DOCSLIB.ORG

@ > @ Coccinula Elegantula (Col.: Coccinellidae) Agonoscena

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
@ > @ Coccinula Elegantula (Col.: Coccinellidae) Agonoscena ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 7 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 2 ، ﺳﺎل 1394 ، ( -115 129) داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴ ﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﭘﺎ 4668- 2008 ( ﻋﻠﻤﻲ- ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ) ) http://jer.iau-arak.ac.ir ﺟﻠﺪ 7 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 2 ، ﺳﺎل 1394، ( -115 129) ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي دﻣﺎﻳﻲ و ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك Coccinula elegantula (Col.: Coccinellidae) ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﭘﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ Agonoscena pistaciae (Hem.: Psylloidea) در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ * ﺣﺴﻦ ﭘﺮﻳﺶ1 ، ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﺎ ﻣﻬﺮﻧﮋاد2 ، ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﻓﻼح زاده3، ﻣﻬﺪي ﺑﺼﻴﺮت 4 4 -1 داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨ ﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ ﺟﻬﺮم، ﺟﻬﺮم، اﻳﺮان -2 داﻧﺸﻴﺎر، ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﻛﺸﻮر، رﻓﺴﻨﺠﺎن، اﻳﺮان -3 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ ﺟﻬﺮم، ﺟﻬﺮم، اﻳﺮان -4 ﻣﺮﺑﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﻛﺸﻮر، رﻓﺴﻨﺠﺎن، اﻳﺮان ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﭘﺴـﻴﻞ ﻣﻌـﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﺴـﺘﻪ Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer آﻓﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺪي ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﻛﺎري ﻫﺎي اﻳﺮان ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك Coccinula elegantula Weise ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﭘﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ دوره زﻧﺪﮔﻲ و ﺗﻠﻔﺎت ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك C. elegantula از ﺗﺨﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻇﻬﻮر ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﺪه ( داﻣﻨﻪ دﻣﺎﻳﻲ /5 17 ﺗﺎ 35 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس، رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ 5±55 درﺻﺪ و دوره روﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ 16 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ) ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه، آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻢ، ﻻرو و ﺷﻔﻴﺮه اﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ /7 11، 26/14 و 4/14 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ . آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ از ﺗﺨﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻇﻬﻮر ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ /9 14 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ زده ﺷﺪ . ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻧﻴﺎز ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﺨﻢ، ﻻرو و ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ 59، 5/ 151 و 5/59 درﺟﻪ- روز (D°) و ﺑﺮاي دوره ﻛﺎﻣﻞ زﻧﺪﮔﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه /4 256 درﺟﻪ- روز (D°) ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ زده ﺷﺪ. ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﺟﺪول زﻧﺪﮔﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه در ﺷﺮ اﻳﻂ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﺪه 0/5( ±25 درﺟﻪ ﺳﺴﻠﺴﻴﻮس، رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ 5±55 درﺻﺪ و دوره روﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ 16 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ) و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﭘﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪ . ﻧﺮخ ذاﺗﻲ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ (rm) ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﭘﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ 093/0 و ﻧﺮخ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ (λ ) 09/1 ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ . ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن دو ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﺪن ﺟﻤﻌ ﻴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﭘﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ 39/7 روز ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : Agonoscena pistaciae ،Coccinula elegantula ، ﭘﺴﺘﻪ، ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ، ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه راﺑﻂ، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ: [email protected] ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ (25/8/92) - ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ /7( 93/12) ١١ ﭘﺮﻳﺶ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي دﻣﺎﻳﻲ و ﭘﺎراﻣ ﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك Coccinula elegantula ... ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﭘﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻴﺮه ﺧﺸﻚ Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer ، آﻓﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺪي درﺧﺘﺎن ﭘﺴﺘﻪ در اﻳﺮان ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻮرم و ﺑﺎز ﺷﺪن ﺟﻮاﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺴﺘﻪ در روزﻫﺎي ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺎر در ﺑﺎغ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و ﺗﺎ زﻣﺎن رﻳﺰش ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎ در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ روي درﺧﺘﺎن ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﺣﻀﻮر دارد ( Mehrnejad, 2001 ). ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ دﺷﻤﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ راﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ Neuroptera ، Hemiptera ، Coleoptera ، Hymenoptera و رده Acari ﺑﺮاي A. pistaciae ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ & Mehrnejad, 2001, 2003, 2010; Mehrnejad & Emami, 2005; Mehrnejad) (Ueckermann, 2001; Mehrnejad et al ., 2011, 2013. ﺗﺨﻢ و ﭘﻮره ﻫﺎي ﭘﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﻃﻌﻤﻪ يا ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﺪادي از ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﻫﺎي ﻓﻌﺎل در ﺑﺎغ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ( Mehrnejad, 2010 .) ﺣﻀﻮر و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﻫﺎ روي درﺧﺘﺎن ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ در ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ در ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﻛﺎري ﻫﺎي اﻳﺮان ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي 8 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﻫﺎي ﻓﻌﺎل در ﺑﺎغ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ (Mehrnejad, 2010; Mehrnejad et al ., 2011) . ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ دﻣ ﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ زﻧﺪه و ﻣ ﻮ ﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﺸﺮات، ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ و دﺷﻤﻨﺎن ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ آ ن ﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ. رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺸﺮات در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ از دﻣﺎ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد . از ﻣﻴﺎن ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ را در ﻧﺮخ رﺷﺪ ﺣﺸﺮات اﻳﻔﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ زﻳﺮا ﺣﺸﺮات ﺧﻮﻧﺴﺮد ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ( Pedigo, 1999 ). ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳ ﺸﮕﺎه، دﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل اﺳﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﺛﺮ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت روي رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات، ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﺪه ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد ( Hodek, 1973 ). آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ و ﻧﻴﺰ دﻣﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ، ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ رﺷﺪي ﻫﺮ آﻓﺖ و دﺷﻤﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ آن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي اﺳ ﺖ (Huffaker et al ., 1999). در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ دﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ رﺷﺪ و ﺗﻠﻔﺎت ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات زﻧﺪه و از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺣﺸﺮات، ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد . در اﻳﻦ راﺑﻄﻪ، آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ (Lower developmental threshold) ، دﻣﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ رﺷﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد زﻧﺪه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻴﺴﺖ . در اﻳﻦ دﻣ ﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد زﻧﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪت ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ زﻧﺪه ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ وﻟﻲ رﺷﺪ ﻧﺪارد ﻳﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ رﺷﺪ آن ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻨﺪ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي رﺷﺪ ﺣﺸﺮه اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ . اﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ و ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ، ﻧﺮخ رﺷﺪ ﺣﺸﺮه ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪرﻳﺞ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ . در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ، ﻧﺮخ رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺧﻂ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ و ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺰول ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ . ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ، دﻣﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺮخ رﺷﺪ ﺷﺮوع ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ( Mehrnejad, 2001 ) . از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎ و رﺷﺪ ﺣﺸﺮه ﺑﻪ آن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ د، ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻧﻴﺎز ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ (Thermal constant) ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ از رﺷﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد زﻧﺪه را ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ((Degree Day (ºD) ﻳﺎ روز- درﺟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ و ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس روز- درﺟﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد (Mehrnejad, 2001) . ﺟﺪول زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺷﺮح ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻲ از رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ، ﺑ ﻘﺎ و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮد ﻳﺎ اﻓﺮاد ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺟﺪول زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد (rm ) ﻳﺎ ﻧﺮخ ذاﺗﻲ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮ در ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ دﺷﻤﻨﺎن ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲ رود ( Horn, 1988 ). ). ﻛﻔﺸﺪوز ك C. elegantula ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﭘﺴﻴﻞ ﺧﻮار ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ Mehrnejad, 2010; Mehrnejad et) (al ., 2011 در ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎل اﻃﻼﻋﺎت اﻧﺪﻛﻲ در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ زﻧﺪﮔﻲ آن در ﺑﺎغ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺴﺘﻪ وﺟﻮد دارد . ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ . ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ وﻳﮋ ﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و رﻓﺘﺎري اﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ در ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﭘﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﺣﺎﻳﺰ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ١١ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 7 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 2 ، ﺳﺎل 1394 ، ( -115 129) ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك C. elegantula ﺑﺎ روش ﺿﺮﺑﻪ زﻧﻲ از روي درﺧﺘﺎن ﭘﺴﺘﻪ در ﺣﻮﻣﻪ رﻓﺴﻨﺠﺎن ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪ و ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . اﺑﺘﺪا، ﭘﻨﺞ ﻧﺴﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ از آن روي ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﭘﺴﻴﻞ و در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﺪه ﭘﺮورش داده ﺷﺪ و از ﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﻌﺪي در آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . در آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎ از دﻳﺴﻚ ﺑﺮگ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ( Mehrnejad, 1998) ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺮورش و آﻣﺎر ﺑﺮداري از ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻬﻴﻪ دﻳﺴﻚ ﺑﺮگ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﺑ، ﺮگ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺎزه ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺘﺮي دﻳﺶ ( 52 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ) ﺑﺮش داده .ﺷﺪ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎ از ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ، در ﭘﺘﺮي روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ آﮔﺎر 0/8 درﺻﺪ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﺮگ، ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ آﮔﺎر ﺎﺗ ﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد . از دﻳﺴﻚ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺗﺨﻢ ﮔﺬاري ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺣ ﺸﺮه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ و ﻻرو ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮره ﻫﺎي ﭘﺴﻴﻞ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . 10 ﻋﺪد از اﻳﻦ ﭘﺘﺮي (ﻫﺎ دﻳﺴﻚ ﺑﺮگ ) درون ﻇﺮف ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺷﻔﺎف و ﺳﻔﻴﺪ رﻧﮓ ﺑﻪ اﺑﻌﺎد ×20 25 و ﺑﻪ ارﺗﻔﺎع 10 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪ ﻧﺪ . روي ﺳﺮﭘﻮش ﻇﺮوف ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ، ﺳﻮراﺧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ 3 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮر ﻇﺮﻳﻒ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪه ﺷﺪ ه ﺑﻮد. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺎﺗ ﻣﻴﻦ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ در ﺣﺪود -50 60 درﺻﺪ، ﻳﻚ ﻟﻴﻮان ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺣﺎوي 30 ﮔﺮم ﻧﻤﻚ ﻧﻴﺘﺮات ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ در ﻇﺮوف ﻗﺮار داده ﻣﻲ .ﺷﺪ ﻟﻴﻮان ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﻧﻴﺘﺮات ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ در ﻫﺮ 24 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻣﻲﮔ ﺮدﻳﺪ . ﻇﺮوف ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ در آن ﻫﺎ دﻳﺴﻚ ﺑﺮگ ﻗﺮار داﺷﺖ در اﺗﺎﻗﻚ ر ﺷﺪ (Growth chamber) و در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﺪه ( دﻣﺎي C° 0/5 ± 25 ، رﻃﻮﺑﺖ 5±55 درﺻﺪ و دوره روﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ 16 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ 8و ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺗﺎرﻳﻜﻲ) ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ. ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻳﺠﺎد ﻛﻠﻨﻲ و ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﻫﺎ ، ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮره ﻫﺎي ﭘﺴﻴﻞ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ روزاﻧﻪ از ﺑﺎغ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮ ﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪ. و در آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﺼﺮف ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك در اﺑﺘﺪا ﻳ ﻚ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﻢ ﺳﻦ و ﻫﻢ اﻧﺪازه از ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر 10 ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﻣﺎده ﺟﻔﺖ ﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﺮده اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ روي دﻳﺴﻚ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﭘﺲ از 12 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﻫﺎ ، ﺑﻪ ﭘﺘﺮي ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺘ ﻘﻞ ﺪﺷ .ﻧﺪ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻧﻴﺰ داﺧﻞ ﻫﻤﺎن دﻳﺴﻚ ﺑﺮگ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﺪه ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﻫﺮ 12 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ دﻳﺴﻚ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻔﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎدداﺷﺖ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ دوره ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﺨﻢ و درﺻﺪ ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﻴﺮ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ . ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻔﺮﻳﺦ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎ، ﻻروﻫﺎي ﺳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘ ﻔﺎده از ﻗﻠﻢ ﻣﻮي ﻧﺮم روي دﻳﺴﻚ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻘ ﻞ و دوره رﺷﺪ آن ﻫﺎ از زﻣﺎن ﺗﻔﺮﻳﺦ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺗﺎ اﺑﺘﺪاي دوره ﺷﻔﻴﺮﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان دوره رﺷﺪ وﻧﻤﻮ ﻻرو ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪ . روزاﻧﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از دﻳﺴﻚ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ در ﻳﻚ زﻣﺎن ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺎزدﻳﺪ و ﻻرو ﺑﻪ دﻳﺴﻚ ﺑﺮگ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪ و ﺑﺮگ ﺗﺎزه ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮره ﭘﺴﻴﻞ در دﻳﺴﻚ ﺑﺮگ در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻻرو ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﻴﺮ ﻻروﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻻروي ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎدداﺷﺖ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻻروي و ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪن ﻻروﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮگ ،ﻫﺎ ﻃﻮل دوره ﺷﻔﻴﺮﮔﻲ در داﺧﻞ ﭘﺘﺮي ﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون ﺑﺮگ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ و داراي ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ، رﺑﺮ ﺳﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳ .ﺪ ﻇﺮوف ﺣﺎوي ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك دو ﻧﻮﺑﺖ در روز ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺎزدﻳﺪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و زﻣﺎن ﻇﻬﻮر ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ و ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﻴﺮ ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎدداﺷﺖ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. وزن ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪه ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮازوي ﺣﺴﺎس ( ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻳﻜﺼﺪ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﮔﺮم ) اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﺪ . ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻻك ﻧﺎﺧﻦ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻧﺮ و ﻣﺎده را ﻧﺸﺎن دار ﻛﺮده و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺣﺸﺮات ﻧﺮ و ﻣﺎده ﻧﺸﺎن دار، ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﻫﺎي ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪه ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Studies of the Laboulbeniomycetes: Diversity, Evolution, and Patterns of Speciation
    Studies of the Laboulbeniomycetes: Diversity, Evolution, and Patterns of Speciation The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:40049989 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA ! STUDIES OF THE LABOULBENIOMYCETES: DIVERSITY, EVOLUTION, AND PATTERNS OF SPECIATION A dissertation presented by DANNY HAELEWATERS to THE DEPARTMENT OF ORGANISMIC AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Biology HARVARD UNIVERSITY Cambridge, Massachusetts April 2018 ! ! © 2018 – Danny Haelewaters All rights reserved. ! ! Dissertation Advisor: Professor Donald H. Pfister Danny Haelewaters STUDIES OF THE LABOULBENIOMYCETES: DIVERSITY, EVOLUTION, AND PATTERNS OF SPECIATION ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1: Laboulbeniales is one of the most morphologically and ecologically distinct orders of Ascomycota. These microscopic fungi are characterized by an ectoparasitic lifestyle on arthropods, determinate growth, lack of asexual state, high species richness and intractability to culture. DNA extraction and PCR amplification have proven difficult for multiple reasons. DNA isolation techniques and commercially available kits are tested enabling efficient and rapid genetic analysis of Laboulbeniales fungi. Success rates for the different techniques on different taxa are presented and discussed in the light of difficulties with micromanipulation, preservation techniques and negative results. CHAPTER 2: The class Laboulbeniomycetes comprises biotrophic parasites associated with arthropods and fungi.
    [Show full text]
  • Genus Coccinella (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera)
    Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.29, No.2, 2013 GENUS COCCINELLA (COCCINELLIDAE: COLEOPTERA) FROM GILGIT- BALTISTAN WITH TWO NEW RECORDS FROM PAKISTAN MUHAMMAD ASHFAQUE1*, FARMAN ULLAH2 and MUHAMMAD ATHER RAFI1 1 Institute of Plant and Enviromental Protection, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad – Pakistan. 2 Department of Plant Protection, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar – Pakistan. *Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The genus Coccinella from Gilgit-Baltistan was revised and four species were confirmed. Coccinella iranica and C. redemita are reported here as new records for Pakistan. Diagnostic characters of each species are given along with colour markings of elytra and detail structure of genitalia. Remarks pertaining to taxonomic discussion, history, taxonomy status and regional record of distribution are given for each species. Keywords: Coccinella, Coccinellid beetles, ladybird beetles, Coccinellinae, Coccinellidae, New records, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan Citation: Ashfaque. M.., F. Ullah and M. A. Rafi. 2013. Genus coccinella (coccinellidae: coleoptera) from gilgit-baltistan with two new records from Pakistan. Sarhad J. Agric. 29(2): 239-247 INTRODUCTION It is interesting that Linnaeus – the great naturalist’s first zoological contribution to the nomenclature was on Coccinella. He described this genus in 1758 with its 36 European representatives. Laterille put this genus under newly established Coccinellidae. Later on, Europen taxonomists did intensive work on this group of insects, notably Mulsant (1846, 1850 and 1866); Redtenbacher (1843); LeConte (1852); Crotch (1874); Weise (1885a,b; 1892 and 1900) and Ganglbauer (1899). The members of genus Coccinella Linnaeus, 1758 are aphidophagous and principally distributed in the Holarctic region with only a few species in the Oriental and/or Australian regions (Kovar, 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • International Conference Integrated Control in Citrus Fruit Crops
