Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.29, No.2, 2013

GENUS COCCINELLA (: COLEOPTERA) FROM GILGIT- BALTISTAN WITH TWO NEW RECORDS FROM PAKISTAN MUHAMMAD ASHFAQUE1*, FARMAN ULLAH2 and MUHAMMAD ATHER RAFI1 1 Institute of Plant and Enviromental Protection, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad – Pakistan. 2 Department of Plant Protection, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar – Pakistan. *Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The genus Coccinella from Gilgit-Baltistan was revised and four species were confirmed. Coccinella iranica and C. redemita are reported here as new records for Pakistan. Diagnostic characters of each species are given along with colour markings of elytra and detail structure of genitalia. Remarks pertaining to taxonomic discussion, history, taxonomy status and regional record of distribution are given for each species. Keywords: Coccinella, Coccinellid , ladybird beetles, , Coccinellidae, New records, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan Citation: Ashfaque. M.., F. Ullah and M. A. Rafi. 2013. Genus coccinella (coccinellidae: coleoptera) from gilgit-baltistan with two new records from Pakistan. Sarhad J. Agric. 29(2): 239-247 INTRODUCTION It is interesting that Linnaeus – the great naturalist’s first zoological contribution to the nomenclature was on Coccinella. He described this genus in 1758 with its 36 European representatives. Laterille put this genus under newly established Coccinellidae. Later on, Europen taxonomists did intensive work on this group of , notably Mulsant (1846, 1850 and 1866); Redtenbacher (1843); LeConte (1852); Crotch (1874); Weise (1885a,b; 1892 and 1900) and Ganglbauer (1899). The members of genus Coccinella Linnaeus, 1758 are aphidophagous and principally distributed in the Holarctic region with only a few species in the Oriental and/or Australian regions (Kovar, 1997). Species of the genus Coccinella are reported in several catalogues published at the beginning of 20th century and Jacobson (1915) added 30 Palaearctic species as newly records of the distribution data. Dobrzhanskiy (1926) was the first taxonomist to give the basis of the modern classification of the genus Coccinella, by precisely defining essential characters of the genus, using colour pattern and structure of genitalia to separate the genera Oenopia (Mulsant, 1850) former Synharmonia (Ganglbauer, 1899) and Coccinula (Dobrzhanskiy), 1925. Initial documentation of predatory coccinellids of Pakistan was done by Irshad (2001, 2003) and Irshad and Khan (2005). The details regarding predatory coccinellids species from Pakistan and current knowledge on the predatory coccinellid beetles of Gilgit-Baltistan are mainly based on Rafi et al. (2005). In this compilation only two species of genus Coccinella have been listed from this area. The exact number of species of genus Coccinella is still incompletely documented in Pakistan. The number of spots on the elytra of the common coccinellids cannot be used alone for their identification. This character was used for years as a basis for many species group, but the majority of these names are not valid now. Later on, the structure of male genitalia was used as a taxonomic character for identification. Dobzhanskiy (1926 and 1927), Timberlake (1943), Kapur (1957; 1958) and Chapin (1965) provided specific taxa that can be represented the natural group of the species. Shah (1983) explored the fauna of Peshawar region and reported two species, Coccinella septempunctata L. and C. undecimpunctata L. as the record of distribution. Irshad (2001) reported 71 species of coccinellids occurring in different ecological zones of Pakistan. These predators are useful in oilseed crops, orchards and forests for controlling of aphids and scale insects. He also compiled data about hosts, biology, ecology and biotic potential of coccinellids of Pakistan. Irshad (2003) provided a list of parasitoids, predators and pathogens of the pests in agricultural and forest ecosystem from Pakistan including coccinellid beetles. Irshad and Khan (2005) again listed many coccinellids associated with pests of plants together with their parasitoids, predators and pathogens in Pakistan. Inayatullah et al. (2005) explored the coccinellid fauna of district Poonch of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and reported three species of the genus Coccinella. Khan et al. (2007) reported one species Cocccinella septempunctata L. from District Chitral.

