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Forensic Science International 177 (2008) 37–41 www.elsevier.com/locate/forsciint

Use of species for forensic investigations in Southern Europe S. Vanin a,*, P. Tasinato b, G. Ducolin b, C. Terranova b, S. Zancaner b,c, M. Montisci b, S.D. Ferrara b, M. Turchetto a a Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita` di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy b Dipartimento di Medicina Ambientale e Sanita` Pubblica, Sede di Medicina Legale, Universita` di Padova, Via Falloppio 50, 35121 Padova, Italy c Unita` Operativa Complessa di Tossicologia Forense e Antidoping, Azienda Ospedaliera - Universita` di Padova, Italy Received 26 February 2007; received in revised form 2 October 2007; accepted 25 October 2007 Available online 20 February 2008

Abstract The aim of this study was to highlight the importance of evaluating entomological evidence in forensic investigations on a regional scale. To evaluate climatic, geographical and environmental influences on the selection of carrion-breeding fauna in Northern Italy and consequently on inferred forensic data (post-mortem intervals and post-mortem transfer), we present details of six indoor–outdoor cases. Results show that the most abundant species was Lucilia sericata, together with other fly species of entomo-forensic interest, belonging to the and Sarcophagidae families. In particular, for the first time in Italy, we report finding Phormia regina, Lucilia ampullacea, Lucilia caesar and Sarcophaga (Pandelleana) protuberans on fresh cadavers. The active period of L. sericata in Northern Italy, according to previous findings in Southern Europe, revealing clearcut differences with phenologies in Northern Europe, has important consequences in estimating the period (season, months) of death in cases of long post-mortem intervals (several months or years) if empty puparia of this fly are found. According to our results, the distribution of L. sericata in areas with urban sprawl, like Northern Italian regions, cannot be used to evaluate post-mortem transfer from an urban area to a rural one. # 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Forensic entomology; Lucilia sericata; Lucilia ampullacea; Lucilia caesar; Phormia regina; Sarcophaga (Pandelleana) protuberans; PMI estimation; Post-mortem transfer

1. Introduction stay in shelter and do not eat, is reported for several species belonging to various orders as Coleoptera [6], Diptera In forensic entomology, necrophagous are useful in [7], Heteroptera [8], etc. studying the post-mortem interval (PMI), post-mortem transfer Thus, climatic, geographic and environmental conditions all (the transfer of the cadaver between different locations after influence the fauna in a particular area. Knowledge of death), and presence of drugs or poisons [1,2]. distributions and preferred habitats is useful in investigating Many species may be used to calculate the PMI, according to post-mortem transfer. stage of cadaver decomposition, body exposure (on soil, buried, The result reported in this paper, according to Grassberger in water, etc.), geographic region and season. In temperate and Frank [9], indicate that entomological evidence must be regions, significant differences between cold and warm seasons evaluated on a regional scale. In particular, no global in necrophagous fauna associated with human remains have generalisations may be made in estimating time of death been reported [3]. Insect phenology and activity (flight, mating precisely. Until now, in evaluating entomological evidence, the and feeding) are temperature-dependent. Cold is not only an paucity of entomo-forensic data for South European regions has obstacle for insect life but, for several species, warmth may obliged researchers to use entomo-forensic data recorded in even be a barrier [4,5]. For example, aestivation, when other geographical and biogeographical areas with different fauna and/or environmental conditions, such as North and Central Europe, Southern Africa, Australia and America. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 049 827 6309; fax: +39 049 827 6300. To contribute to the interpretation of entomological data in E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Vanin). Northern Italy, we analysed six cases from the entomologic and