    IOBC / WPRS Working Group „Integrated Control in Citrus Fruit Crops“ International Conference on Integrated Control in Citrus Fruit Crops Proceedings of the meeting at Catania, Italy 5 – 7 November 2007 Edited by: Ferran García-Marí IOBC wprs Bulletin Bulletin OILB srop Vol. 38, 2008 The content of the contributions is in the responsibility of the authors The IOBC/WPRS Bulletin is published by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants, West Palearctic Regional Section (IOBC/WPRS) Le Bulletin OILB/SROP est publié par l‘Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique et Intégrée contre les Animaux et les Plantes Nuisibles, section Regionale Ouest Paléarctique (OILB/SROP) Copyright: IOBC/WPRS 2008 The Publication Commission of the IOBC/WPRS: Horst Bathon Luc Tirry Julius Kuehn Institute (JKI), Federal University of Gent Research Centre for Cultivated Plants Laboratory of Agrozoology Institute for Biological Control Department of Crop Protection Heinrichstr. 243 Coupure Links 653 D-64287 Darmstadt (Germany) B-9000 Gent (Belgium) Tel +49 6151 407-225, Fax +49 6151 407-290 Tel +32-9-2646152, Fax +32-9-2646239 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Address General Secretariat: Dr. Philippe C. Nicot INRA – Unité de Pathologie Végétale Domaine St Maurice - B.P. 94 F-84143 Montfavet Cedex (France) ISBN 978-92-9067-212-8 http://www.iobc-wprs.org Organizing Committee of the International Conference on Integrated Control in Citrus Fruit Crops Catania, Italy 5 – 7 November, 2007 Gaetano Siscaro1 Lucia Zappalà1 Giovanna Tropea Garzia1 Gaetana Mazzeo1 Pompeo Suma1 Carmelo Rapisarda1 Agatino Russo1 Giuseppe Cocuzza1 Ernesto Raciti2 Filadelfo Conti2 Giancarlo Perrotta2 1Dipartimento di Scienze e tecnologie Fitosanitarie Università degli Studi di Catania 2Regione Siciliana Assessorato Agricoltura e Foreste Servizi alla Sviluppo Integrated Control in Citrus Fruit Crops IOBC/wprs Bulletin Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of Ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Are the Subfamilies Monophyletic?
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54 (2010) 833–848 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Phylogeny of ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Are the subfamilies monophyletic? A. Magro a,b,1, E. Lecompte b,c,*,1, F. Magné b,c, J.-L. Hemptinne a,b, B. Crouau-Roy b,c a Université de Toulouse, ENFA, EDB (Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique), 2 route de Narbonne, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France b CNRS, EDB (Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique), F-31062 Toulouse, France c Université de Toulouse, UPS, EDB (Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France article info abstract Article history: The Coccinellidae (ladybirds) is a highly speciose family of the Coleoptera. Ladybirds are well known Received 20 April 2009 because of their use as biocontrol agents, and are the subject of many ecological studies. However, little Revised 15 October 2009 is known about phylogenetic relationships of the Coccinellidae, and a precise evolutionary framework is Accepted 16 October 2009 needed for the family. This paper provides the first phylogenetic reconstruction of the relationships Available online 10 November 2009 within the Coccinellidae based on analysis of five genes: the 18S and 28S rRNA nuclear genes and the mitochondrial 12S, 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes. The phylogenetic relation- Keywords: ships of 67 terminal taxa, representative of all the subfamilies of the Coccinellidae (61 species, 37 genera), Phylogeny and relevant outgroups, were reconstructed using multiple approaches, including Bayesian inference Coccinellidae Partitioned analyses with partitioning strategies. The recovered phylogenies are congruent and show that the Coccinellinae Evolution is monophyletic but the Coccidulinae, Epilachninae, Scymninae and Chilocorinae are paraphyletic.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Study on Ladybird Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Fauna of Tando Jam, Sindh
