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Alternative Energy and New Technology Alternative energy and new technology Presentation to REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN MARITIME TRANSPORT Port Vila, Vanuatu, 12-14 December 2016 Dr Peter Nuttall Sustainable Sea Transport Research Programme The University of the South Pacific Alternative energy and new technology Since 2007 shipping has begun an unprecedented search for energy efficiency. All sources agree that there are 4 basic categories of options: • Technology change • Operational change • Alternative fuels • Renewable energies The global investment in low carbon transport transition has lagged significantly behind electricity decarbonistion The investment in low carbon maritime transition has lagged significantly behind road, rail and even aviation. Shipping, the ‘greenest’ mode of transport? 10000 Aviation 1000 t.km Road 100 gCO2 per gCO2 in Rail Shipping EEOI EEOI 10 1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 Average payload tonnes 3 What happened in the last Oil Crisis? 1984/86 • 23-30% fuel savings • 30% reduced engine wear What happened in the last • Increased stability Oil Crisis? • Increased passenger comfort • Folding prop would have greatly increased fuel savings • IRR 127% on best routes • IRR 35% average routes • ADB funded $US40,000 1983-86 • 30% fuel savings • Increased passage 1982-85 average speed from 12 - • UNESCAP/ADB funded needs 14 kts assessment & analysis • Reduced crew downtime • Recommended network of • Increased trading catamarans and small manoeuvrability energy efficient sail-freighter • Could hold station in • Commissioned design for 92’ typhoon conditions freighter carrying 30 T/30pax • Trialled on 600-31000 tonne vessels PROJECT Description Outputs Agencies Comments Fiji soft sail Auxiliary rig retrofitted to two Fuel savings 23-30%, but also 30% ADB, Southampton University collated retrofit government vessels of ~300t. Rigs engine/prop wear reduction, greater Southampton historical wind data for all Fiji built and installed in-country stability, incr passage times. IRR on best University, routes and produced fuel saving route = 127%, average route = 33% McAllister Elliot ratios for all routes. Lau Passenger 50 ton primary sail powered Tai Kabara became the main vessel European Union Construction of the other two / cargo trading vessel, designed and built operating on the Sth Lau route until she ships was cancelled when the oil on Kabara by local builders (1984- was scuttled in 2006. Used local materials crisis abated. 87). First of 3 planned vessels to wherever possible. service Lau and Lomaiviti Groups. Ha’apai Needs assessment and design Needs assessment, transport census and UNESCAP, Vessel never constructed due to Freighter analysis led to commissioning of full build plans for a 100 ton energy UNCTAD, UNDP, end of crisis. Similar needs build plans for a 100 ton energy efficient freighter. ADB assumed today. efficient freighter SCF/Jim Save the Children Fund Tuvalu A range of designs and processes for SCF This project closely associated Brown employed catamaran designer locally built/operated catamarans for with the FAO/UNDP project. Local Brown to develop locally built artisanal and commercial fishing and local build/materials used wherever boats for Tuvalu/Kiribati and inter-island transport. Training of possible. Fuel savings of up to local shipwrights. Local materials favoured 60%. FAO/UNDP A multi-county fisheries A portfolio of 10 designs from single FAO Uptake ceased with end of programme to develop RE dugouts to 11m trimarans. 350 vessels UNDP project and falling fuel prices. artisanal and small-scale built in 8 countries. Demonstrated need Communities with ‘living commercial vessels for local for vessels to be affordable and locally tradition’ of sail had greatest community benefit. appropriate. uptake. Fig. 3. Valley of death for technology providers in shipping. Rehmatulla, et al 2016 Alternatives to BAU Numerous technology scenarios are available, • There are a wide range of emerging and mature technological ‘fixes’. • These range from technical assistance for better operational practices to retrofit technologies to new build. • They range in scale from vessels of >1 ton to < 50,000. • Major advances in propeller technology, propeller