0379-0738/$ – see front matter # 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.10.006 38 S. Vanin et al. / Forensic Science International 177 (2008) 37–41 medico-legal points of view. Six species belonging to the 2.1.4. Entomo-forensic data Calliphoridae family [Lucilia ampullacea (Villeneuve, 1922); Larvae were collected both from the death scene and during autopsy. Three insect samples, one from the floor near the cadaver, one from the body itself, and Lucilia caesar (Linnaeus, 1758); Lucilia sericata (Meigen, a third, collected during autopsy, were studied. The floor sample included two 1826); Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830); Calli- pupae of Sarcophagidae, one pupa of Calliphoridae, and larvae LIII of the same phora vomitoria (Linnaeus, 1758); Phormia regina (Meigen, families. The Sarcophagidae pupae enclosed two adults, identified as S. 1826)] and one species of Sarcophagidae, Sarcophaga protuberans. One adult of P. regina emerged from the Calliphoridae pupa. (Pandelleana) protuberans (Pandelle´, 1896), were collected. Identification of both larvae and adults after rearing revealed the presence of other S. protuberans and L. sericata specimens. In particular, we focused on the distribution and phenology The samples obtained from the body after discovery and during autopsy of species belonging to the genus Lucilia: these flies, often comprised several larvae (LII and LIII-peakfeeding and postfeeding) of L. involved in entomo-forensic cases in Southern Europe, show sericata and larvae LIII of S. protuberans. No coleopterans or other insects were clearcut differences when compared with the populations of found on the body, in the room where it was discovered, or in the other rooms of Central and Northern Europe [10]. the apartment. In view of the elevated temperature (mean 29 8C) before the discovery and the effect of the indoor environment, it was estimated that P. regina needed 4–6 days to reach the pupal stage [13,14]. Measurement of the L. 2. Materials and methods sericata larvae were compared with available data [15] and revealed the larvae to be 4 days old. No data are currently available for S. protuberans. Therefore, Insects (eggs, larvae and adults) were collected from various body parts, considering the development times calculated for the two Calliphoridae species both at the moment of finding and during autopsy, and from the environment in and adding 1 day for egg laying and hatching, it was estimated that the minimum which the bodies were discovered. Entomological studies were carried out at the PMI was about 5 days. Laboratory of Forensic Entomology, Department of Biology (University of Padova), following the standards and guidelines proposed by the European Association of Forensic Entomology [11]. Some immature specimens were 2.2. Case 2 killed in hot water and stored in 70% alcohol, and some were reared in the laboratory to identify them at the adult stage. Larvae were kept in small cages in 2.2.1. Circumstantial data a thermostatic room (24.0 1.0 8C) and fed on rotten minced meat. For During the same week as case 1, in the same part of the city, the body of a 66- breeding, days were set at a photoperiod of 14 h of light and 10 h of dark year-old man, wearing a pair of shorts and a vest, was found in his house. He was (D14:L10). lying on the floor on his left side, over a large spot of liquid in advanced Climatic data were obtained from meteorological stations located at not putrefaction. In the room where the body was found, the windows were open. more than 3 km from the discovery site and from measurements performed at that site. A portable Handheld Infrared Thermometer (IMPAC Electronic Gmbh 2.2.2. Autopsy findings Infratherm IN 15 plus) was used to obtain both the environmental (air and soil) On inspection 1 day later, no signs of injury were found, and many larvae and the body (hands, feet and abdomen) temperatures. The measured tempera- were collected from mouth, nose cavities, axillae, chest and clothing. tures were compared by the data obtained by the meteorological stations and, if necessary, recorded during the days after the body discovery. Except in a case 2.2.3. Climatic data (see case 5), no statistical significant differences were found. The same data used in case 1 were examined. All reported values are presented as means S.D. Tests among means were conducted with Student’s t-test. Statistical analyses were carried out with Origin 2.2.4. Entomo-forensic data 7.0 SRO (OriginLab Corporation, Northampton, MA, USA). Zoological Three maggots collected during autopsy from hips, back and clothing were nomenclature follows Minelli et al. [12]. studied. All samples were larvae at the second (LII) and third (LIII) instars of L. sericata, and no other species were found. The minimum PMI was calculated, in 2.1. Case 1 the same way as for case 1, as 48 h.