    INT. J. BIOL. BIOTECH., 13 (1): 43-47, 2016. TAXONOMIC STUDY ON LADYBIRD BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) FAUNA OF TANDO JAM, SINDH Raheem Bux Mashori1*, Imran Khatri1, Maqsood Anwar Rustamani1, Nazeer Ahmed Panhwar1 and Zubair Ahmed2 1Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, 2Department of Zoology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, Karachi Corresponding Author: Raheem Bux Mashori; Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Coccinellid beetles were collected from various localities of Tandojam, Sindh. This study indicated the occurrence of nine species belonging to three subfamilies of family Coccinellidae. 1. Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1781) | 2. Hippodamia variegata (Goeze, 1777) | Tribe – Coccinellini Latreile, 1807 of subfamily 3. Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758 | Coccinellinae Latreile, 1807 4. Coccinella transversalis Fabricius, 1781 | 5. Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus 1758 | 6. Harmonia axyridis Tytthaspis 16-punctata (Pallas, 1773) | 7. Bulaea lichatschovi (Hummel 1827) - Tribe Bulaeini Savoyskaya, 1969 of subfamily Coccinellinae Latreile, 1807 8. Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius, 1798) - Tribe Chilocorini Mulsant, 1846 of subfamily Chilocorinae Mulsant, 1846 9. Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius, 1775) - Tribe Epilachnini Mulsant 1846 of subfamily Epilachninae Mulsant 1846. Key words: Coccinellidae, Tando Jam, ladybird beetles INTRODUCTION The family Coccinellidae, designated as Ladybirds or Ladybugs (Kovar, 1996; Hunt et al., 2007). The Coccinellid (latin word) means "scarlet" (Brown, 2007). The name "ladybird" originated in Britain where the insects became known as 'Our Lady's bird' or the Lady beetle (Samaha, 2010). It is interesting that Linnaeus – the great naturalist’s first zoological contribution to the nomenclature was on Coccinella. He described this genus in 1758 with its 36 European representatives. Laterille put this genus under newly established Coccinellidae.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Biodiversity of Ladybirds (Coccinellidae) at the Black Sea Coast of the Russian Caucasus in the Last 120 Years—
    insects Article History of the Biodiversity of Ladybirds (Coccinellidae) at the Black Sea Coast of the Russian Caucasus in the Last 120 Years—Does the Landscape Transformation and Establishment of Harmonia axyridis Have an Impact? Andrzej O. Bie ´nkowskiand Marina J. Orlova-Bienkowskaja * A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 October 2020; Accepted: 21 November 2020; Published: 23 November 2020 Simple Summary: Studies of the history of regional insect fauna are important for understanding the changes in ecosystems and are therefore crucial for conservation decisions. The harlequin ladybird is a global invader that causes the decline of native ladybirds in some countries. Therefore, it is advisable to monitor the ladybird fauna in regions recently occupied by this species. We analyzed the dynamics of the fauna at the main sea resort of Russia over a period of 120 years to determine the following: (1) how the ladybird biodiversity changed during the intensive landscape transformation; (2) what alien species introduced for pest control have occurred to date; and (3) what the impact is of the harlequin ladybird on the ladybird fauna. We examined specimens collected by us and 54 other collectors including specimens from old museum collections and reconstructed the history of the biodiversity like a picture from puzzle pieces. Surprisingly, landscape transformation did not cause a decrease but rather an increase in ladybird biodiversity; most of the species recorded before 1930 have occurred to date, and 23 other species have spread to the region.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Checklist of Ladybeetle Species (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) of Portugal, Including the Azores and Madeira Archipelagos
    ZooKeys 1053: 107–144 (2021) A peer-reviewed open-access journal doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1053.64268 RESEARCH ARTICLE https://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research An annotated checklist of ladybeetle species (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) of Portugal, including the Azores and Madeira Archipelagos António Onofre Soares1, Hugo Renato Calado2, José Carlos Franco3, António Franquinho Aguiar4, Miguel M. Andrade5, Vera Zina3, Olga M.C.C. Ameixa6, Isabel Borges1, Alexandra Magro7,8 1 Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and Azorean Biodiversity Group, Faculty of Sci- ences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321, Ponta Delgada, Portugal 2 Azorean Biodiversity Group, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Portugal 3 Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal 4 Laboratório de Qualidade Agrícola, Caminho Municipal dos Caboucos, 61, 9135-372, Camacha, Madeira, Portugal 5 Rua das Virtudes, Barreiros Golden I, Bloco I, R/C B, 9000-645, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal 6 Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal 7 Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité biologique, UMR 5174 CNRS, UPS, IRD, 118 rt de Narbonne Bt 4R1, 31062, Toulouse cedex 9, France 8 University of Toulouse – ENSFEA, 2 rt de Narbonne, Castanet-Tolosan, France Corresponding author: António Onofre Soares ([email protected]) Academic editor: J. Poorani | Received 10 February 2021 | Accepted 24 April 2021 | Published 2 August 2021 http://zoobank.org/79A20426-803E-47D6-A5F9-65C696A2E386 Citation: Soares AO, Calado HR, Franco JC, Aguiar AF, Andrade MM, Zina V, Ameixa OMCC, Borges I, Magro A (2021) An annotated checklist of ladybeetle species (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) of Portugal, including the Azores and Madeira Archipelagos.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogeny Reveals Food Plasticity in the Evolution of True Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini) Hermes E
