LoriSusan Goodson Stan & Jim Blasingame
How Todd Strasser Became Morton Rhue
our years ago I was at the International Youth point in the 1970s, he wrote an essay describing an Library in Munich researching the status of the experiment he conducted in his social studies class in Fyoung adult novel outside the United States. 1967, his first year of teaching.1 According to Jones, he Since this segment of the American publishing and his class had been studying the Third Reich, and industry was experiencing a fair amount of experimen- as always, students were questioning how the German tation in form, I was interested in discovering the people could have gone along with Hitler. Jones had extent to which that might be happening elsewhere. no answer, of course, and decided the next day to As part of that research, I interviewed Robert Elstner, a introduce an exercise in class that might help lead to public youth librarian in Leipzig. One of the questions an answer. This is how he described it in his essay: I asked was along these lines: “Can you pinpoint On Monday, I introduced my sophomore history students anything that marked the rise of the young adult novel to one of the experiences that characterized Nazi Germany. in Germany? A particular book, maybe?” Discipline. I lectured about the beauty of discipline. How The answer I got was Die Welle by Morton Rhue. an athlete feels having worked hard and regularly to be That book title continued to come up in conversations successful at a sport. How a ballet dancer or painter works during the subsequent five months I spent in Ger- hard to perfect a movement. The dedicated patience of a scientist in pursuit of an Idea. it’s discipline [sic]. That self many, always as a significant turning point in German training. Control. The power of the will. The exchange of youth literature. The author’s name didn’t ring a bell, physical hardships for superior mental and physical facili- but neither did many of the other names I was ties. The ultimate triumph. encountering. Then someone mentioned that the To experience the power of discipline, I invited, no I com- author was American. Here was an American book manded the class to exercise and use a new seating pos- that had exerted such influence on German young ture; I described how proper sitting posture assists manda- adult literature, and I had heard of neither the book tory concentration and strengthens the will. In fact I in- nor its author. When I returned home, I discovered structed the class in a sitting posture. This posture started with feet flat on the floor, hands placed flat across the small that Die Welle was a translation of an American book of the back to force a straight alignment of the spine. “There called The Wave by someone whose work I thought I can’t you breath more easily? You’re more alert. Don’t you knew well: Todd Strasser. I set out to find the story feel better.” behind this quirky little piece of publishing trivia: how We practiced this new attention position over and over. I and why did Todd Strasser become Morton Rhue? walked up and down the aisles of seated students pointing Morton Rhue is practically a household name in out small flaws, making improvements. Proper seating be- Germany. To understand why, it is necessary to return came the most important aspect of learning. I would dis- to the origins of The Wave, which began long before miss the class allowing them to leave their desks and then Morton Rhue was a gleam in his alter ego’s eye. It all call them abruptly back to an attention sitting position. In speed drills the class learned to move from standing posi- started with an essay by Ron Jones, who was a tion to attention sitting in fifteen seconds. In focus drills I classroom teacher in Palo Alto, California. At some concentrated attention on the feet being parallel and flat,
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i50_53_TAR_Winter08 50 3/5/08, 4:51 PM ankles locked, knees bent at ninety-degree angles, hands skipped their own classes flat and crossed against the back, spine straight, chin down, to attend Jones’s class. head forward. . . . At the end of the class Wednesday’s focus was It was strange how quickly the students took to this uni- “Strength through Action,” period, he made up a form code of behavior. I began to wonder just how far they and among the actions could be pushed. Was this display of obedience a momen- encouraged were to bring salute for class members, tary game we were all playing, or was it something else. more students into the Was the desire for discipline and uniformity a natural need? with fingers curled like a (Jones) movement and to report any students who were not wave. He called it the Building on their acceptance of this regimentation, adhering to the rules. In he instituted several rules, such as requiring students all, nearly 200 were third wave, taken from the to stand when called upon and preface their response involved by the time Jones with “Mr. Jones.” Punctuality and readiness were surfer’s idea that the third found a way to end the emphasized. experiment, which he did wave is the largest. Al- The intensity of the response became more important than by setting the students up the content. To accentuate this, I requested answers to be to believe they were part of though he claims he was given in three words or less. Students were rewarded for a nationwide movement making an effort at answering or asking questions. They not deliberately alluding and then exposing them to were also acknowledged for doing this in a crisp and atten- tive manner. Soon everyone in the class began popping up the truth: they had been to the Third Reich, the with answers and questions. The involvement level in the manipulated. class moved from the few who always dominated discus- The above account coincidence strains belief. sions to the entire class. Even stranger was the gradual im- comes directly from provement in the quality of answers. Everyone seemed to Jones’s article. Whether it is entirely factual or has be listening more intently. New people were speaking. An- swers started to stretch out as students usually hesitant to been shaped and embellished for effect is an impor- speak found support for their effort. (Jones) tant consideration but not one that is relevant here. What is important is that Jones’s article was picked by The following day, Jones walked into the class- T.A.T. Communications, an independent production room and saw the students in their seats, postures company, as the basis for an ABC Afternoon Special, a erect. Having gone into this without a game plan, he series that ran from 1972 to 1988 and usually con- decided to continue it, and wrote on the board, sisted of scripts written from young adult problem “Strength through community.” The previous day had novels. As someone who watched this series com- been about a discipline; now it was about community. mented, “most of the specials dealt with the same Again, from his essay: subjects every two years. . . . teen pregnancy, drug I made up stories from my experiences as an athlete, coach addiction, divorcing parents, or some other societal