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An Innovative Approach for Measuring the Digital Divide in Israel: Digital Trace Data As Means for Formulating Policy Guidelines

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An Innovative Approach for Measuring the Digital Divide in Israel: Digital Trace Data As Means for Formulating Policy Guidelines Society Society Education An Innovative Approach for Economy Measuring the Digital Divide in Israel: Science & Technology Digital Trace Data as Means Environment for Formulating Policy & Energy Guidelines Long-term Planning Professor Sheizaf Rafaeli Industry Dr. Eran Leck & Innovation Dr. Yael Albo Physical Yael Oppenheim Infrastructure Dr. Daphne Getz Health Human Capital Higher Education Tel. 972-4-8292329 | Fax. 97-4-8231889 Technion - Israel Institute of Technology July Technion City, Haifa 3200003, Israel 2018 www.neaman.org.il An Innovative Approach for Measuring the Digital Divide in Israel: Digital Trace Data as Means for Formulating Policy Guidelines Final Report The Samuel Neaman Institute for National Policy Research Researchers: Professor Sheizaf Rafaeli Dr. Eran Leck Dr. Yael Albo Yael Oppenheim Dr. Daphne Getz Haifa, July, 2018 ABOUT THE SAMUEL NEAMAN INSTITUTE The Samuel Neaman Institute was established in 1978 in the Technion at Mr. Samuel Neaman’s initiative. It is an independent multi-disciplinary national policy research institute. The activity of the institute is focused on issues in science and technology, education, economy and industry, physical infrastructure and social development which determine Israel’s national resilience. National policy research and surveys are executed at the Samuel Neaman Institute and their conclusions and recommendations serve the decision makers at various levels. The policy research is conducted by the faculty and staff of the Technion and scientists from other institutions in Israel and abroad and specialist from the industry. The research team is chosen according to their professional qualifications and life achievements. In many cases the research is conducted by cooperation with governmental offices and in some cases at the initiative of the Samuel Neaman institute and without direct participation of governmental offices. So far, the Samuel Neaman Institute has performed hundreds of exploratory national policy research projects and surveys that serve decision makers and professionals in economy and government. In particular the institute plays an important leading role in outlining Israel’s national policies in science, technology and higher education. Furthermore, the Institute supports national projects, such as the Ministry of Industry, Trade & Labor clusters - the MAGNET program in nano-technologies, media, optics and communication, chemistry, energy, environmental and social projects of national importance. The institute organizes also comprehensive seminars in its leading fields of research. The Samuel Neaman Institute’s various projects and activities can be viewed at the Institute website. The chairman of Samuel Neaman Institute is Professor Zehev Tadmor and the director is Professor Moshe Sidi. The institute operates within the framework of a budget funded by Mr. Samuel Neaman in order to incorporate Israel’s scientific technological economic and social advancement. ___________________________________________________________________ No part of this publication is to be reproduced without written and in advance permission from the Samuel Neaman Institute, except for quoting short passages in review articles and similar publications with explicit reference to the source. The opinions and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Samuel Neaman Institute. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ i Hebrew Executive Summary ........................................................................................... 1 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ 6 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1: Literature Review ......................................................................................... 13 International Assessment of Digital Divide ................................................................. 13 Domestic Assessment of Digital Divide ...................................................................... 15 Socio-demographic and Content Usage Attributes of the Digital Divide ..................... 17 Using Digital Trace and “Big Data” for Measuring Digital Gaps .................................. 19 Visualizing the Digital Divide ...................................................................................... 20 Chapter 2: Methodology ................................................................................................ 21 Research Goal and Objectives .................................................................................. 21 Research Motivation and Contribution ....................................................................... 21 Research Questions .................................................................................................. 22 Research Population and Data .................................................................................. 23 Research Workplan and Methods .............................................................................. 26 Chapter 3: Analyzing the Digital Divide in Israel: What do digital traces tell? ................ 28 Socio-demographic Aspects of the Digital Divide in Israel .......................................... 28 Digital Gaps Reflected by Usage Volume ............................................................... 28 Modeling the Relationship between Socio-demographic Attributes and Usage Volume ................................................................................................................... 33 Digital Gaps Reflected by Internet Content Diversity .............................................. 34 Digital Gaps Reflected by Differences in Content Usage ........................................ 36 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 54 Chapter 4 - Triangulation of Digital Trace Data: The Social Rights Realization Case Study ............................................................................................................................. 58 Social Rights Data ..................................................................................................... 59 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 61 Findings ..................................................................................................................... 62 Gender and Age Differences Story ............................................................................ 63 The “Mediators Story” ................................................................................................ 65 The “How-much Story” ............................................................................................... 66 The “Time Range” Story ............................................................................................ 67 The “Naming Story” ................................................................................................... 68 The Social Media Story .............................................................................................. 69 The “Buzz” Story ........................................................................................................ 71 Chapter 5 - Visualization of the Digital Divide Using Trace Data ................................... 74 Trace Data in the Digital divide Context ..................................................................... 74 Multidimensionality ................................................................................................. 75 Time-Oriented Data ................................................................................................ 76 Multiple-Source Data .............................................................................................. 77 Visualization Tools Used in the Current Research ..................................................... 78 SimilarWeb ............................................................................................................. 78 Google Analytics (GA) ............................................................................................ 79 Challenges in the Visualization of Trace data in the Digital Divide Context ................ 83 Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusions .......................................................................... 85 Chapter 7: Limitations, Contributions and Policy Implications ........................................ 88 The Limitations of the Research ................................................................................ 88 The Contributions of the Research ............................................................................ 89 Policy Implications ..................................................................................................... 90 List of References ......................................................................................................... 95 List of Figures Figure 1: Research work plan ........................................................................................ 27 Figure 2: Usage volume distribution (visits), breakdown by age and device type ........... 32 Figure 3: Usage volume distribution
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