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Valkov Nikolay 2010 These.Pdf.Pdf Université de Montréal Three Essays on Metamorphoses of Social Capital and Associational Culture in Eastern Europe par Nikolay Valkov Département de science politique Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) en science politique avril, 2010 © Nikolay Valkov, 2010 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures Cette thèse intitulée: Three Essays on Metamorphoses of Social Capital and Associational Culture in Eastern Europe présentée par: Nikolay Valkov a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes: Charles Blattberg président-rapporteur Luc Duhamel directeur de recherche Magdalena Dembinska membre du jury Maria Popova examinateur externe François Bowen représentant du doyen de la FES Table of Contents Résumé…………….………………………………………………...….……….i Summary………………………………...……………………………………..iii List of Tables………...………..……………...………..………………………..v List of Figures…………………………………………………………………vii List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………viii Introduction…………………..…………………………………………………1 Chapter 1. Membership in Voluntary Organizations and Democratic Performance: European Post-Communist Countries in Comparative Perspective………………...…………………………………….20 1.1. Introduction………………………………………………….……21 1.2. The Challenge of the Post-Communist Paradox………………….23 1.3. Are European Post-Communist Countries the Only “Bad Performers“ in Terms of Associational Life?..................................31 1.4. Do Democracy and Civil Society Always Go Hand in Hand? Correlations between the Index of Associationalism and the Index of Freedom……………………………………..…………..………41 1.5. Is the Civic Volunteer Always a Political Activist? Correlations between the Index of Associationalism and the Index of Electoral Participation………………………………………….…...………44 1.6. Conclusion……………………………………………………...…46 1.7. Appendix………………………………………………………….48 Chapter 2. Associational Culture in pre-Communist Bulgaria: Considerations for Civil Society and Social Capital………………………..…58 2.1. Introduction………………………………………………………59 2.2. Civil Society and Communist Regimes………………………..…60 2.3. Organizational Networks in Bulgaria since 1878………………...66 2.4. Leading Bulgarian Non-profit Organizations…………………….72 2.4.1. Centralized Voluntary Organizations…………………...72 2.4.1.1. The “Chitalishte” ……………………………..72 2.4.1.2. The Bulgarian Red Cross……………………..76 2.4.1.3. The Hunters…………………………………...78 2.4.1.4. War Veterans………………………………….79 2.4.1.5. The Bulgarian Tourist Union………………....82 2.4.1.6. Philatelists…………………………………….84 2.4.2. Organized Identity Politics……………………………...85 2.4.2.1. Macedonian and Thracian Bulgarians……..….85 2.4.2.2. Women’s Societies…………………………....90 2.4.2.3. Temperance Movement…………………….....94 2.4.2.4. The Disabled……………………………….....95 2.5. Conclusion……………………………………………..…...….….99 Chapter 3. Borrowing of Ideas about Institutions of Social Capital: European Genesis of the Bulgarian Chitalishte…………………..………..…102 3.1. Introduction……………………………………………………...103 3.2. Panopticon of Theories on Borrowing of Ideas……………...…..104 3.3. West European Precursors………………………………….....…111 3.3.1. The Francophony……………………………………....111 3.3.2. The Germanic Space…………………………..………113 3.3.3. The Anglo-Saxon World………………………………116 3.3.4. Italy…………………………………………….………122 3.3.5. The Nordic Countries…………………….……………126 3.4. Quintessence of the most important Bulgarian cultural institution – chitalishte…………………..…………………………………...129 3.5. Testimony from Bulgarian sources about transfers of ideas from neighboring nations and from the West……..…...……140 3.6. Conclusion……………….……………………………………....156 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………....160 References………………………………………………………………..…..173 i Résumé Ce triptyque d’essais présente le caractère versatile et évasif du concept moderne de capital social à plusieurs niveaux – global, national et régional, ainsi que dans le présent et dans le passé. Le premier article conteste l’hypothèse prédominante selon laquelle il y a une cohabitation entre l’engagement civique et la démocratie. Malgré sa validité au niveau général, la relation n’est pas confirmée si les catégories hétérogènes sont désagrégées. Pour les pays post-communistes de l'Europe, la relation entre le type de régime et la tendance de s'associer ressemble à celle des démocraties latines consolidées si la participation dans les associations volontaires est choisie comme mesure de la vitalité du capital social. Par conséquent, la vie civique moins intense ne prédit pas de difficultés pour la démocratie. Le deuxième article est une compilation originale de plus de 100 organisations classifiées selon les standards contemporains et une collection de présentations d'une douzaine d'organisations bulgares, les plus populaires depuis le XIXème siècle. Cette