and historian. It was easy. Community is that bond between problem that affects kids and teens” (ABC). One of the individuals who work and struggle together. It’s raising a actors who co-starred in the film version of The Wave barn with your neighbors, it’s feeling that you are a part of said, “We knew when we made The Wave that it was something beyond yourself, a movement, a team, La Raza, a cause. (Jones) way out there as far as this programming format was concerned” (ABC). In fact, the finished program At the end of the class period, he made up a packed such a punch that the network delayed salute for class members, with fingers curled like a showing it as an ABC Afternoon Special and instead wave. He called it the third wave, taken from the ran it during prime-time on its ABC Theater for Young surfer’s idea that the third wave is the largest. Al- Americans on October 4, 1981. It garnered both an though he claims he was not deliberately alluding to Emmy and a Peabody Award for that year and was the Third Reich, the coincidence strains belief. As his rebroadcast as an ABC Afternoon Special in 1983. students saluted each other in the halls, the cafeteria, Enter Todd Strasser, who was hired to write a or the gym, others wanted to be part of the Third novel of the story based on the filmscript. Strasser was Wave and on Wednesday thirteen students had working as a journalist with one teen novel to his
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i50_53_TAR_Winter08 51 3/5/08, 4:51 PM credit, Angel Dust Blues. Published Germany—the name Morton Rhue in hardcover in 1979, Angel Dust It is safe to say that carries a lot of weight and has Blues was scheduled to come out in marketing cachet. Morton Rhue has paperback from Dell Publishing in almost everyone raised in a very different image than Todd 1981. Meanwhile, Dell had made an Strasser. Rhue’s books are raw and agreement with the film production German schools from the gritty. He writes about street kids in company to publish the noveliza- late 1980s on has heard New York, about adolescent misfits tion of The Wave as a paperback who go on a shooting rampage in original and assigned the writing of this book. their school, and about teens like job to Strasser. It was work for hire, Robert who are losers until some- with the copyright belonging to Dell thing like The Third Wave comes and T.A.T. Communications. The first Dell printing along to give them a sense of worth. Asphalt Tribe was came out in October 1981, presumably to coincide one of five books nominated by the Youth Jury for the with the airing of the television show. prestigious German Youth Literature Prize. Rights to The Wave were bought by the German Todd Strasser, on the other hand, has written over publisher Ravensburger and the German edition was 80 books, including novelizations and light-hearted published in paperback in 1985 with translation by series books for younger teens. Help, I’m Trapped in Hans-Georg Noack, who also translated The Outsiders My Teacher’s Body has launched 16 other Help, I’m into German. The book exists in several editions in Trapped books. His series have names like Impact Germany—trade paperback, and school editions in Zone, Don’t Get Caught, Camp Run-Amok, and English and German that include supplementary Against the Odds. His serious books are well received, material, including a biography of the author, histori- but he is perhaps best known in North America for his cal background, text analysis and interpretation, more popular books. assignments, themes, reviews, and other material for To return to the question I began with, How did use in a classroom setting. Todd Strasser become Morton Rhue? In 1981, It is safe to say that almost everyone raised in Strasser’s second novel, Friends till the End, was due German schools from the late 1980s on has heard of out from Delacorte Press, Dell’s hardcover imprint, this book. I asked a 17-year-old German girl who was and his first novel, Angel Dust Blues, was being visiting me if she had read Die Welle and she said yes, released by Dell in paperback on the same list as The as did a much older acquaintance, who added, “by Wave. The publisher decided that it was better not to Morton Rhue.” have two books by the same author coming out in the Todd Strasser’s webpage contains a button “Für same season, and so Strasser was asked to come up Deutsche Leser,” which addresses the German reader with a pseudonym for The Wave. That explains why. and explains the connection between Todd Strasser Finally, here is how, taken from the page of his and Morton Rhue. When giving background about The website directed at German readers: Wave, he writes, “To me, one of the most rewarding Perhaps he was influenced by his sojourn in Europe as a aspects of The Wave is knowing that it is required young man: Strasser sounds similar to the German word reading not only in your class, but in most of Germany “Strasse” [which means street]. In French “Strasse” is “rue.” as well.” In addition to discussing The Wave, To capture the r sound, the h was added to yield “Rhue.” Strasser’s site for German readers describes the two “Todd” sounds very much like the German word “Tot” other books of his that have been translated into [which means dead]. “Tot” equals “mort” in French. And since “Mort Rhue” sounds choppy, Todd Strasser became German. Can’t Get There from Here, about street kids Morton Rhue. (Todd Strasser.com. May 15, 2006. www. living in New York, was published in Germany as toddstrasser.com/html/fur.html) Asphalt Tribe, and Give a Boy a Gun, about a school In America, Morton Rhue had a very short life. shooting spree, was published under a German title Not long after the first printing, Dell dropped the roughly translated as “I pick you off.” Both list the pseudonym from the cover of The Wave, replacing it author as Morton Rhue. with Strasser’s name, which had started to gain The name Todd Strasser means nothing in recognition among young adult readers. The Wave is
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i50_53_TAR_Winter08 52 3/5/08, 4:51 PM American cover, published German cover, published German cover Die Welle, Original cover The Wave, Current cover The Wave, by Simon & Schuster, 2007 by Ravensburger, 2007 1985 1981 2005
still in print under the Dell Laurel-leaf imprint and Susan Stan is a professor at Central Michigan University, occasionally gets a facelift in the form of new cover where she teaches courses in literature for children and art; the most recent edition was issued in March 2005. young adults, often with international focus. She has been Judging from reader comments in online forums, the involved with the USBBY-CBC Outstanding International book is read both for school assignments and as Books award list, launched in 2006 and served on the 2007 Outstanding International Books committee. recreational reading, and it continues to make the same strong impression it first made over twenty-five Works Cited years ago. “ABC Afternoon Special.” Jump the Shark. May 16, 2006. In Germany and in the United Kingdom, however,
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