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La Rééducation Des Prisonniers De Guerre Durant La Deuxieme Guerre Mondiale Et Le Cas Des « Malgré Nous »

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La Rééducation Des Prisonniers De Guerre Durant La Deuxieme Guerre Mondiale Et Le Cas Des « Malgré Nous » UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL LA RÉÉDUCATION DES PRISONNIERS DE GUERRE DURANT LA DEUXIEME GUERRE MONDIALE ET LE CAS DES « MALGRÉ NOUS » MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE À LA MAITRISE EN HISTOIRE· PAR JIMMY GUILLEMINOT NOVEMBRE 20 15 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.0?-2011 ). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l 'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l 'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il) possède un exemplaire.» TABLE DES MATIÈRES REMERCIEMENTS .. ....... ............................ ...... ........... ... .... ... .... .... ....... .... .. .......... .. ..... .... V RÉSUMÉ .... .. ....... ... ... .... ............. .................................... ........................... ..... ..... .... ........ Vll fNTRODUCTION .. .... ........ ... .... ...... .... ..... ..... .... .... ....... ... ..... ................ .... ... ... .. ....... .... ....... 1 0.1-PRÉSENTATION DU SUJET ....... .. ..... ... .... ...... ... .. .. .... .. .. ...... ...... ... ! 0.2 - HIS TORIOGRAPHIE .. ............. .. ... ... ........ ...... ...... .. ... ... .... ..... .. .... 6 0. 2. 1 - Les camps pendant la Deuxième Guerre mo ndiale .. ..... ... ...... ...... .. ... 7 0.2.1.1 - Les All iés ........ .... ... ..... .. ...... .. .... .... ...... ............... ...... 7 0.2. 1.2- L'Axe ...... ... .... ...... .......... ....................................... 11 0.2.2 - Les camps du goulag de la Russie soviétique ..... ........ .. ................. ... 16 0.2.3.- Les Malgré nous .... .... ....... .. : .. .... .. .... ....... .. ... ... .... ... ................. 22 0.3 -MÉTHODOLOGIE ET PROBLÉMATIQUE ... .. .... .. ......... ... .... ................ 27 0.3. 1 - Méthodologie ... .... ..... ....... .. .... ........ ....... ... ... .. ..... .. ....... .. ...... 27 0.3.2 - Limites et problémati que .. ............. .... ........ .. ... .. .. .... .. ............... 29 CHAPITRE I ..... ... ... ................... ......... .... ..................... .. .. ... .... ............................. ........ .. ... 34 LES CAMPS DE PRISONNIERS PENDANT LA 2EM GUERRE MONDIALE 1. 1 - LES CAMPS DE PRISONNIERS (LES ALLIÉS) .... ........... ..... ....... ...... 35 1.1.1 - Les États- Unis .. ... ........... ...... ... ... ..... ... ... ... .... ... ...... ............... 35 1.1.2- La Grande- Bretagne .. ..... ............. .................. ... ..... ....... ..... .... 37 1.1.3 - Le Canada .... .. ... .. ........... ............. ........... ..... ... .......... .... .. ... .. 39 iii 1.2 - LES CAMPS DE PRISONNIERS (L'AXE) .... ...... ................. ..... ......... .41 1.2.1 - La France de Vichy ... .......... ............. ... ........... ..... .. ........ ... .... ..41 1.2.2 - L'Italie mussolinienne ....... .......... .. ...... ..... .. .. .. .. ......... .. ........ .... .43 1.2.3 - L'Allemagne nazie ............ .. ............... ...... .. ... .. .. .... ... ...... ..... .44 CHAPITRE II ...................... .. ........... .. .. .... ............... .. .............................................. ......... 50 LES CAMPS DU GOULAG DE LA RUSSIE SOVJÉTIQUE 2.1-LE GOULAG SOVIÉTIQUE ........ .. .... ................ ......... .... .. ... ... .... .. .. .51 2.1.1 - ~a création du goulag ....... .... ...... .. ......... ...... ............................ 51 2.1.2- L'extension du goulag ....... ... ....... ............ ..... ... ... .. .. .. .............. 55 2.1.3 - Le goulag au début de la guerre ......... .... ... ... .. .... ...... ........ ... ..... 57 2.2- LE GOuPVL ....... .. ........... ............... .............. .. ... ......................... 59 CHAPITRE ill .... ... ......................... ... .. .... ..... ..... ... ................. .. ................ ......................... 64 LES MALGRÉ NOUS 3.1-LES MALGRÉ NOUS ET LE CAMP DE TAMBOV .. ....... ...... ................. 64 3.1.1 -Vers le camp ... .. ................ ... ..... ...... .. ....... .. .. .. .. ....... ............ 64 3.1.2- Disposition et organisation interne .. ......... ... .. ...... ... ...................... 67 3.1.3- Conditions de nutrition .... .... ... .... .... .. ........... .... ... ....... ..... .... ..... 