Cl>J:.IFOENLA. STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE
ECOLOGY OF FERAL HOUSE CATS (Fel-i.s domestiaa) _,,;>_
ON
SANTA CATALINA ISLAND, CP.LIFOfu~I.A
A thesis submitted in partial satisfa.etion of the reqhi:cements for the degree of }laster of Science in
BIOLOGY
by
Paul David Lonquich
August, 1979 The Thesis of Paul David Lonquich is approved:
----- George F. Fis~
~h~ R. Swanson
Andrew Starrett, Committee Chairman
California State University, Northridge
ii p '
AC1..'NOWl.EDGMENTS
The many years I have spent at California State University) North ridge have been most :memorable; in fact 313 has been my second home.
I am deeply grateful to Dr. Starrett and Dr. Fisler for providing me with a >vork ar.ea and many stimulating conversations. The many friend-· ships vihich developed in the .i.ab Hill be long remembered~ but special appreciation goes out to Stephan C. Lenchner and Chuck Bufalino, each of whom helped me in their own special way.
I would also like to thank by committee for their help in preparing and reviewing this thesis. I extend thanks to Dr. Andrew Starrett for serving as my tl1esis committee chairman~ his help on this project is greatly appr.eciated and his friendship will always be cherished. Profes sors George F:isler and John Sw2nson, the other members of my comm.i.ttee, demonstrated great guidance and patience over the Eemesters which helped me townrd the completion of this thesis. For statistical advice and help with the computer analysis, I thank John S"1anson, Davi.d Hull, and
Bruce GE:lvin. I would be remiss not to mention the staff of the Biology department. Robert Botts and Pam-Friedman in the stockroom have gone out of their w.ay many times to help me acquire the necessary equi.pment~ and in the office Sarah Yucht and Grace Davis have always been helpful, for this I am most grateful. A special thanks to Dr. Keneth Jones who arranged for m•e to receive cats from the Rest Valley P...nimal Shelter.
Without t.he support and help from the Santa Catalina Island Con servancy this project would not have been possible. Mr~ A. Douglas
Probst and. th2 staff of the conservancy were helpful throughout my stay
i.ii on Catalina. Mr. Probst arrr.mged with Mr. Richard Whe0ler, Headmaster
of Ca.talina Island School, f.o:c me to use the donnatories at the school.
My stay at CIS -was enhanced by the thoughtfulness and generosity of the
entire staff and faculty, especially Marge Lewis. The Santa Catalina
Island Company allowed me t.he use of their library and supplied tech
nical information about: the Island. The Catalina Camp and Cove Company
allowed me the use of J.... ittle Fisherman Campground as my isthmus base.
Dr~ Rober·: Gi;;en, of the USC Center for Marine Seience, allo~ve.d me to
use the freezer at the station to store my cats.
Finally I am especially indebted to my parents for thei!' love and
understanding which helped me through the tough times and made the good
times that mueh bette1:. I dedicate this thesis to them as a smEll token.
of my apprec:i.ad.. on, knowing I' 11 never be able to -really repay them for
all they have done. I would also ljke to ~~hm.1k B.los3on Lenchne1· for
hel:' umvaivering c.onfidence in my abilit~ies and her continued support.
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Ackno"Jledgments iii
Table of Contents v
Tables vi
Fi~::ures vii
Absr.ract viii
Introduction 1
Methods and Haterials 9
Results 25
Discussion 54
Feral Cats 54 Ec.ology of the Feral Cat 64 Food Habits of Feral House Ca+-.s 68 Reproduction Ratio and Wild Breeding 75 :E,;tternal Measurements 79 r , . •_,QUC.LUSl.On 82
Summury 84
Appendex A 86
Litara~ure Cited 92 TABLES
Number Page
1 C~pture - Recapture data 28
2 Food items found in Catalina eat digestive tracts 29
3 Digestive tract analysis of cats sampled from Cat.alina 30
4 CharacteY.s which are significantly di.ffe.rent at the 0.05 level or better :n
5 Results of REITH program 5a Found cats I Catalina cats 32
5b ¥~le cats I Female cats 5c Island male I Island femaie 36 5d Pound male / Pound femlae 38
6 t-·Tests between characters 6a Povnd cats I Catalina cats 40 6b Hale cats I Fema1e cats 42
6c Island m~le I Island female .44 6d Pound male I Pound female 6e Pound male I Island male 48 6£ Pound female / Island female 50
7 Cb.aracteris tics for separati-:1g feral £:rom noo.-·feral cats 62
8 Ratio of males to female house eats found in the. wild 77
vi FIGURES
Page
1 Location of the eight California Channel Islands 5
2 Santa Catalina Island (trap sites) 12
3 Aerial photograph of Toyon Bay 14
4 Descripticn of skull measurements taken on all eate 22
5 Phenogram utilizing discriminant scores and using minimum variance clustering option 52
vii ABSTRACT
ECOLOGY OF FERAL HOUSE CATS (Felis domest'tea)
ON
SANTA CATALINA ISLAND, CALIFORNIA
by
Paul David Lonquich
Master of Science in Biology
Santa Catalina Island, twenty-two miles off the southern California coast, Has the site of a study on the ecology of feral house. cats
(l!elis dcmest-ic~a.). Observation of behavior~ physical characteristics and capture sites were used to determine whether a cat was existing in a feral state. All cats observed or captured on the island \.rere in good physical condition, appeare.d to prefer dense ch.:!parral \dth rocky outcroppings and \vere more abundant near dumps and >mter supplies~
Exa.minat:ion of the digestive tracts of tvJenty-three cats revealed cer t3.in fot1d prr::fen~nces; 95% of the digestive tracts contained insects,
SUs had vegetation, and 64% had garbage, rodent remains were found in
viii 41%~ bird remains in 22%, and reptil:Lan forms in_ 23%. Digestive tracts o£ 68% of the ea.ts had internal parasites.
A c.omputer analysis of factors which would discriminate between t.he island sample and a sample collected from the West Valley Animal
Shelter!~ Chatsworth, California was performed. The analysis showed that the length of the maxillary tooth rm·l, t.he tympanic bull.a length, the greatest width of the zygom&tic arch &nd the mandibular .length were the most powe:rful discriminating measuremt:nts.
r·t is suggested that stronger ·controls be placed on ca.t O\>,TJ.le:rs to eliminate the constant drift of cats from populated are3s in conjuction with the gradual elimination of feral cats already on the :Lr;land.
ix INTRODUCTION
Off the coast of Southern California lies a group of eight islands.
·The third largest of these islands was discovered in 1452 by Cahrillo
who named it Sa.n Salvador. Sixty years later it was y·ediscovered by
Vizcaino ~vho :named it Santa Catalina. First controlled by Spain and
then by Mexico, the first American owner of Catalina Island was Thomas
Robbins, who acquired it in 1846 by land grant fn'm Pi.o Pico, ·the last
Nexican Governor in control of Catalina. The Island changed hands sev-
e-ral times before most of it was acquired by the Banning Brorhers \vho
incorporated the Santa Catalina Island Company in 189LI. Pr2sent u\-rner-
ship of the island and that company stems from stock purchases :made by
William Wrigley Jr. in 1919 through which he acquired majority intF:rest
in ·the company~
In 1972 the Santa Catalina Island Conservancy was set up as a pri-
vat.e nonprofit operating foundation with the aim of making most of Santa
Catalina Island a permanent nature preserv-e. In 1974~ an easement
agreement ¥las signed, giving Los Angeles County the right to share the
use of !fl,OQO acres of Catalina's interior and much of its coastlinE'
for park conservation and recreation uses·for 50 years. In 1975, the
Santa Catalina Island Conservancy acquired title t.o 4 2,135 acres: in-
eluding virtually all of the 41,000 acres covered by the easement
agreement with the County. Now the Co!lservancy Ow'IlS and, in cooperation
wit~ the Couvty, operates about 86% of the island's 76 square miles.
Feral cats have been the topic of many studies. McKnight (196!1)
in his work on feral animals described the feral cat as one that was 2
once dorr:est:i.cated, or ll to a vTild state and back again) thus making it difficult to identify a true feraL Nilsson (1940) in his study of cats found several behavioral and physj_c.al characteristics which aid;:d in. distinguishing feral fro:n .. non-·fe:ral cats. The :mcst studied aspect of the life of a feral cat is its food. habits (Errington, 1936; Nilsson, 1940; McMurry and Sperry~ 1941; Eradt, 1949; Hnbbs, 1951; Parmalee, 1953; Eberhard, 1954; Toner, 1956; Nader an.d .Hartin, _1_962; Pearson~ 1964 and 1971; Coru.an anrl Br~wner~ 1971; Jones, 1977). These studies were of two types: Bradt (1949) and Toner (1956} obs.erved the prey their cats c:aught over a period of time; the others analyzed the digestive tracts of captur.e.ci csts and expressed as percentag2.s of prey per total. r..w.uber af ea1:s. These stud5 ~s indicated that eats prefeT mammals (rodents and 1ag•JmorphG partj_cuL1rly) ~ birds, reptiles, a.mphibians, fishes, inseets, carrion, human garbage, and pJ.ant material. Reproductive behavior is also an area where extensive research has be.en per:for.me.d (Diakow, 1971; Kleiman and Eisenberg, 1973; Eaton, 1978). P.reeding in the -w-ild is not, however, a widespread occurrence. Climatic factors lim:i.t reproduction i-a the field (Nilsson, 1940; Hubbs, 1951; H... ·Knigh.t., 19M; Billinger, 1979). It seems that within areas of harsh -climates cat populations depend on drift or recruitment to supply cats £rom populateci areas. Hy study concerned mainly the ecology of feral house cats living oa Santa Catalina Island. Firstly, this was dcne. by determining the 3 state o£ health of the wild cats. Second:ty, by selecting the trap site locations it was possible to ascertain ~.,rhat type of habitat is favored and the densities of the different cat _ . havior of the