contribution importante à l’historiographie de la vie associative bulgare jusqu’à 1944 est le résultat d'un travail qui combine des entrevues avec des historiens et une recherche dans les archives. Le panoptique organisationnel sert de réfutation empirique de l’hypothèse qui attribue la faiblesse organisationnelle présente du poste-communisme à la pénurie de vie organisationnelle développée par le passé. ii Les mérites du troisième article sont doubles. Au niveau empirique on démontre que l’organisation culturelle la plus importante en Bulgarie a apparu comme une institution nationaliste imitant les organisations similaires des autres pays Européens. Elle s’est développée graduellement par une adaptation des expériences étrangères aux conditions locales. La collection des références bulgares est unique et représente le produit d’un travail méticuleux sur les documents et les entrevues. Au niveau abstrait, on confirme l’applicabilité de la théorie du transfert de la politique publique à un cas historique existant avant la théorie elle-même. Finalement, l’analyse détaillée des précurseurs du cabinet de lecture bulgare représente une contribution à la sociologie politique de l’histoire de la lecture. Mots clés: Europe de l’Est, poste-communisme, démocratie, société civile, engagement civique, organisations volontaires, troisième secteur, affiliation, transfert d'idées, apprentissage organisationnel. iii Summary A triptych of essays presents the versatility and the evasiveness of the trendy concept of social capital on several planes – global, national, and regional, as well as in the present and in the past. The first article challenges the influential hypothesis that there is cohabitation between civic engagement and democracy. While valid at a general level, the relationship is not confirmed once heterogeneous categories are disaggregated. For the European post-Communist countries, the pattern of the relationship between the regime type and the propensity to associate closely resembles the one in Latin mature democracies, provided that membership in voluntary associations is chosen as a measurement of social capital. Less intensive civic life does not bode for predicaments in democracy. The second article is an original compilation of more than 100 organizations classified according to contemporary standards and a collection of narratives about a dozen of the most popular organizations in Bulgaria since the 19th century. This invaluable contribution to the historiography of Bulgarian associational life until 1944 is the result of field work which combined personal interviews with historians of the organizations and archival research of original documents. The organizational panopticon serves as an empirical refutation of the hypothesis inferring that present organizational weakness of post- Communism is due to the lack of developed organizational life in the past. The merits of the third article are twofold. On empirical level it is demonstrated that the most important cultural organization in Bulgaria emerged iv as a nation-building institution modeled initially by imitating similar ones in other European countries and later by adapting foreign experiences to the local specific conditions. The collection of original Bulgarian references is unique and it is again a product of meticulous work with documents and personal interviews. On a more abstract level it confirms the applicability of the voluminous and unstructured theory on policy transfer to a historical case existing before the appearance of the theory itself. Last, but not least, the overview of the major European precursors of the Bulgarian reading club represents a modest tribute to the less known field of political sociology of history of reading. Keywords: Eastern Europe, post-Communism, democracy, civil society, civic engagement, voluntary organizations, Third sector, membership, transfer of ideas, lesson-drawing. v List of Tables Table I. Average organizational membership for the four groups of countries – second and third scenario…………………………...….36 Table II. Standard deviation of organizational membership – first, second and third scenario………………………………………….……..37 Table III. Average organizational membership after the breakdown of the groups of countries – first and second scenario……………39 Table IV. Standard deviation of organizational membership after the breakdown of the groups of countries - first and second scenario…...41 Table V. Correlation coefficients between WVS and FH values - first and second scenario………………...……………………………42 Table VI. Correlation coefficients between WVS and FH values after the breakdown of the groups of countries - first and second scenario…...43 Table VII. Correlation coefficients between WVS and IDEA values – first and
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