2.3. Case 3 2.1.1. Circumstantial data At the end of July 2006, the body of an 84-year-old woman was found in her house in the city of Padova. She was lying on the floor, supine, inside a room 2.3.1. Circumstantial data with the windows open. The corpse, wearing pyjamas, a t-shirt and a woollen In early September 2006, a hanged man, 33 years old, was found in a hilly vest, was partially covered by a woollen blanket. area 20 km from the city of Padova. The death, a suicide, had occurred in a small cherry orchard, at the edge of a deciduous wood. The corpse was 40 cm from the ground. No sign of injury was found. 2.1.2. Autopsy findings At external examination the body showed signs of putrefaction, consisting 2.3.2. Autopsy findings of widespread brown discoloration of the skin, with large areas of disepithe- On inspection, many larvae were collected from mouth and nose cavities. lization and oozing of black fluids. No sign of injury was found. Larvae were also present on the thorax, axillary and genital areas. 2.3.3. Climatic data The air temperature at the moment of discovery was 24.0 8C. The same 2.1.3. Climatic data temperature was recorded at the hands and feet of the cadaver; the temperature The period before the discovery of the body was the warmest of summer of the abdomen was 27.0 8C. During the 2 days before the discovery tempera- 2006. During July, in Padova, the mean temperature was 26.5 4.2 8C, with tures averaged 24.1 3.1 8C. significant differences between the first and second halves of the month (t: 7.10761; d.f.: 670; P: 3.03E12; <0.05). The highest temperatures were 2.3.4. Entomo-forensic data recorded during the second half of the month, with a peak at 36.9 8C, and the Maggots, eggs and flies were collected from the head (eyes, mouth, etc.) at lowest temperature in the first week of the month. It was for this reason that, in the moment of discovery. No further specimens were found or collected during order to estimate the time required for larval development, daily and weekly autopsy. The flies belonged to the species L. ampullacea. The maggots and eggs, temperature values were used. In particular, during the week before discovery of after rearing, as described in Section 2, were identified as belonging to L. the body, temperatures averaged 28.9 3.9 8C. No precipitation occurred sericata. Insect colonisation was estimated to have occurred 24–48 h before the during this period, and relative humidity averaged 53.7% (15.1). finding, as confirmed by legal investigations. S. Vanin et al. / Forensic Science International 177 (2008) 37–41 39

2.4. Case 4 2.6.4. Entomo-forensic data A large mass of maggots (LIII) of L. sericata was present in the anal and 2.4.1. Circumstantial data genital regions, extruding from the plastic bags. Some larvae were also found ´ In early October 2006, a 41-year-old man was found on a canal bank in inside the bags, as well as one specimen of Creophylus maxillosus (Linne, 1758) Padova, having drowned approximately 5 days previously. (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). The PMI was calculated in a minimum of 4–6 days.