cats and their natural history we1·e observed. The fourth part of this study involved an analysis of contents of degestive tracts in an effort to identify food preferences and thus gain knowledge. con cerning the cats' impact on the enviroiL'll.ent. Finally, to learn if a feral existence, on the island has affected the cats morphologically, c.ompar:l.sons of measurements were made between a Catalina sample and a group of domestic animals fr:om the Los Angeles area. STUDY AREA Santa Catalina. Island is only 35.4 kilometers (22 mEes) from the mainland (Flg~ 1). In spite of its proximity to the densely populated Los Angeles area, the Island has only about 2,00 year round residents& Tl-te ovenJhelming majority of these live within about one square mile in t~he to<-m of Avalon. The Island is 33.8 kilometers (21 miles) in length by 12.9 kilometers (8 miles) a.t its widest point. Six miles f _·om its wesl:ern •:md, t.he Island narrows to a half--mile vlide isthmus called T'"o Harbot·s. Catalina comprises approximately 9, 71.!1.3 hectares (48~438 acres, or some 76 square miles) most of \vhich consists of undeveloped brushy ridges and canyons with a fe~'l small grassland areas in the inter ior. Cli.ffs, and long, narrow, steep canyons predominate on the wind. \vard side while on the lee side, facing the mainland, the island offers broad canyons and coves. San-ta Catalina Island 1 s average elevation above sea level in 396.2 meters (1300 feet). Its highest mountain peak is Mount Odzaba., formerly 642.2 meters (2107 feet) in elevation, no-w· 636.1 meters (2087 feet), (the Federal A·-riation Agency leveled off 20 feet in 1960 for the instal-· lation of air naYigational facilities). Haunt Black Jack, the second highest mcunta:Ln ori the Island, is the site of radar storm detection units on its 612.6 meter (2010 ieet) peak. The center of the Island is 33°22.5' N latitude, 118° W longitude. The clim"'1te of Santa Catalina is described as Arid Maritime er :Hediten·anean by the Santa Catalina Island Company (SCI Co.). Temper ature and rainia11 vary in different parts of Catalina but United States 4, ~onra ~~----....rr a;:r·~rc I i <: 0"' ~V • J'' . .-,. I ! Sunla ·- uz !SI0;1(j j tsraoo1vltr;u~' ., Los Angeles ~ -tl,~ , .. I ;...... ' . I ~~ Anocopo I Sanf(l I Rosa !Siond ..... f ~~San•o .o4c,."" Sonia t_:::'"'t!.. Colol,oa i "c Barbaro ~ 1s',ond Island ~ I Son Nicolas Island \ l Oc~ ~ Son Clem~nle 4,y \~ Island \ i \ "on Q,egc. I I i ::> I 0=-o!£' 25 ..J.O v~ I miles . "\~ ···: l ..l..=;:.;.::.-J Figure 1. Locations of the eight California Channel Islands. Santa Catalina Island was the site of this study. (map from Johnson, 1972) \.n 6 'Vjeather Bvreau records, which have been retained by the SCI Co., have genera]. application to the entire Islande Based on these records, en the average 267 days pGI' year are sunny or at least partly sunny 4 From .June through October the average daily high temperature is 2!, ~5° C (76.1°F), ~vhile the average low is 14.7°C (58.4°F). During the cooler months of Nm;esber through Hay, average daily temperatures B:re 17.3° C 0 (.o,. 3 •••rJ "").r. TOL,.. ·- ..... 11e~ h.1g h an d QJ• 4°C (''+. 9 4°F'•) .torte- h 1 ow. Generally, the daytime temperature rarely goes above 26.7°C (80.0°F) in ·the summ(~t', . r,o, 'c::O OoF) . . or h elovJ Jo. ~ ... , L l-' • •. Tn w1nter. Rainfall averages approximately fourteen inches per year, nearly all of it occtrrring bet\•Jeen mid - October and mid-April. During this study, Catalina, like the rest of Southet"n_Ca.lifornia, was in the second year of a drought. With the influx of people came their pets, the dog (Canis fmn·il·Zaris) the horse (Equus cabaUus) and the house cat (Fe'Us domestica). Besides tlu:·sc I:'.an.unals, goats (Cap:ea hirca) are also established on the islanc1, !;rom ~tuck believed to have been brought to th(~ Island originally by the Spanish explorers. Hild pigs (Sus scrofa) were also introduced to Catalina frorc Sa.l\ta Rosa Island in 1932. Deer w·ere intruduced t>;ric.e. In 1928 tvm \.Jhitetail deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were introduced, and in 1930 eighteen mule deer (0~ hemionus) were released. Apparently the \ Island.. They include; California ground squirrels ( Spermophilus beecheyi) ~ >vestern harvest mouse (Re1.:t;ln•odontomy megalotia)) the dee:c mouse (Pel'Ol7Tf:f8CUS man-icu.Z.atu.s) a.nd the introduced bro1t.1I1 rat ( Rattus nowegt.-cu. .'3). Bats are also present t.hroughout the Island, t-wo of the prom:luent species being the big-eared rnyotis (Myotis evot1:s) and the lumped-nose bat (Flecotus tmunsendi). So rex oFnatus, the adorned sinew, has a1so been collected from the Islandc An endemic gray fox (U:r>ocyon U.L-t01Y1lis) also inhabits parts of tlH-:. Island. The herptc~auna -r,.ms reported in the Proc.eedir1p;s of tl:e Symposium on the f..iology of th.-~ California Islands (Philb:dck, 1967), Am.phibians incl.ude t.v:o t:ypes of salmanders ~ the E,rboreal salmander (Aneides Zugu.bris) :represe.n.tt.d iJy a subspecies endemic to Catalina, and the Paeiflc slender sd.am~n1.cer (Ba-i::,-:>aahoseps pacifi.cus), as well as the Pacific treefrog (Hyla i.'eg-i~I.a), the only native frog found on any of the islands off the southern California coast. Thxee different species of Jizards have. been collected on the Island; side-blotched lizard (Ut:a 87'xxnsburiar.a), w·estern skink (Eumeaes sk-iltonianus) and the southern alligator lizard {GerPhonotw: rm~Zt·Z:ca..rinatus). There are a large number of snakes pr<~s ent. These ir~clude the western aquatic g·arter snake ( 'l'Jzmrrnophis cwuahi1:), riagneck snake (Diadophis punct.atus), cow1non kingsnak.e (Lamp:mpeZ.as getulus), gopher snake (Pituophis melanoleuaus) and the western rattlesnake (Cz>otalus viridiG). Of the avifauna present on Santa Catalina the California quail (Lophoz•&7Jx aal-Z:fornicus) is perhaps the most influential on the cat populatJon, RCting as a favored source of food. In 1975 the Santa Catalina Island Company commissioned a study of th.e island's flora (Anonymous, 19 7 5) • Sev.::r1 major land communi tj_es were recognized, a.s were several minor connnunitLeso The Coastal Grassland ·Community .is located where shallow soils cover the :rocky exposed ridges and slopes along with openings in the chaparral and oak woodland.. The Coastal Sa.ge Scrub CoTIJP.mnity has several aspects to it, these depending u.pon e:{posure to sv.n, wind and salt spray. It is a more open community of lm.;;er shr:ubs covering many canyon slopes and sea bluffs where soil :Ls shallow and rocky. The Harit:i..me Desert Scrub Community is lc-cated on headlands and sea bluffs esposed to the preva.iJin.g w=:.stern winds from t~he Faeifice The Chaparral Community is usually fcm;..J along the north and east facing slopes draining to·ward the channel or tn pnn:eeted canyons and arroyos of the Pacific slope. It is best develo~Jed in the slopes of Hount Black Jack, the Haypress area of the sui!Jlllic ridge, Upper Avalon, Bull Rush Canyon and Middle Canyon~ Oak Woodlands are gene:i~ally found among the relatively moist protected canyor'.S and va.11eys on deep rich alluvial soil and north and east facing slopes of various canyons and higher mountains. Riparian Woodland Con.muniti.:;.;:s occur along the fe:-yr permane ..:: Hiddle Ranch,. Cottonwood, and Cape Canyon.. Finally Ruderal Communities which occur al.ong roadsides, disturbed ground or waste places also grow in th:i.s aTea. !v'.d.nor comrrmnities include: Marine Headow, Coastal Salt Flat Suc culent, Coastal Dune Grassland, FreshWater Harsh and Aquatic Com munities, Sea Bluff Communities and cultivated land. METHODS and MATERIALS Field. ci(;l_ta A.nd speeimem:: used in this study were g.s.thert~d on S.:mta Gatal:i.mt Island from July~ 1976, through April, 1977, using t..:wenty-·two live trap:3 for a total of 1,979 trap-nights. This time span allowed for trapping dl: .January (vacation months) were times of heaviest trapping. During this nine month period Lf7 cats were observed or captured and, of these, twenty~ ·three -were sacrificed for gastrointestinal tract. content analysis 2..11d skeletal material. Transportation during the first b.alf of the study was provided by friendly islanders and. by hiking. In December m.y Toyota Land Crusier was shipped t0 Catalina for the duration of the. study. The four-"Y7heel drive allo-wed much more flexibility as to trapping sites and transpor:: ation of equipment. C.!.itS were obtained by means of live-trapping, using Tomahawk "Yielded wire traps of approximately 1.0 x 0.5 x 0.5 meters in size. The tw·enty-· two traps consisted of both single and double door traps and all but xiine cc:i lapsed. for easy storage and transportation. L to the traps necessitc-1ted finding a suitable bait. The bait used during this investlga·tion varied due to availability and suc.r.ess in attracting c2.ts. Baits consisted of canned. cat food, squid~ buffalo, . cat nip, cb.icke1l. necks and anchovy. For economic reasons, as well as avail&bility and good response from the cats, anchovy and chicken necks r~ret:e U:3ed. r1ost often. The effectivness of the bait seemed to be inde- pendent of its cooked aY. raw state. 