CSS CYBER DEFENSE PROJECT Hotspot Analysis: Synthesis 2017: Cyber-conflicts in perspective Zürich, September 2018 Version 1 Risk and Resilience Team Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zürich Synthesis 2017: Cyber-conflicts in perspective Author: Marie Baezner © 2018 Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zürich Contact: Center for Security Studies Haldeneggsteig 4 ETH Zürich CH-8092 Zürich Switzerland Tel.: +41-44-632 40 25
[email protected] www.css.ethz.ch Analysis prepared by: Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zürich ETH-CSS project management: Tim Prior, Head of the Risk and Resilience Research Group; Myriam Dunn Cavelty, Deputy Head for Research and Teaching; Andreas Wenger, Director of the CSS Disclaimer: The opinions presented in this study exclusively reflect the authors’ views. Please cite as: Baezner, Marie (2018): Hotspot Analysis: Synthesis 2017: Cyber-conflicts in perspective, September 2018, Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zürich. 1 Synthesis 2017: Cyber-conflicts in perspective Table of Contents 1 Introduction 4 2 Beyond cybercrime: The politicization of cyberspace 5 2.1 Integration of cybersecurity at the policy level 5 2.2 Political and national security dimension 5 Strategic choice of target 5 Strategic attribution on the rise 6 2.3 Little innovation in cyberweapons 7 2.4 Restraint 7 3 Context matters: Cybermeans are adjunct, not stand-alone 8 3.1 Internationalized civil war: Syria 8 3.2 Asymmetric military operation between states: Ukraine 8 3.3 Strategic relationship between powers: USA- Russia, Elections in Europe, and China-USA 8 4 Determining the legitimate use of cybermeans: shaping behavioral norms 9 4.1 Disagreements on the purpose of intelligence 9 4.2 Disagreements on information warfare 9 5 Conclusion 10 6 Annex 1 11 7 Annex 2 18 8 Glossary 23 9 Abbreviations 23 10 Bibliography 24 2 Synthesis 2017: Cyber-conflicts in perspective regarding legitimate and illegitimate uses of cyberspace Executive Summary in strategic interactions.