Pauline BURGER

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Pauline BURGER THESE Présentée pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE LOUIS PASTEUR DE STRASBOURG par Pauline BURGER CARACTERISATION MOLECULAIRE DE RESINES VEGETALES ARCHEOLOGIQUES ET ACTUELLES : ETUDE DE RESINES DE DIPTEROCARPACEAE soutenue publiquement le 26 novembre 2008 devant la commission d’examen composée de : Pierre ALBRECHT Directeur de thèse Eric MARCHIONI Rapporteur Interne Catherine VIEILLESCAZES Rapporteur Externe Walter MICHAELIS Rapporteur Externe Armelle CHARRIE Examinateur Jacques CONNAN Examinateur On ne voit en passant par les Landes désertes, Vrai Sahara français, poudré de sable blanc, Surgir de l’herbe sèche et des flaques d’eaux vertes D’autre arbre que le pin avec sa plaie au flanc ; Car, pour lui dérober ses larmes de résine, L’homme, avare bourreau de la création, Qui ne vit qu’aux dépens de ceux qu’il assassine, Dans son tronc douloureux ouvre un large sillon ! Sans regretter son sang qui coule goutte à goutte, Le pin verse son baume et sa sève qui bout, Et se tient toujours droit sur le bord de la route, Comme un soldat blessé qui veut mourir debout. Le poète est ainsi dans les Landes du monde : Lorsqu’il est sans blessure, il garde son trésor. Il faut qu’il ait au cœur une entaille profonde Pour épancher ses vers, divines larmes d’or ! Théophile Gauthier, 1840, Le Pin des Landes Je tiens à remercier Mr Pierre Albrecht, Directeur de recherche du CNRS et directeur du laboratoire de Géochimie Bioorganique, pour m’avoir accueillie dans son laboratoire et pour avoir dirigé ce travail. Je remercie les Docteurs Armelle Charrié et Pierre Albrecht, les professeurs Catherine Vieillescazes, Eric Marchioni et Walter Michaelis ainsi que le Docteur Jacques Connan, expert international des bitumes antiques, de me faire l’honneur de juger ce travail. Je remercie la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), la Deutsch‐Französische Hochschule / Université Franco‐Allemande (DFH/UFA) ainsi que le Ministère Français de l’Education Nationale, de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche (MENESR) pour le soutien financier apporté par l’intermédiaire du GRK 532 (International Research Training Group 532). Grâce aux séminaires et workshops organisés tout au long de ces trois années, le GRK m’a permis d’élargir mes horizons scientifiques ainsi que de rencontrer de nombreux chimistes appartenant à des domaines très particuliers. Je souhaite par ailleurs remercier toutes les personnes qui ont mis à ma disposition les précieux échantillons archéologiques étudiés dans le cadre de ce travail : Michel L’Hour (DRASSM, France) et Nathalie Huet (Arc’Antique, France) pour les échantillons d’une épave du Brunei, Mickael Flecker (Maritime Exploration, Singapour) pour les échantillons de l’épave de Malacca et de celle de Belitung, ainsi que Bérénice Bellina (CNRS, UMR 7528 « Mondes Iranien et Indien », France) pour les échantillons de Khao Sam Kaeo. Je remercie également Michel Girard et Bui Thi Mai (Laboratoire de Palynologie, CEPAM, France) pour la sélection de résines fraîches, ainsi que pour les informations palynologiques qu’ils m’ont fournies. Je remercie Mme Armelle Charrié qui m’a encadrée durant ces trois années de thèse. Je la remercie pour la formation de chercheur qu’elle m’a permis d’acquérir, ainsi que pour son aide précieuse au quotidien : elle a su m’écouter et me conseiller au jour le jour. Ma reconnaissance s’adresse également à Mr Jacques Connan, qui a assuré le relais entre les archéologues et moi, pour sa collaboration à ce travail. Je tiens à le remercier pour son enthousiasme sans faille et pour avoir bien voulu partager avec moi ses connaissances archéochimiques. Que soient remerciés tous les membres du laboratoire pour leur accueil chaleureux au sein de l’équipe. Merci à Pierre Adam et Philippe Schaeffer, toujours prêts à partager leurs connaissances. Merci à Estelle Motsch pour son initiation à la spectrométrie de masse mais aussi pour sa disponibilité et sa bonne humeur. Merci à Agnès Schmitt de m’avoir guidée dans les méandres de l’administration, ainsi que pour le café et les croissants du matin, nécessaires pour bien démarrer la journée. Merci à Jean‐Michel Trendel de m’avoir fait profiter de ses connaissances sur les triterpènes mais également merci pour les solutions des grilles de mots‐croisés incomplètes et les discussions axées mycologie ou B.D. autour d’un café. Merci également à Ruben Ocampo pour sa sympathie. Enfin, un merci tout particulier à Gaby Schmitt pour sa gentillesse, son écoute attentive et ses conseils avisés aussi bien scientifiques que personnels, en un mot, pour son amitié. Tous ont participé à l’ambiance studieuse et sympathique qui a régné au laboratoire durant ces trois années. Je remercie également Michel Schmitt (Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France) pour