9- 10 Due to the vario-us animal faunas present several trapping techniques had to be developed while o~ Santa Catalina Island. Any food placed 011 the bottom of the cage was soon covered with ants, which consumed the bait and reduced it effectiveness. Suspending the bait from the t.op of the trap on a small wire hook \vhieh had been smeared with petroleum jelly proved. to be most effective against these pests. Wild· pigs would "root" the traps in an attempt to get the bait, thus springing them.or knoc.king thel!l into non-functional positions. The pigs maintain an elab-· orate trail network through the Island's underbrush. While never elim inated, attacks on the traps was kept to a minimt~ by placing them sev eral yards from the pig trails. On one occasion a bison used a trap as a scratching post and flattened it into an unusable pile of bent wire. After this experience, traps were no longer set· near wallows used by the b.ison. In an effort to learn the eat's habitat preference, a trap line was established along the dirt road between Catalina Island School and the Old Coach Road. Various sites were selected for their vegetation and/or physical geography. Later, the trapping was expanded to other areas to gain insight into the extensiveness of the feline's distributioil, data on behavior, ecology and movements were sought by transversing the study area on foot, watching for any activity with the aid of 8 x 40 binoculars. Eight major geographic areas were utilized for trapping during the study. These areas were selected so as to cover all types of plant communities, based on the "Generalized Vegetation Map" published in May, 1975 by the Catalina Island Company, and many different geologic ter- 11 ·.nnas. The:Lr dis tanc.es from populated areas we::-0 sl.so considered. The ~res·t er.d. of Cat.alina was not· trapped because of extensive erosion damage e<:1.used by the goats denudinf; the vegetation and aJ.so because it is pri vately mmed a.r:.d permission was difficult to obt~.,..in. The trapping areas were: I) Toyon Bay, vib.ere Catalina Island School (CIS) is located, 2) Bull Rosh Canyon, on the se&ward side of t:he Is~Land, 3) Ben ~\Teston Beach, 4) Little lhrbot: complex (Little Harbor and Shark Harbor), 5) the B11.f- falo Pen area, near the isthmus on the road from Little Harb•Yr·) 6) 'f;;o R<.n:bo:cs/Isthmus area (with special emphasis on the region bet·;ve.en Little Fi.sherman Ca.mpg:;-:ound and the USC Center foT Marine Science), 7) HiddJ.e Ranch, away from populated areas, espec.ia.lly betr.veen Black Jack Hountain and the. Ranch, and 8) the area around the Avalon refuse dt.unp on the east ecd of the island (Fig. 2). A fuller description of the a-reas follows: l) Catalina. Island School eas used as base camp and much of the trapping took place on the hills and in the valleys behind the school Bay~ (a total o.f 609 trap-nights). The area around CIS is mountainous with sever.e.l valleys heading into the:: interior of the island (Fig. 3). The plant CC11lffiL!Ilities present in the area around the school inelude: .:.oastal grasslands, coastal sage scrub, oak woodlands, riparian and chapar-ral (Ai.1.o;-1ymous, 1975). A winding dirt road which services the sehool transverses the mountain behind the school and connects with the Old Stage Ro.::1d (the main road crossing the Island). The dirt road ·starts in coastal grassland and. travels through coastal sage scrub, c.haparral, and near the top, oak woodland. Trapping at Tyon took place in three geographic areas. Traps were set across the Old Stage Road in a picnic area made up of ehaparral and oak woodland type plants. The 12 Fl.gur·~ 2. S.:mta Catalinc. Island. Shaded areas represent t:r.·s.p si.tes • .BJ = Hount .Black Jack, MR = Middle Ranch 13 z 0 .....J 2:~------ ::r.: t;) _::) cr: Figure 3. Aerisl phntograph of Toyon Bay, Santa Catalina Islar;d. The dirt road connecting Catalina Island School (top rr:.i.dd.1.;;; o:·: figure) with the Old Coach Road may be seen as a. V'hite li.ne following the mountain ridges. The scale of the figFr~o is 1' = 1200'. Aerial photograph taken. by Amer:i.can Aerial. Sar· veys, Inc., Covina, CA on May 28, 1972. 16 sec.ond area of trapping w-as in the gr:::.ssy c;:;nyon to the east of the school complex, known locally as Rifle Range Canyon. This canyon hc.d a lush grm-7th o£ grass and pigs T,-7ere very active in the area. A rip-· ·a.r:ian plant corrmmnity surrounded by coastal grassland was present at this site. Traps were set in the hills, vlest of CIS, ia •.?hich chaparral vegetation was dominan1: among the numerous rock outcroppings. This area was also served by a permanent natural spriug. 2) Bull Rush Canyon was one of the most primitive areas studied. T>vo weeks, for a total of 310 trap nights, were spent in this region., ro gain entrance t0 this area several locked gates had to be crossed A.n.j road conditions were such that four wheel drive is h;i.ghly advisable. l"J.1 the western section is the remains of Camp Cactus, a \-Jorld 1\ar Il get:tler:::.ent. The rest of the area contains represenL.atives •Jf coastal g1:assland, coastal sage scrllb, riparian and oak woodland communities. T·caps were set in the chaparral overlooking the ocean, :~in the riparian comgtt.mi ty in the canyon proper, a:1d also in several feeder canyons. This location is surrounded by a fe.nce~ thus keeping the b:Lson O\:t, hut catt:i_e from Niddle Ranch are allowed to roam free. Pigs weTe present in the dry river bed and fox scats vlere observed in the mount<.dns~ 3) Another area of trapping (.152 trap-nights) ~-las the road leading t.J Ber.. \ ~anyon t,r:Lth a rive.r running through it. The floral coii!lllunitJes present here were: coastal grasslands, coastal sage, oak woodland and severai areas uf rip::~rian vegetation. Ben Weston Beach is a favorite pic.n:Lc area f~Jr Island residents. 4) Several roads converg~ at Little Harbor which is an active a.rea with 17 a Los Angeles Caunty campground and a popular cove .for anchoring boats. Thts a.rea. haa a large number· of plant communiti.es Hnd a variety of types of physical terrain vlithin a short distance. BEoc nights were spent here. Little Harbor was the only area trapped that had a coastal salt flat community consisting mostly of succulents. Other eommunities present were: maritime, coastal dune grasslands, surf weed, coastal grasslands, coastal sage scrub, oak vmodJand, ripar:Lar1 and chaparral. Traps were set during this ti..."'Ile in the surrounding area) including t.he mountains to the northeast • .5) Located near the road, as one travels west from Little Harbm~ t:e> the 11 isthmus, are tHo large "Y.rooden corrals ("Buffalo pens ) used to hold bison when the herds are thinned. The perimeter of the pens v7as tran;.pled dow~1 grass flatlands. To the southeast is a river bed -which eo•J.ntless winter rains have widened so that it now contains ripari•lil veget:at ion t.•hich in turn is bordered by oak woodland. It was •vithin these t': commm:1ities that trapping took place for 76 trap nigbts. 6) At the isthmus, two areas close together were trapped during tn~.; 305 trap-nigh.ts spent there. The Catalina Camp and Cove Company, wh1ch opExates Little Fisherman campground, allowed me to use 'Chis campground. as my isthmus base. The staff at the nearby USC Center for Narine Science requested my assistance in capturing cats \vhic.h had been raiding their garbage. The hilly terrain between these two sites was ·used <'lS my study area, with one trap near the marine lab kitchen. The floral. communities within this area consisted of oak woodlands, coastal sage flc.rub, remnant of coastal sage scrub and coastal grasslands. 7) In the middle of the Ioland is a small ranch complex made up of 18 several houses known as f-'1iddle Ranch. The <.l:rea. around the houses is cultivated and ~he Island's largest resevoir is located here .. North of Middle Ranc.h is Mount Black Jack. A small dirt road ccrme.c.ts these t-wo locales and it ~·7<-l.s along this road that traps were set for: 1.52 t:cap-· nights.. The plant corrrmunities found were: oak woodland, coastal sage scrub!) riparian and chaparral. Care was taken not to get too close to the ranches for cats there are used as "ratters". 8) On the far east end of the Island is the Avalon dump. Trap:.-, werr~ set in the chaparral and ruderal communities borderi.ng it fer 70 trap night:s.. 'Ltaps were not placed within the du11p compou:Jd .. The. trapping process occurred primarily at night during dry per.:tods. Examination of live cats was facilitated by an intermuscular injection of an anesthetic.. After being manipulated into a corner of the trap the cat received an injection of Ketaset (ketamine hydroc.hlorid,::;), a rapid-acting, non-narcotic, non-barbiturate agent 1ihieh produces a t:emp m:ary state of unconciousness. A dosage of 0. 5c:.r. to 0. lee was give::.1 with a 1. Occ tubercular syringe (depending on the ft:li.ne' s size) into the animal f s flank. The cats remained in an hnmobile state for 15 to 30 minutes. After this time they were able to walk or trot \vith ar._ oc::as.ionaJ. wobble-rocking motion. The physical examination of the cats followed the procedures de~ scribeG in Catcctt (1964). In addition to using his procedures, the entire body \-:as sca.:;.ned for 3:xt-=rnal parasites~ scars or oth.er abnor- maLit.ies, and the legs we.re examined with special attention given to the condition of the pads of the feet. Females were checked for lac tation ar:.d males for the position of the testes. Body measurements and 19 ";.Jetght were taken with a metric ru}e and a Zebco De-Liar fiEh scale. Upon comp1e·tion of the examination a numbered metal ear tag was affixed to the right ear. A color-coded collar made of ref}ective tape was placed about thE: eat's neck for night identification. With the termination of the field study approaching, specimens ~·1-=re no lon.ger released but choloroformed and frozen for future study. Th•.:.