defects, 135 evaluation of follicular culture, Lanza, Robert, 696 ovarian drilling, 135, 294 30–32 laparoscopically-assisted myomec- types of, 132–133 mechanical approach, 28 tomy (LAM), 110–111 Latov, Norman, 597 methodology, 28 laparoscopic electrocautery of the LEO. See laparoscopic electrocautery outcomes, 32–33 ovaries (LEO), 193, of the ovaries (LEO) TEM analysis, 30 196–197 Lessey, B. A., 42 in vivo maturation (IVM) studies. laparoscopic myomectomy (LM), 110 letrozole, 126, 196, 313. See also See also oocyte (human) laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD), anastrozole maturation, in vivo 71, 74, 294 and COH, 420 of gene mutations, naturally introduction of, 294 half-life, 289 occurring, 25 mechanism of action, 295–296 plus gonadotropin, 224 hormonal regulation of chemokine optimal energy modality, 295 for poor responders, for COH, 224 receptors, 47–48 in polycystic ovarian syndrome, vs. GnRH agonist/gonadotropin of ovarian regulators of primordial 79–80, 376 protocol, 224 follicle development, 25–26 laparoscopy, 63. See also microlaparo- plus recombinant FSH/gonadotropin- Islamic perspectives on ART scopy releasing hormone cloning, 739–740 with chromopertubation, 79, 109 antagonist, 224 cryopreservation, 738 current trends, 107 side effects, 313 embryo research, 739 historical background, 76 vs. CC, and pregnancy rates, 225 gender selection, 739 with hydrotubation, complementary vs. clomiphene citrate, 420 multifetal pregnancy reduction, 739 to HSG, 107 leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), 28, postmenopausal pregnancy, 739 infertility benefits of 303, 362 surrogacy, 738 for adhesion management, 109 leuprorelin, vs. gestrinone, 310 Italy, application of SET, 521 for endometriosis management, Leyendecker, G., 41 IUI. See intra uterine insemination 111–112 Lidegaard, O., 681 (IUI) for hydrosalpinx management, lidocaine 109–110 with epinephrine, 78 Jackson, K. V., 544, 545 during infertility work-up, 108 jelly Jackson, L. W., 631 for myoma management, 110–111 for IUI, 422 Jacobaeus, H. C., 76 patient selection, 112 for PE, 188 Jaenisch, R., 697 and PCOS, 291 lifestyle factors, of infertility Johannes, C. B., 606 risks of, 70 alcohol use/smoking, 58–59 Johansson, K., 601 vs. fertiloscopy, 74 caffeine consumption, 59, 351, 356 Johnson, J., 707 laparoscopy, pediatric/adolescent employment association, 58

n I NDEX n 773

hair dyes, 59 male accessory gland infection seropositive women, special needs, NSAID usage, 58 (MAGI), 180–181 373 obesity (See obesity) diagnosis, 181 obesity and ART smoking (See smoking) effect on sperm, 181 impact of obesity on IVF, 373 LIFE trial program, of FSH-CTP treatment, 181 pregnancy outcomes, 373 therapy, 237 male infertility preconception counseling light/video system, for laparoscopy, asthenozoospermia, 182–183 alcohol, 371 82–83 clinical presentation health promotion, 371 Live Births per Embryo Transfer azoospermia, 152 risk assessment, 371 (LB/ET) data, 571, 576 CABVD, 152 tobacco, 371 lorazepam, 77 distal ejaculatory duct vaccines, 371–372 Lunenfeld, Bruno, 235 obstruction, 152 systemic lupus erythematosus luteal phase, in ART cycle idiopathic oligozoospermia, 182–183 effect of IVF, 373 and COH, 395 immunological infertility, 181–182 impact on IVF, 373–374 and GnRH agonist, 396 and intrauterine insemination, 416 membrana cells, 11 and GnRH antagonist, 396 intra-uterine insemination for, 183 Menkveld, R., 158 luteal phase defect (LPD), 62, 276, male accessory gland infection, menopause. See also perimenopausal 396, 608 180–181 women, infertility treat- luteal phase support physical examination, 152 ment; premature ovarian in ART sexual/ejaculatory dysfunction failure (POF) GnRH, 399–400 anejaculation, 182 and cigarette smoking, 342 progesterone and hCG, 399 CVABD, 182 and circulating estrogen, 140 progesterone vs. hCG, 398 erectile dysfunction, 182 and dopamine agonists, 279 in frozen embryo transfer cycles, 401 hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and FSH concentration, 430 in oocyte donation cycles, 401 182 micronized estradiol, 140 timing of, 401–402 iatrogenic causes, 182 postmenopause, and pregnancy, 739 luteinized unruptured follicle retrograde ejaculation, 182 premature, 34 syndrome (LUF), 61 undescended testis, 182 pseudomenopause, 311 luteinizing hormone (LH), 3 See also teratozoospermia, 182–183 and reactive oxygen species, 633 recombinant human LH treatment aim/criteria, 178 and ROS, 633 (r-hLH); urinary luteinizing TRUS imaging and in utero germ cell development, hormone (LH) candidate determination, 152 56 action on theca cells, 12 diagnostic capabilities, 153 menorrhagia, 286, 606 action on theca cells/GCs, 19, 25 EDO criteria, 154 menstrual cycle as antiapoptotic factor, 14 pathological ﬁndings, 153–154 and endometrial receptivity comparison hMG/FSH, agonist/ embryological/anatomical and COH, 38 antagonist, rec/urinary considerations, 153 glands/stroma, 38 hCG/GnRH, 386 essentials of, 153 integrins/pinopodes, 38–39 dual action potential for IVF, 19 therapeutic applications, 154–155 luteal phase, 38 induction of progesterone, 7 variocele, 178–180 uterine contractility patterns, 41–42 inﬂuence on ovulation, 228 (See also variocele) infertility evaluation, 58, 61 midcycle endogenous surge, 19–20 male sexual dysfunction (MSD), 187. menstruation in ovulation induction, 387–388 See also ejaculatory and endometriosis, 88, 124 pharmacodynamics of, 230 system dysfunction restoration of stimulation of theca cells, 7 Manger, K., 708 from ovarian drilling, 298 structure/pharmacokinetics of, 230 Marcaine, 78 from PCOS, 294 support of preantral follicles, 16 matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) SOD/ROS levels, 630 thresholds, in multiple follicle expression, 409 meperidine, 77 development, 19 maturation arrest (MA) syndrome, Meriano, J., 541, 543, 545 urinary luteinizing hormone (LH), 493, 499, 503 MESA. See microsurgical epididymal 62 Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser sperm aspiration (MESA) luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), syndrome, 328 metabolic syndrome, and PCOS, 286 230, 238–240 medically complicated patients, metalloproteinases, 8 cloning/sequencing of, from and IVF matrix metalloproteinases, 303, 309, marmoset testis, 231 cancer patients 409 impact of cancer on IVF, 372 PAPP-A, 13 macroadenomas, 278, 279 impact of IVF on malignant metformin, 195–197, 289–290 macroprolactinemia, 270, 275 disease, 372 coadministration, for PCOS, Magarelli, Paul C., 577 HIV discordant couples 378–379 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) management of IVF cycle, 372–373 dosage recommendations, 289–290 ejaculatory system evaluation, 153 post-IVF follow-up, 373 and ovulation/BMI, 290 for uterine septum, 121, 123 preparation for IVF, 372 side effects, 290