    Escalona et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2017) 17:151 DOI 10.1186/s12862-017-1002-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Molecular phylogeny reveals food plasticity in the evolution of true ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini) Hermes E. Escalona1,2, Andreas Zwick2, Hao-Sen Li3,JiahuiLi4, Xingmin Wang5,HongPang3, Diana Hartley2, Lars S. Jermiin6,Oldřich Nedvěd7,8,BernhardMisof1, Oliver Niehuis9,AdamŚlipiński2 and Wioletta Tomaszewska10* Abstract Background: The tribe Coccinellini is a group of relatively large ladybird beetles that exhibits remarkable morphological and biological diversity. Many species are aphidophagous, feeding as larvae and adults on aphids, but some species also feed on other hemipterous insects (i.e., heteropterans, psyllids, whiteflies), beetle and moth larvae, pollen, fungal spores, and even plant tissue. Several species are biological control agents or widespread invasive species (e.g., Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)). Despite the ecological importance of this tribe, relatively little is known about the phylogenetic relationships within it. The generic concepts within the tribe Coccinellini are unstable and do not reflect a natural classification, being largely based on regional revisions. This impedes the phylogenetic study of important traits of Coccinellidae at a global scale (e.g. the evolution of food preferences and biogeography). Results: We present the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Coccinellini to date, based on three nuclear and one mitochondrial gene sequences of 38 taxa, which represent all major Coccinellini lineages. The phylogenetic reconstruction supports the monophyly of Coccinellini and its sister group relationship to Chilocorini. Within Coccinellini, three major clades were recovered that do not correspond to any previously recognised divisions, questioning the traditional differentiation between Halyziini, Discotomini, Tytthaspidini, and Singhikaliini.
    [Show full text]
  • Parasites of Harmonia Axyridis: Current Research and Perspectives
    BioControl DOI 10.1007/s10526-016-9766-8 REVIEW Parasites of Harmonia axyridis: current research and perspectives Danny Haelewaters . Serena Y. Zhao . Susana Clusella-Trullas . Ted E. Cottrell . Andre´ De Kesel . Luka´sˇ Fiedler . Annette Herz . Helen Hesketh . Cang Hui . Regina G. Kleespies . John E. Losey . Ingrid A. Minnaar . Katie M. Murray . Oldrˇich Nedveˇd . Walter P. Pfliegler . C. Lidwien Raak-van den Berg . Eric W. Riddick . David I. Shapiro-Ilan . Rebecca R. Smyth . Tove Steenberg . Paul S. van Wielink . Sandra Vigla´sˇova´ . Zihua Zhao . Piotr Ceryngier . Helen E. Roy Received: 10 March 2016 / Accepted: 27 September 2016 Ó International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) 2016 Abstract Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) study presents a review of the parasites of H. axyridis, has been introduced widely for biological control of discussing their distributions and effects on host populations agricultural pests. Harmonia axyridis has established in four across the host’s native and invasive range. These parasites continents outside of its native range in Asia and it is are: Hesperomyces virescens Thaxt. fungi, Coccipolipus considered an invasive alien species (IAS). Despite a large hippodamiae (McDaniel and Morrill) mites, and Parasity- body of work on invasion ecology, establishment mecha- lenchus bifurcatus Poinar and Steenberg nematodes. nisms of IAS and their interactions with natural enemies remain open questions. Parasites, defined as multicellular Keywords Coccipolipus hippodamiae Á Enemy organisms that do not directly kill the host, could potentially release hypothesis Á Harmonia axyridis Á play an important role in regulating host populations. This Hesperomyces virescens Á Parasites Á Parasitylenchus bifurcatus Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10526-016-9766-8) contains supple- mentary material, which is available to authorized users.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Coccinellidae in Ecological Compensation Areas of Italy and Overlap with Maize Pollen Shedding Period
    Bulletin of Insectology 69 (1): 49-57, 2016 ISSN 1721-8861 Diversity of Coccinellidae in Ecological Compensation Areas of Italy and overlap with maize pollen shedding period 1 1 2 3 3 Francesco LAMI , Antonio MASETTI , Ulderico NERI , Matteo LENER , Giovanni STAIANO , Salvatore 4 1 ARPAIA , Giovanni BURGIO 1Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie - Entomologia, Università di Bologna, Italy 2CRA-RPS, Centro di Ricerca per lo Studio delle relazioni fra pianta e suolo, Roma, Italy 3ISPRA, Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, Roma, Italy 4ENEA, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile, Trisaia di Rotondella, Matera, Italy Abstract Ladybird beetles (Coleoptera Coccinellidae) are important predators of aphids and other crop pests, and there is great interest in their conservation in agroecosystems. Bt-maize, genetically engineered to express insecticidal Cry proteins, is regarded as a taxon-specific way of controlling pests, but some concerns have been raised about the possibility of unintended negative effects on non-target organisms, including coccinellids. One of the possible routes of exposure of ladybird beetles to Cry toxins is by feeding on maize pollen, as for many species pollen is an important integrative food source. In this study, coccinellid adults were sampled by sweep netting in Ecological Compensation Areas (ECAs) in three sites of Northern and Central Italy, where conven- tional maize cultivars are grown (Bt-maize is currently forbidden for commercial cultivation in Italy). The coccinellid communi- ties were sampled during and around the typical flowering periods of maize in order to check their diversity and their overlap with pollen shedding.
