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Latin America Since Independence

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Latin America since Independence Series Editors: William H. Beezley and Judith Ewell Recent Titles in the Series The Birth of Modern Mexico, 1780– 1824 Edited by Christon I. Archer Recollections of Mexico: The Last Ten Months of Maximilian’s Empire By Samuel M. Basch, Edited and Translated by Fred D. Ullman Plutarco Elías Calles and the Mexican Revolution By Jürgen Buchenau State Governors in the Mexican Revolution, 1910– 1952: Portraits in Conflict, Courage, and Corruption Edited by Jürgen Buchenau and William H. Beezley The U.S.–Mexican Border Today, Third Edition By Paul Ganster and David E. Lorey Revolution in Mexico’s Heartland: Politics, War, and State Building in Puebla, 1913– 1920 By David G. LaFrance Simón Bolívar: Venezuelan Rebel, American Revolutionary By Lester D. Langley Simón Bolívar: Essays on the Life and Legacy of the Liberator Edited by Lester D. Langley and David Bushnell Addicted to Failure: U.S. Security Policy in Latin America and the Andean Region Edited by Brian Loveman The Women’s Revolution in Mexico, 1910–1953 Edited by Stephanie E. Mitchell and Patience A. Schell Gringolandia: Mexican Identity and Perceptions of the United States By Stephen D. Morris Brazil in the Making: Facets of National Identity Edited by Carmen Nava and Ludwig Lauerhass, Jr. Artifacts of Revolution: Architecture, Society, and Politics in Mexico City, 1920–1940 By Patrice Elizabeth Olsen The Divine Charter: Constitutionalism and Liberalism in Nineteenth- Century Mexico Edited by Jaime E. Rodríguez O. Francisco Solano López and the Ruination of Paraguay: Honor and Egocentrism By James Schofield Saeger Integral Outsiders: The American Colony in Mexico City, 1876– 1911 By William Schell Jr. Hacienda and Market in Eighteenth- Century Mexico: The Rural Economy of the Guadalajara Region, 1675– 1820, 25th Anniversary Edition By Eric Van Young Vagrants and Citizens: Politics and the Masses in Mexico City from Colony to Republic By Richard A. Warren Problems in Modern Latin American History: Sources and Interpretations, Fourth Edition Edited by James A. Wood State Terrorism in Latin America: Chile, Argentina, and International Human Rights By Thomas C. Wright For a complete listing of titles, visit https:// rowman.com/ Action/ SERIES/ _ / LTA Latin America since Independence Two Centuries of Continuity and Change Thomas C. Wright ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • London Executive Editor: Susan McEachern Assistant Editor: Rebeccah Shumaker Senior Marketing Manager: Kim Lyons Cover Designer: Dustin Watson Credits and acknowledgments for material borrowed from other sources, and reproduced with permission, appear on the appropriate page within the text. Published by Rowman & Littlefield A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2017 by Rowman & Littlefield Unless otherwise noted, all maps are by William L. Nelson. Cover images from left to right: Argentine gaucho, Library of Congress; Madres de Plaza de Mayo, public domain; Women in cigarette factory, Library of Congress; Villa and Zapata, Library of Congress; Porfirio Díaz, Library of Congress; Club de la Unión, Library of Congress; Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, and Osvaldo Dorticós, Associated Press; Evo Morales, Valter Campanato; Buenos Aires harbor, Library of Congress; General Winfield Scott, Library of Congress; Rigoberta Menchú, Carlos Rodriguez; Julio César Sandino, Library of Congress; Rally for Allende, Library of Congress; Fulgencio Batista, Library of Congress. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Wright, Thomas C., author. Title: Latin America since independence : two centuries of continuity and change / Thomas C. Wright. Description: Lanham, Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield, 2017. | Series: Latin American silhouettes: studies in history and culture | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016048439 (print) | LCCN 2017002336 (ebook) | ISBN 9781442235700 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781442235717 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781442235724 (electronic) Subjects: LCSH: Latin America—History—19th century. | Latin America—History—20th century. Classification: LCC F1413 .W75 2017 (print) | LCC F1413 (ebook) | DDC 980/.02—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016048439 ∞ ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/ NISO Z39.48- 1992. Printed in the United States of America Contents Acknowledgments vii Acronyms