Black Stitches: African American Women's Quilting and Story Telling

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Black Stitches: African American Women's Quilting and Story Telling Luisa Cazorla Torrado DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Black Stitches: African American Women‘s Quilting and Story Telling Supervised by Dr. Belén Martín Lucas 2020 International Doctoral School Belén Martín Lucas DECLARES that the present work, entitled ―Black Stitches: African American Women‘s Quilting and Story Telling‖, submitted by Luisa Cazorla Torrado to obtain the title of Doctor, was carried out under her supervision in the PhD programme ―Interuniversity Doctoral Programme in Advanced English Studies.‖ This is a joint PhD programme integrating the Universities of Santiago de Compostela (USC), A Coruña (UDC), and Vigo (UVigo). Vigo, September 1, 2020. The supervisor, Dr. Belén Martín Lucas Acknowledgements I would like to say thanks: To my mother, M. Carmen, for encouraging me to keep sewing every day, no matter what; to my sister, María, for always bringing new light whenever my eyes were getting weary; to my friend, Belén, for showing me how to adjust the quilt frame; to my supervisor, Belén, for helping me find a better thread and for teaching me how to improve my stitches; and to my sons, Alejandro and Daniel, for reminding me of the ―big pattern‖ whenever I would forget the reasons why I was sewing this quilt. I couldn‘t have done this without your sustained encouragement and support during all these years. Table of contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................... 4 Table of contents ............................................................................. 5 Resumo ............................................................................................ 7 Introduction ..................................................................................... 17 0.1.Objectives ............................................................................. 19 0.2. Methodology ......................................................................... 23 0.3. Structure ................................................................................ 26 Part 1: Shaping Herstory: African American quilts as witnesses of their times ........................................................................................ 31 Chapter 1. A historical overview of the African American quilting tradition: from its beginnings to the late nineteenth century ........... 33 1.1.African American women quilters in the antebellum South . 33 1.2. The role of quilting bees in slavery times ............................. 49 1.3. Some connections between abolitionism and quilts ............. 58 1.4. African American women‘s quilts in the postbellum years .. 80 Chapter 2. Transformations in African American quilting between the early twentieth century and contemporary times ............................. 103 2.1. African American women quilters in the early twentieth century 103 2.2. The influence of African-American art in the Civil Rights era. A case in point: the Freedom Quilting Bee ................................. 115 2.3. The revival of quilts within the African American tradition from the 1970s to the present ............................................................... 140 Part 2: Exploring an ambivalent language ...................................... 169 Chapter 3. African American quilts in relation with other art forms 171 3.1. Material culture ..................................................................... 171 3.2. Painting ................................................................................. 175 3.3. Music .................................................................................... 185 3.4. Textile vs textual: Story Quilts ............................................. 197 Part 3: Stitching their own narratives: some connections between quilts and literature within the African American context ........................ 211 Chapter 4. Representations of quilts in African American literature 213 4.1. The quilting trope in African American women‘s writing ... 213 4.2. Claiming African American women‘s past through their quilts: Phyllis Alesia Perry‘s Stigmata ................................................... 218 4.3. Quilts as a metalanguage: Faith Ringgold‘s Aunt Harriet‟s Underground Railroad in the Sky and Jacqueline Woodson‘s Show Way 233 4.4. Bed comforts to alleviate the harsh times: Phyllis Lawson‘s Quilt of Souls ............................................................................... 247 4.5. Telling their story in their own words: quilts in the Civil Rights era 273 4.6. Reconstructing the self: the symbolism of quilts in Alice Walker‘s The Color Purple and ―Everyday Use‖ ....................... 283 4.7. Handstitched words: the quilting journal of Nora Ezell ....... 