- t.'il.'f:nt.y- th:re.e frozen carcasses were returned to CSUN where they were examined. Their physical condition was judged by both general appeer- ance a~:.d by the presence or absence of sub-cutaneous and per:ivisceral f.:J.t rather than by ~,reight (Jones, 1977). They w-2re then fleshed and evis_cera ted., 1'be ski11s, digestive tracts and skeletal parts \"... ere ·re- tafned for fur:·ther examination. Skeletal material vas prepared by the use of either dermestid beetles or sodium disulfide. Crainial and long bone (femur and humerus) measurements were obtained using Helios dial calipers. Sixteen cats "rere obtained from the Los Angeles Count.y Hest Valley i~u:i:mal Shelter~ Chatsworth, California, for comparison. The procedure There a:r·\;; various ways of ascertaining what a given species of animal eats. Or:.e of the most direct and accurat.e methods is examination of stomach contents. Dixon (1925) found the the following to be the best clues by whi.ch stomach contents of fur-bearers may be identified. Harr:.;nal remains can be identified by the presence of teeth, feet, claws and. hair. Bircls may be best told hy feet, claws and bills. Feathers are sometimes difficult to identify. The hard parts of inse<~ts, partie- 20 ularly mouth pa~cts, '"ings and legs~ ass is': in identification. Fort,.m at.ely: the insect species involved are for. the most part of large size, -;;,;ell known, and hence easily identified. The ski:1 and feet of toads and frogs help in identification, as do the scales of fishes. Coman and Brunner. (1.971) found that in carnivores the bone material was oft~en so fragmented that it was of little use in identification ;d:dle exandning stomach contents. Catalina cats left the bone fra.gments iil larg.:~r hunks and identification •v-as possible, and alst"' cooked bones could b-:: discriminated. By contr:ast, hairs in the food undergo little dc.:_or:age during digestion (Coman and Brunner, 1971)~ Nor.eover, ther.e is ge.nE.:rally enough variation in hair structure among prey species to allow fairly accurate identification (Mayer, 1952). In order to supplement the stomach analysis, an attempt was made to gather a nun~ber of cat scats for food identification. Even with (~011sicterable searching, only several were collected: it seems likely the conspicu()us absence of cat scats in the field may be largely due to the cats ha.Mt of covering them. The 11 dry system" of Seton (1925) is a system of many creatures who bury their dung. The composition of focds from analysis of scats of field cats follows closely the pattern obtained from analysis of stomach contents. Also several in the field kill sites could be identified by masses of feathers • .All data collected on both the nferal" cats from Catalina Island and the ~-Jest Valley P..nimal Shelter (pound) "non-feral" cats were tran sc;:-ibed onto computer cards. The categories (sample sizes in parentheses) consist-ed of: Catalina cats, collected on the Island (23); Pound cats, c-:Jllected and dcscroyed by the West Valley Shelter (16); Female cats, 21 L'01':; both Cata:t ina and the Pound (29); Me.le ci;::s, from Catalina and the Pound (I9); Catalina females (11) and Pound females (9); Catalina males (12) and Pound _males (7).. Data for each individuc.tl are presented in appendix A. The computer facilities at California State University~ Northridge \vt-~re utilized usivg programs supplied by Dr. John R. Swanson, Biology Department~ ar:.d Dr. David Hull, formerly of the Anthropology Department. In additiort) the library programs in the Statistical Package f r the Social Sciences (SPSS) by Nie, et al (1975) were also used. Al.l cats vrere weighed and measured for n:i.net-3en characters. All linear measurements were taken in centimeters. These characters included weight (in kilograms), total length, tail length, head and body length, ~!ar length~ hind foot length, femur and humerus length. AlGo measurc.!d were ten cranial mec.surements as described in DeBlase and Na.rtin (197!.;) and shcY,.'?.l in figure 4 e A description of each cranial meas11renrent f(Jllows, (letters in parentheses correspond to figure). 1) BAS.t;.L LENGTE. From the anterior edge of the premaxilla to the ar,tt:>rior most point on the lower border of the foramen magm.rr.l (AF). 2) CONDYLOBASAL LENGTH. From the anterior edge of the premaxilla to the posterior.. ·most projection of the occipital condyles (AG). 3) GREATEST LENGTH OF SKULL. From the most anterior part of the rostrum to the mc:st posterior point of the skull (HO). lt) BREATH OF BRAINCASE. Greatest \lidth across the braiuc::::.se posterior to rhe zygomatic arches (M}1). 5) ZYGOHATIC vH.DTH. Greatest distance between the outer margins of the zygoma t.ic arches (KL) • Figure 4~ Description of skull me<:J.su.rements t:1ken on all cats. (Frum DeBlase and :Hartin, 1974). .--·------=-----=-=f~ ---- 0 6) I1AXILI.ARY TOOTH ROH. Length from anterior edge of alveolus of first tooth present in the maxilla to posterior edge cf alveolus of last tooth (BC). 7) NASAL LENGTH. From anterio!.· most point of nasal bones to posterior most poin.t taken along midline of skull (IJ). 8) TYl.fPANIC BULLAE LENGTH P.J'ID WIDTH. Greatest length and width of bulla (ED). 9) l'fANDIBLE LENGTH. Greatest length of the mandible excLuding teeth. 10) Mf..NuUBULA.t\. TOOTH RO\V. Length from anterior edge of alveoh1s of caniTw tooth to posterior edge of alveolus of last toot.:h. Seven c.easurements were :1ot a\rai.lable due to brealv1.ge or loss. For the ch:.st.er analysis these missi:ag data values were created u.sing a linear regression equation from the SPSS scattergram program. RESGLTS The feral house cat as defined in this report is a field-roaming cat, whose diet coasists of or is supplemented 1)y f0od obtained by foraging in t:he wild. Criteria for selecting feral cats included behavior and tre.~p .locations, these are discussed later. Trap sit~~s se·t in various t:ypcs of vegetation and terrain gave. information on habitat preference. It ?P;?e.ars that house cats runn'ing wild on Catal iD.a an'! most. l~kely to b The Caxalina cats were found to be opportunistic feeders conc.entrating around. refuse ::treas. Other food stuffs found when an analysts was con ducted on the digestive tracts of those eats saL:rificed are listed in Table 2. Of the twenty-three digestive tracts examined, twenty-tv:o con te.:i.ned e:nough Tikl.teria.l for identification to be made. Internal parasites, thstt iH tape w·or:r:>.s and round worms, were found in 68% of the digestive tracts. Of the cats examined 95% of them had insects in their digestive tracts. L:J.rge Jersualem Crickets (Stenopel.matus sp.) and fleas {C:t:enoeep.hal-ideu feZ-is) were the most coilllllon species. Other inseets included crickets, ants, and members of ::he order Coeloptera (beetles). Vcgetal:icn, mostly blades of grass, was in 81/~ of the digestive traets. 25 26 Garbage, consist1ng of such items as celophan.~~, paper napkins, cooked hmJ.e.s .., and aluminum foil, was :found in 6L>% of the cats. Rodent remains 1.rere found in 4V~ o£ the stomachs. The large.r rodents, such as ground squirrels and. rats, seemed to be favored~ although mice were also taken (Pe:t>on.ysaus ..s.nd Reithrodontomys). Avian remains (Lophortyx californicus) were found i.n 22;£ of the cat' s digestive tracts. Reptilian forms were found in cats from all over the island (23%). The large alligator li5~ard se.e-:ned to be. preferred while the side-blotched lizard w s also taken~ Some of the cats were fcund with as. many as five liza·.cds in their stomachs~ In this imn~stigation no groupings of moth.:.rs and offspring were encountered& Breeding on the island, h.oweve-r,_does take place; several accounts of litters being brought up successfully have been. reported (Personal communications, Island residents). Descriptive st.atistics (Table 5 a-d) for the ninetee:1 morphological measurements 1:vere computed. for the cats divided into e:ight groupso 'l'uhles 5 a-d are a computer printout from the REITH p1:ogram 'rritten by J. s-wans on~ Significant differences for some characters exist.ed bct<,Jee.n the C'lts when divici£·d int0 groups (Tables 6 a-f). In these t.able..s a simple t Test is applied automatically. The means are significantly different at the 0 .. 05 1eveJ in those characters listed in Table. 4. Four mor.pb.ol.ogically distinguishable groups might be presumed to ·exist sn the. bnli>is of the t-·Tests (Tab} e 4). In order to ·test this a .step ·.vise discriminant function analysis was performed using the SPSS p1:ogram DISCHIHINANT (N1e, e:: al, 1975). The four predefined groups 27 an(! tb.ei~ sample sizes were: Pound male (PM, 7), Pound ferna1e (PF, 9), Catalina male (CN, 12), and Catalina female (CF~ 11). The a pasteriori classifieation prodecure group(~d 100% of the cases correctly. \·:ilk's lambda and Rao' s V were highly signifieant, The characters Hhich \vere selected by the step wise procedure \•iere, in order of importance: 1) maxillary tooth row, 2) tympanic bulla length, 3) greatest wi CLUS 'I'HC ~lith the Cal Comp Plot option as set up by D. Hull was used to gene-rate a. phenogram, using the discriminant scores. The phenogram utilizing minimum variance clustering (Fig. 5) again shoc,,s the four groups previously mentioned. There is one out-lying individua.l~ a. pound male, whic.h is grouped with pound females. Examination of the data showed this male to be a small individual (perhaps juveD.ile) which did not d(~monstrate the sexual dimorphism found in the other cats. AREA --··----TRAP-NIGHTS ----·--INDIVIDUALS · ------TINES CAUGHT Toyon· Bay 609 12 16 Two Harbors 310 5 7 Bu.ll Rush Cyn 310 3 4 Little Harbor 305 3 6 Ben Weston 152 1 1 .., Avalon 70 "- 2 Table: L Capture - Recapture Data. Where cats were ·capttn~ed,. time spent at each location (trap- nights), the n.umbe:t of individuals caught and the number of times the cats ;,•ere trapped. ~'-.,) o:; 29 GARBAGE M% including paper napkins~ cooked bones, alurrdnutrr foil ••• 6lf% INSECTS 95% Flea (CtenoCYiphal·ides feZ-i-s) •••••••• ~ ... ~ ...... -·~ •• • 48% Jerusalum Crickets (BtenopeZmatu.s sp.) ••• ~···••••••••••43% Ants (liymenO[Jtera)., •• ~ ••• a .... ~." •• ~. •. • .... ~ e _.. ~. •., .. off s .29% Crickf!tS ( Beetles (CoeZopte2~a) ••••••••••• Q •••• < ••••• ~ •••••• Q •• ~ •• 19;~ Bee (Hymenoptel'a) •••••••••• ~ ••••••••••••••• u •••••••• ~.. 