ix Map of Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean xi Map of South America xii Introduction 1 Part I: Colonial Roots 5 1 Origins of the Colonial Legacies 7 Part II: Independence and Its Challenges, 1790s–1870s 33 2 The Independence of Latin America 35 3 The Age of Caudillos 55 Reflections on the Colonial Legacies, 1790s– 1870s 82 Part III: Exports, Oligarchies, and Yankees, 1870s–1930 85 4 The Export Economies 87 5 Political Consolidation and Social Change 111 6 Rise of the Yankee 139 Reflections on the Colonial Legacies, 1870s– 1930 162 v vi Contents Part IV: Revolution, Depression, and Cold War, 1930–1959 165 7 The Mexican Revolution 167 8 Depression, Political Change, and Cold War 188 Reflections on the Colonial Legacies, 1930– 1959 208 Part V: The Era of the Cuban Revolution, 1959– 1990 211 9 The Cuban Revolution 213 10 The Cuban Revolution, Latin America, and the United States 239 11 The Reaction: Repression and State Terrorism 272 Reflections on the Colonial Legacies, 1959– 1990 297 Part VI: Contemporary Latin America, 1990– Present 299 12 Neoliberalism, Democracy, the Pink Tide, and Other Developments since 1990 301 Reflections on the Colonial Legacies, 1990– Present 323 Conclusion: Colonial Legacies and Today’s Latin America 325 Select Bibliography: Books in English 329 Index 347 Acknowledgments I am indebted to the many students who took my class on modern Latin America over the years. Their questions and insights helped lead me to the approach on which this book is based. I am very grateful to the following colleagues for reading and critiquing all or part of the text in draft and greatly improving the final prod- uct: Joseph A. Fry, Vincent Peloso, Jerry L. Simich, Robert Smale, Renee Wiseman, Linda Curcio, John Tuman, Michele Kuenzi, Jeff Schauer, Paul Werth, and Colin Loader. I also thank the staff of the Hispanic Division of Library of Congress for their unflagging support and assistance, and Angela Moor, Matt Fledderjohann, and Heather Nepa for technical assistance. I am grateful to Rowman & Littlefield executive editor Susan McEachern for suggesting that I write this book and for her guidance along the way. I also thank Audra Figgins and Rebeccah Shumaker of Rowman & Littlefield for their expert assistance and Mary Fran Loftus for help with photographs. vii Acronyms ALBA Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (Venezuela) APRA American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (Peru) CDR Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (Cuba) CELS Center for Legal and Social Studies (Argentina) CGT General Confederation of Workers (Argentina) CIA Central Intelligence Agency (United States) COMIBOL Bolivian Mining Corporation CONAIE Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador CROM Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers CTM Confederation of Mexican Workers DINA Directorate of National Intelligence (Chile) DRE Student Revolutionary Directorate (Cuba) EZLN Zapatista National Liberation Army (Mexico) FAR Rebel Armed Forces (Guatemala) FMLN Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (El Salvador) FSLN Sandinista National Liberation Front (Nicaragua) ix x Acronyms GDP gross domestic product IAPI Argentine Institute for the Promotion of Trade IPC International Petroleum Company (Peru) ISI import- substituting industrialization M- 26- 7 26th of July Movement (Cuba) MIR Movement of the Revolutionary Left (Chile) MNR National Revolutionary Movement (Bolivia) OAS Organization of American States OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries PEMEX Mexican Petroleum Corporation PNR National Revolutionary Party (Mexico) PRI Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (Mexico) PRM Party of the Mexican Revolution PSP Popular Socialist Party (Cuba) UDEL Democratic Liberation Union (Nicaragua) UFCO United Fruit Company UN United Nations UP Popular Unity (Chile) URNG Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (same as Soviet Union) Introduction This book offers new perspectives on Latin American history by tracing continuity and change in important colonial legacies through two hundred years of postcolonial history. Geographically, it includes all the countries in the Western Hemisphere that Spain and Portugal colonized, from the U.S.–Mexico border to the southern tip of South America plus Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. As it is cus- tomary to consider the former French colony of Haiti, which was originally Spanish, as part of Latin America, it is covered as well. Chronologically, the
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