70 3.1.4- Conditions sanitaires .................. ... ... ....... ... ........ .. .... .... .... ....... 72 3.1.5- Travaux et punitions ..... .... .............. ... ..... ... ....... ......... ... ... ... ... 74 --------------------------- ------------- iv CHAPITRE IV ... ................................ .. ....... ... ....... ........... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ..... ........ .. ......... ..... 80 FICHAGE, 'RECRUTEMENT ET ÉDUCATION 4.1 - LE FICHAGE ET LE RECRUTEMENT DES PRISONNIERS .... ... ............ 81 4.1.1 - Méthodes soviétiques de fichage ... .... ....... ............ .. ... ......... .. ....... 82 4.1. 2 - Utilisation du fich age par le N.K.V.D . .... ... .. .. ... ...... .... .. ...... ........ 83 4.2 - L'ÉDUCATION POLITIQUE ......... ... .. ........ ... ... ..... ... .. .... .. ... .... .... ... 86 4. 2.1 - Le «Club des Français» .. ..... ..... ... .......... .. ....... ..... .. ............ .... .. 89 4.2.2 - L' Antifa .. .. .. ... ..... ... .. .. ... .. ............ .... .. .... .... .. .......... ........... .9 3 4.2.3 - Les «cours du soi n> ..... ............. .... ... .... ... ... ............. .............. 97 4.3 - KRASNOGORSK ... ............ ... .... .... .. ............... .. ..... .... .... ........ ..... 102 4.3. 1 - Les cours .. .... ... .. .. .... ........ .. .... .... .. ..... .. .... .......... .. ...... ....... 105 4.3 .2 - Le contenu ... .. .. .... ......... ... ... .. ...... .. ...... ........ .. .. ...... ...... .... .. 106 4.4 - LE BUT RÉEL DE LA RÉÉDUCATION ..... ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .... .... ...... ... .. 108 CONCLUSION .. ..... ... .. ... ........... ........... .... .... .. .. ... .. .... .. ... ... ... .......... .. ... .. ... .... .. .............. .. 114 ANNEXES ..... ............. .... .. ............ .. ..... ... ........ .. ..... .... ........ ..... ........... .. .. .... .............. .... ... 124 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ..... ....... ..... .... .... ....... ..... ... ... .. ..... ... ... ... ..... ...... ... ..... ................. ...... ..... 146 REMERCIEMENTS Claude Toussain - Musée de Tambov à Amnéville Je voudrais remercier Monsieur Toussain pour son aide soutenue dès le début de mon processus de collecte de sources et d' informations en général. Nicolas Mengus - Malgré nous. eu Je voudrais remercier Monsieur Mengus. Quelques documents clefs provenant de l'Assemblée des anciens de Tambov ne m ' ont été accessibles que grâce à son soutien. Émile Roegel - Vétéran Je voudrais remercier Monsieur Roegel pour les conversations que nous avons eues. Seul survivant avec qui j'ai pu m'entretenir, son expérience et ses documents personnels apportent une richesse indiscutable à rna connaissance de cette réalité si lointaine des prisonniers de guerre malgré nous. Régis Baty - Docteur en Histoire Je voudrais remercier Monsieur Baty pour son expertise et sa vivacité d'esprit qui ont su diriger mes questionnements et incertitudes aux moments appropriés. Pierre Rigoulot -Docteur en Histoire Je voudrais remercier particulièrement Monsieur Rigoulot, pour les entretiens que nous avons eus, son support constant, son aide, son expertise, sa générosité soutenue et ininterrompue tout au long de mon processus de recherche et de rédaction. Merci pour les archives inédites également. Jean Lévesque - Docteur en Histoire et directeur du mémoire Je voudrais remercier Monsieur Lévesque avec qui je travaille depuis maintenant cinq ans. Pour la direction éclairée à travers tous mes projets et travaux depuis tant d'années, chacun de nos consensus furent des réussites satisfaisantes. Au-delà de cette porte, il y avait le monde lumineux de la liberté. En deçà, on se le représentait comme une féerie, comme un mirage. Notre monde à nous n'avait rien d'analogue avec celui-là : c'étaient des lois, des coutumes, des mœurs particulières, une maison morte-vivante, une vie à part et des hommes à part. Souvenirs de la maison des morts- Dostoïevski À mon arrière-grand-père, Joseph Glossier, Malgré nous, malgré lui. RÉSUMÉ Ce mémoire a pour suj et de recherche les méthodes et les buts de la rééducation politique des prisonniers français aux mains des Soviétiques pendant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. En effet, les Français d'Alsace et de Moselle, les Malgré nous, qui furent incorporés de force par le gouvernement allemand dans la Wehrmacht, désertaient pour se rendre aux Soviétiques en ayant la conviction d'être renvoyés en France libre, puisque 1'U nion soviétique
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