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Use of Alternative Means of Propulsion in Maritime Industry USE OF ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF PROPULSION IN MARITIME INDUSTRY TO INCREASE SHIP ENERGY EFFICIENCY (CO 2 PROBLEMATIC) Bachelor´s degree final project ("TFG" Trabajo final del Grado) Facultat de Nàutica de Barcelona Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Realized by: Tomas Novotny Tutor: Marcel.la Castells Sanabra Degree in Nautical and Maritime Transport Arrecife, 30 th of August 2016 USE OF ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF PROPULSION IN MARITIME INDUSTRY Acknowledgments First of all I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my tutor and advisor Prof. Marcel.la Castells Sanabra who supported me throughout the writing process of this thesis and whose doors were always opened for consultation. I would never have been able to finish my thesis without unconditional support of my family, especially my parents, grandparents and aunt who encouraged me with their best wishes and provided to me necessary background which allowed me to get duly concentrated on the topic of present work. Finally I would like to give my special thanks to all of my friends who cheered me up and stood by me in the good and bad. 1 USE OF ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF PROPULSION IN MARITIME INDUSTRY Summary Objective of present thesis is to identify global impact of maritime industry on the environmental problematic and solutions provided by government and private sector to reduce 1 the same. This document is divided in three main sections which describe the CO 2 and global warming problematic, provide overview of current regulations adopted by different entities with focus on IMO 2 energy efficiency project and finally describe energy efficiency solutions from shipbuilders and shipping companies. Additionally author tries to map global awareness of environmental issue within industry and its consciousness about steps needed to be taken to improve ecological footprint of the modern shipping. A method used to achieve above proposed objectives was investigation based on internet resources mainly from trustworthy web pages of institutions, governments, entities, intern universities sites and similar sources to guarantee quality of the information and its undeniable content. The reason why I preferred to the use web sources instead of books its evident. Web content provides updated information hence considerable time saving is obtained and it is assured that the newest data about the issue are available at any moment. During my research I discovered, and it was a nice surprise, that the state of knowledge of environmental problematic is on high level. Organizations like IMO and European Union (EU) are aware about seriousness of the issue and all efforts to reduce impact on global warming from maritime industry are reinforced by laws and regulations which gives no choice to operators but follow them if they would like to continue with their activities in the future. Among all I would like to highlight amendment of MARPOL 3 and inclusion of annex VI regarding air pollution from ships and adoption of energy efficiency design index which every new ship built from 2013 on needs to comply and progressive increase of their energy efficiency is contemplated within different phases of this regulation. On the other hand private sector did not stay apart and engineers from all over the world concentrate their efforts to help to shipping companies to reach criteria established by authorities. These efforts are focused especially on investigation regarding use of alternative means of propulsion. As we will see further in the text some of these projects provide with really futuristic solutions using only renewable energies and providing 100% green ships. Others combining conventional engine, with alternative means of propulsion providing additional thrust or satisfying energy needs for essential consumers of the ship. The second solution seems to me more realistic at this stage for different reasons. On one hand because such ships already exist and they are in active use. On the other hand because financial crisis slowed down investigations in all sectors hence many of innovative solutions are in stand-by waiting for recuperation of world´ s economy. Other important factors to have in mind are low prices of fuel and least but not last our dependency on crude oil industry supported by numerous lobbies of this sector. 1 Carbon dioxide. 2 International Maritime Organization . 3 The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (Consolidated edition 2011). 2 USE OF ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF PROPULSION IN MARITIME INDUSTRY Despite these efforts of lobbyists, nowadays LNG 4 fuel starts to be very popular in maritime industry and it is possible that it will be an intermediate step between traditional and alternative way of propulsion. Some examples of ships using LNG fuel will be provided in chapter 4 regarding energetically efficient ships. Detailed information about all above mentioned concepts can be found further in the text and I hope this will serve as a solid base to every person who would like to understand more the environmental problematic related to shipping industry today and its possible evolution in the future. 4 Liquefied natural gas. 3 USE OF ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF PROPULSION IN MARITIME INDUSTRY Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................................ 1 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................. 4 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 1: CO 2 EMISSIONS, GLOBAL WARMING AND MARITIME TRANSPORT .................................................... 8 1.1. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE ........................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2. GREEN HOUSE EFFECT GASES ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.1. Classification and regulation and certification........................................................................................... 9 1.2.2. GHG impact on global warming ............................................................................................................... 11 1.3. KYOTO PROTOCOL ................................................................................................................................................ 12 1.4. MARITIME TRANSPORT AND CO2 EMISSIONS .............................................................................................................. 12 1.5. SOLUTIONS PROVIDED BY IMO ........................................................................................................................ 15 CHAPTER 2: IMO ENERGY EFFICIENCY REGULATIONS........................................................................................... 20 2.1. ENERGY EFFICIENCY DESIGN INDEX EEDI.................................................................................................................... 20 2.1.1. Attained energy efficiency design index (Attained EEDI) ......................................................................... 20 2.1.2. Required EEDI ........................................................................................................................................... 22 2.1.3. Guidelines on ship minimum power ......................................................................................................... 24 2.1.4. Guidelines on innovative EE Technologies ............................................................................................... 25 2.1.5. Surveys and certification .......................................................................................................................... 28 2.2. ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPERATIONAL INDICATOR EEOI .................................................................................................... 31 2.3. SHIP ENERGY EFFICIENCY MANAGEMENT PLAN SEEMP ................................................................................................ 36 2.4 EEDI CALCULATION (REAL CASE STUDY) - IMO GUIDELINES .............................................................................. 39 2.4.1. Calculator scope and limitations .............................................................................................................. 39 2.4.2. Equations used in calculator .................................................................................................................... 40 2.4.3. Basic data required for calculation .......................................................................................................... 40 2.4.4. Test case 1: Conventional containership .................................................................................................. 41 2.4.5. Test case 2: LNG Carrier with diesel-fuel/electric propulsion ................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 3: EU ENERGY EFFICIENCY REGULATIONS ............................................................................................. 51 CHAPTER 4: PROJECTS OF ENERGETICALLY EFFICIENT SHIPS
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