cowlings, hull coatings, waste heat recovery, air cavitation, etc • Policy, economic analysis, technology validation, proof of concept trials 3 possible options under current investigation for Pacific scenarios: • Rotor hybrids • Wing in Ground Effect (WIG) • Soft sail auxiliaries Proven capacity to reduce fuel use between 19% and 60% Available for ships between 18 tons and 100,000 tons ‘Storm proof’ system New build or Retro-fit • The launch of the world’s first rotor ship, the BUCKAU, on 7 November 1924 in Kiel, later renamed the Baden-Baden • It could out sail normal schooners under moderate to heavy winds. The Magnus Effect and the Flettner Rotor In which a spinning cylinder past which an external stream is flowing receives a lateral thrust due to the lower pressure on the side of the cylinder where the cylinder’s motion is in the same direction as the streaming flow. Heinrich Gustav Magnus (1802–1870) discovered a force that arises when air flows over a rotating body now called the Magnus Effect. It is the same effect that allows a baseball to curve in mid air. A Flettner rotor is a rotating cylinder mounted upright on a ship and was invented by Anton Flettner (1885–1961). In sideways winds, the Magnus force generates a lift on the rotor, propelling the ship forward. Tracker (Popular Mechanics January 1984) 42’, 18 ton motor vessel retrofitted with a Magnus Effect rotor 42” in diameter and 24’ high. It is driven up to about 600 rpm by a hydraulic motor which in turn is driven by a hydraulic pump turned by a small gas engine. “Vineyard Sound, where most of the Tracker tests were conducted, generally experiences summer winds of 16-20 knots. For this range of uniformly distributed winds the Wind Ship performance model predicted savings ranging 50-66% based on a constant boat speed of 6.5 knots. Actual fuel consumption tests using precision fuel measuring equipment over a period of several weeks confirmed this range of savings.” Power Mode Av. Wind Speed Av. Boat Speed Av. Fuel Savings (Knots) (Knots) (%) Rotor Assist 16.1 7.0 44 Rotor Assist 12.9 6.0 27 Rotor Sailing 17.7 5.3 100 “Under rotor power alone, the Tracker reached a maximum speed of 6.1 knots in an 18.4 knot wind and a true wind angle of 122 degrees.” Popular Science (January 1984) Spin Sail Harnesses Mysterious Magnus Effect for Ship PropulsionBy C. P. Gilmore The Flettner Rotor – An Invention Ahead of Its Time? Special exhibition in the shipping section of the German Museum of Technology 2 February to 1 August 2010 Rotor Ship Barbara in the port of Hamburg 1926. Photo: SDTB archive http://www.sdtb.de/Flettner-Rotor.1623.0.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQXp75Qt99M Wingship offers a potential solution No runway required – 50 pax, 500km range, 200 km/hr What is a Wingship? A boat that flies! Are Wingships ready for service now? • Nearly. Korea has built a protoype that has been certified by Lloyd’s registry for 500km range and can operate in 3.5m sea state and 35knots head wind • The next step is to undertake an independent verification study of the technical and economic cost/benefits. 3 country study – RMI, KIR, TUV – Study by UCL, USP, KMI – Feb-May 2017 • Then we would need to undertake ‘proof of concept’ trials – RMI has asked to do this at the Micronesian Sustainable Transport Centre Sounds too good to be true! What’s the down side? Wingship have strong potential as a ‘game changer’. But …. • We need to be able to independently verify the claims made by the manufacturer • Wingships are not a solution for all scenarios, all transport routes or all transport needs • We need to carefully consider maintenance, training, qualifications, insurance, legal regulatory frameworks, etc • Safety must be paramount You can not have Green Growth in the Pacific ….. …. without a transition to Low Carbon Transport S.V. KWAI - Private Sector, non-subsidised, profitable, sustainable Is the SV Kwai Model replicable or scalable? Transition from heritage to future soft sail for local level Alternative energy and new technology Presentation to REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN MARITIME TRANSPORT Port Vila, Vanuatu, 12-14 December 2016 Dr Peter Nuttall Sustainable Sea Transport Research Programme The University of the South Pacific.
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