774 n I NDEX n

vs. laparoscopic ovarian drilling, aspirin treatment, 352 myomas 297–298 and clomiphene citrate, 214–215 laparoscopic surgical management, methotrexate, for ectopic pregnancy first-trimester, 123, 373 110–111 local, 624 and GnRH agonists, 377 submucosal myoma, 58 with mifepristone, 624 heparin with aspirin, 352 multi-dose, 623–624 with hydrosalpinx, 110 naloxone, 77 oral, 624 intramuscular progesterone, 400 naltrexone, 197 single-dose, 623 and laparoscopic ovarian drilling, 296 National Institute for Clinical Excel- methyldopa, 275–276, 278 Mu¨llerian tubes involvement, 122 lence (NICE), 373 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase NSAID use, 58 fertility guidelines, 421 (MTHFR) gene mutation, and PCOS, 375 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 408–409 and PGD-AS, 649, 651 375 metoclopramide, 275, 276, 278 preclinical (biochemical pregnancy), N-cadherin molecules, 7–8 microadenomas, 275, 277, 278 140 Nd:YAG lasers, 132–133, 319 microdissection TESE, 478, 481–482, and prednisolone, 353 Neisseria gonorrhoea, 63, 100 484 spontaneous miscarriages, 120 neonatal cysts, 87 microinjection development, of and subfertility, pathogenetic neosalpingostomy, 104 spermatid, 493 mechanisms, 407 nerve growth factor (NGF), 11 microlaparoscopy and tobacco smoking, 350 and dominant follicle growth, 16 anesthesia/conscious sedation, 77–78 unicornuate uterus, 329 neuroleptic drugs, 276, 278 defined, 76 uterine anomalies, 115 New World monkeys, lessons from, diagnostic, uses of, 76 uterine septum, 122, 128 231–232 fulguration of endometriosis, 79 Mitwally, M. F., 420 Nezhat, C., 78 for infertility assessment, 78 Mol, B. W. J., 608 nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA), instruments used for, 76–77 molar pregnancy, 609 478. See also hyposperma- laparoscopic ovarian drilling, 79–80 Moll, A. C., 681 togenesis; maturation operative, uses of, 76 monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 190 arrest syndrome; patient selection, 77 monozygotic twinning concerns, obstructive azoospermia pelvic adhesions, lysis of, 78–79 536–537, 688 (OA); Sertoli-Cell Only procedure, 78 monthly fecundity rate (MFR) and syndrome (SCO) rationale for, 76 endometriosis, 302 chances of sperm retrieval, 481 removal of hydrosalpinges, 79 Morikawi, T., 540 choice of method, 481–482 microsalpingoscopy, 70, 71, 72, 75 morphine, 77 and hypergonadotropic microsurgery, for tubal disease, mosaicism, of embryos, 458, 543, hypogonadism, 479 102–104 650, 752 prognostic factors, 483–484 principals, 103 mRNA recovery by TSE of spermatozoa salpingostomy, 103 analysis of expression of chemokine for ICSI, 522 tubal anastomosis, 103 receptors, 47 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs microsurgical epididymal sperm investigation of, in women with (NSAIDs) aspiration (MESA), 155, endometriosis, 50 and infertility, 58 468, 471, 481 Muirhead, M. A., 564 and LUF syndrome, 61 chances of sperm retrieval, 481 Mu¨llerian ducts and MAGI, 181 complications, 484–485 abnormalities of, 115–116 pretreatment with, for HSG, 63 description, 480 and miscarriage, 122 normogonadotropic anovulation, 194, microwave sperm damage cysts, 154 195 animal studies, 169–170 embryonic development, 327 Noyes, R. W., 38 associations with DNA damage, fusion defects, use of lasers, 135 nurses/nursing, and reproductive apoptosis, oxidative stress, 170 regression of, 115 endocrinology/infertility human studies, 170 transvaginal 3-D US diagnosis, 120 (REI) midazolam, with fentanyl, 77, 452 multinucleated embryos. See embryo administrative role, 565 mifepristone, 311, 624 multinucleation burnout, 568 Min, J. K., 747 multiple births, 107–108 communication, 565 minimum essential medium alpha multiple pregnancies, 74 coordinator role, 565–566 (aMEM), 30 and clomiphene citrate, 213–214 ethics, 567–568 Minimum Information About a and multiple follicle development, informed consent, 563–564 Microarray Experiment 193 interpersonal/counseling skills, (MIAME) initiative, 50 risks of, 108 564–565 miscarriages, 580, 608 unacceptability of, 235 IVF nurses, 566 and acupuncture, 594 multiple sclerosis, 190 knowledge/professional support, age-related influences, 56–57, 445, Munne, S., 752 563 725 myc oncogene, 11 male issues, 567 and alcohol consumption, 351 Myers, Evan, 600 nurses, defined, 562