297 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 321 Works Cited ..................................................................................... 335 Primary Sources ........................................................................... 337 Secondary Sources ....................................................................... 337 Resumo Durante séculos, as colchas feitas por mulleres estadounidenses de raza negra permaneceron alleas ao interese da crítica artística e do escrutinio historiográfico. Sen embargo, deste afastamento do foco de estudo académico non debería nunca deducirse a inexistencia de tales obras téxtiles, xa que a documentación que ten chegado ata os nosos días é mostra clara das raíces tan antigas desta actividade, tanto entre as primeiras xeracións de mulleres vivindo en escravitude, coma das xeracións nadas en liberdade (e así, sucesivamente, ata a actualidade). Co espertar dunha nova conciencia cultural en Estados Unidos a mediados do século XX, que amosaba unha maior permeabilidade a fomentar as identidades das minorías raciais e a equilibrar as tradicionais discriminacións de xénero, creceu un interese novo na cultura desenvolta por mulleres afroamericanas, xa fose dende o ámbito artístico coma literario. Ao mesmo tempo, a identificación (herdada de tempos inmemoriais) das tarefas domésticas femininas cun labor utilitario, non artístico e carente de relevancia cultural comezou a ser posto en tela de xuízo pola nova corrente feminista que xurdiu nas décadas de 1960 e 1970 e acadou enormes repercusións nese país. A rebelión contra ese tipo de pensamento que asociaba labor téxtil con ausencia de prestixio artístico veuse fortalecida por unha postura feminista que comezou non só a dotar de valor intrínseco eses traballos, senón que os empregou como símbolo reivindicativo dunhas obras tradicionalmente ―invisibilizadas‖ polo canon dominante (Parker 207). Así, a posta en valor dos labores de costura, e particularmente das devanditas colchas (entre outros factores, pola súa enorme riqueza e versatilidade) feitas por mulleres afroamericanas, converteuse nun poderoso símbolo de loita social, política e artística. Situadas na intersección de factores raciais, de xénero e, implícita e inevitablemente, de clase (non só porque a orixe desta manufactura xorde da necesidade do aproveitamento, senón tamén polas continuas tensións xerárquicas entre ―traballo artesanal‖ e ―arte refinado‖), as colchas feitas por esta comunidade de mulleres pasaron a converterse nun lenzo no que as autoras eran quen de expresar libremente, sen a tutela de tempos anteriores, as súas visións do mundo e as novas representacións de si mesmas como seres individuais pertencentes a un colectivo historicamente sometido. Unha das consecuencias de tal cambio de posicionamento cultural foi o progresivo aumento da investigación académica no ámbito da composición destas colchas, como instrumento de forte significado cultural polas razóns expostas. O afondamento no estudo sobre estes obxectos de facturación artesanal descubriu a súa enorme riqueza histórica como testemuñas dun tempo (o período que vai dende o século XVIII ata finais do XX) e lugar (os Estados Unidos de América do Norte) en que as mulleres, e particularmente as mulleres negras, eran mantidas á marxe das correntes sociopolíticas e artísticas do país. Sen dúbida, a confección destas colchas supuxo, dende as primeiras xeracións de mulleres afroamericanas, unha forma de resistencia tanto pasiva (polo mero feito de elaborar as súas propias obras, e incluso de darlles transmisión ás súas descendentes cando así podían) coma activa (nos casos en que as circunstancias permitían a súa utilización en foros de reivindicación fronte ao sistema imperante). En consecuencia, a utilización deste labor de costura como forma de expresar as súas protestas e esperanzas de futuro quedou reflectido nas pezas que se conservaron dende as décadas da escravitude en adiante (aspectos analizados nos capítulos 1 e 2 desta tese), se ben é imposible aventurar, sequera aproximadamente, unha porcentaxe que indique cantas desas primeiras colchas desapareceron, como tamén é imposible identificar cantas das que pasaron á historia coma ―composicións anónimas‖ tiñan coma autora a unha muller de raza negra. Sen embargo, si é posible argumentar hoxe cales foron algúns dos motivos que levaron a aquelas primeiras mulleres Afroamericanas a deseñar, crear e, na medida das súas posibilidades, preservar as súas colchas. En primeiro lugar, entre as razóns máis evidentes estaría non só a necesidade de supervivencia en condicións infrahumanas, senón que tamén debemos considerar o factor da obriga dentro das súas tarefas de servidume cotiás. Se ben no primeiro caso os materiais empregados eran frecuentemente moi humildes, e as condicións
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