5;~ Unide11t.i.fiable ••• ~ ~ .••• .,.. 0}., ...... ~ ...... ~~,. 9 ... .••• f# ... • 19% ARTHROPODS 29% Ticl~s ( AcaPi.na) , ., ...... " ~ ". G • "' " ... ~~ •••• " •••••• jJ (j •• 2l}% Millipede (Diplopoda) ••••••• ¢ •• u ...... ~ •• ~ ~. 5% VF£ETATION 81% Grass blades••••••••••••••••••••e••••••••••••••••a•••••Bl% RODENTS 41% Grour:.d Squirrel (Spermophi Zus beeoheyi) ••••• ,, • ~. ~ •••••• 2 9% Rats (Rattus no!'Vegicus) ••• ••••••••• * •••••••• ~ ••••• •. ~. 20% Deer House (Peromyscus maniauZatus) •• ~··•"•••••••••••••l9% Western Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys_ mega.Zotis) •••••• 5% REPTILES 23% A1lifator Lizards (Gerrhonotus muZtiaoJ•inatusj ••••••••• lS% Side Blotched Lizards (Uta stansburiana) ••• a••••••••••• 9% BIRD 22% California Quail (Lophortyx aal.iforniaus) •••••••••• c ••• 22% ... Table L.o Food items found in Catalina cat digestive tracts, expressed as percent of total number (23) of tracts examined. SEX NUMBER PA..tt INS VEG GAR ROD BIRD REP Toyon Bay ·H 7 58 75 67 58 .) 33 oou .,.,. z·· J: 5 Twc Harbors M 2 40 80 60 60 40 0 20 F 3 .... Bu11 Rush H L. 33 67 33 33 33 33 33 F 1 Lit t.le H Avalon M 1 1'00 100 100 100 so 0 50 F 1 Ben Westoa M· 1 0 100 100 0 0 0 0 I? 0 TABLE 3. Dige8tive Tract Analysis of cats sampled from Catalina. Numbers are percc.ntages of t:r.acts from each local:i.ty which cor!tained noted food item. PAR "" parasites, INS = insects, VEG "" vegetac:ton, GAR = garbage, ROD "' rod10:nts, :3IRD REP = reptile l,.) 0 l"'.:ALE .:y~ FEt_:iALE (locations combilted) POUl'lD,.Y!_,I~LAND (sexes combined) Height Nasal Bulle. Length Ba.sal Length Handible Length Bulla (;7idth Cond.ylobasal I... Mandibular !ooth Row Great Skull L. Femur Braincase Humerus POUND FEI>'L<\LE vs ISLAND F'E£.-IALE Zygomatic Bulla Length Bulla Hidth ISLAND MALE vs ISLA..~D FEMALE Weight Zygomatic W. POUND }1ALE vs ISLAND MALE Basal L. '!'bndible Great Skull L. HJmerus Ear Length Brainc:ase }'Iax. Tooth Row Bulla Width Femur POID'ID MALE vs POUND FEHALE Weight Mandible Basal 1. Mandibular Tooth Row ' Zygomatic W. Femur I' ~ Bulla 1. Humerus Table 4. Characters which are significantly different at the 0.05 level or better (see tables 6 a-f) w !-' Table 5 a. F_e.::mlts of the REITH program for the t~ow groups Pou~d cats (top) and Cata15.na cats (bottom). The cr:i.tical table value for the K-S DHAX Test for the Pound cats and Catalj_na cats at the 0.0.5 lev ..~l are 0.32733 and 0.27490 respectivel.y. !'OI)NG ~SelS \!~ tATAi...P•'- tA'IS (lAU f~R PCJIIO NUXilf.R • 1b tOTAl.. CITtJ'S • J'1 o::.::.CI(ZPTl \IE oit...-·Hst.tcs FQR Ctt.tdu~:n·.l'(s CHM".t,. SA~f'LF. ~rA••u f.,.Ct.~'F H.:N. Ht.x. CU·~F .... .t.rtlT:;. ~."'~ NU~5l~ SI.?f HCAN \fAR. S. D£~. ~~:-<.Crt ~..1,1( ~ I'! I£{).~ "-~4 tiAl~U-£ 1/~LUO: ~l ~2 f':i:) .. C:.i-;l,.f.t.1) lJ,O.it NEJGHT ..• J,.C99 1.ube hQJlt 0 •.::s.:s 1.1-·.:Jf .s, .. 7 2 .. ;.!I! If >.J1U li~.P.JI3 -~.-ill .s t 1~; ~ot • .!~U ~.1.:1'-! TOTAL 1.. cz,;~~ Z6.i.ill i.ll7 O!t • .,u~ tt.:..~b 7l~~.o~JJ lb1!) 5' l OPfA ~Uk ~HI~LINA Nua~r.R 1: "~ IJTAc Ol•J:• • J~ U~~C~lFTIW£ ST~T!~Ti~S FJR ~~~~~LJE~S CH~~.. SA lo!PLE .:l.T~HI:l) C0t:.f F H4N, M~~ .. i; r,:,t:·. ~- • ~'·l r ·• 1'.•:;.. l'.iur1Hi.l( SlZt. M':AU v•~. s. uE.~. &:k..-:0~ v.o< • l"'i..Ul~N ~~lUi O:loL.\Jci ~l '<-..:;; P.:. .. l. i:, ... j J \JI",:..x. ~· J.IC:i(.;HT H J,9J9 1.1~~ 1 ... UtJl !l,Z.?.l ~b.'ll~ J, o.;;u ..:~cJ-.c) :;,.':f,J!) ,J,~t'11 .....,:;) ~;I) ~ ,, u .. .. • .,b il.l j() TOIH 1. ll a;:.,~., .. ,s S"i. O.i':t o • .i.J,l 1Hi1b ~.r:::aob ~~.~~u 7:!. • ..; !u ~~~ • ':) .!u ;J•bb•: J. ;,.)~ ( 1 7 J. .~ 1:'~. ?.: w.. ~,o':·~ r~; il. t •03 ? ~.at:.:.~ a.~&~ c:.d7'i ... O~u !.2'.·d~ ~Zdif;) .ta.~t..; t.f.l.t.,,j •w.~/';) oJo(...,.,. r. • ~· t.J .:: 'le >;Jj .J • H.C :-!C.~Ll~ tlOU 2l s~.~tu! &!:J .. ~0~ o,Jjot 1.l.3d l't•'.I~Q :;.,. 't-'.= «. ... ':f'' J .) ,; "II!,~ J..:. jo;, .l ....Jj ~ ~ ~ .L~ 1,.), "''· ,J. l!..· ~ E,t,.t< L !J tt.i:...li O.Z12 .:. ~"1 o.lell.l~ ,.!.~~u ~.b,J ,j., jQ ... ~. ~b ;; ...... tl ~ -·;,,..';j .. .J,,, ... .,., .h il' HH+l.l F'( 23 i.t. :;•,!it -'1.t.::!li l .. '+"tj u~Jc" 12.~r.1 11. bOV b,. .;f~; l.J:o1:j:J .. J. ~ ~Ji 'Jl 7" ~~~ j t J • '1 t~ ' .:.~. ... ·;..;~ ... 17 -J dA::,.olL. l <3 ~. J i~l 1.1. ~10'l ~.1~:j r.,rs b. n; d v :.:l~v w. ,. 'l ""lolo ... IJ;) I • ~·lu >; ... t!J l•. :.::»., 7" ,'j'" '. 't. j Ct..H•IJ'!dA.S 2J t< a71D a. l'•J ~ .. ) t.: J \J .. l ~ :J ~ ~ I:,.-; •}~oi:"•'+J 7,.1.:J :~ •..;:..J J. ~,J~ _. • 'f ol ~ ,':.!. 0. '~., ~ ~ 1 'J '.i :'.l'tVL t: 1.. lJ ~- .Zdd ~ • S?\1 ~. oOa u~1(!! c~:.~-..:· '1dlJ D •.~JiiJ .. -..~ .... J(! l.i. ~bJ -IJ -1 b,~ ~ ... .:;.., 'j •. ·;:.•: l.i. l.J/ ~~o:;d ~,c;. s ZJ ... t::..l (!,C,,ll) lot. !.f.:~ J~-.Ls J~7t.7 (.,.) w Table 5 b. Results of the REITH program for the two greups rhle catt! (top) and Female cats (bottom). The crit:i..cal table value for the K-S DNP~X Test fo:r the Male. cats and Female cats at the 0.05 level are 0.30143 and 0.29408 :resp('!ctively. PUU~O ~~YS ~S C~~~~t~~ {.•T~ OAU •oil M~L< liuHeoR a 19 TOTA~ OTU~ • 3'!1 OESC~IPTI~E ~l,TlSTiC~ ~0~ ~HAR~CTERS CHAR,. ~A kFt.E ~TANJ CC WeiGHT H .... &.:?. ~.~lJ o. rH g,t6.L :J..1 .. u1e '+~i'bU J .. ! !Q 5 ~ '1~' D .. 0.4.\!l -J.&:::ti: "t t.!'-l :;o,a,J ~ .ll.jo'f TOT4• l H ~3.~7b 2"·4JI) .. ~ i.t~d J..::!l !) ,Jd l e..!.lcr.l t·o. 2(1 ~ 'tb. ~21J u .. ';.(.'~ l ~ ~ ·JJ d'. ,.Itt j 1-;';.,7 ..... ') u. ~b ..s TAH. l J.9 ,(.,},l,'~~ o,oJl t:.. ~H~ ~'. ~'il 11, ..· ~u z.J. ~rc 1/, 0,~ ~ Zl • .\"' u .. U,. J.'JIO • .. , ·.~ ... 1 ~l.' ilt.:! ,...... ; u ... ·~ •:J HE•c•eoo 1(j 6 G."tlj& J1.'+6J o.12.1. l•'+i:l't l.J Q l.l-1 5'1.Ub·J 5< •• 7. 16.7 •• 1. :,r.. J:.o":) ,7 • "itJo t;;~ .... J I .. ,,,, fA~ L 19 w., 7,.9 J.llJ !lt!tb1 . ~o.l.lCb '1o rl.b ... n~o..:. 3,1 ;c :;),:..~u •w.~~) ·~.~~3 ~.,.s:r .... .,? : .i • .,.., ~ 11[kl f"T l'i 1C.!il.t7 O.b-;it "'• ttlG: UolY.t ':)• 'li:.JO ll.J.:.~ 1'" • GQ~· 1J,.-J:;)U .: ''tJ'b • ., ' .., .. 1 ,l},,c;-.',J .tc.-.; J" l .. ~ f'J..;~~l l,. 8 •.~.., .. 19 O..lbl ~.5.&.l iltll/ b ...:~a t.t,..Swll o,'il.f.J Q,-1"!11 ·~./oto ~~4~~ 1,;-tl ~ ~ "''·• ~ lole.Jt:r:, CONJY dAS 19 8. ·::i':fo 3,i.)'1 11, ... 1:3e J ~ ii. .c! ~ ... ~~ :s.~dJ, 1. :t a~ .j, :iS•..l - .... l'-;•j 1,; ''.I '•.! -s.r t. • ~ • .;.:l -~ .v":tJ )i\.!JI.. G I. !9 .;~ b~J ,1. :":!~r. ~,?37 c tl., l S,JJb ~ ~ 7 t. J o.3u~ Jll .. O.J:J -~·il~ ~~~~t ·J ...!j't 'J .. ~;I:...... ~": dRid'1..:AS J') ~.t.Zcl u ~i.. L€.7 ij* :l.bJ ~. J. .ll o.>H ,,.:1. ... ill J ..~Sbu •o;•'·~o .. ~.t~..r·i ,..,: ..... ;,, it..l. u • .:.t.s z'f• .. c:tH rr~ tS lldSlb .... "titJ .; • 11.. 2 r... J .... o 1, tHI tJ -s.:~f)J :'',);I:, ·~-~~- ~-~~~ ". ~~4 i ~ l. 'J .l. J e iJv'/ •·•77 , ..l-7 3 ti,\X I OTH 19 J ,n oJ ~:~. u ;:::: ~,):.~1 .J.•.do:J J~U7J "~ 7 l ~ J. :.7 ',J ..... :...Jt. ...~.~ .• j .:. ·d':... 7 ..l, ... ~ , ..... ~ ,... NA;,.w.L H 2. t.i:. c. ~ .... ;i \h21.:' ..... t.'i .. ,, ~~ ..!~oll: ..: • .:cJ t.. 9ll.t II • l ~ 1 ... ~ o '- ! 'f. •.' ~ :: l : ~ .... ' .; .. :n !,•j l.t.i·:..-. T 'H1iJ;;N L z.,·h1. ,,.~1:J lh ~ ·Hl U.Y.!2 ~. ~ ::."IJ· .L.e""' l.dJ -~ •• b~ •J.3~\ '.;,. ::...... t .. ~ Q • .1''· l 1' l':il"'tt;t w 19 1.•u:.L u. u11. woliJti ;,lA,);::. 7. J.i.~i$ .~ .. :)l"' 1. cj l 1· '.)~1,1 ...... t. .• J .I .l. .,, ,;,.~.;-, l •. .:.i u • ·~o j riA t,lH ~I.. t l'i ~ .~cu 1.1. :v;u •..~. .. .so Uo U~ b. \~I+J [l,!:.l.,U ~ ... 11.1 ,. •.~ 7 J •J."j, ~.JJ7 " • ~ 'i ~ I). : 7 ~ ·~ .....i. J H.Jdi:J Tc-r l'l 3 .J,j) u. u~ r ohLl7 V • Su f:,S,J J. j '~:: O::.·HU j., r,.:;:~ ... i.o. :.....io -:.. • :..., .... ~ • •~tb .,.j ...... ~ I ;J .... r;')~ ... ~ 0 d b • .!.~$ .,.t.dJ ...~,~ iJ-+ .... .,~t:•j Flt·\!JN. l'i lfi -JS 7 2 ". ~ll 1~.-; lJ u.~ •. •. ::,.:) •J" .~.~. t :::t .:...... :r."C HU•·1t;'1.lJ~ 19 tll .. .;;nu ll ~ ... 2 .1! u,.. o~O J ... ·J \) .~·•u l!..o. u~ d. Q':) ~ 1 ~. i. ~)I,; ~~.~lij -0.!1 .. 'i•lf-f ..... J,! ,.I • .. b ... O~tA ruR t'-.r't,o~.L£ NuMdr;.R. • lO 1 OIAL OTu> < 3~ UlSCKlPTl~E ~1AllSi.~S FOR ~HA~ACTE~S CH4k. ~.o\rlf'L.E $Tt.t•hJ cc..r.:Fr M..i.h, r1A X~ \,.u.-~f ... ~d.:. r .. .., ~UHdlR ;rlE MfA.N liAR, S. 0~;\:~ Eh.I'(Ci( \li Wfl~H( ZQ .., ... .,d ~~J-J-. t.a&.;tl a .1 .. ~ . zc. ,:,;.,. J.lJJ z.l,j~J .. , ~tJ1 fj Olll.lg ... ~ .;.1 2. jo,.;;. .s • .:..,< 0. lit j TO!.~- I. 20 b '.!lot 7 lt£t .Jitl. ~ .. bs,9 1,.1tl;';t t~.~.c bt.l.l o.j'i~ 1 1.. u a~ ';;'b .. :.a.!J .. • ~r;.. J ·1>; , l. ~ J1 ij"'·l~:.r " .. ,, T A.i.L 1.. l'l ZJ. !.'~:; 1•lZO J. il~7' ;,lobo:f7 12.;.?.< "-Jol.lU 1o.!;.1.'.1 .!cs,:i"\o .. ..,,l.tt.t.o llt'i:;< .. .: ,;·.\I"'~ ..... ~ J; ~ ... .. : '1 ~ /.,y nt.;.QtrJOU Sd, 39U 5'3.ib;l. I' • 7WC J.,7U ljolr:!o 7 54,:1!.-:'i &tioi. !'t ~ b ... • i.! lU .::./';Ji. i::: ~..;. ;j )I.! • l ~") t :. • ~ ": • "'~ .:..., ": E~o< I. lC lot .ri .. Ji ~.,:;,& C..5'17 0.! 3.1 ;.2...St1o o,,';;)bu .s.suer ,.c.tJ •l,L 1.,. tJd.ol ,. • :II.~ J. ~ b l r:lt w l,.q Table 5 c. Results of the REITH program for the two groups Island male (top) and Island female (bottom)~ The critical table value for the K-S Dl'-1.1\X Test for the Island male and Island fem2.le at the 0~05 level are 0.375Lf3 and 0.39122 respectively. PC!.Jr.O CAH; ~~~ CA'f~l,.i't~ Cl61":i QAlA FOQ lSL.hO h hVt OESC~l~TIVE ~f~TISllC$ f0~ ~ri~~~CiE~S CHA~, $~ MP~<. .)fN.thJ Ci.kFf f'ilN• H,.X,.., .-.:.c.~F h,:.i~: r:.: ..... ;. NU11tlt.f.l :i!l.£ MEA~ ~--~t.. s. o~v .. r:K~'-J~ \/MI'i.t H::ot,.;>~ vAt .. ur: \1$.,,!;.::. .. 1 ;..~ (~~ ·~(..·~~..c. .• i j L)M••.\ ;IE!G~:T j_Z, 4t,O;;.~ a,u~ i:t! .. l$5~ o~~l.;,.b 1tSd7-;; ... Oc:l ,i, lit Jl s.