n I NDEX n 775

overview, 562 homologs, separation/segregation, global, 72–74 practice structure, 566–567 449 of ovarian drilling, 74 resource role, 566 indications strategy for, 72 teaching skills, 565 fertility preservation, 451–452 technique thoughts of nurses, 563 oocyte donation, 451 anesthesia, local/general, 70 nutraceuticals PCO/PCOS patients, 451 dye test, 71 for increased sperm concentration, poor responders, 451 hydropelviscopy, 70–71 180, 183 meiotic rearrest, 449 hysteroscopy, 71 for MAGI, 181 meiotic resumption (GVBD), 449 microsalpingoscopy, 71, 75 meiotic spindle formation, 449 salpingoscopy, 71, 75 obesity. See also body mass index treatment cycle outcomes vaginal examination, 70 (BMI); insulin resistance; IVM babies, 453 vs. laparoscopy, 74 weight reduction success rates, 453 opioid antagonists, 197 and Cushing’s syndrome, 60 oocyte cryopreservation, 459–461 orofacial clefts, 685 impact on IVF, 373 alterations, 460 Osler, William, 597 and infertility, 59 and aneuploidy, 460 osteoarthritis, 373 and OHSS, 246 epididymal/testicular spermatozoa ovarian cysts, 87 and PCOS, 287, 375 insemination, 461 bilateral endometriotic cysts, 306 pregnancy outcomes, and IVF, 59, 373 first pregnancies, 460–461 management of, 206 and sperm quality, 182 prophase I (GV stage) introduction, monitoring for, 216, 452 and transabdominal ultrasound, 147 460 operative laparoscopy treatment, 305, obstructive azoospermia (OA), 478, use of propanediol, 458, 460 383 479. See also vitrification introduction, 460–461 ovarian drilling (ovarian electrocau- nonobstructive oocyte donation tery) azoospermia (NOA) donors, 443 for fertiloscopy, 74 causes, 178, 182 and luteal phase support, 401 for PCOS, 294–295 chances of sperm retrieval, 481 and poor responders, 434–435 complications, 299 choice of method, 481–482 results of, 443 long-term effects, 298–299 prognostic factors, 483–484 oocyte donation, lessons learned from mechanism of action, 295–296 octreotide, OHSS prevention, 250 factors influencing ET, 444–446 ovulation/conception after, 296 Oehninger, S., 158 BMI, 445 repeat of, 296 OHSS. See ovarian hyperstimulation endometriosis, 445–446 vs. exogenous gonadotrophin syndrome OHSS recipient age, 444–445 treatment, 296–297 Oktay, K., 710, 711 smoking, 445 vs. metformin, 297–298 oligoasthenospermia, 152 oocyte recovery in donors, 443–444 use of lasers, 135, 294 oligomenorrhea, 58, 61, 204, 276, 452 oocyte factors ovarian endometriomas, 111 oligozoospermia, 163, 182–183, 416 BMP-15/GDF-9B production, 11, 19, examination of adnexa for, 60 Ombelet, W., 158 25 impact on ART, 383 ondansetron (antiemetic), 77 BMP-6 production, 11, 25 influence on oocytes, 305–306 oocyte (human) maturation, in vitro, coordination with GCs/theca cells, 25 KTP laser for, 133 449 FGF-8 production, 11 laparoscopic cyst wall vaporization, aspirated immature oocytes, devel- GDF-9 production, 11, 19, 25 366 opmental competence TGF-b2 production, 11 surgical treatment concerns, 323 FSH pretreatment, 450 oocyte pick-up (OPU), 607 treatment of, 306, 322 hCG pretreatment, 450 bleeding, 607 ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome from stimulated cycles, 450 bradycardia/bradypnea, 607 (OHSS), 74, 107, 108, 193 from unstimulated cycles, 449–450 infection, 607 clinical manifestations of, 246–248 development of, 448 pelvic structure injuries, 607 description, 243 clinical need for IVM/advantages, post-operative pain, 607 pathophysiology/role of VEGF, 448 rectus sheath hematoma, 607 243–246 oocyte (human) maturation, in vivo, vertebral osteomyelitis, 607 prevention of, 248–250 448–449 oocytes, basic biology, 706–707 coasting or drifting, 249 chromatin condensation, 449 operative fertiloscopy. See also ovarian embryonic cryopreservation, 249 cycle overview drilling follicular aspiration pre-/post- immature oocyte retrieval accuracy of, 75 hCG, 249 anesthesia/analgesia, 452 complications, 72, 74 FSH trigger of ovulation, 250 aspiration technique, 452 defined, 70 GnRH antagonists, 250 cleaning/antisepsis, 452 injuries GnRH trigger of ovulation, 250 preparation, 452 rectal, 72–73 hCG withholding, 248 monitoring/hCG timing, 452 vaginal bleeding, 73 intravenous albumin, 249 cytokinesis/polar body extrusion, rationale of, 72 ketoconazole, 250 449 results octreotide, 250

