State of the art Review on Conservation of Forest Tree Species in Tropical Asia and the Pacific ~. International Tropical Timber Organization Regional Centre for Forest Management State of the art Review on Conservation of Forest Tree Species in Tropical Asia and the Pacific ©2000 by the International Tropical Timber Organization and the Regional Centre for Forest Management Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia/Cataloguing-in-Publication Data International Tropical Timber Organization State of the art review on conservation of forest tree species in Tropical Asia and the Pacific I International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), Regional Centre for Forest Management (RCFM). ISBN 983-9518-08-9 1. Forest conservation-Asia. 2. Forest management-Asia. 3. Forest policy-Asia. I. Pusat Serantau Pengurusan Hutan. 634.92095 Copies available from: Executive Director International Tropical Timber Organization International Organizations Centre, 5th Floor Pacifico-Yokohama, 1-1-1, Minato rnirai, Nishi-ku Yokohama, 220 Japan Tel: (81-45)223-1110 Fax: (81-45)223-1111 E-mail: [email protected] http: Ilwww.itto.or.jp/ Director Regional Centre for Forest Management B11-11, 11th Floor Block B, Megan Phileo Avenue No. 12, Jalan Yap Kwan Seng 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: (6-03) 2166-9929 Fax: (6-03) 2166-9931 E-mail: [email protected] http: Ilwww.rcfrn.com.my CONTENTS Foreword vi Acknowledgements vii List of tables ix List of figures x 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 National policy and legislation on conservation of tree species 3 2.1 Regional overview 3 2.2 National status 5 2.2.1 Brunei Darussalam 5 2.2.2 Indonesia 9 2.2.3 Malaysia 12 2.2.4 Philippines 15 2.2.5 Papua New Guinea 18 3.0 . Conservation status and management of tree genetic resources 20 3.1 Regional overview 20 3.1.1 In situ conservation 20 3.1.2 Ex situ conservation 21 3.2 Country profiles 24 3.2.1 Brunei Darussalam 24 3.2.2 Indonesia 31 3.2.3 Malaysia 38 3.2.4 Philippines 56 3.2.5 Papua New Guinea 60 4.0 Education and training 67 5.0 Public awareness 73 References 80 Appendices Appendix 1 Distribution of wildlife reserve and hunting parks in Indonesia 86 Appendix2A Teak varieties 89 Appendix2B The experimental areas for provenance trials of teak in Indonesia 89 Appendix 3 Breeding populations of some important timber tree species in Indonesia 90 Appendix 4 List of project members and contributors 92 Appendix 5 Glossary 94 Appendix 6 Abbreviations 96 vi FOREWORD The International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) is dedicated to the sustainable development of tropical forests through trade, conservation and best­ practice forest management. It finances and monitors a broad suite of projects throughout the tropics aimed at implementing sustainable forest management, promoting conservation and improving the lives of forest-dependent people. One such project is PD 31/94 Rev. 1 (F): Planning practical and cost-effective strategies for genetic-resource conservation of commercial tree species in tropical Asia and the Pacific. This project, which was funded by the governments of Japan and the United States and implemented by the Regional Centre for Forest Management, has developed technical guidelines for the ex situ and in situ conservation of commercial tree species. This State of the art Review, the first in a series of four publications produced by the project, is based on country reports prepared by resource experts in the project's five participating countries: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea. It reveals the progress being made in the conservation of commercial forest tree species in each country and identifies gaps that will need to be filled if conservation is to be completely successful. ITTO believes that such conservation is essential for sustainable development. These genetic resources form the basis of the current tropical timber trade - which brings much needed revenue and employment to tropical countries and provides an incentive to retain natural forests - and will constitute the raw material for genetic improvement in the future. But they are also important for other reasons: for example, most of these species are dominant in the forest and play crucial ecological roles. I am therefore pleased that this publication, along with its three companion volumes, records valuable information that will aid in the long-term conservation of many forest trees. I hope and expect that the series will make a significant contribution by providing users with practical approaches and guidelines for implementing effective ex situ and in situ genetic-resource conservation strategies. ITTO is indebted to the dedicated staff of the Regional Centre for Forest Management and to other national and international experts for their painstaking work in developing these publications. It