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Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 46, No. 1 Jean-Paul Benowitz Ursinus College Digital Commons @ Ursinus College Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection Fall 1996 Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 46, No. 1 Jean-Paul Benowitz John Lowry Ruth Paula T. Hradkowsky Ursinus College Monica Mutzbauer Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag Part of the American Art and Architecture Commons, American Material Culture Commons, Christian Denominations and Sects Commons, Cultural History Commons, Ethnic Studies Commons, Fiber, Textile, and Weaving Arts Commons, Folklore Commons, Genealogy Commons, German Language and Literature Commons, Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons, History of Religion Commons, Linguistics Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits oy u. Recommended Citation Benowitz, Jean-Paul; Ruth, John Lowry; Hradkowsky, Paula T.; and Mutzbauer, Monica, "Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 46, No. 1" (1996). Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine. 148. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/148 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Autumn PENNSYLVANIA GpOEKLIFE 1996 Contributors JEAN-PAUL BENOWITZ received his Master's Degree in Ameri­ can history from Millersville University of Pennsylvania and has been engaged in postgraduate work in 20th-century American political history and the American presidency. He has taught courses and lectured on Anabaptist history, American history, and public policy; he has also been involved in fieldwork among Anabaptist and Pietist groups, particularly Old Order Mennonite communities. He recently completed a historical and sociological study which identified three dozen Anabaptist groups in Lancaster County, Pa. PAULA T. HRADKOWSKY joined the Franconia Mennonite Church as an adult. While working toward a degree in economics and business administration at Ursinus College in Collegeville, Pa., she took a variety of courses in anthropology and sociology. She decided to unite her religious and academic interests by exploring the history of the Franconia Conference, with a special emphasis on the role of women. This study is the result of archival research and personal interviews. MONICA MUTZBAUER, who has a Ph.D. in theology from the University of Mainz, is a German church historian whose specialty is dealing with the history of sects whose members have migrated to America. A former teacher herself, she is now supervisor and mentor for those starting out in the profession. JOHN L. RUTH, an ordained minister in the Mennonite Church who has a Ph.D. from Harvard University, lives on a farm in Lower Salford Township, Pa., that has been in his family since the 18th century. A prolific writer, he is the author of 'Twas Seeding Time, about the Mennonite community during the Revolutionary War, and Maintaining the Right Fellowship, a narrative history of Indian Valley Mennonites. He is also the full-time historian of the Franconia Men­ nonite Conference, and as such, he-along with sons Jay and Phil­ has produced numerous books, articles, pamphlets, slide programs, and videos. Autumn 1996 EDITOR: Thomas E. Gallagher, Jr. EDITORIAL ADVISORS : Simon J. Bro nner Hilda Adam Kring Ea rl C. Haag Monica Mut zbauer David J. Huffo rd John W. Robens Terry G. Jordan Evan Snyder Susan Ka l ~ ik Kenneth Thigpen Donald B. Kray bill Don Yoder AUTUMN 1996, VOL. 46, NO.1 P ENNSYLVANIA FOLICLIFE, CONTENTS Autumn 1996, Vol. 46, No. 1, pub­ lished three times a year by 2 The Mennonites of Pennsylvania: A House Divided Pennsylvania Folklife Society, Inc., JEAN-PAUL BENOWITZ P.O. Box 92, Collegeville, Pa. 19426. $5 .00 for single copies, Autumn, 20 "Not Only Tradition but Truth": Legend and Myth Winter & Spring. Yearly subscription Fragments Among Pennsylvania Mennonites $15.00. Back issues (v. 21 -41), $5.00 JOHNL. RUTH each; other prices on request. 38 Mennonite Women and Centuries of Change in Amercia MSS AND PHOTOGRAPHS: PAULA T. HRADKOWSKY The Editor will be glad to consider MSS and photographs sent with a view to publication. When unsuit­ 47 "It is Painful to Say Goodbye": A Mennonite Family in able, and if accompained by return Europe and America postage, care will be taken for their MONICA MUTZBAUER return, although no responsibility for their safety is assumed. Edi tori al correspond ence: Thomas E. Gall agher, l r. CONTRIBUTORS P.O. BOX 92, (Inside front cover) Coll egevill e, Pennsylva nia 19426 Subcri ptio n, business correspond ence: P.O. BOX 92, Layout and Special Photography Coll egevill e, Pennsylvania 19426 WILLIAM K. MUNRO Folk Festiva l correspondence: Festiva l Associates 461 Vine La ne Kutztown, PA 19530 COVER: Phone: 610/683-8707 Relief workers under the auspices of the Mennonite Central Copyrig ht 1997 Committee in the Netherlands after World War II. (Courtesy of Enlcred as third class mailer at Collegeville, PA. the Mennonite Historical