776 n I NDEX n

ovarian electrocautery, 248–249 interventions pediatric laparoscopy. See laparos- risk factors, 246 anti estrogens copy, pediatric/adolescent in SLE, 373 aromatase inhibitors (See Pellerito, J. S., 123 treatment of, 250–253 aromatase inhibitors) pelvic adhesions, 58, 73, 307 bed rest, 250 clomiphene citrate (CC) (See assessment of, 107 blood hemostatic markers, clomiphene citrate (CC)) lysis of, 78–79 monitoring, 251 insulin sensitizers (See acarbose; operative laparoscopy/CO2 laser dopamine, 251–253 metformin; pioglitazone; adhesiolysis, 109 fluid balance/electrolyte, monitor- rosiglitazone; troglitazone) and salpingectomy, 362 ing, 251 tamoxifen (See tamoxifen) pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), furosemide, 251 dopamine agonists, 195 608 liver dysfunction, monitoring, 251 gonadotropins, 196–197 in adolescent females, 86–87 low-salt albumin, 250–251 hypogonadotropic anovulation, 194 causes, 89, 100 low-sodium intake, 251 laparoscopic electrocautery of the age-related issues, 723–724 transvaginal ultrasound-guided ovaries, 193, 196–197 and ectopic pregnancy, 619, 625–626 aspiration of ascitic fluid, 250 normogonadotropic anovulation, and endometritis, 43 ovarian stimulation 194 laparoscopic treatment, 89 controlled, in primates and opioid antagonists, 197 and tubal damage, 63 r-hFSH, 230 weight reduction, 195 penicillin and endometrial receptivity/luteal physiological follicular development, anaphylaxis reaction, 422 phase, 749–750 193–194 natural derivation, 314 mechanism of aromatase inhibition and POF, 344 semi-synthetic, for MAGI, 181 central mechanisms, 221 results of, 197–198 peptide histidine methionine (PHM), peripheral mechanisms, 221–222 and unexplained infertility, 334 270, 272 optimization of, 351 oxidative stress (OS). See also reactive percutaneous epididymal sperm protocol optimization oxygen species (ROS) aspiration (PESA), 471, 478, GnRH agonists, 747 antioxidant supplementation, 638 480 GnRH antagonists, 749 and gamete cryopreservation, 636 pergolide, 277–278, 280 starting FSH doses, 749 impact on ART, 633–636 perimenopausal women, infertility and r-hCG, 231 and male gametes, 633 treatment and r-hLH, 230–231 overview, 629 age-related obstetrical concerns, 725 ovulation induction relation to IVM or oocytes, 637–638 effective ART treatments, 725 background information, 193 role in female reproduction ethical considerations, 725 COH protocols, 386 endometrial cycle, 630–631 literature review, 723–725 comparison hMG/FSH, agonist/ folliculogenesis, 630 overview, 723 antagonist, rec/urinary strategies for overcoming, 636–637 pharmacodynamics hCG/LH/GnRH, 386 trophoblastic, and pregnancy, 637 of chorionic gonadotropin, 231 complications, 198 of FSH, 229–230 critical ultrasound values Pacheco, Pereyra, 709 FSH-CTP therapy, 237 endometrial pattern, 138 Palmer, R., 76 of luteinizing hormone, 230 endometrial thickness, 138–139 PAPP-A. See pregnancy-associated pharmacokinetics endometrial changes during, 138 plasma protein-A of chorionic gonadotropin, 231 gonadotropin selection, 386–387, (PAPP-A) of FSH, 228–229 390 paratubal/paraovarian cysts, 87 FSH-CTP therapy, 237 HOMP reduction techniques, p450 aromatase, 7, 11, 12 of luteinizing hormone, 230 258–265 Pasteur, Louis, 597 phenothiazines, 275 and clomiphene citrate, 259 Patau syndrome, 163 phosphodiesterase (PDE)-5 coasting, 262 pathophysiology inhibitors, 189 effects of previous gonadotropin of embryo multinucleation, 540 physical examination, for infertility cycles, 265 of fallopian tubes, 100–102 body mass index, 60 low-dose hCG/LH during late endometriosis, 102 breast examination, 60 proliferative phase, 261–262 surgical management, 103 pelvic examination, 60 minimal gonadotropin doses, proximal tubule disease, 103 thyroid gland evaluation, 60 260–261 salpingitis, acute/chronic, 100 pinopodes, 38–39, 303, 395, 750 and pulsatile GnRH, 261 salpingitis isthmica nodosa, 101 pioglitazone, 290–291, 354 supernumerary follicle aspiration, tubal sterilization, 101–102 pituitary lactotrophs, 270, 277 262 of ovarian hyperstimulation placebo effect vs. real phenomenon, twin pregnancies, 265 syndrome, 222, 243–246 acupuncture studies, withholding HCG administration, Paulus, W. E., 576, 577, 580, 597 596–599 263–265 P450c17 enzyme, 12 placenta previa, 143, 147, 611, 751 individualized treatment protocols, PCNA. See proliferating cell nuclear plasma cell endometritis, 355 198 antigen (PCNA) platelet-derived growth factor, 11

n I NDEX n 777

pneumoperitoneum, 76 polymerase chain reaction, for PGD, with myomas, 110 creation of, 78 666–668 and obesity, 59 creation of, in laparoscopy, 84 polyploidy, 458, 543, 648, 652 and operative fertiloscopy, 71 intraoperative loss of, 82 polyps and ovarian drilling, 74, 79–80 polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) cervical polyps, 143–144, 149 post-PGD, 670 and amenorrhea, 62 endometrial polyps, 58, 140, 206, 418 smokers vs. nonsmokers, 58 associated infertility, pathogenesis sonohysterographic diagnosis, 64 and UC frequency, 41 of, 375 polyvinylpyrrolidine, sperm prepara- preimplantation genetic diagnosis benefit of aromatase inhibitors, tion media, 637 (PGD), for single-gene 223–224 poor responders disorders clinical manifestations, 286, 375 adjuvant therapy, 434–435 eligibility determination defined, 286, 375 defined, 428–429 choice of couples, 662 diagnostic criteria, 294 etiology, 430 genetic conditions, 662 differential diagnosis, 286 FSH administration, 433 embryo biopsy, 663–664, 696 and embryo multinucleation, 545 GnRH agonists, 433 embryo selection/transfer, 669 infertility management for, 375–376 GnRH antagonists, 433–434 ethical considerations, 671–672 IVF for, 376 incidence, 429 facilities for implementation, 672 LOD in, 79–80 management of, 433 future perspectives, 671 and obesity, 58–59 natural cycle IVF, 434 genetic counseling, 661–662 ovarian drilling in, 74–75 prediction of genetic testing and risks of OHSS, 448 combination of indices, 432–433 FISH, 664–666 role of insulin resistance, 286–287, comparison of indices, 432 polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 298 (See also metabolic dynamic tests, 431–432 666–668 syndrome) static tests, 430–431 pre-assay validation, 668 use of lasers, 135 Porcu, E., 710 insemination/embryo culture, 662 and uterine septum, 124 posterior endometriosis, 70 patient preparation, 662 vs. adrenal hyperplasia, 59 postmenopause, and pregnancy, 739 post-PGD pregnancy rates, 670 polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), post-testicular azoospermia, 479 results validity/misdiagnosis management of Prader-Willi syndrome, 687 potential, 669–670 hirsutism treatment preantral follicles safety factors, 669 antiandrogens, 287–288 culture of human follicles, 33 preimplantation genetic diagnosis oral contraceptive pills, 287 development of, 3, 449, 707 for aneuploidy screening insulin-sensitizing agents FSH influence, 706 (PGD-AS) acarbose, 291 growth of, initial recruitment, 10–11 efficacy of genetic diagnosis, 670–671 metformin, 289–290, 378–379 influence of nongonadotropic eligibility determination pioglitazone, 290–291 factors, 3 choice of couples, 662 rosiglitazone, 290–291 LH support of survival, 16 introduction/overview, 643 troglitazone, 290–291 synthesis of progesterone (P4), 7 materials/methods laparoscopic treatment, 291 preclinical miscarriage (biochemical chromosomal status of gametes/ menstrual dysfunction treatment, 288 pregnancy), 140 embryos, 644–646 ovulatory disorder treatment preeclampsia, 59, 637, 688, 725 clinical application of aromatase inhibitors, 289 pregnancy. See biochemical preg- pre-implantation screening clomiphene citrate, 288 nancy; cervical pregnancy; FISH technique efficiency, 650, dexamethazone, 288–289 ectopic pregnancy; hetero- 689 GnRH agonist/antagonist, 289 topic pregnancy rationale, 649 377–378 pregnancy-associated plasma safety of oocytes/embryo biopsy, gonadotropin, 289, 376–377 protein-A (PAPP-A), 13–14 649–650 weight reduction, 287 pregnancy rates first polar body biopsy, for oocyte polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), after proximal tubal disease surgery, preselection, 652–653 surgical management 103 mosaicism, 650 history of, 294 after salpingostomy, for hydrosalpinx, related factors laparoscopic ovarian drilling, 103, 104, 110 embryo morphology/ 294–295 after tubal anastomosis, 101 development, 648–649 complications, 299 age factor, 56 maternal age, 646–647 long-term effects, 298–299 and aromatase inhibitors, 225 paternal contribution, 648 mechanism of action, 295–296 azoospermic husbands/artificial poor response, 647 ovulation/conception after, 296 insemination, 56 recurrent pregnancy loss prediction of response to, 298 and blastocyst transfer, 536 (RPL), 647 repeat of, 296 donated oocytes vs. regular IVF, 39 repeated implantation failure in vs. exogenous gonadotrophin and hydrosalpinx, 100 conventional IVF/ICSI treatment, 296–297 midluteal progesterone concentra- cycles, 647–648 vs. metformin, 297–298 tions/progesterone levels, 61 trisomic rescue, 650–652