2.4.2. Autopsy findings The body showed signs of putrefaction, consisting of diffuse greenish- 3. Discussion brown skin decoloration with extensive disepithelization, with diffuse epider- mal maceration. No sign of injury was found. Six cases of death in Northern Italy, in which specimens of flies in various developmental stages are reported. L. sericata 2.4.3. Entomo-forensic data was the most frequently collected species (5/6), followed by L. Maggots and eggs were collected during autopsy from clothing, eyes and ampullacea (2/6), L. caesar was found in only one case. L. mouth, and 20 adults of L. caesar and one of L. sericata were collected from clothings. Rearing of maggots and eggs also revealed specimens of C. vicina. sericata has been reported on cadavers from Northern Italy [16] The presence of only eggs and first instar larvae indicated that the body had and Southern Italy [17], but no records are available in the surfaced only recently. Italian forensic literature for the other species (Table 1). PMIs, calculated using insect evidence, fitted the investi- 2.5. Case 5 gative data and statements by relatives and neighbours. The presence of L. sericata during summer agrees with 2.5.1. Circumstantial data records by Schroeder and co-workers [3] and Hwang and At the end of October 2005, the corpse of a 50-year-old man was found hidden under chopped-off branches in a deciduous wood in a hilly area 20 km Turner [18], but it should be noted that the phenology of this from Padova. The man had disappeared the day before the discovery. species in Southern European populations shows differences with respect to Central and Northern European ones. Several 2.5.2. Autopsy findings records of this species collected in spring (March, April and The cadaver showed injuries, with abundant blood leakage on the head, face May) have been reported from Southern and Northern Italy and arms, caused by beating with a stick. Maggots, eggs and two adult flies were [19,20] and records of collection from human bodies during collected from the head and the blood-soaked clothes. winter (February and November) have been reported from Spain [21]. Therefore, in Southern Europe, the finding of 2.5.3. Climatic data In the 2 days before the discovery of the body, temperatures recorded at the puparia of this species on corpses cannot be used as evidence of nearest meteorological station (about 1 km) were between 14.3 and 11.1 8C and death in summer because this species is active also during humidity was elevated (88–93%). The air temperature at the discovery site, at spring and autumn. This observation is appropriate for plain or the discovery time, was 3 8C less than the meteorological station record. Further hilly regions, but a different situation seems to occur in measurements performed few days after the body discovery indicate a daily mountainous areas (Vanin, unpublished data). average difference of 2.2 0.7 8C between the temperature at the site and at the meteorological station. The discrepancy was caused by an environmental L. sericata is considered to be a synanthropic species feature—thick deciduous woodland with an easterly exposure. associated with human habitations and urban areas, although it is worth noting that, in regions with urban sprawl in rural areas 2.5.4. Entomo-forensic data (Fig. 1), which are common in Northern Italy, the species The specimens collected on the body belonged to L. ampullacea. Experi- does not show a habitat preference. In North-eastern Italy mental sampling carried out a few days after the discovery with traps baited with the building density, in rural areas with urban sprawl, is meat, furnished the flies L. ampullacea (larvae and adults), C. vomitoria (eggs, larvae and adults), Drosophila similis (Sturtevant, 1919) (adults), the coleop- teran staphylinids Atheta (Dimetrota) marcida (Erichson, 1837) and Proteinus Table 1 ovalis (Stephens, 1834), and several ants, not further identified. The minimum List of flies collected from cadavers in Northern Italy. time elapsing from death, which had occurred in the place of discovery, was calculated at 30–36 h. Case Habitat Month Species Developmental stage 2.6. Case 6 1 U(I) VII Lucilia sericata LII, LIII, P Phormia regina P 2.6.1. Circumstantial data Sarcophaga protuberans LIII, P During summer 2002, the body of a young woman was found in a suburban 2 U(I) VII L. sericata LIII area near Padova. The body, completely naked, was partially wrapped in two 3 R(O) IX Lucilia ampullacea E, LI, A plastic bags and hidden in a hedge. L. sericata E, LI 4a U(O) X Lucilia caesar A 2.6.2. Autopsy findings L. sericata E, LI, A The body showed signs of putrefaction, consisting of diffuse greenish- Calliphora vicina E, LI brown skin discoloration with large areas of disepithelization. 5 F(O) XI L. ampullacea E, LI, A 6 R(O) VII L. sericata LIII 2.6.3. Climatic data Habitat (U = urban; R = rural; F = forest; I = indoor; O = outdoor). Develop- The temperature before the discovery averaged 25 8C. The air temperature mental stage (E = eggs; L (I, II, III) = larvae (I, II, III instar); P = pupae; at the discovery site was 23.0 8C and body temperature 25.1 8C. The mass of A = adults). maggots had a temperature of 35.1 8C. a Death from drowning, body taken out of a canal. 40 S. Vanin et al. / Forensic Science International 177 (2008) 37–41

Fig. 1. Urban sprawl in rural area in North-Eastern Italy (458460N128020E).