Library, Harleysville, Pa.) ISSN 0031-4498 THE MENNONITES OF PENNSYLVANIA: A House Divided by Jean-Paul Benowitz Joseph and Katie Derstine Hackman and their family otherwise noted, all photographs courtesy of the (Franconia-Souderton, Pa.) in a time when regulated dress Mennonite Historical Library, Harleysville, Pa.) was a sign of not being (( conformed to this world. )) (Unless them in the 20th century. And be not conformed to this world: but be ye The principle of not being "conformed to this world," transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye originally a matter of theology defined by discipleship, may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and community, and nonresistance,4 eventually was transformed perfect, will of God. 1 into a preoccupation with lifestyle issues, particularly in These words, written by the Apostle Paul to his friends regard to dress.5 Nonconformity remains the central focus in Rome nearly two thousand years ago, have served as of their theology and culture as Mennonites search for a the impetus for the Anabaptist movement, as the engine distinct identity while embracing the modem world. Dif­ for Mennonite development, and as the foundation for most fering interpretations of Anabaptist theology and the prin­ Mennonite beliefs and practices.2 The Anabaptist move­ ciples of nonconformity are the result of believers-indi­ ment was initiated by the heirs of the Swiss aristocracy, vidually and corporately-seeking to "prove what is . young men educated in the best universities of the day the perfect will of God."6 It is this seeking which con­ where they were trained by Christian humanist scholars to tributed to the numerous divisions within the Anabaptist search the ancient scriptures in order to discover the original movement in Europe; to the establishment of various sects; intentions for God's Kingdom-the church. Their rejection and to the ongoing schismatic nature of the Mennonite of the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Reformed Church.7 churches was the result, then, of their education and their Attempts to understand what God's will is-and the best spiritual convictions.3 This process of renewing and trans­ way to execute it-are the source, then, of never-ending forming the mind would be applied to the Anabaptist conflict, and nowhere has the drama of Mennonite conflict dilemma of theological acculturation in post-persecution been played out as it has in Pennsylvania. Throughout their Europe; would define the Mennonite church in colonial denominational history, Pennsylvania Mennonites have been America; would be employed to resist forms of civil religion embroiled in controversy over the definition of noncon­ in the 19th century; and would serve as a guide for formity. As a result, the church has divided again and again Mennonite involvement with the "worldly" society around as they have sought to redefine and reinvent themselves. 2 Contributing to the problem is the fact that Pennsylvania introduce reforms such as modifying tithes legislation, Mennonites are originally from two different lines-the abolishing the Mass, and creating an evangelical commun­ Dutch Mennonites and the Swiss-German Mennonites-with ion celebrated four times a year instead of daily. But as each group having its own unique experiences of perse­ long as Jakob Grebel was a council member these concerns cution, of defining the Anabaptist church, and of relating would not be addressed,12 although during this time Zwingli to the larger society in which they lived.s did gather around him a circle of enthusiastic younger humanists, among whom was Conrad Grebel, Jakob's es­ THE ORIGINS OF ANABAPTISM tranged son. Jakob Grebel had secured his political influence by Unlike the Italian humanist scholars who reached back marrying his daughters to sons of equally influential fami- to the classical age for models of sophisticated secular life, lies throughout Europe, and he hoped his sons would Christian humanists of the 15th century sought guides to continue his political achievements. The eldest, Andreas, a purer religion and identified in the ancient writings those died very young, 13 but Conrad attended the best universities ideas that would encourage spiritual reform. Applying the of the time in Basel, Vienna, and Paris. His education new linguistic and textual skills developed by southern completed, Conrad Grebel returned to Zurich advocating European humanists, northern European humanists attempted a radical adherence to the views of Erasmus, particularly to establish a more accurate Bible and thus restore Chris­ the ideas of a tolerant and honest church inspired by tianity.9 The learning and scholarship of one of these wisdom and characterized by service and love.14 Nonre­ northerners, Desiderious Erasmus, won him acclaim through­ sistance was at the heart of his argument; a nonresistance out Europe as the "prince of Humanists." His most widely among individuals and between nations.
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