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Growing Site Characteristics of Agathis Labillardieri Warb in the Natural Forests of Siwi Momiwaren, West Papua

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Growing Site Characteristics of Agathis Labillardieri Warb in the Natural Forests of Siwi Momiwaren, West Papua Jurnal Sylva Lestari ISSN (print) 2339-0913 Vol. 8 No. 3, September 2020 (297-307) ISSN (online) 2549-5747 Growing Site Characteristics of Agathis labillardieri Warb in the Natural Forests of Siwi Momiwaren, West Papua By: Rima Herlina Setiawati Siburian*, Mei Trirbo, Rusdi Angrianto Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Papua. Jl. Gunung Salju, Amban, Manokwari, 98314, West Papua, Indonesia *E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Agathis labillardieri Warb is one of the copal-producing tree species that only distributed in Papua. In connection with regional development, the existence of this species has been a significant concern. Therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristics of A. labillardieri Warb in their natural growing areas in the natural protected forest of Siwi Momiwaren. The data were collected by using the line plot method systematic sampling method with nesting plot. The data were then analyzed to determine the species relative density, frequency, dominance, important value index (IVI), and growth characteristics. The results showed that A. labillardieri Warb had the highest IVI at all levels of growth, with the highest diversity index at the seedling level of 3,49. When viewed from the relationship of the presence of species with the characteristics of the growing site, the content of Mg and Na significantly affected the presence of this species in the natural forest area of South Manokwari Siwi Momiwaren. Keywords: Agathis labillardieri Warb, growing site characteristics, Siwi Momiwaren, West Papua INTRODUCTION Agathis is a genus of the Araucariaceae family. Trees of this genus are characterized by large trunks and few branches, while in a young tree, the canopy of this type of tree generally irregular (Darma et al. 2019; Ebi 2015; Wahyudi et al. 2014). In Indonesia, Agathis species is widely distributed, covering the islands of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua. Even some types of them spread naturally in specific areas such as Agathis alba Warb. (Sumatra, Maluku), Agathis borneensis Warb. (Kalimantan), Agathis hauri (Sulawesi), Agathis philippines (Sulawesi), and Agathis labillardieri Warb. (Papua) (Martawijaya et al. 2005). Farjon (2013) states that Agathis labillardieri Warb is one of the conifer species of the Araucariaceae family and distributes naturally in Papua, Queensland-Australia, and Papua New Guinea. The species has been included in the category of near threatened (NT) based on data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (Farjon 2013). This tree species is one of the producers of copal and widely used as an industrial material for paints, varnishes, methylates, red shells, burn varnishes, linoleum, inks, textile coatings, waterproofing and drying liquids. Resmeiliana et al. (2014) stated that copal from A. labillardieri Warb contains pinene, linonen, and dipentene of 97,4%, sesquiterpene oxide of 0,5%, and resin content of 0,7%. Khalil et al. (2015) added that adding nutrients to the soil would improve the quality and quantity of plant resin. When it is viewed from its solubility, copal is a material that can dissolve in glacial acetic acid, which is an excellent adhesive (Ando and Wiyono 1988). Management of the genetic resources of A. labillardieri Warb in the tropical natural forests of Papua has yet to be managed and utilized optimally due to the absence of accurate data on this species, such as its potential, distribution, and characteristics of the growing site. 297 Jurnal Sylva Lestari ISSN (print) 2339-0913 Vol. 8 No. 3, September 2020 (297-307) ISSN (online) 2549-5747 Although the benefits of these plants in terms of copal sap produced is an economic opportunity for the management of non-timber forest products, the research on the characteristics of the location of this tree plant is essential information for the future development of A. labillardieri Warb species. Siwi Momiwaren is one of the natural forest areas where A. labillardieri Warb grows in South Manokwari. However, following equitable development throughout Indonesia and regional development, there have been some areas of the forest began to be cleared for allotment of road construction, buildings, and other uses. In this context, research on the characteristics of A. labillardieri Warb is fundamental to avoid extinction from its natural habitat. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Study area Research on the characteristics of A. labillardieri Warb growth sites was conducted in the Siwi natural forest area, Momiwaren District, South Manokwari Regency (133°59'8,1276" - 134°9’19,7712"E and 1°32'34.098" - 1°49'21,9792"E). The characteristic site of Momiwaren protected forest is lowland forest, with mild to severe topography (Figure 1). The soil analysis was carried out in the soil laboratory of Gadjah Mada University, Yogjakarta. Figure 1. A. labillardieri Warb research location map in Siwi natural forest area, Momiwaren District, South Manokwari Regency. The tools used in this study include 1: 10.000 scale work maps, stationery, machetes, cuttings, tally sheets, roll meters, nylon ropes, trash bags, pocket meters, measuring tape, sample plastics, etiquette hanging, altimeter, compass, Haga meter, lux meter, GPS, Helling meter, clinometer, thermohydrometer, and other supporting equipment. The materials used in 298 Jurnal Sylva Lestari ISSN (print) 2339-0913 Vol. 8 No. 3, September 2020 (297-307) ISSN (online) 2549-5747 this study were newsprint (compass), 70% alcohol, soil samples, and red paint as markers of paths and trees. Data Collection Plant Samples This research was conducted using the sampling line-plot inventory method with a sampling intensity of 15% to observe A. labillardieri Warb specifically. The observation formed seven lines, where the line length was 500 meters. The distance between the plots was 100 meters, and the distance between the lines was 100 meters. Therefore, 35 observation plots were obtained. The selection of observation path was carried out using the Systematic Sampling with Random Start system in which the first path was determined randomly, and the next path was determined by line plot sampling (Kershaw et al. 2016; Saputra et al. 2016; Tiurmasari et al. 2016). The observation at the stage of growth was measured as follows: 20 m x 20 m for trees, 10 m x 10 m for poles, 5 m x 5 m for saplings, and 2 m x 2 m for seedlings. Each plant encountered throughout the plot was measured at diameter at breast height (dbh) using a ribbon diameter, then classified whether it included trees, poles, or saplings. This dbh size was used as a basis for calculating the basal area for the tree and pole phases. Specimens with stem diameters of less than 10 cm (seedlings and saplings) were only counted the number of individuals of each species from each sub-plot. Some plant species were identified directly on the plot, while for others that could not be identified, the herbarium specimens were prepared. The herbarium specimen was then identified by referring to the voucher specimen held by the Manokwariense Herbarium. The growing site characteristics samples Observations were conducted on a circle of 17,8 m for observation of growing sites. The data for growth characteristics observed were soil chemical properties including pH, organic matter content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) available, Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg) and capacity cation exchange (CEC). Soil samples were taken randomly in each subplot of 20 m x 20 m at a depth of 0-20 cm and > 20 cm. Soil samples from 20 m x 20 cm subplots were then mixed into one to get soil samples from 20 cm x 100 cm plots. Data analysis Data were analyzed to obtain the Important Value Index by using Microsoft Excel 2010 and QGIS 2.14.1-Essen for windows. Relative Density (RD), Relative Frequency (RF), Relative Dominance (RD.), and Importance Value Index (IVI) were calculated and analyzed according to the formula of Hakkenberg et al. (2016). The IVI was performed only for tree level and was calculated to figure out the distribution of each tree species in terms of dominance (Trogisch et al. 2017). No. of individuals of a species Relative density (%) = ´ 100% Total number of individuals in the sample Basal area of a species Relative dominance (%) = ´ 100% Total basal area in the sample Sampling units containing a species Relative frequency (%) = ´ 100% Sum of all frequency The basal area was only performed for trees. The basal area (BA) was calculated by considering the diameter for the tree species. Species i, 0,7854 was phi divided by 4. Then, BA 299 Jurnal Sylva Lestari ISSN (print) 2339-0913 Vol. 8 No. 3, September 2020 (297-307) ISSN (online) 2549-5747 per hectare where BA of tree species was divided by the area of plots (m2 ha-1) as density. The BA for each tree species was to describe how large the tree species dominated a location. The diversity index was calculated as H' = -Σ pi ln (pi), the Shannon-Weiner diversity index (Erwin et al. 2017; Omayio and Mzungu 2019). The index was calculated for each of the four growth stages (seedling, sapling, pole, and tree). Diversity criteria were following Hakkenberg et al. (2016), the vegetation has a high level of diversity if the diversity index H' > 3. While it was categorized as moderate if the value of H' is between 1 and 3, and it is categorized low if the value of H' < 1. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index was singled out as parameters to describe the distribution of each species in terms of the number of individuals by computing evenness (E) (Anandan et al. 2014; Laksemi et al. 2019; Siahaan et al. 2019). Evenness was measured using E as the number of species. Frequency = All species of plant life-forms were described using frequency. Furthermore, the number of plots where the species tree was present was divided by the total number of sample plots.
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