•ho.i ou. ;:.~1. • ~., ··~.! 1t .1 c.~ ,,. J.r-.7 'l.l.i· 101 l\C C 1Z $2 ,<;.il.b :;a o)~,.t~> s. 5~.1. !,C.:~ a~c.db 15,!.';hj ?c • .::~; '10o::>Zw ,~..,o.$ ..:, 'rlZ !·J.bl. dt. +'t'il .:.!l HI~ 1~ 2: .!.J~b d r... ':>; ,&! .. 91~ .; .,o'al l2 .. o'.Ji;. lJ.11: 1"1,,3.;, ...i ~ i ~ l "!llt. .lt:":o c 1:: '· s: './. -..~ ... 'i:. ~' ~"' r_ i '". 0'-.i., HE.4C,_ tWO LZ GQ, 3.. 8 5 & • t bb r. >?'2 :? • .:!:1':' 1:!" r ~" ?a ... '-G s..:~wro l~ .. totO ~ ... ,~ t ~) J"\ '):.:.~ ... 7j t:•• i-< ... • .:too 'Ak L. 12 ~. S~1 u.Lrr i.lo~~-t.?.:' w..1.21 ~.l.o:i -..,o.$) .s. 7~0 :)et:'"iu ••• ·1 ~;. .. ~>~ • .L•~ 't .Jh l.t,,..,.., -·:J..? ,, u .i)q,s !,o\.!3.) ~. ,j l,l,(l('l,. .,~,"Y:ti. ~~ l••J fT 12.l.$J u• .t .. , t..oo2 ll.v .... ll. ~~>J J. 'il":io !l·'l~-6 ! ..:. • "JOG ..: .::~.;. Q BA~"I.. l. •Z 6.U,I .;J; .... :;.1'-J >4tlr"J( t.1Jo .) • 117 ~ ':.J. ·~ 0.\i o • .,..,\} -J.~J> ~. 0 1!. 1.1 .. ..-.. 0 ~ 'f !J w J. J.lj CJ•'•UTtili:) 1< ~.·HC 0 ...s .. ·~ u ~ s">~ ..l1-lo.!. De t,!t,:) o • .:.;..':l' i. :J;);; .J.o.~.! - ~ • ..! ;,-!. .., ... .::':1 ... 1t:o'J 7. "' J ~ .~... 'l' SI D~H fO~. lS(.MlC f ~UHo.~C.;l ~; u lJlt.L- oru~ = 2~ U£SC~l.PT1Jt.. .:-.t~l.!..~t.i.CS f"OK C~hoP.iooCH.. r CriAR., Str.tt~•Lt. .;; r AtiJ ~,oGt:.Ff l"'l.N, (-~~~. ~· u,tf , ·~ lt-, ... i .. 1( .. ~ flllJHi.1·S..t. ~Il:f. ,;.• ik \fA~. .'i. Of;l/, C:~ROtt 11.::.K~ Ph.. tJ!,j.,ti '.'A .. liC: JAJ..U.;. t;l. \,~ ( '::!;> p ~ P.L. L •• t ~ ;!'I •• ,( WEJb~i 11 .!.10~ ••• 2J w• o?l J,l_,o c..a~:d.:! J.~.~all ~.~ .. , ~.~~J ~,~. 71.. \ .~J-, 2.1 Ji. .; .... t. ..: . ~ ... '~ roJ..;c '· l1 Gl.~l£, 53,17• ;, ~~'· .:.i--J; 8 ,..1oll t)l. ;}i.IJ 7:.~~J ~o,jz ... .h .... .j,,! H IL~,;~ ''\. • rl .. j .., • l j & •• u.)·h d:>b ... ~,., ~., 1~.:-o~ ,;..~i'~ .; t ~ TA;L c. 11 z 3.176 He '=. ~ ~;,.: :S.l. .. Z.2.t;.b:J 1 •}• ~i. J "'~ M ·~··\I .. :.. '" ? hE~0·u~~ u 51$-...:·WS. dS :d~'& ";:ll lb& ~.?9 .. 1 s., oce >1.1>u ~~-~~c o,i,~lu .;..!.o .... ~.j~j ~2·~'' •. "l'•'--·)'; ...i ... E~~ ~ u ~.:.t.1 t;.lt~-:2 i.J.;· ""..! 38 Table 5 d. Results of the REITH program for the two groups Pound male (top) and Pound female (bottom). The c.ritical table value for the K,-S DMA.X Test for the Pound male and Pound ft!~uale at the 0.05 level are 0.48347 and 0.43001 re.:;pectively. PCUN~ ~ATS VS CAT~Ll~A ~Alo DATA FOI\ PCU~O II Nu.~aE.~ • TOTAL. C TU:i = !o O~SC~lPr!v~ ~1~l!SiiCS ~UM '~~RhCTE~S CHAk., SAPIF't.t. ~1A~J I..,IJt.FF' MiN• rh,x. :..; ~ • .';ti' ' .... .i. 11 ... ! ~ ~<-~ t-U!otdf.K Sl.ZE MF.A~ ~AR, S. 0{~"• t,..(roJt< IJ.A!"tt ~«J11.N 1/Aio.U€: 'ii.:.LU~ •• o.! (~~ .-::.~~r.it~) ~iM"' A WE!~I1T ~t.5d3 u .!J.S\i ~.na •. u. l~h:!~D z..7b~ J.:h.\0 ,,,!11) •u,111 •1·1,.! -l.~Lo;t o:. • .:~u J.U;l. Tl'TA~ 1. a~t.Ta .. 1.15'u:! 1 • ..\51 U, S.l..S 1 .c.~ ... z d ... ., 11) ol.11G et•~:h3bW •.,..~~YC:: •1_,~.,; OJ~ .... , ;:')~. 'jo,.J oJoJ.~O TAlL 1.. lJ,Sl9 ~.. 1~b ,,L.Sb u. rr ... ~.u,~ ZJ,Uu 21,1;1obU iU. JC ~ J.,,ll:) .lo J l J C l, O"t" c.:..~ ... t .l.;!l't HEAUHlOU &~. 1l4 &t.Jblf t. C4"J l.le7~U 3 ..... J iHhb'tu SjG :j~ IJ C"!'tl'.iu. '"• ,?I. -..~.1c.7 ~o.7~.:. r;". !)~Q :; • .:1, EP.K 1.. 5ou<7 0 all l w.~.t 1>t ~.15/ 1"1 • .! .. 5 s..u?U ... .saa :;i,:;~,., ..... llC: ..~, .. J; ... u-. .. :. .. ;.~,~ ~ • Ul 11 .. ..,~., HlND Fl Q .. 7ob w. d7S ;J • .s.s J. 7.$5~ .\.i,';LJ .:. .... obl l~.;t~JJ •w,.;.lJ, .. !. • ~ .. .; J, 1. i. :;lj \J... i' .. J ""• i.o.! "AS~L. L 6. ,l,jJ Oa1Jb w.Jb~ •. ,3, ..... ,& d.JJw l.T?U o, 7SiW •:. • !;;.!,. • ~ • '.1 1i I, ·1Y..: o.ol .. u. ~ ~ ; u. J!:l'1 ~J.J.Jo j, ::f•tJ :ltl\o ... d. •b J 'i, ~I J • ~, c.ti" J ,1'\f•J 11. lol .,t .. ):.l .: 'l .. :. ~t 0~ TA FOR FOU•lO F NJMd:t.l~ • hlTAL OTUi = lb o•>~~lPTlvc >I•TI•Ti~; FO~ C"•~oClt<> CHA~. S~MPLE ~T.il.l'tLJ IJUr.ff HlNo MAX, ~.oiJ;,; o .. J.M .. T ... ,.;-~ hUMifR ~IZE 11~AN 1/t\o(• :;a, OEV. t;.I"!.K,Ji{ V~R. 11t.Lll,.,N IIA1..UE J..,LUI£ to1 ~z t -:t::t ~ _r.l,.t.IJl) U.h.A WE.l'->t4T 9 J.•HZ 0. J'11 O. CZ? {) • .?~ ·i z... ,s7 .5tlbli l!.ul.t C :.., u o l •II .1 JJ J.lo::C:: ~.S!.! .5 ... .,3 \oollt(. l(..i7 t.l.\. 1.. 9 7"1. '110 Jt.~,lt':ld b,.O,.l. t. ..a ... 7.:,:Jlt e~.(y;: 7l.UCQ 'H,lo,J Jo~l. .. "'. ~ ... l I~ • j ;::, r, .. • r; ~ t ,: • ~c ... TAlL l & ZJ.~>9 10.&3~ J. 2.01 1" ;. s 1..l.c!.1 z.s.·H:i 10. '0.11 f!d.~!JJ ..... J~, .:..tl ~ ~i.~3~ ~~.ooc ll.llti HEl.ilt600 9 sa. l/2 JJ .... J, ;, 78(. ldU q,;Ub ,~.'fb.J toJo '),l ~ •IJ e/ -;/ -.:..1/'J '::1.5. ,~.; t:0:·~~7 "'. 1 t1~ j,l.H. ,j,lj6';. j,/<;7 EAf< 1. ~ O,UJ1 i.i. !'~ b :;t.l..,J ""·... 15"'~ ~ j • ol.o~ .. • It');; ~. 7' j ~.: 1"1 ':.r. J~ 1 .. ~ II': ... ;. Hli,O Fl ~ u.z •• 0 ·'", w. 111 J .2H !),i'13 l~·>+LtJ t.:.J"i) l..! •.LlJ •:.•7'1'' :.: .lC:: :t ,I. ~ o i .. 'l ,j, o o ;}.) I) .... l ... i i::i.ti::.t.KI.. L 9 1.'>14 L. • ..s 1 .. w.~:~L-:! 1 ...... l .oz-.~ b. b 2 •J J .. J. J. :>J .!,.l,:,'J a.'~ .. 0.' .... -~~. '-'~' '· .. ~.. ' .:. ') J;IJ~•'JY I);.S e. 2.~9 u .~.h\ I);. /.!. 0 ". i.-.J ~. ,1::.tl ~.l,~ /,,1.,1,1 j, ;:)?J .; • C':) I u. ?.l1 7 ...... , 0 < ll.. ~ \, o! :. ~ $1\'..;L (, !,. &. d;4 ~3!> ~~ w >.0 Table 6a. t'-Test.s between characters for the two groups, Pound cats and Catalina cats (sexes combined). Significance levels for differences between means are found in the last column (see Table 4). -.-- 41 :::.. IV' ..., n "' T t ,.._ s o ·.J ,..._ ·J> 1" -~ .t; v """- ,.._ ~ ..J C ,.,_ r" -• H - 1' :.0 .J'"\ V 0 ~ J 't ...t :J I"-. r.... ~ .iJ _J'I .,.. ;:t _, .:·~ .f'l ._:-, ..v - ~ :::::- .. ., ".f'.. t :;) ..r-. ~• .-~, ""') .1 "J :. T -J ,.J )" ~'\ ...., t-...... _1-:) -.') ··i .) ' ~ "1:1 ...-4 ..:> l.i' -::: ,;· .!'o .• 'J· r- !' ~~ _ • "" .;, r "-' '.J u__· .._, •.J., ,,< .~ ~~n~~~-~--~-~~~~~~~ J -, ".I) ·-.: ...... ""} "~ Y")...,....., .... , ..., f-t") "")...,...,""'....,..., ..., !...1 ! ,I .:1 7 ~ :T" ..,.., ·I'\ "",J ._,, -T .. _., "'- ., .t\ :'-.1 .,-. N :n ~~~~~~n7•n~~~~~o~~~ ) ~ --:: ""' !\ :_'1 .,.. ..., ~ '!"' ".i "",_ .'\.( 1')., "\) -~c-~~~o~~~~~m~~~,~...... ,,~~~~~~~rin~~N•n~~~ ....., "1\ '~"\ :(\ :') r--.. r J '"""') ...., .-4 t'\J T ~ ·!:> "'- .:1'- _,.. "":! ~ .,., o.., .c.,..-. -n r-- n ... ":l -~ 1"\ ~ ...... , _Tl 3':' -"' r~~~~~n~~~~~~m~~,~~ .!.i .,J J> '" ·J ...... ;;) ...... ~ ·':",J J ::T' r-... ~ .;) ,... ~J _.') ._!\ :t -... ~ -:» -, .J '·J , ...., :J ....., _, ,.._.., ...., -~ ,. n .., -t ~~~~0~~~?~~,~3~~~~~ -:::> .t .'l 1' 'T' ...... , ~ ..,.. r-- """ .lor' --J J ·.J'I ._r~ .n ~n ·J\ :.n "'") -r j ,.. .l _::, ,, !"-- ~ ...-t 0 -1 •--:.· :'0 0 !'-~ "- f-J ... , 11"1. ,_ :> '\J !::· "> ·.of J -..; T ..C' ....., I\ ~ ~ ':-:) "'J c:l :J :1' :J" --1: .) 1't ~..., "'- ...... , .-t 'J'\ 'f\ "'J ;('\ -4 ~ ""':)...,,..., """'·.n ... I -i d -t .., . J ""'> ...-.c ·..; -1 ~-J .,...... d --1 "'\J ..-4 ..; -f ...t "" :\ L"\ .:t -" r"' ;f\ "'J N N '""-J r\j ~~ '..!\ (·.J :n ·>.J "J 1'\j -" ~ ~~~~~rlNNNNN~riNrlNNN~ NN~N~~~ft~~~NN~N~m~m E N~~NN~~~~~ri~N~N~~~~ :> ;~ ~ "") ~T· -~·") .0 '.J".J .0 1" T> r\ j" -f'J"V) ... ,.,_,..._, ~~~~~,~~~u~•~~~nnr, "'f ~~~~~~~~~n~~~on109~ '"'_J N~~u~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ...... 1:' '\) -1' .:---1 r;; "') ':'.J "')·_a ~.J -.} ...J 0 1- •\J '::'- 3" .,. ·t u r-; ...o ~~o~a~~~~~~~~~~~~~' --4 • ") !\J ... >J \.J ~ ...... 3) ?!"> -o C"" _.. ..t tO 1 l"\ !") ,.... ~ ~~m~~~~~~.3~~~o~~~~~ ~'0~~,~~m~o~~~m~~~~ .r, ~ '" 1' .n .n %:> "'- -...1 \J r- -o ·J'\ ~ U'\ '\.1 -..f ~ .,a . . . "' ...... ~~~~~~~m~8~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ri ri ~~~~~~n~~~~J~~~~~~~ ~~~m~rl~~~~~m~~~~~~~ VN~~a~~ri~m~~~~~~~m~ D~~~~~N~~~~·~-~~~~~ ,:) 0 ..t ~ ~ {) ~ II'\ l.f\ r;:, "'.J -_::;, '"" =t' .., ,.., ·~ "0 ~ • • • • • .. • • • 0 • • ••• ~~~-~.3~~au~~~~Q~oo~ "\J :'>J -s:.- ~- ,::1 :...--. &.n •..l 1"":1 f'\J ...., t1\ ·~ """' ,..,. "" -:) !J'\ ,.., .n -, "'') u; ::1 ".J N li\ 1(\ ...; ·_0 ...._ If'\ :0 "'") r.J U'\ ""- ..0 ...... '-:t ':"" ::r .... ~ ~ "'- "J X.; ;(\ ,., "J ·.D .:t" -4 "' ~ .... ·.D Q ~J~~s~~~cNc~~~~~~~~ o~~~~~~~~~·n~~~~~N~m o~c-•e.,.a•"'""••• ._..,,. '""'l ••.J ~,., ,,.. ,,-; ~ f ... ? ·r- .1' .0 ''J r-.J ....,. ..-t ·D !'Y'l -~ 11' L~~ ~ ~ .::.; ~·'"I _J i,.., ....) :r. -l :r; .J.J r--• ..-_) J ·"'1' r ·-{ ~... J ,:::, ', .J '!) u .. !:1 -~ ,. .. ·7J z. 2 ~o .- ::1 r_ •- ~~ ~~-~~4H ~~ -' ...:!: ...J ·.".:) ~"".! •-.r ·.. ) .. J :·-I 0 ._f Ur '-l.. 0 C):;) -V ..... t- ..... ::t _}_' .:: ·) ....~ _"') •:t: -~ .'-( Lll .L :!:: ..c. z l': ~ L! :.._") '1. U1 -:'!: '~ ~ 0 :£ ~~~- ::- <:$_ 'J >- > ~ --:{ \JJ ..J 'II ,..,...... c i.t,:.::::::.::...;;J;~ ...... r:.:z~~o.-~:t: •.r:. l~2 Table 6b. t-Test.s between eharacters for the tvTO groups?- Hale cats and Female cats (locations combined). Significance leve.ls for differences between means are found in the last column (see Table 4) • .r.~ l.:> _44 Table 6c. t-Tests between characters for the two groups, -Island ma},;-, and Island female cats. Significance levels for differences between means are found in the last column (see Table l;). ~ .,.. .., _,, ·-> ~ -<• .r ·~ ·~ 1' 0· •'.J ·i ..., ~ J ~· d .... T ·~' .... ··: .... "'.-.. -~ ·' •) ,_ J •H " .t ·-·~ .- 'i-~ -~ ' -~ .. ·:J - -1 _, _,, 0 ·~ '"·' ... '" '" J '" , ·' -~~, ~ ~ J - -" ·' "" " " " "' "' ;,j.. ~ ~ ...-4 - ...-{ """" ... -1 ~-4 ~. _ _, _,. ~. --~ ··f ~-<4 • ~ .,..., ·1 J '.i .\J • >J "I "'-J · •l t J ~1 !" J ~·J ~ ~"-~O~~r-..T~~~r~~ J~ :> .1" -,.. ~ -; ...... _ ~v ...._ ....-, "'T\ -, 1" "" ""> " o ...-( r --t J "'l '"" .__ ) ~ :: ~ ...._ ...... 'I') ...., ~ ., -r- <."1: o .,.., ..,.... " -·v 1'1 _.,... ""'> -::. v:. X; ..,... -, ..,., ;l -::1 .--n ..,, "'!" "> • • • eo • • • • • • • ,. • • • I ,~,~~-~~~~~~N")~N~~~~ '~!> ~ -o ..,.... o -1 ...., "f':· -,J .. J ,. ..,. ,._ _, ... ~ -,: .r, ...., o f" ~ ~~..._~,~~~~~~~~~·~"-~ lll o -i-.e ....-i l'o-.,....., --c _... ._, n .f\ .D "J 'J D...._ ""1 "\J ~.:T\~l'o...Jl..