240 Muhammad Ashfaque, et al. Genus coccinella (coccinellidae: coleoptera) from Gilgit-Baltistan…

MATERIALS AND METHODS The Study area The Gilgit-Baltistan province of Pakistan (formerly the Northern Areas of Pakistan) is spread over an area of 72498 km2 and administratively divided into seven districts: namely Astore, Diamer, Gilgit, Ghanche, Ghizer, Hunza Nahgar and Skardu. The area lies between 72° and 77° east longitude and 34.5° and 37° north latitude. This area is surrounded by China, India, Afghanistan and it is separated from Tajiskistan by narrow Wakhan strip. Collection For collection of the coccinelld species, surveys were conducted from 2005 to 2011 in all the seven districts of Gilgit-Baltistan and mostly in the months of May through August as majority of the areas are accessible during these months only. The specimens were collected by sweeping, hand picking, beating the bushes and shaking the trees. Field data of each specimen was recorded. Description The species were described following the literature of Kapur (1958), Kuznetsov (1997) and Katakura et al. (2001). The collected specimens were identified up to species level following the terminology and taxonomic keys of Canepari and Milanese (1997), Inayatullah et al. (2005), Rafi et al. (2005) and Kuznetsov (1997). Genitalia Examination For genitalia extraction, the method of Majerus and Kearns (1989) was followed with some modification. The specimens were softened by putting into hot water for 1 to 2 minutes. With the help of two entomological needles, abdomen was detached from the body and boiled in 10% potassium hydroxide solution for half an hour to dissolve excess tissue and partially clear opaque structures. The abdomen was cleaned up a little bit in hot water and transferred to pure glacial acetic acid for five minutes. To dehydrate it, abdomen was first deeped in 80% ethanol and then in absolute alcohol for 5 minutes, respectively. Finally abdomen was moved to clove oil. The processed abdomen was put in a cavity slide with a drop of glycerine and genitalia operated with the help of two entomological needles under stereoscope. Male genitalia were mounted on a plastic strip adhesive with hydrosoluble glue and the female genitalia on a strip of transparent plastic with Euparal. The specimens identification were re-confirmed for this study by Italian expert Dr. Claudio Canepari. Photography In order to examine the adult speciemens and fine details of genitalia, Olympus SZX-16 stereoscope was used. Adult specimens and their genitalia were photographed with attached digital DP2-BSW (CCTV) camera with microscope. Deposition The identified specimens were deposited in National Insect Museum (NIM), National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Genus: Coccinella Linnaeus, 1758

Coccinella: Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae, 10th edition. Stockholm. 364. –Mulsant, M.E. 1850. Species des Coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d’Agriculture et d’Industrie, Lyon, (2) 2: 93. – Jacobson, G.G. 1916. Die Käfer Russlands und Westeuropas. Ein Handbuch zum Bestimmen der Käfer. Petrograd. 982. –Dobrzhansky, T. 1926. Die Paläarktischen Arten der Gattung Coccinella L. Revue Russe d.Entomologie, 20:16. –Brown, W.J., 1962. de Ruette. An annotated list of the Hippdamiini of Northern America, with a key to the genera (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Canadian Entomologist. 94: 785. –Sasaji, H. 1971. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan, Tokyo. 250. –Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. 1979. Genera der Paläarktischen Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Entomologische Blätter für Biologie und Systematik der Käfer. 75 (1-2): 66. Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. 1979. Genera der Paläarktischen Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Entomologische Blätter für Biologie und Systematik der Käfer, 75 (1-2): 70. (Type species: Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus, by original designation). –Iablokoff- Khnzorian, S.M. 1982. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères-Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des regions Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.29, No.2, 2013 241

Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 341. –Gordon, R.D. 1985. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. J.. NY. Entomol. Soc. 93:783