778 n I NDEX n

preimplantation genetic screening administration routes Cochrane database review of, 311 (PGS) intramuscular, 400–401 gestrinone, 310 defined, 657 oral, 400 mifepristone, 311 eligibility determination vaginal, 401 progestogens, 309 choice of couples, 662 role of, 400 Cochrane database review, 310 genetic conditions, 662 conversion to androgens, by P450c17 danazol, 309–310 premature ejaculation, 187–189 enzyme, 12 side effects, 310–313 American Urological Association decline of, during FSH intercycle rise, p450 side chain cleavage, 11 guidelines, 188 12 p53 tumor suppressor gene, 5–7 defined, 187 ectopic pregnancy, diagnosis, 622 and ovarian follicular growth/atresia, 6 diagnosis, 188 endometrial changes, 395 target genes etiology, 188 and HOXA-10 expression, 39 bax proapoptotic gene, 6 incidence, 188 inhibition of GC/luteal cell apoptosis, bcl-2 prosurvival gene, 6 treatment 7 Ò behavioral/psychological, 188 LH induction of, 7 Qualisperm , 183 PDE-5 inhibitors, 189 for luteal support in assisted quality management, in IVF SSRIs, 189 reproduction, 399 laboratory. See also risk topical anesthetic agents, 188–189 pre-clomiphene administration test, management, in IVF premature ovarian failure (POF), 39. 207 laboratory See also International POF preovulatory cycle production, 3 defined, 549 Association (IPOFA) production by LH, 4 term used in, 549–550 chemotherapy induction, 707–708 role of, 400 quinolones, 181 clinical manifestations of, 339–340 serum progesterone evaluation, clinical practice, key points, 336 61–62 Raga, F., 124 diagnostic possibilities, 339, 708–709 synthesis by preantral follicles, 7 raloxifene, 313 etiology of, 342–343, 706 use in donor egg IVF, 39 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) cytogenic abnormalities involving vs. hCG, luteal phase support, 398 aspirin vs. no treatment, in clinical X chromosome, 340–341 prolactin (PRL). See also hyperpro- IVF outcome, 352 defective gonadotropin secretion/ lactinemia; macroprolacti- effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery action, 342 nemia for stage I/II endometriosis, environmental insults, 342 and amenorrhea, 62 304 enzymatic defects, 341 biosynthesis of, 270 five vs. two weeks or progesterone genetic alterations of specific genes, functions, 273 therapy, 356 341 gene family, 270 hCG/progesterone vs. placebo idiopathic, 343 primary effect of, 273 administration, 355 resistant ovary syndrome, 343 production of, by pituitary ideal acupuncture studies, 599–600 hypergonadotropic amenorrhea, lactotrophs, 270 impact of proximal tubal occlusion/ evaluation, 343–344 receptors, 271 salpingectomy pre-IVF, 350 and immune disorders, 339 secretion pattern, 271–272 implantation rates and use of radiotherapy induction, 708 neuroendocrine regulation, glucocorticoids, 354 surgical risk of ovary damage, 272–273 individualized recFSH dose vs. 383–384 structure, 270 standard dose, 351 treatment, 344 prolactinomas, 60, 274, 276, 279 initiation of exogenous FSH, 351 Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques prolactin receptor-binding protein LOD and gonadotropin treatment (Regulation and Prevention (PRLRBP), 271 comparison, 297 of Misuse) Act, 720 prolactin releasing factors (PLRFs), 272 medical treatment of endometriosis preovulatory follicle, 3–4, 13–14 proliferating cell nuclear antigen for fertility, 304 control of, 19 (PCNA), 30–32 poor ovarian response, use of development of, 14, 17 propanediol, 458, 460 aromatase inhibitors, 352 influence of nongonadotropic prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 prevalence of endometriosis/ factors, 3 (PGS-2), 19 adhesions at laparoscopy, 303 and LH surge, 25 prostatic cysts, 154 stiff vs. soft catheters, 354 progesterone, androstenedione, protein C deficiency, 408 surgical treatment in endometriosis, estradiol production, 3 protein S deficiency, 408 302 pretesticular azoospermia, 479 Proteus species, 181 ultrasound guided embryo transfer vs. process management, in IVF labora- prothrombin gene mutation, 407 clinical touch, 355 tory. See under risk/risk proximal tubal disease, 103 use of AA vs. placebo during luteal management, in IVF Prune Belly syndrome, 189 phase, 353 laboratory Pseudomonas species, 181 use of metformin for PCOS/IVF, progesterone pseudopregnancy and oral 354 antiprogesterones, 310–311 contraceptives Rathke, Martin Heinrich, 270 and ART antiprogesterones, 310–311 RE. See retrograde ejaculation (RE)