mon unique RMN et pour toutes les soirées brésiliennes auxquelles nous avons participé. Mes remerciements vont aussi à tous les étudiants rencontrés au laboratoire : Pierre Le Metayer et Sabine Méhay, les anciens, qui m’ont accueillie au laboratoire et qui ont guidé mes premiers pas de thésarde, Aurélie Loison avec qui j’ai passé d’agréables moments à la paillasse en musique et qui m’a vraiment épaulée tout au long de ces trois années passées ensemble, et Claire Bastien, la relève, à qui je lègue ma paillasse et la plante verte qui va avec. Merci également à Julien Célérier, qui a bien voulu partager sa sagesse de post‐doc et sa zenitude avec moi ; merci pour ta musique et pour tes précieux conseils scientifiques et informatiques (j’essaierai d’en faire bon usage). Enfin, merci à ceux qui n’étaient que de passage dans le bureau, mais avec qui j’ai passé de très bons moments au labo, comme en dehors : Julien Dalvai (pour ton soutien, même depuis la Grèce) et Aurélie Même (pour nos dimanches soirs chocolatés et pour tous celles et ceux que tu m’as permis de rencontrer au cours de nos soirées : Thomas, bien sûr, mais aussi Oliv’ et Mary, Gilles, Claire, Olivia, Alain, …)! Merci à tous mes camarades masters, thésards et post‐doc rencontrés au hasard des couloirs et des soirées avec qui j’ai passé trois années très agréables et plutôt internationales à Strasbourg : Bénédicte, Viky, Alex, Leticia, Naima, Rafa G., Baptiste, Vincent, Julien C., Katia, Julien I., Cyril, Yunhui, Inès, Sandra, Carmen, David, Lina, Bertrand. Merci particulièrement à Rafa B. pour ses théories farfelues sur tout et n’importe quoi, ainsi que pour son soutien et son énergie incroyable (qui sait, Rafa, la fin du monde est peut être pour ce soir ….). Mais je voudrais surtout remercier « les filles » Carolina, Laurence et Irene, sans qui cette dernière année n’aurait pas été la même ! Merci d’avoir supporté mes exubérances et mes humeurs (surtout vers la fin) et d’avoir eu les vôtres (je me sentais moins seule). Merci pour vos bons petits plats (un jour, je m’y mettrai à la cuisine, si si), vos encouragements et votre soutien inconditionnel. Je vous adore !!! Je souhaite également remercier Jean‐Marc, qui malgré ses nombreux voyages autour du monde, a toujours trouvé le temps de m’appeler ou de me faire une petite visite au cours de ces trois ans. Merci pour ta confiance en moi et ton amitié. Je tiens aussi à remercier Bruno Chatton qui m’a encadrée au cours de mon D.E.A. et sans qui je ne me serais sûrement jamais aventurée dans ce périple qu’est la thèse : merci pour tes conseils et tes encouragements. Je veux également remercier tous les « tuffeux » de Caours et particulièrement Jean‐ Luc Locht, qui m’ont permis de découvrir l’envers du décor au cours des campagnes de fouilles 2006 et 2007. La vie, une truelle à la main, j’ai adoré !! Enfin, je ne saurais terminer ces remerciements sans ajouter un grand merci à ma famille, et en particulier à mes parents à qui je dédie cette thèse, pour leurs encouragements et leur soutien indéfectible tout au long de mes études. TABLE DES MATIERES LISTE DES FIGURES............................................................................................... 5 LISTE DES TABLEAUX ........................................................................................... 9 ABREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... 11 CONVENTIONS ..................................................................................................... 13 CHAPITRE 1 INTRODUCTION GENERALE.................................... 15 CHAPITRE 2 RESINES VEGETALES : DIVERSITE, BIOSYNTHESE, PROPRIETES PHYSICO-CHIMIQUES ET USAGES........................... 23 1 Diversité des exsudats végétaux à travers le monde.............................25 1.1 Résines terpéniques.......................................................................................... 26 1.2 Résines phénoliques ......................................................................................... 26 1.3 Gommes ........................................................................................................... 26 1.4 Latex................................................................................................................. 27 1.5 Mucilages ......................................................................................................... 28 2 Résines terpéniques .................................................................................28 2.1 Biosynthèse des terpènes.................................................................................. 28 2.2 Composition des résines terpéniques ............................................................... 35 2.3 Résines diterpéniques......................................................................................
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