Type species: Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Latreille, 1810) 1. Coccinella iranica Dobzhanskiy, 1926 (Plate 1) Coccinella iranica: Dobzhanskiy, T. 1926. Die palaarktischen Arten der Gattung Coccinella L. Russkoe Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 21: 16-32. –Mader L. 1930. Evidenz der paläarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer aberrationen in Wort und Bild, I-Teil. Epilachnini, Coccinellini, Halyziini und Synonychini. Zeitschrift des Vereins der Naturbeobachter und Sammler, Wien. 5: 165. – Korschefsky, R. 1932. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 467. Coccinella (s. str.) iranica: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. 1979. Genera der Paläarktischen Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Entomologische Blätter für Biologie und Systematik der Käfer. 75 (1-2): 68. – Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. 1982. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères-Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des regions Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 382. Material Examined: 1 ♀, Pak., GB, Hunza, Duikar, 20. iv. 2005 (Amir) (NIM) Description: Body large, oval, slightly convex, body colour brownish-yellow. Head black, slightly exposed from dorsal view. Eyes large, surrounded by clypeus and pronotum. Pronotum large, only touch at middle with elytra, mostly black with brownish stripe along anterior margins. Scutellum rudimentary. Elytra brownishyellow with eight irregular black spots, four on each elytron, one is common on anterior margin along sutural line, the spots along middle portion developed into an L-shaped patch, other two spots on anal margins are oval and sub-equal. Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab and basal piece typical like other Coccinella species. Median lobe very broad for most of its length, abruptly narrowed at subdistal portion. Apex much narrow, round at tip. Paramers long, slightly shorter than median lobe, cylindrical, slightly curved before apex, tip rounded and without hairs. Siphonalcapsule large, outer arm thick and elongated, inner arm very short and hooked. Siphonal tube abruptly curved at base, siphonal tip unique as shown in Plate 1.b. Remarks: This species was first described by Dobrzhansky in 1926 from northern Iran. Later on, in 1931, he placed it under C. difficilis species group. Fursch (1984) separated C. hodaki as a new species from the collection of C. iranica on the basis of median lobe outline. Kovar (1997) reported it from Turkey as a new record. During the present study, only one female specimen was collected from Duikar, Hunza which was confirmed as C. iranica by C. Canepari, Italy. C. iranica is a new record for Pakistan. Plate 1 Coccinella iranica

a. Adult 242 Muhammad Ashfaque, et al. Genus coccinella (coccinellidae: coleoptera) from Gilgit-Baltistan…

b. Female genitalia

Distribution: Iran, Turkey. 2. Coccinella redemita (Weise, 1895) (Plate 2) Coccinella redemita: Weise, J. Bestimmungs-Tabellin der Europaischen Coleopterren.II. Heft. Coccinellidae. II. Aufflage mit Berucksichtigung der Arten aus dem Nordlichen Asien. Mdling. Material Examined: 1 ♂ Pak., GB, Diamer, Goharabad, 5. vi. 2007 (Falak Naz) (NIM). Diagnosis: Body medium, slightly oval, posteriorly pointed, general colour black, finely pubescent. Head yellow, except posterior border black touch eyes, mouth parts brown; clypeus with eight stigmata arranged in two groups vertically, each with four stigmatae. Eyes large, vertical, finely faceted and black. Pronotum transverse, lateral margins extended, anterior margin yellow, posterior margin black, with four black lateral projections. Elytra shiny black, each with eight pale patches, the patch along anterior margin is large, extending from posterial margin to anterial margin. Epiplura developed. Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab short, gradually broadening towards apex, deeply excavated and apex notched. Basal piece broader than long, somewhat square- shaped. Parameres thick, cylindrical, slightly depressed at middle distally rounded, tip provided with sparsely hairs in medium size. Median lobe thick and broad, distalpart diminishing in thickness presenting cone shape, apical end round. Siphonal capsule unique, elongated, directed towards tube. Tube thick for most of its length, slightly curved at base then almost straight,apical part tapering on one side. Remarks: C. redemita is new record for the study area, Pakistan as well as Sub-continent. In the present study, only one male specimen was collected from Goharabad, Diamer. Distribution: Iran Plate 2 Coccinella septempunctata

a. Adult Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.29, No.2, 2013 243

b. Male genitalia 3. Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758 (Plate 3) Coccinella 7-punctata: Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae, 10th edition. Stockholm. 365 Coccinella divaricata: Olivier, A.G. 1808. Entomologie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, avec leurs caractPres génériques et spécifiques, leur description, leur synonymie, et leur figure enluminée. Coléoptères. 89: 1001 Coccinella confusa Wiedemann, C.R.G. (=C.R.W.). 1823. Zweihundert neue Kafer von Java, Bengalen und dem Vorgebirge der guten Hoffnung. Zoologisches Magazin, Ultona. 2(1): 72 Coccinella confuse: Mulsant, M.E. 1850. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 112 (as a var. of divaricata). –Mulsant, M.E. 1866. Monographie des Coccinellides. 1. Coccinelliens. Paris. 90. – Crotch, G.R. 1874. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 46. Coccinella divaricata: Korschefsky, R. 1932. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin.457 Coccinella septempunctata: Korschefsky, R. 1932. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 486. –Gordon, R.D. 1987. A catalogue of the Crotch collection of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology, 3: 13. –Schaefer, P.W. and Semyanov, V.P. 1992. parasites of Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); world parasite list and bibliography. Entomological News, 103 (4):1992. 125-134. Coccinella septempunctata brucki: Korschefsky, R. 1932. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 491. Coccinella divaricata: Mader, L. 1936. Evidenz der paläarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer aberrationen in Wort und Bild, I-Teil. Epilachnini, Coccinellini, Halyziini und Synonychini. Entomologischer Anzeiger. 16: 375