n I NDEX n 779

reactive oxygen species (ROS), 166. intrauterine insemination, 422–423 semen analysis See also oxidative stress laparoscopy, 70 clinical management, 158–159 age-related fertility multiple pregnancies, 108 extended analysis/functional assays, decline/menopause, 633 ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 158 as atretogenic factor, 14 in PCOS, 448 fertility/subfertility thresholds, origin in male reproductive system in SLE, 373 Tygerberg strict criteria, external sources, 167 risk/risk management, in IVF 157–158 sperm-produced, 166–167 laboratory parameters, 157 overview, 629 accreditation, 558–559 analytical tools, 157 pathological effects on sperm failure modes and effects analysis, use of, in IVF/IUI programs, 157 function, 167 551–552 WHO sperm morphology, 157–158, role in female reproduction overview, 550 161 endometrial cycle, 630–631 poor quality/high-risk identification, semen cryopreservation, 713 folliculogenesis, 630 559–560 seminal vesicle cysts, 154 and sperm physiological functions, process management, 553–557 septate uterus, 116–117, 123, 206 167 quality/quality management, 329–330 Rebic-Pucelji, M., 608 549–550 serial transvaginal ultrasound, 61 recombinant DNA technology, root cause analysis, 552–553 serotonin angiotensin II, 270, 272 196, 386 tools for, 550–551 Serour, G. I., 607, 609 recombinant human CG (r-hCG), 231 troubleshooting, 557–558 Sertoli-Cell Only syndrome (SCO), recombinant human FSH risperidone, 275–276 478, 493, 499, 503 (r-hFSH), 228–229 Rock, J. A., 55 sex hormone-binding globulin administration of, 236 Roest, J., 608 (SHBG), 195–196, 287, 289 and controlled ovarian stimulation in root cause analysis (RCA). See under sex selection. See gender selection primates, 230 risk/risk management, in sexual response cycle, of males, 187 recombinant human LH (r-hLH), IVF laboratory Sher, G., 137 230–231 Roper, N., 563 shoulder dystocia, 373 recruitment phase, preantral follicle rosiglitazone, 290–291, 354 side effects growth, 10–11 Rotterdam criteria, for PCOS, 375 of fentanyl, 77 rectal endometriosis, 305 RPLND. See retroperitoneal lymph Silber, S. J., 712 religious perspectives, of node dissection (RPLND) single-cell gel electrophoresis assay infertility/ART RU486 (progesterone antagonist), 7 (COMET), 164–165 Coptic Church, 731–736 Russell-silver syndrome, 687 single embryo transfer (SET). See also Islam, 728–740 double embryo transfers Judaism, 728–731 saline infusion sonohysterography (DET); embryo transfer Vatican, 741–744 (SIS). See sonohystero- (ET) REM sleep, rise of prolactin levels, 272 graphy (SHG) and blastocyst transfer, 536 reproductive endocrinology and salpingectomy clinical data on set infertility (REI). See also consideration for hydrosalpinx, 104, cohort studies, fertility treatment nurses/nursing, and 350, 361 after SET/DET, 519 reproductive endocrinology/ and decrease in ovarian opinion papers, 519 infertility (REI) specialists perfusion, 362 outcomes, published randomized reaction to acupuncture, 576 and distal tubal disease, 361–363 trials, 518 reserpine, 275–276, 278 prior to embryo transfer (ET), 110 published appraisal results, retinoblastoma protein (pRb), 11 and tubal sterilization, 101 519–520 retrograde ejaculation (RE), 182 salpingitis, acute/chronic, 100 clinical practice, key points, 526 190–191 salpingitis isthmica nodosa, 101 compulsory SET, 522 causes salpingoscopy, 71–72, 75 elective SET, 519–520 anatomic, 190–191 salpingostomy, 103, 624–625 defined, 522 idiopathic, 191 Sathananthan, A., 540 European experience, 520–521 neurogenic, 191 Scandinavia, application of SET, 521 embryo selection, 522–524 definition, 190 SCSA. See Chromatin Structure Assay future perspective, 526 diagnosis, 190 (SCSA) health/economic considerations, 525 etiology, 190 secretory azoospermia. See indications/exceptions, 521–522 incidence, 190 non-obstructive information/counseling, patient’s treatment, 191 azoospermia (NOA) perspective, 525–526 retroperitoneal lymph node dissection selective estrogen receptor modulators reduced multiple pregnancy risk, (RPLND), 189 (SERMs), 202, 260, 313 688 Richards, M., 697 selective progesterone receptor role of cryopreservation, 524 risk factors modulators, 312–313 singletons/twins, 524–525 congenital anomalies, 685 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors single-follicle selection, 15 ectopic pregnancy, 619–620 (SSRIs), 189–190, 275 singleton gestations, 107