35–70 building/km2 with almost the 50% of the buildings used The present work adds new data to knowledge of for housing purpose. The population density in these areas is saprophagous flies associated with cadavers in Italy and in 100/200 people/km2 whereas in the urban areas it is about Southern Europe generally. Eight species of Calliphoridae, 500 people/km2 [22,23]. collected in Italy on cadavers, are currently reported: Chrysomya Our findings are in agreement with previous collections of this albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), C. vicina, C. vomitoria, L. species in Northern Italy [16] and in United Kingdom where sericata, L. ampullacea, L. caesar, P. regina and Protophormia Hutchinson [24] reported a higher number of L. sericata than L. terranovae (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) [16,27]. No records of L. caesar near a farm in a rural area. In these cases, it is difficult to ampullacea, L. caesar and P. regina have previously been state that fly populations are defined by habitat preferences reported. Moreover, also within the Sarcophagidae, S. protuber- within a widespread urban mosaic, when large populations are ans is cited for the first time from cadavers in Italian territory. clearly quite able to colonise dissimilar habitats, or to find Before our finding, the entomo-forensic literature reported favourable conditions in which to develop extensively over a Sarcophaga (Sarcophaga) carnaria (Linnaeus, 1758) and S. given territory. These observations have important implications (Bercaea) africa (Wiedemann, 1824) (syn. S. haemorrhoidalis) for forensic entomologists in regions with urban sprawl, since collected on human remains in Italy and collected during a this species cannot to be used to ascertain whether a cadaver has colonisation experiment with pork meat as bait [27,28]. been moved from the place of death. The less common species L. ampullacea was collected in 4. Conclusions areas with deciduous woodland. This species is reported in Italy in mountainous, hilly, plain and coastal areas, but in all cases in The above entomo-forensic observations allow us to or near woods [19,20,25], confirming the findings of Hwang conclude that, in particular conditions and at elevated and Turner [18] and Halbach et al. [26]. At present this species, temperatures during summer, the speed of development of active from April to November, indicates woodland environ- insect larvae, determined at constant temperatures in the ments. laboratory, may confidently be used to estimate the minimum The case in which several adults of L. caesar were found on PMI. However, taking into account literature data on the a young man’s body is the first report of this species on human phenology of L. sericata in Southern Europe, further studies are remains in Italy. The finding occurred on a canal bank in the city necessary before this species can be used to estimate the season of Padova. The species is considered in the United Kingdom as of death in the case of long PMIs (several months or years), if characteristic of rural habitats [18,24], but it was also found empty puparia of these flies are found. Nevertheless, we during a pig carrion experiment carried out in Vienna by conclude that this species is not very closely related to urban Grassberger and Frank [9]. Insufficient data about the areas and therefore cannot be used to ascertain whether a body occurrence of this species, active in the investigated region has been moved from an urban to a rural area after death. from April to October, do not allow any inferences to be made Conversely, in Northern Italian regions, L. ampullacea is found about its preferred habitat. only in woodland environments, in both plane and mountainous S. Vanin et al. / Forensic Science International 177 (2008) 37–41 41 areas, however, further investigations on the ecology of this [13] M.I. Marchenko, Medicolegal relevance of cadaver entomofauna for the species are necessary. It should also be noted that particular determination of the time of death, Forensic Sci. Int. 120 (2001) 89–109. [14] B. Greenberger, as forensic indicators, J. Med. Entomol. 28 (1991) attention must currently be paid to carrion-breeding fauna, 75–81. because of the global climate changes that have directly [15] M. Grassberger, C. Reiter, Effect of temperature on Lucilia sericata affected its distribution, phenology and relationships within (Diptera: Calliphoridae) development with special reference to the iso- forensic important species [29–31]. megalen- and isomorphen diagram, Forensic Sci. Int. 120 (2001) 32–36. [16] M. Turchetto, S. Lafisca, G. 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