Material Examined: 2 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak. GB, Hunza, Gulmit, 12. vi. 2008 (M. Ashfaque) (NIM); 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak. GB, Hunza, Nagar, 12 . vi. 2008 (M. Ashfaque) (NIM); 1 ♂ Pak. GB, Skardu, Kachora lake, 16 . vi. 2008 (A. Shehzad) (NIM); 2 ♂ Pak. GB, Gilgit, Pari bangla, 15 . vi. 2008 (Ashraf) (NIM); 2 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak. Sindh, Jacobabad, 22. iii. 2008 (Ishaque) (NIM); 2 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak. Sindh, Sukkar, 24. iii. 2008 (Ishaque) (NIM); 1 ♂ 2 ♀ Pak. AJK, Mangla, 22. vi. 2008 (Ishaque/Zia) (NIM); 3 ♂ 2 ♀ Pak. Punjab, Murree, 31. v. 2007 (Rahim Khan) (NIM); 3 ♂ Pak. Punjab, Chiniot, 10. iii. 2008 (A. Shehzad) (NIM). Description: Body roundly oval, convex, nearly hemispherical, densely punctate. Body with seven spotted, three on each elytra and one right behind the middle of thorax. The size of the spots can vary considerably. Elytra marks patched, black. Head transverse, black with pair of yellow spots on frons near eyes. Head triangular with yellow hairs except on eye. Antennae 11 segmented with basal segment longer. Clypeus anteriorly truncate with small yellow antero-lateral projections. Eyes small with minute facets. Pronotum twice as broad as long, densely punctate pitted. Pronotum punctate, densely and finely, black with small 244 Muhammad Ashfaque, et al. Genus coccinella (coccinellidae: coleoptera) from Gilgit-Baltistan… yellow spots at anterior angles. Scutellum small, nearly equilateral, brownish black. Elytra without hairs and finely pitted. Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab short and very thick. Basal piece elongated. Median lobe much thickened, very broad at base upto 1/3rd of its length, then abruptly narrowing towards apex, deeply excavated when seen from dorsal side. Siphon:siphonal capsule bulging and thick. Parameres relatively shorter than median lobe, covered with dense long hairs on dorsal side except base. Siphonal tube long, the distal end carries sac like structure. Remarks: This is a commonly occurring species and was collected from Goharabad, Golapur, Gulmit, Jaglot, Karimabad, Kitch, Nilt nagar, Rakaposhi areas of Gilgit-Baltistan. Distribution: Cosmopolitan. Plate 3 Coccinella transversoguttata