also appreciates the cooperation extended by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, which undertook a technical and scientific review of the publication series through its representative in Malaysia. Finally, I would like to express my personal hope that this series will assist all ITTO member countries in their efforts to promote tropical forest conservation. DR. MANOEL SOBRAL FILHO Executive Director International Tropical Timber Organization vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The succes of the project on planning practical and cost-effective strategies tor genetic-resource conservation of commercial tree species in tropical Asia and the Pacific owes on the financial support which were provided by the USA and Japanese Governments through the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). The continuous support and guidance rendered during the project implementation by the ITTO Secretariat in particular Dr. Manoel Sobral Filho (Executive Director); Dr. Efransjah (Project Manager) and Dato' Dr. B. C. Y. Freezailah (former Executive Director) have been essential to. the successful completion of the project. A number of individuals and organisations have also contributed to this project. I would like to extend my gratitude to colleagues who have specially assisted the Regional Centre for Forest Management (RCFM) in providing technical guidance during the course of the project implementation and the preparation of the reports. This was made through a technical committee which was set up under the project and comprised of staff members of the executing agency, the International Genetic Resource Expert (IGRE), the International Technical Expert (ITE), and National Resource Persons (NRPs). Composition of the committee were as follows: Chairperson - Dr. Roslan b. Ismail (RCFM, from January 1998 - June 2000); Mr. Haron b. Abu Hassan (AIFM, from February 1996 - December 1997); Members - Prof. Dato' Dr. Zakri b. Abd. Hamid (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia - IGRE); Prof. Dr. Masaki Katsuta (Tokyo University of Agriculture - ITE); Dayang Noralinda bt. Hj. Ibrahim (Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam - NRP); Mr. Mohd Charomaini (Forest Tree Improvement Research and Development Institute, Indonesia - NRP); Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noraini bt. Ab. Shukor (Universiti Putra Malaysia - NRP); Prof. Dr. Mercedes Garcia (University Philippines, Los Banos - NRP); Mr. Neville Howcroft (Forest Research Institute, Lae, Papua New Guinea - NRP); Mr. Nasaruddin b. Rahman (RCFM); and Hj. Dahlan b. Taha (RCFM). Various government agencies, universities, research institutions, and non­ governmental organisations in the five participating countries as well as other neighboring countries were also consulted during the report preparation process. These included Brunei Darussalam (Forestry Department); Indonesia (Ministry of Forestry); Malaysia (Forest Research Institute, Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak); Philippnes (Forest Management Bureau, Provident Tree Farms Inc.); Thailand (Royal Forest Department); Papua New Guinea (Forest Authority); and Vietnam (Department for Forestry Development, Forest Inventory and Planning Institute). viii At RCFM, I would like to thank Mr. Nasaruddin b. Rahman, Hj. Dahlan b. Taha, Mr. Borhan b. Mohammad, Mr. Kasri b. Noh, Mr. Zaparuddin b. Hj. Karim, Mr. Johari b. Abdullah, Ms. Azlina bt. Ahmad and Ms. Siti Hajar bt. Sulaiman for assistance given to the project. This report was first compiled by RCFM based on the country reports prepared by the NRPs. Prof. A. N. Rao of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute­ Asia Pacific Office (IPGRI-APO) provided scientific review of the report, which also benefited from the comments of Prof. Roger Green (Singapore). Their valuable contribution is highly appreciated. DR. ROSLAN B. ISMAIL Director Regional Centre for Forest Management ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Measures adopted by countries for in situ conservation of plants and animals 22 Table 2. General list of ex situ conservation measures being pursued in some Southeast Asian countries 23 Table 3. Forest classification in Brunei Darussalam 25 Table 4. Major forest types in Brunei Darussalam 25 Table 5. Target species in the GRA of the Labi Hill and Badas Forest Reserve 27 Table 6. Number of species (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms) 28 Table 7. Target species in the Labi Hill and the Badas Forest Reserves 28 Table 8. Teak clonal bank owned by PERHUTANI in Central Java 36 Table 9. Distribution of forest cover in Malaysia (Million Hectares) 38 Table 10. Main forest types of Peninsular Malaysia 39 Table 11. Potential target species in the three regions of Malaysia 39 Table 12. Areas under national parks, wildlife and bird sanctuaries in Malaysia (Million