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Policy Communication and the Influence Of Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Masters Theses & Specialist Projects Graduate School Spring 2018 Policy Communication and the Influence of Agricultural Communities on Karst Landscapes: A Case Study In Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park, Vietnam Elizabeth Willenbrink Western Kentucky University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses Part of the Environmental Education Commons, Environmental Health and Protection Commons, Indigenous Education Commons, and the Social Influence and Political Communication Commons Recommended Citation Willenbrink, Elizabeth, "Policy Communication and the Influence of Agricultural Communities on Karst Landscapes: A Case Study In Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park, Vietnam" (2018). Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 2076. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2076 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses & Specialist Projects by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. POLICY COMMUNICATION AND THE INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES ON KARST LANDSCAPES: A CASE STUDY IN PHONG NHA- KẺ BÀNG NATIONAL PARK, VIETNAM A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Geography and Geology Western Kentucky University Bowling Green, Kentucky In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science By Elizabeth Willenbrink May 2018 DEDICATIONS This work is dedicated to James Tyler Graham, my greatest champion. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr. Leslie North for her mentorship, advising, and encouragement throughout the process of researching and writing this thesis. Additional thanks to committee members Dr. Jason Polk, Dr. Pat Kambesis, and Vu Thi Minh Nguyet for graciously helping me complete this project. To James, Jenna, and Hali, thank you endlessly for listening and helping me in times of need, your presence throughout graduate school has been a true pleasure. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Questions ......................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................5 2.1 Karst Landscapes ............................................................................................. 5 2.1.1 Karst and Agriculture ....................................................................... 7 2.2 Policy ............................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Agricultural Land Delegation ........................................................... 9 2.2.2 Land Management and Protected Areas ......................................... 11 2.3 Agriculture and Karst in Southeast Asia ....................................................... 15 2.3.1 Karst of Southeast Asia ...................................................................15 2.3.2 Southeast Asian Agriculture ............................................................16 2.4 Agricultural Land and Karst Management in Vietnam ................................. 17 2.4.1 Agriculture of Vietnam ................................................................... 17 2.4.2 Vietnamese Land Tenancy ............................................................. 18 2.4.3 Vietnam’s Land Quality ................................................................. 19 2.4.4 Karst Management Policy in Vietnam ........................................... 20 2.5 Communication ............................................................................................. 22 2.5.1 Informal Communication in Agricultural Communities .................22 2.6 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 3: Study Area ..................................................................................................... 27 3.1 Physical Geography ....................................................................................... 28 3.1.1 Flora and Fauna .............................................................................. 31 v 3.2 Cultural Geography ....................................................................................... 32 3.2.1 Ethnic Groups ................................................................................. 35 3.2.2 Agriculture ...................................................................................... 36 3.3 Park Management ...........................................................................................37 3.3.1 Tourism............................................................................................39 3.6 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 43 Chapter 4: Methodology .................................................................................................. 44 4.1 Data Collection .............................................................................................. 44 4.1.1 Observations ................................................................................... 45 4.1.2 Semi-Structured Interviews ............................................................ 47 4.1.3 GPS Data Collection....................................................................... 53 4.2 Data Processing, Interpretation, and Analysis ............................................... 56 4.3 Limitations of Methodology .......................................................................... 59 4.4 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 60 Chapter 5: Results and Discussion .................................................................................. 62 5.1 State and Local Political and Communication Structure of Vietnam ............ 66 5.2 Political and Communication Structure in PN-KB National Park ................ 70 5.3 Communication Flow Within Phong Nha- Kẻ Bàng Management Board .... 74 5.3.1 Communication Trends among PN-KB Management Officials .... 74 5.3.2 Information access among PN-KB Management Officials ............ 75 5.4 Communication and Information Flow Among Park Rangers ...................... 81 5.4.1 Communication Trends among Park Rangers ................................ 83 5.4.2 Communication Barriers ................................................................ 86 vi 5.4.3 Information Access among Park Rangers ...................................... 90 5.5 Communication and Information Flow Among Park Residents ................... 92 5.5.1 Communication Trends among Park Residents ............................. 92 5.5.2 Information Access among Park Residents .................................. 101 5.6 Challenges and Strengths in Agricultural Management in PN-KB ............. 104 5.7 Recommendations for Future Management Practices in PN-KB ................ 111 5.7.1 Recommendations for Research and Information Access ............ 118 5.7.2 Recommendations for Management and Communication ........... 124 Chapter 6: Conclusion ................................................................................................... 134 References ..................................................................................................................... 140 Appendices .................................................................................................................... 147 Appendix A: Semi-Structured Interview Questions .......................................... 147 Appendix B: Resident Interviewees Demographics .......................................... 149 Appendix C: Interviewee Monikers .................................................................. 151 Appendix D: Coded Rangers Interview Analysis ............................................. 154 Appendix E: Coded Officials Interview Analysis ............................................. 156 Appendix F: Coded Residents Interview Analysis ............................................ 159 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Hydrology affecting karst aquifers ................................................................. 7 Figure 2.2 Protected area and buffer zone ...................................................................... 13 Figure 2.3 Global distribution of farms less than one hectare ........................................ 16 Figure 3.1 Map of Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park .................................................. 28 Figure 3.2 Communes within Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park ................................ 33 Figure 3.3 Human population density among communes in PN-KB National Park ...... 35 Figure 3.4 Management structure of Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park ..................... 38 Figure 3.5 Tourist destinations in Vietnam .................................................................... 41 Figure 3.6 Tourist destinations in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park.......................... 42 Figure 4.1 Photograph of an interview with two park rangers ....................................... 48 Figure 4.2 Photograph of an interview with a park resident .......................................... 49 Figure 4.3 Photograph of a resident reading informed consent form ............................
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