-t·-"Jr,._ :.'1_1,·">-•J 7-iJ"""J.I\ "J .._.. 1> ·v ~ ·::1 J - -J -, ~ ,_, 0 \{'\...,,..,. ""•..:.J '7" ,.,_ 0 -{\ lt"' '"J "':"".' 1'\J ~ ~:-. .,...... ::'() .!) -t ,. _.,. "=" 1' _,. •<,J 0 ,...... , ... _, --~ ::.· "1 -"" :"\..r ~ ...... , ~ ~~,~ ...... ,~~~~~~~-~- ...... -:r. r.... ,..__ ...., .1" -t'\J .,. .r, -• o..., """") .~ ·n ._.,...., ....., J."J o L • • • • • • • o • • • • • • I ~~~~~·~~~~~~~~,~~··• L~ ~ .,....f .... ~ --1 -t ::) , .> -;, _":) ... _. : ., -t .--4 ·_.) _., .... "") ~ ~~~~~~ .... ~~~~~~~~~-~-~~ :.> ..,:z 0 LL 0 ..-4 .::s 0 ;.=t '~ ::...... -4 ...... t ...... -"'I _. ~ -., ..... _...... c .. , 2: ...... 1 .. 4 -1 -t ...... -t .-i __. ~ --4 .....-4 ~ •-f ... ..4 .... ·-i J z 1"'f'...:J\ ...... ~~--4 _;)-~...., :J 1' !'\ '!')>J 1''~ ~., ~ I"") ::}'\ '\J ·"'!" .,...... , "") .,..... ·::.t M yo. '-...... "" ;"' :l "":' "' •-..J ~ C"f ~ "'T' '7':1 "'J -t :-:> ~J D ...0 ~ 0 ..,.., ~ :"' 4 ..,. :-\ ._. :t Z: :> N ...~ t- 1"1 _:-l ~ ""') ::J' T ·-4 0 t... ~ r\J '.J ..1 •i -t - .:=t: ~ .....C -.o 'C ~ ....., -t -~ -~ ..., . .., -. _... . :l "'1 r'>J .J • • • • • • • H"' 0\ ·..f\ .0 l.t'\ ,....,. 1:"\ 1!'1 J .f\ lf\ " ,_ ":'"' , f'-.J "'J --4 .... ".J Z r:l !.tl ~ !..'*\ N 1' :!" ·.""JI!\ .3' C"V -,J ....l :-;:, """r) "1? rJ''>' 0 "":) c;( "" .3' •.0 .:!' "' :..1\ t!'\ ·:;t 1' lr\ ,...._ p.._ }'I "':) --4 -i ~ ., ....-t ZW &N~O~~~m~~~~~~~D~~~ r"1: :E: ...... '"' -1 "1' ·n --;, f'l ~ ,J'l -t ....., .i) "¥') -1 0 T' ~ ...... J • • • • • • • ... ·~ ~-~~~•~r-..amT~NN'Y~n~~~ m~~ ~ ~ 1\-f~~ ..... NO""V).,.D.I'I...n....,~.D.I'I :"~""- 7 n~~~~~~~~~~~N~~u,~o ~~mm~~m~~~~~~m~~~"-~ ~~~0~~~CD~~~~~~9~~" ~m9m~~~M~~~~~a~~~~~ o~~m~~~o~~~1~~~03~~ ,, ll\ 0~~~~~~~?~~~~~~~~~~ t..J l'f1 --n !..!\ D ''i U~ ·:o tO .:J -:t -t "') -o l.f\ ~ Cl r, ·"'"1 •! 1.(\ ""t"> U\ ,.,_ :; ..., ''-./ lJ\ '"\J ·-.2 !!\ ,. ~ <..'l r·.J ~ .-.f I!"\ "'l .,. .. -. .1" ~ -~: "'> .; ...J .J .J ::o ..o "') r- ""> ·r; J..J ..a . ., (j ..0. 71. .::» ""}. If\ ~ """" :.~ JJ . ' .")'! "T\ .L) •. ~ ..n ..1" . . -J. .0. •"J'.. :1" ''-J ...., · :J ~ "-J -o :Y') 7' .2· •C •"\J r...J N -4 ·0 ...., ·~ •"T' m~o ~ ~ o JJ ...J,/lJX: ~:xu- ....·LI" ~ ~~ ~~~~0~~ zz~2 ~ u r _.J -+ •.J .J >- ~ J:: ~ ~ -...1. ·.t .-c rl:!' a: ~ -~ ~~~~ ~«~JHU .~~~J~W ~ .,-" ~~~~~z~z~~~x~E~~z~~ ,, '41 o q; ·u :1: • ..., -""t :>)If :r >- ~ .-:::r > >- ~ ·..s: ..... ~ - I z...... I I; I: -::J _J JJ ·~ 'J ~ 4 - - l: .I: ... .l: <.) .46 Table 6d. t~Tests between characters for the two groups, Pound male cats and Pound female cats~ Signi~icance levels for dif ferences between means are found in the last column (see Table 4). T H.;; TS 8t:l~C.EN CHA~ACTcP.:) PvUrW 11 i'ulJlHJ M PUUI ~_,_ v GHA~-<. ~ Ht:AU• iJJL 6~.7£<.ZS ~c •.)72~£: 0 06~ '-j I h3o'>.Sb 3~ .... .3~0' 3 ; • J,,;l,o7 l • .Jl~.i.. ... ·~ ~<,..I"")!':' .3 t_ ;j t . .:.1'\ :; • ~ ,7! i.t J .1717<; 5.2.3Ul.!J .. I' t .5 i o:... b 4 ..... ~ ·... ':.) w. L. ~ /j ~ 3 l • .3..~iJ l~ '· .. 21 cr..· :s Hl!'.U FT i) 4l..:l'i'l:;7 G.7b57tl 1lo2\122Z J. ~ lJ .. l2 <:1 lt7.ibh "'• ::e ~ l.i iJ l. 7 .) 2.1 1-+ I.. 10:.4 ~ 7 tlAS"L 1... .'l.J3df: Ool3GU~ ;.:.:.1~'++ J,J? ... ~u 8 b ~.i'5lb u .. l17~d ~. ll ~., 1-+ .... ~ t... 71) I i..uNuY:3~s ~ .. Ya57 O.iZH 71 o. ...... ,s:,. 48 Table 6e. t-·Tests bet~ween characters for the two groups, Pound male eats and Island male cats. Significance levels for clif, ferences between means are found in the last column (see Table 4). 49 7~2~-~z~~rrvr~x~x-~~ .... c rr ._. 1:-o -< -< ~ l:- -< _x ~ a :;..· ;. · 1.~ r ~ c r•\ .... fT< ~~27~3~-~bCZuZXP~~~ ;:<; v: P·CD~~~- c~r~~• cr»~ ~ -< ~~ ~~~r~3~ ~r r• rx co (/) c ~azz o~r~~ ~ mr ~ .... V (... ~- -t t--• 1. l. I C I p. ~ r~ X z- :X (.; V' t- ,__,.. C ,.. ~~ a~a "0 '-" ...-. """0' ..,... N rut..~ 0"-' w ·~ "')...... V1 '' ~ • + 0 ...... ~ ., . . ... c ""' _. . .&: v C#J c:. '~' .- u. r:. o... C· y, o ,.. ""'-~ \.1'1 -J \.11 :r; :2' f' .r O; U ~ <.0 r tT' ~ + u· (,.r ..C r.-1 t\l r: r:- 'J' ,.. c: ~G~~~&~P~~~DN~~&~&~ ... ~=P~&~~~~mP~a~~~~NO z ~ rr~&~~~c~~~&~m~~~~~~ ra~c~~~~~cc~~r~&&~c ...... ~ ...... 1'\.. f".,. c .. r: c~ .__. c c... p.. c. ~ .. ~-- .1- ~-t t-~ c.... t-~ cc \JI ~CN~~P~CC~~N~~~O&•~ \1l _,. t- a- "'· r\l r..... O·-.. cr ~ u: cr· u; .- -+ cr- N o N C C. U:• ;..• IT· -.1 \.l1 ...- ..... "~ ..._J t~ ...... ,. ...,1 W c c::- .... aa~o~c~~~~OPN~~o~~o H P P aN~ v ~~a~N~~o.~gm~6~w~~ r ...... C. f't• I'.· • V' C. n- U u. '-'... C U: Jo. 1- \.T VJ ( U:- (!' 3 ;!:. r.~o~~~~OmNC~~~a~~P~ 0C ~~~~~~~-~~~~~~o~wm~ ~ ~crr~m~~P~L~~~~cwa~~ -~ "· (... "' ~ t::"; v.. (...,j -.. c: '-· c. """ c_-. (.... ~ c, ( ... (.h. Ci H L<~C~C~~~CL~0CC~~~C r • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • 1·· + (_.,: C~ 1'\.J L_;, C...: L C. r._, ,;:_, VI C,.. (...... ~ ... ~ ':.). .. o; ~ ,3 ....., ...;· l.\1 .+. • C (j (\. '· V.. V.' r.· C... u~ ""l 0 U !"'•• f') <. C: t,; ..... t~ f;,. \] -.).. c...... _ (.~ ..... \..- "" 0 \5 :;.. 0 v. l- c. o.f,' .. (}' 4 \,1• l'-• ...,_~ IT ...... ~ + .._, 1,.., "-' \J \J C... U- .f4• ::J'. + -... r u cr v· v.. v u-: o L.. v.. u... L f'... -... T\. t-· v-· :z c t- ~-~ ,... ,.... ._ ...... t- ..... ~ !>- ,._ ...... t- ,_ 3. ,_.. ,_ ., .. .- u· C'J .- ~ ,_.. ,.... t- •· t-- c .- r .... to- .- c :z "c ~~ ~ 3 o·ooo~~aorrrroao~~rra~rr ...... -r. ,.. .,._ r-. "- ,...... r. v . ...- .... (.,. r-_ T'\ ~ t- (..... " v· 1 • • • • • • • • • ;r .,_. v. ... v J • a -_1 c.. c;:...... - + .._. ,..... ~ -+ c ~ v. ~ ...... <,.....:..o ...... "cr- r-.'-0'-:1\.c.+v.~ t-· -.1 -.. r-~ .-- r .. ..;. •- r-... c .....,. .f. v. .._ o:. -.~ ....._, \: + ..- a ,._ .. ~ "" c..... \T• o- + -... ..J .:..:: '=' \: . ...r ....., ;;,;... ·.:s:. c. . ..c c c-... 1.. C. C C L 0 C... I C L r. C. L c:· C.. C !;,. L- .,_ ... ;:,. ,. • t- r-... r... t-· c.... ~ r-; <. , .... ~ ..s • ~: t • c.. v: 0" ... . .1. c.. ~-- -.,t ,..._ v- ~ (.,.. c ... (...... 0 ' u C" _..,. ~~~U~N~~~~~a~a~~~~~ \L " u \¥ -... u:. \.! '..L. v -~ )-- r.., -... v .._.. ~- -... ~ ..: rr~~~~G~~-o~w~~.~~~~ _, • _,. <. c (.; "- ... cr 0 .·...... c .... u "- •.. v.. ·J. \ ~: ,, ~ ·• I fv ...... v. .... -~ ·-a L. -~· .. "' ... "C< " v T '< !-~ ... "' '"~ .... r,. ,, >• p "·~· " <1 '· '"" """ ' "- "" ""' "' .. "' "· ""' -" • 1- ...... ~ ... ~ ...... !-- ...... ~ t- I-• ,_ ( ~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~,~~~ ~ C- L (; C.:- I ( f' l. •·· 1 • r · • · -;- r- •:- r; ~- ,, .... ~r -,;.., _.,., ..; 1:- ... , ,~ :x. C' r ..,... r'!· t.· '-'- + , · r ...!: ' t.: ~ · -- c... ~ .- .... , ("" t~ -J '"-.J ~ (". -..1. .,0: "51 r- "'J •..;-; V ,J ;. • T •.:; \; I- t,.o...... r ~: • \;- .... ._..,_ .....: .. -:- ; : ~ ,y , .~ r -~ t r- ... + -.. \J' c:: ...... \J ~~ I" • - 1: ' .. (-. • J 50 Table 6£. t-Tests between characters for the tvro gronps, PoG.nd female cats and Island female cats. ~~igrdfic::1nce levels for dif ferences between means are found in the last colunm (see Table 4). T l£::.T::. ~~lW~~h L~A~'CT~KS FCUi,(; 'F PO:JI~D F l~L..Af'lU f :r.>L ~tlU I' GH.\k~GT:;f<. HUN VAR MEAN v.... liiJ .~, iJ F ULNLM, l.JF ~-1-ct-tTIO :;l;.) T•V.\:..tJ< LF ~i.G L~v W;:. !GHT Joi.iJ.222 G, 3 ~G '3"1 .s. ~I) ~tl'l 0.'+2.53~ 1J d lo J ~.1,. G.46"t~L •]., :;; .... ? I !d :•• ~· ~~ l' ,;; \... ror;:.._ ... 7':l.':0755t.> Jo.-+ ~1 S, tl1.~24?5 53,lb~U 1 ~ d l.-..~L.-1 UoJt.Z .. o •HO·d.~ l lj .. , J3, li~LL L 23.~5tl75 1ilo635t.'+ .:J.1763o j,.j7·J2~ 7 ltJ .t..·l~?:l u, .Scl4l7 ~ o5·d~ 11 ... ~ ':1 !:::'}"' Ht:.AO+bJU 5d ••>7?.2.2 3 3·'•3 LY <>,],'1 TIC 6, ,.t 5:>o o• .!o,oJ b· J'Hi.7 ~. l' j ~ Jt. ~ lu .:.. 01 :1 ~ ~ 1 li • 1 ;;;..1 .l ~~ .; • I~ i::. l" ... :,; 1.. :) • l; MAX TUTH i. ~ .. dd'J a.u35~b 2.o':l7?.7 'J .. ~ 7 ,j 14 10 tl c•• ~ .. :.;~ u·, .t..::i ... J :. j 6 + ·j ··' \. • 11-. j J s r;~~;.L 2 ... J77 cl J,tbt.>o{ ~.JHg~l-:3 •;,0tol~ 5 .1. J ~I .},t) J'-+ iJ. ~ ~: i:;.:.. J.:, ; .jJ .~ H t. t. 'Is!.:. 'IYMF"N L 1.J78d-1 Q,JlL'":'+ 2. !..50:.: ·J u.;,. i :J 7d 1 •) lj : '":~:· ~ ~.1l0..:-+ 2, 'J ·1 I 1 ! ' u, G 1 '4 .... 2 ...) ~ 11<1F;.N l. 'ilu.: !~ 2 l!oJd?b':l 1.t3l.J2 v.J.l2.S?;; ).,j ~ J7 J'i ~.tJbi'~l j. ·hf; ... c. ~· .... ,, M;\NU~ ll~ t." o.~l?'/d ~.J~vU 5. ~61 ·) 2 ..:: • l~.i ~ ·~ 4 8 1v (.. di) l~ 2 u ,u,·Hc I] •.-:' j-+ / 1 ) l. • 7 j:;. •• ., MAI :;JuP !.,,..'1 l-' 52 Figure 5. Phenogram utilizing discriminant scores and using the min- imum variance clustering option. C Catalina, P == Pound M == males:o F = females, and numbers are for individual cats. 5.3 FERAL VS PGUND CATS tDISCRlMINANT SCORE DENDROGRAM FOR MINIMUM VARIANCE CLUSTERING ------~-----l ,- 1 I DISCUSSION Feral Cats Santa Cata1Jna Island has not. been spared from the increasing spread of civilization and the disturbance of its natural animal and plant populations. v-'J·lile the owners of Catalina have tried to maintain a large portion of the Island in its "natural" condition, the conflict between man and the native wildlife is significantly demonstrated by the consequenr.::es of introductions of exotic species, many of which have become fera.l. Who brought the first goats to Catalina is lost in history but their devastating effects are well evident today. The feral goats of the Channel Islands are of interest because they are voracious modifiers and destroyers of the indigenous vegetation, some elements of which are insular endemics (Johnson, 1975). Due to the goat's presence, the en- tire west end of the Island is an eroded wasteland. Other large intro- duced herbivores are the bison, deer, and wild pigs, all of which have had some -impact on the environment and are roaming th·2 Island freely. Besides large herbivores, other exotics include pets -.:vh:ich were also brought to the Island. Because of the re-laxed lifestyle found on Cata- l:i.na these pets were allowed to run.free. Today the dog and cat popu- lations are large and in Avalon restraints on and enforcement of the laws governing pets have been necessitated. Free roaming dogs at CIS were known to attack boars and molest other wildlife, but never remained in the field fa': any length of time. Cats often presented their owners with assorted wildlife. 