a. Adults

b. Male genitalia

Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.29, No.2, 2013 245

4. Coccinella transversoguttata Faldermann, 1835 (Plate 4)

Coccinella transversoguttata: Faldermann, F. 1835. Coleopterorum ab ill. Bungio in China boreali, Mongolia et montibus Altaicis collectorum, nee non ab ill. Turczaninoffio et Stschukino e provincia Irkutzk missorum illustrationes. Memoires de l’Academie Imperiale des Sciences des Saint Petersbourg, 2: 177. – Mulsant, M.E. 1866. Monographie des Coccinellides. 1. Coccinelliens. Paris. 97. –Jacobson, G.G. 1916. Die Käfer Russlands und Westeuropas. Ein Handbuch zum Bestimmen der Käfer. Petrograd. 982. – Dobzhanskiy, T. 1926. Die Paläarktischen Arten der Gattung Coccinella L. Revue Russe d.Entomologie, 20: 21. –Mader, L. 1930. Evidenz der paläarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer aberrationen in Wort und Bild, I-Teil. Epilachnini, Coccinellini, Halyziini und Synonychini. Zeitschrift des Vereins der Naturbeobachter und Sammler, Wien. 5: 150. –Korschefsky, R. 1932. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Ber. 496. –Filatova, I.T. 1970. Ladybeetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellodae) of the territory in between the Ob-Yenisei rivers. Fauna Sibiri. Novosibirsk. 94. –Kuznetsov, V.N. 1972. About the fauna of the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of Pymorsky Territory. Rol nasekomyh v lesnyh biotsenozah Primorja. Vladivostok. 181. –Ivliev, L.A., Kuznetsov, V.N. and Matis, E.G. 1975. Ecological-faunistic information on the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Far Nort-East of the USSR. Entomofagi sovetskogo Dalnego Vostoka, Vladivostok. 11. –Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. 1982. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères-Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des regions Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 364. –Kuznetsov, V.N. 1984. Ecologo-faunistic survey of the Coccinelldae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Far East (pests and entomophages). Vladivostok. 29. –Bielawski, R. 1984. Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of Mongolia. Annals zoologica. Warsaw. 416. –Kuznetsov, V.N. 1992. The Coccinellidae family – lady beetles. Opredelitel nasekomyh Dalnego Vostoka SSSR. 3. Zhestkorylyje ili zhuki. Part 2. St- Petersburg. 365.

Coccinella transversalis: Mulsant, M.E. 1850. Species des Coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d’Agriculture et d’Industrie, Lyon, (2) 2: 117

Material Examined: 2 ♂, 2 ♀ Pak. GB, Skardu, 7. vi. 2003 (Ather) (NIM); 1 ♂ Pak. GB, Skardu, 12. vi. 2008 (M. Ashfaque) (NIM).

Description: Body broadly hemispherical, strongly convex, black, obsoletely punctate with small transverse spots. Head nearly inserted and not visible from above and with two pale spots on each side near eyes. Head, pronotum and elytra densely punctate. Pronotum and scutellum black with anterolateral spots on pronotum, orange. Thorax apical margin not white. Elytra dull orange with a subbasal common facia, a tranverse medial spot near hind margin and another towards apex near anterial margin. The spots black, size various ; their arrangements highly variable.

Genitalia: Phalobase: Trabshort and thick,basal piece very broad, rectangular. Median lobe longer than parameres, wide, deeply emarginated in the distal half of its length, apical part extended forming a tongue- like structure. Siphon like as that of C. septempunctata as illustrated in Plate 4.b.

Remarks: The species is highly variable in elytral marking, therefore, Leng (1920) reported that there are 11 varieities of this species in North America. Casey (1899) declared American representatives of this species as C. quinquenotata Kirby and Asiatic representatives as C. tranversoguttata Falderman. Dobzhanskiy (1926) synonymized these species under C. tranversoguttata Falderman on basis of similarity in male genitalia. He further stated that there is no difference between the two representaives except in spot 2 which is usually absent in Asiatic specimens. During present study, it was collected from Skardu. Distribution: India, China, Japan, Siberia, North America

246 Muhammad Ashfaque, et al. Genus coccinella (coccinellidae: coleoptera) from Gilgit-Baltistan…

Plate 4 Coccinella redemita

a. Adult

b. Male genitalia

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS It is concluded that four species of genus Coccinella are occurring in Gilgit-Baltistan, out of which C. septempunctata and C. transversoguttata are commonly occurring species in the area, therefore, these two species can be utilized in biological control-based IPM. Further exploration in the area may yield other species of the genus. REFERENCES Canepari, C. and S.D. Milanese. 1997. Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) from the Nepal Himalayas. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk. A. 565: 1-65. Casey, T.L. 1899. A revision of the American Coccinellidae. J. NY. Entomol. Soc. 7: 71-169. Chapin, E.A. 1965. Coleoptera, Coccinellidae. Insects of Micronesia. 16: 189-254. Crotch, G.R. 1874. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae. E.W. Janson, London. 311p. Dobzhanskiy, T. 1926. Die Paläarktischen Arten der Gattung Coccinella L. Revue Russe d.Entomologie. 20: 16-32. Dobzhanskiy, T. 1927. Neue und wenig bekannte Coccinelliden. Revue Russe d Entomologie. 21: 212-217. Dobzhanskiy, T. 1931. The North American beetles of the genus Coccinella. Proc. US National Museum, 80: 1-32. Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.29, No.2, 2013 247