780 n I NDEX n

small molecule gonadotropin mimetics postmortem retrieval/storage, 468 sperm banking, of donor FSHR agonist, 240–241 spinal cord injured patient, 468 sperm, 466–467 LHR agonist, 238–240 vasal/vasoepididymal spina biﬁda, 685 Smith, B., 137 reconstruction, 468 spironolactone, 287 Smith, C., 600–601 vasectomy, 467–468 spontaneous abortions (SABs), 580 smoking nitrogen usage safety, 473–474 age-related risk, 723 DNA damage, 162 protocols and aneuploidy, 163, 643, 657 and ectopic pregnancy, 619 epididymal/testicular sperm, and caffeine consumption, 351 and fertility, 58–59, 350, 445, 634 471–472 and cigarette smoking, 371 impact on spermatozoa, 180 general, 469–470 and clomiphene, 214 increased ROS levels, 167 processing for utilization, 470 and congenital abnormalities, 611 and oocyte donation, 445 special procedures, 472 differentiation from cervical Society for Assisted Reproductive stability/cross-contamination, of pregnancy, 148 Technology (SART), 335, 453 frozen specimen, 472–473 and elevated LH concentrations, 376 embryo transfer/cryopreserved testicular biopsies, 471 and hair dyes, 59 embryos, 710 transportation of specimens, 473 inﬂuence on human fecundity, 643 Live Births per Embryo Transfer vaporous nitrogen storage, 473 and insemination with frozen sperm, (LB/ET) data, 571, 576 variability/variables, 472 474 mission of, 570 sperm, human chromatin and metformin, 290, 297, 354 and poor responders, 429 abnormality detection and multiple births, 688 pregnancy database, 107, 335, 453 chromosome aneuploidy, 162–163, non-relation to biochemical sodium bicarbonate, 78 164–165 pregnancies, 140 somatic cell nuclear transfer nuclear DNA damage, 163 and ovarian drilling, 296, 298 technology (SCNT), 700, 717 assays and oxidative stress, 629–642 sonohysterography (SHG), 118 COMET, 164–165 and septate uterus, 329 SPA. See sperm penetrating assay SPA nuclear matrix assays, 165 in uterina septa patients, 126 sperm SCSA, 164–165 and uterus didelphys, 327 banking of donor sperm, 466–467 TUNEL, 164–165 Squeeze technique, for PE, 188 cryobiology of, 468–469 DNA damage, types/mechanisms, 162 Staessen, C., 752 development of, and variocele, 180 DNA fragmentation direct assessment Start-Stop method, for PE, 188 and MAGI, 181 tests, 164–165 static tests, for prediction of poor preparation technique, for IUI, structural probes, using nuclear dyes, responders 421–422 163–164 anti-Mullerian hormone, 431 sperm-containing cysts, 154 DNA secondary structure/ antral follicle count, 431 sperm penetrating assay (SPA), 158 conformation defect estradiol, basal (day 3) levels, 431 sperm-zona pellucida-binding assays, detection, 163–164 FSH concentration, 430 158 packaging density, 164 inhibin B, basal (day 3) serum sperm, apoptosis proteins, 164 concentration, 430 assessment in ejaculated sperm, 169 structure/packaging, 161–162 ultrasound measurement of ovarian features/mechanisms, 168–169 sperm, microwave damage, 169–170 volume, 431 and male infertility, 169 animal studies, 169–170 stem cells. See human embryonic stem sperm, cryopreservation associations with DNA damage, cells (hESCs) ASRM recommendations/stance, 466, apoptosis, oxidative stress, 170 Stener-Victorin, E., 576–577, 580, 596 474–475 human studies, 170 Steptoe, Patrick, 562, 576 client vs. donor sperm, 466 sperm, oxidative stress, 166–168 sterilization cryobiology of human sperm, antioxidant measurement, 168 tubal sterilization, 101–102 468–469 assessment of, 167–168 steroidogenesis, 12–13 cryo-inventory tracking, 473 reactive oxygen species (ROS), 166 aromatase as terminal step, 220 cryopackaging/storage materials, 473 external sources, 167 corpus luteum as source of, 4 cryoprotectant recipe, 469 pathological effects on sperm effect of inhibin, 13, 15 fresh vs. cryopreserved sperm, ICSI, function, 167 and luteinization process, 19 485–486 and sperm physiological functions, participation of inhibin/activin, 13 genetic consequences, 474 167 steroids historical background, 466 sperm-produced, 166–167 gonadotropin-induced production, indications spermatid injection 7 asthenozoospermic sample, 468 clinical series review role in folliculogenesis, 7 cancer patients, 467 elongating/elongated spermatids, Stojkovic, P., 698 ejaculatory duct transurethral 494–496 Stowitzki, T., 137 resection, 468 round spermatids, 496–498 Strassman procedure, 330 MESA, TESE, TESA (See each microinjection development, 493 Streitberger, K., 597 individually) retrieval, predictive success stroma (ovarian) cells oligozoospermic sample, 468 factors, 498–503 BMP-4/BMP-7 production, 11

n I NDEX n 781

stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) microdissection, 481 biochemical studies, 580 influence on culture media, 28 testosterone outcomes, 580 submucosal myomas, 58 and danazol, 310 patient identification, 578 sufentanil, 77 inhibition of HOXA-10, 39 good prognosis (GP), 580 sulpiride, 275, 278 prenatal treatment, in ewes, 7 poor prognosis (PPr), 580 Sundstrom, P., 546 production of, 12 treatment groups, 578–580 supercoiled DNA, 163 theca cells, 7 transendothelial migration vs. human superovulation induction BMP-4/BMP-7 production, 11 implantation, 48–49 for in-vitro fertilization, 16 IGF-1’s paracrine action on, 13 transepididymal sperm aspiration surgical sperm retrieval (SSR), 478 LH action on, 12, 25 (TESA), 686 chances for success, 481 production of IGF-2, 13 transforming growth factor-a MESA procedure, 480 thiazolidinone derivatives, 240 (TGF-a), 10, 16 PESA procedure, 480 third factor theory, 40–41 transforming growth factor-b results of repetitive retrieval, three-dimensional ultrasonography (TGF-b) superfamily, 10, 486–487 (3-DUS), 118–120, 123 25. See also inhibin/activin TEFNA/TESA procedure, 480 thrombophilia system TESE acquired thrombophilia as atretogenic factor, 14 conventional, 481 antiphospholipid antibody and dominant follicle growth, 16 microdissection, 481 syndrome, 408 transforming growth factor-b2 Sweden, application of SET, 524 inherited thrombophilia (TGF-b2), 11 Swedish IVF National Registry, 458 antithrombin deficiency, 407–408 transmission electron microscopy Syrop, C. H., 124 APCR and Factor V Leiden, 407 (TEM), 30 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) hyperhomocysteinemia, 408 transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) effect of IVF, 373 protein C deficiency, 408 imaging impact on IVF, 373–374 protein S deficiency, 408 for male infertility risk of ovarian hyperstimulation, 373 prothrombin gene mutation, 407 candidate determination, 152 mechanism of implantation failure diagnostic capabilities, 153 Tal, J., 609 acquired thrombophilia, 409 EDO criteria, 154 Tallo, C. P., 610 clinical studies, 409–411 pathological findings, 153–154 tamoxifen, 140, 180, 183, 202, 260, inherited thrombophilia, 409 embryological/anatomical 372, 710 treatment considerations, 153 tamoxiphene (TMX), 195 corticosteroids, 412 essentials of, 153 Taylor, C. J., 695 heparin/ASA, 411–412 therapeutic applications, 154–155, TEFNA. See testicular fine-needle intravenous immunoglobulin, 412 189 aspiration (TEFNA) Thurin study, single embryo transurethral resection of the prostate Tejada, R, I., 163 transfer, 518 (TURP), 189 teratozoospermia, 163, 163, 182–183, thyroid gland transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy, 70 416 cancer of, 606 transvaginal ultrasound, 16, 118–120, terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl infertility assessment, 60 123, 143 transferase (TdT)-mediated thyroiditis, subacute, 339 antral follicle measurement, 431 deoxyuridine triphosphate thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) arguments against, 143 (dUTP) nick end labelling activation of prolactin, 270, 272 ascitic fluid aspiration, guided by, 250 (TUNEL) assay, 30, 164–165 and amenorrhea, 62 benefits study, 622 TESA. See testicular sperm aspiration and subclinical hypothyroidism, 207 embryo transfer, 509–511 (TESA) timed intercourse (TI), immature oocyte retrieval planning, TESE. See testicular sperm extraction and spontaneous pregnancy, 235 452 (TESE) vs. intrauterine insemination, 213, methotrexate injection, 624 testicular azoospermia, 479 225, 334, 419, 687 serial transvaginal ultrasound, 61 testicular feminization syndrome, 59 Tomazevic, T., 123 and sonohysterography, 64 testicular fine-needle aspiration Tompkins procedure, 117, 330 technique of, 143–144 (TEFNA), 478 topical anesthetic agents, for transvaginal ultrasound-guided description, 480 PE, 188–189 follicle aspiration testicular sperm, cryopreservation, total quality management. See quality (TUVGFA), 607 471–472, 713 management in IVF trends, in operative laparoscopy, 107 testicular sperm aspiration (TESA), laboratory tricyclic antidepressants, 190 471, 478 traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). triple X aneuploidy syndrome, 163 complications, 484–485 See also acupuncture troglitazone, 290–291 description, 480 acceptance of, 576 trophoblastic oxidative stress, 637 testicular sperm extraction (TESE), historical perspective, 577–578 tubal embryo transfer (TET), 78 155, 471, 478 patient demographics/diagnostic tubal sterilization, 101–102 complications, 484–485 data, 582 tuberoinfundibular DA pathway, conventional, 481 research overview 272