    [Show full text]
  • Ladybird Beetles Fauna (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Republic of Mordovia, Russia
    BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 20, Number 2, February 2019 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 316-327 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200203 Ladybird beetles fauna (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Republic of Mordovia, Russia ALEXANDER B. RUCHIN1,♥, LEONID V. EGOROV1,2,, GENNADY B. SEMISHIN1 1Joint Directorate of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve and National Park "Smolny". Saransk, Dachnyi Lane, 4, 430011, Russia. ♥email: [email protected] 2State Nature Reserve «Prisursky», Lesnoi, 9, Cheboksary, 428034, Russia. email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 25 December 2018. Revision accepted: 8 January 2019. Abstract. Ruchin AB, Egorov LV, Semishin GB. 2019. Ladybird beetles fauna (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Republic of Mordovia, Russia. Biodiversitas 20: 316-327. The paper presents the first overview of Coccinellidae fauna of the Republic of Mordovia, Russia. Nowadays 46 species are reliably known in Mordovia. Of these, three species have firstly been registered in the Republic of Mordovia in recent years, namely Nephus bipunctatus, Hyperaspis erythrocephala, and Oenopia conglobata. In addition, three species were recommended to be excluded from the list of regional fauna. Keywords: Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, distribution, biology, population, ladybird beetles, Russia, Republic of Mordovia INTRODUCTION 2007; Khan and Yoldas 2018). On the other hand, few Coccinellidae species are considered as invasive beetles Biodiversity is a data-intense science, drawing as it causing visible damage to agriculture (Kajita et al. 2000; does on data from a large number of disciplines in order to Mizell 2007; Soares et al. 2008; Orlova-Bienkowskaja and build up a coherent picture of the extent and trajectory of Bieńkowski 2017). life on earth (Grebennikov 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • And Beetle (Coleoptera) Assemblages in Meadow Steppes of Central European Russia
    15/2 • 2016, 113–132 DOI: 10.1515/hacq-2016-0019 Effect of summer fire on cursorial spider (Aranei) and beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages in meadow steppes of Central European Russia Nina Polchaninova1,*, Mikhail Tsurikov2 & Andrey Atemasov3 Key words: arthropod assemblage, Abstract Galich’ya Gora, meadow steppe, Fire is an important structuring force for grassland ecosystems. Despite increased summer fire. incidents of fire in European steppes, their impact on arthropod communities is still poorly studied. We assessed short-term changes in cursorial beetle and Ključne besede: združba spider assemblages after a summer fire in the meadow steppe in Central European členonožcev, Galičija Gora, Russia. The responses of spider and beetle assemblages to the fire event were travniška stepa, poletni požar. different. In the first post-fire year, the same beetle species dominated burnt and unburnt plots, the alpha-diversity of beetle assemblages was similar, and there were no pronounced changes in the proportions of trophic groups. Beetle species richness and activity density increased in the second post-fire year, while that of the spiders decreased. The spider alpha-diversity was lowest in the first post- fire year, and the main dominants were pioneer species. In the second year, the differences in spider species composition and activity density diminished. The main conclusion of our study is that the large-scale intensive summer fire caused no profound changes in cursorial beetle and spider assemblages of this steppe plot. Mitigation of the fire effect is explained by the small plot area, its location at the edge of the fire site and the presence of adjacent undisturbed habitats with herbaceous vegetation.
    [Show full text]