Fursch, H. 1984. Die Gattung Afidentula Kapur, 1958 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Entomofana, Zeitschrift fuentomologie. 5 :335 -342. Ganglbauer, L. 1899. Die Kafer von Mitteleuropa. 3. Familienreihe Staphylinoidea, 2. Theil: Familienreihe Clavicornia. 33. Family Coccinellidae. Wien. 1046p. Inayatullah, M., A. Hayat and M.A. Rafi. 2005. Species composition, distribution and seasonal occurrence of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in District Poonch, Azad Kashmir with new records. Sarhad J. Agric. 21 : 97-100. Irshad, M. 2001. Distribution, hosts, ecology and biotic potential of coccinellids of Pakistan. Pakistan J. Biolog. Sci. 4:1259-1263. Irshad, M. 2003. Parasitoids, predators and pathogens of agricultural and forest pests of Pakistan. National IPM, National Agric. Res. Center, Islamabad. Perfect Printers, Blue Area, Islamabad. 78 p. Irshad, M. and M.R. Khan. 2005. Insect pests of plants and their parasitoids, predators and pathogens in Pakistan. PIPS (Pvt) Ltd. 72p. Jacobson, T.G. 1915. The beetles of Russia and Western Europe. St. Petersburg. 990 Kapur, A.P. 1957. Variation in the colour pattern of certain ladybird beetles from high altitudes in the Himalayas. Bullet. Nat. Inst.Sci. India. 9: 269-273. Kapur, A.P. 1958. Coccinellidae of Nepal. Records of the Indian Museum. 53: 309-338. Katakura, H., S. Nakano, S. Kahono, I. Abbas and K. Nakamura. 2001. Epilachnine ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of Sumatra and Java. Tropics. 10 : 325-352. Khan, I., S. Din, S.K. Khalil and M.A. Rafi. 2007. Survey of Predatory Coccinellidas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the Chitral District. P. J. Insect Sci. 7 Kovar, I. 1997. Revision of the genera Brumus Muls. and Exochomus Redtb. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Palaearctic region. Part I. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae.1995. 44 : 5-124. Kuznetsov, V.N. 1997. Lady beetles of the Russian Far East. Memoir No. 1. The Sand hill Crane Press, Inc. Gainesville, Finland. LeConte, J.L. 1852. Remarks upon the Coccinellidae of the United States. Proc. Acad. of Nat Sci. Philade. 6: 129-145. Leng, C.W. 1920. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, north of Mexico. Mount Vernon. New York. 217p. Majerus, M. and P. Kearns. 1989. Ladybirds Naturalists Hand Books. Univ. of Cambridge. Richmond Publish. Co. Ltd. P.O. Box 963, Slough, SL2 3RS, Eng.101p. Mulsant, E. 1846. Securipalpes. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France. l. Paris.4 380p. Mulsant, E. 1850. Species des Coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d’Agriculture et d’Industrie, Lyon. 22: 1-1104. Mulsant, E. 1866. Monographie des Coccinellides. 1re partie Coccinelliens. Paris, France. 294p. Rafi, M.A., M. Irshad and M. Inaytullah. 2005. Predatory Lady bird beetles of Pakistan. Rohani Art Press, Blue Area, Islamabad, Pakistan. 105p. Redtenbacher, L. 1844. Tentamen Dispositionis Generum et Specierum Coleopterorum Pseudotrimerorum Archiducatus Austriae. Vindobanae. 32p. Shah, Z.M. 1983. Lady bird beetles (Coccinellida: Coleoptera) of Peshawar region. M.Sc(Hons.) Thesis, Deptt. of Entomol.,Agric. Univ. Peshawar, Pakistan109p. Timberlake, P.H 1943. The Coccinellidae or lady beetles of the Koebele collection-Part I. Hawaiian Planters. Rec. 47: 1-67. Weise, J. 1885a. Beschreibung einiger Coccinelliden. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. 46: 227-242. Weise, J. 1885b. Bestimmungs-Tabellen der europäischen Coleopteren. II. Heft. Coccinellidae. II. Auflage mit Berücksichtigung der Arten aus dem nöordlichen Asien. Mod. 83p. Weise, J.1892. Les Coccinellides du Chota-Nagpore.Annales de la Société Entomologique du Belgique.36:16-30.