782 n I NDEX n

tumor suppressor genes treatment strategies, 333–336 anomalous lateral fusion p53 tumor suppressor gene, 5–7 alternative therapies, 336 (obstructive) Wilm’s tumor suppressor gene IVF and related ART, 334–336 double uterus, 329 (WT1), 5 ovulation induction/IUI, 334 septate uterus, 329–330 TUNEL. See terminal unicornuate uterus, 124, 144, 327, 329 unicornuate uterus, 329 deoxyribonucleotidyl United Kingdom, application of SET, anomalous vertical fusion transferase (TdT)-mediated 521, 525 imperforate hymen, 328 deoxyuridine triphosphate urinary luteinizing hormone (LH), 62 transverse vaginal septum, (dUTP) nick end labelling urokinase-type plasminogen activator, 328 (TUNEL) assay 11 embryology, 327 Turner’s syndrome, 60 uterine anomalies. See bicornuate unification operations TURP. See transurethral resection of uterus; double uterus; arcuate uterus, 330 the prostate (TURP) hypoplastic uterus; bicornuate uterus, 330 twins vs. singletons septate uterus DES exposure in utero, 331 congenital anomalies, 688 uterine contractility (UC) Jones procedure, 330 monozygotic twins, 536–537, 688 during menstrual cycle, 41–42 Strassman procedure, 330 single embryo transfer, 524–525 and pregnancy rates, 41 Tompkins procedure, 330 two-cell two-gonadotrophin theory, 12 uterine leiomyomas, 110 uterus didelphys, 330 Tygerberg strict criteria, for fertility/ uterine septum development of, 115 subfertility thresholds, associated reproductive problems, sperm motility/progressive 121–124 vagina motility, sperm endometriosis, 124 absence of, 327–328 morphology, 157–158 infertility and ART failure, bleeding, 58 123–124 from fertiloscopy, 74 ultrasonography. See also transrectal malignancy, 124 congenital absence of, 327–328 ultrasound (TRUS) PCOS, 124 route of progesterone administration, imaging; transvaginal pregnancy loss/obstetric complica- in ART, 401 ultrasound tions, 122–123 transvaginal ultrasound, 118–120, cervical examination urinary problems, 124 123, 143 in pregnancy classification, 116–117 cervical fibroids, 144 cervical funneling, 145–146 diagnosis, 117–121 cervical polyps, 143–144 cervical pregnancy, 148 Doppler ultrasonography, 120–121 Mullerian anomalies, 144 midtrimester, 145 hysterosalpingography, 117–118 nabothian cysts, 143 timing of exam, 146 MRI, 121, 123 transvaginal 3-D US, 118–120, transvaginal 3-D US, 118–120, 123 sonohysterography, 118 123 ultrasound-guided ET transvaginal 3-D US, 118–120, 123 transverse vaginal septum, 328 placenta previa, 147 ultrasonography, 118 Valencia Stem Cell Bank, 698 uterocervical angle, importance, management, 125–127 Van Royen, E., 544 146–147 structure, 116–117 Van Waart, J., 158 vasa previa, 147–148 surgery for, 121 varicocelectomy, azoospermia critical values operative technique, 126–127 recommendation, 487 for IVF cycles complete resection, 127 variocele endometrial pattern, 139 scissors vs. resectoscope, diagnosis, 180 endometrial thickness, 139 126–127 pubertal development, 178–180 for ovulation induction outcome of excision, 127–128 treatment endometrial pattern, 138 postoperative care, 127 endo-vascular, 180 endometrial thickness, 138–139 ultrasonography, 127 surgery, 180 Doppler ultrasonography, 120–121, preoperative preparation, 126 WHO multi-center trial, 180 180 resection decision, 125–126 vasa previa, 147–148 ectopic pregnancy, diagnosis, 622 Tompkins technique abdominal vascular endothelial growth factor for endometrial evaluation metroplasty, 117 (VEGF) ovulation induction changes, 138 uterus. See also bicornuate uterus; and dominant follicle growth, 16 patterns, 137 didelphic uterus; double involvement in angiogenesis, 3–4, spontaneous cycle changes, uterus; hypoplastic uterus; 19 137–138 septate uterus; unicornuate involvement in CL development, 4 thickness, 137 uterus role in folliculogenesis, 14 waves, 137 anomalies role in OHSS, 243–246 for genital assessment, 70 classification/types of, 116–117 vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), for preclinical miscarriage, 140 epidemiology of, 115–116 270, 272 pre-treatment clomiphene testing, 206 congenital malformations and activation of prolactin, 270, 272 unexplained infertility reproduction Vatican’s viewpoint, on infertility/ diagnostic criteria, 332–333 absence of vagina, 327–328 ART, 741–744

n I NDEX n 783

VEGF. See vascular endothelial growth and metformin, 196, 290 Wyden Act. See Fertility Clinic Success factor (VEGF) and PCOS, 287, 375 Rate and Certification Act of ventricular septal defects (VSDs), 685 Westergaard, L. G., 599, 601 1992 (FCSRCA) verapamil, 276, 278 Wilm’s tumor suppressor gene Vernaeve, V., 612 (WT1), 5–6, 11 Xu, C., 698 vitiligo, 339 Wolffian cysts, 154 XYY syndrome, 163 World Health Organization Waddington, Conrad, 677 definition of overweight, 373 Wang, J. G., 607 group II anovulatory infertility, 202, Yakin, K., 544 weight reduction, 193, 195. See also 215, 237 body mass index (BMI); sperm morphology, 157–158, 161 zygote intra-fallopian transfer (ZIFT), obesity variocele multi-center trial, 180 336