55 A fe:-:::tJ_ exotlc has a star.:rcs w_i t:h t.he visitor and IsJ and resident whicr. oftsr;. ;uak2:s proper :::na. l..ight of the trj_p. To the ~es idents the goats, deer~ and wild pigs are sources of acditional hunting income. The public is much more willing to accept, and encourage, control policies for the rattlesnakes naturally found on the Island than for these introduced exotics. The role of exotic animals in an environment is understandably dif-· ferent from that of the native fauna. The exotics tend to be miscast., Whf.!ll. introduced from a foreign envi.ronment into a new habitat, a species will elther die out rapidly or survive with possibilities .for exponent:taJ increase. Of direct concern to Santa Catalina Island and this paper is the feral cat, an exotic who is also a survivor. To understand what a feral cat is, a working knowledge of feralit:y is necessary. McKnight (1964) described ferality in a broad s8nse~ a feral animal is one that was once domesticated, or with dom<;,stic an-· cestors, which is now living as a wild creaturee "Also j_t is not unuer the effective ownership of humans, and does not receive protection, care~ or food f.S a deliberate gift from man". This defirdtion is hard to apply to cats because, of all the aaim<:--:.ls domesticated by man, none can match the cat in its schizophrenic ability to shift sutcothly from domesticity to wildness and back again almost before an observer realizes that anything has happened (McKnight, 1964). This remarkable c.hange of roles introduces a major complication in trying to distirLguish between a feral domestic cat and a non-feral one, and obtain a fairly accurate estimate of their numbers. With this ability, the domestic cat has the unique position of being able to en joy two worlds, the captive -and the wild (Walden, 1976). Cats are not all alike in disposition. Ocasionally one will leave its home and its master, perhaps to return after several days or mouths, perhaps never to return. Many leave good homes in the spring and take to the woods and fields, returning only with the approach of winter (Nils.son, 19L;O). Outside the house, the same animal which is the family pet, vell-fed and lovable, has the capability of reverting to its natural instinct by becoming a creature of the shadows that can hunt and kill prey in an instant. Hibschman (1936) reported hotv the Pennsylvania courts recognized this fickle behavior: "Cats attach tHemselves to places rather than persons and are rather harbored than owned. They are not st~bj ect to dirction .like dogs, nor can they be put under the same restraint as other domestic animals. To some extent they may be regarded as still undomesticated and thear predatory habits as but a remnant of their wild nature. The depredation which they commit in their wanderings are to be ascribed to this and may be compared to the damages done by other animals of a partially wild nature". The farm conditions, such as at Middle Ranch, and the remoteness of Catalina Island School are such that pets are given free run and, thus, uncheeked breeding occurs and simi-wild populations become established. In fact, the ranchers encourage cats into this wild condition to become uratters" to contain the rodent populations around the barns. At CIS, chaparral covered hills are only a few meters from the dormitories in some instances, and no effort was made to confine the cats. During the 57 summer months Hhen the students were not present to feed the cats, the felines had to resort to thei-r natural instincts to secure fcc·d. A question as to whether these animals should be considered h'ral now exists. The word feral as used in this study applies to all field-roaming houne cats even though some of the roadside captures may not have been permanently living in the wild. All efforts were taken t:o assure that those captured were indeed feral by trapping away from any residences. Put another way, feral cats are those field or bush-roaming cats that secure al1 or part of their own food. Before a cat can be considered feral it must have first been domest icated. Eaton (1978), explained how the cat domesticated i.tself with affection hnving little to do with it. Early man ereated an f~nvirsn me.nt •.vhich cats found attractive. As man became less mobile his ga·rbage ·would ac.cumulate 01 thus attracting small rodents such as mice and rats. With the rodents came the predatory cats. The final step on the road to domes·tication came when cats began begging for food. An allian~e thus fo!:"med between cat and man, :i.n exchange for keeping down the :rodents the cats \vere a.ffored some portection. This was a very suecess:Eul process for cats as their large number w:lll attest. The ferali.~ation of cats is a simple process; cats are abandoned by people and people are abandoned by cats. In the first instance "soft hearted" indiv.::.duals release their surplus or unwanted cats along country roads in the hope that they will find happy homes at some nearby farm house or in the sheltering forest. Cats, on the other hand, may wander away from a dom>".stic situation in search of food, or companionship, and 58 take up an existence in an alley or woodlot (McKnight, 196!!). The supply of cats on Catalina is replenished by many people who will not kill surerfluous kittens, but leave t.hem in the chaparral or by the \vaysidc, in the hope, often a vain one, that someone will pick them up. Island residents are not the only ones adding to the population, for !!'.any boaters from "overtown" (islanders name for mainland) deposit un wanted cats at the many coves around the island. Many such waifs either go back to nature or get their living from garbage cans, rubbish heaps, or by killing whatever living things they can catch. On the Island there are few locations where people live year round: the tcY.-n of Avalon,, where most residents live; the isthmus, where the Catalina Camp and Cove Company is located with its employees; Middle Ranch, an agricultural a:rea Hith several residents; CIS; i:he various c.amps which have caretakers year round; Catalina's Airport in the Sky; and the horse raneho All these areas have reported seeing if not encourA.ging feral cats in the vicinity. These places also act as centers from which cats may "drift" into a \vild existence. Also, those living in the •.vild are reportedly breeding, thus adding to their numbers (evidence for this is discussed later). Thus~ natural breeding, coupled with the t1traying of domestic cats and the common practive of abandoning unwanted cats in rural areas, has led to the establishment of a widespread population of feral cats on Catalina. Because many landholders believe that feral cats contribute to the contTol of mice, rats and other pests, they have generally done little to impede their spread. Coman and Brunner (1972) described how this was carried to extremes in Australia with the deliberate release 59 :)£ cats in Victoria and New South Wales for the purpose of destroying :::-abbJts (the results of this introduction \vill be explained in late:r. pages). The introduced cat has found that in its ne-.;.,r home it lacks both predators and diseases, two of the most important factors helping to prohibit any single species from overrunning its habitat. In addition~ the cat may act as a reservoir for: various germs, parasites, habits and activities that are detrimental to native animals and vegetation. The ordinary domestic cat is the latest threat to Australia's wild- life. \fuen a household cat goes wild its goes very \vild indeed. By a process of natural selection the strongest cats survive and mate, thus producing a kind of "supercatn, a news release from Australia reported (Fox, 1976). Wild cats weighing more than twenty poun~ls, compared ':-li.th about seven pounds for domestic cats, have been shot recently by pa.rks and vllldli.fe rangers in Australia (Fox, 1976). The following statement was taken in part from a special pamphlet produced by the National Parks and Wildlife Service for N.S.W., Australj.a~ and is also applicable to Santa Catalina Island. "The domestic cat gone wild (the .feral cat) -is a great des ... ·troyer of z,n:ZdZ'i.fe. It can climb trees~ stalk n..'l.tive animaZs:t steal. their young and take eggs .fJ.'om nests both in trees and on ·the ground.. Feral cats can muZtiply rapidly. Unlike most of Australian nat·ive a:nimaZ.s, the feral cat produces several- Utters a year with up to eight kittens in each. In the wild in their countr-ies of OJ."igin .• ve-r~tJ .fe1JJ of the young woul-d survive but because the cat is a recently introduced animal in Austral-ia the natural ohecks on ·its popuZation are not present. One of the main checks on the popul-ation o.f cats is the availahil·ity of food. In Australia there is an abundant supply of prey_, most of which is easil-y caught by cats. Not only are cats ahZ.e i;o live on b1~rds~ small animal-s_, reptiles~ and insects~ 60 but~ also, because they are so adaptable~ they survive on scraps left in picnic areas and garbage trips. From these areas of plenty they maraud into the surrounding natural bush. Their efficiency as hunters not only means they destroy a great many native bir•ds and animals but they also compete with the native car•nivores which normaUy j'ulf'il-l this function. A cat released 1:n the bush loses the qualit;ies of a domestic pet. It becomes very cunning and ferocious and its muscular system becomes very weU developed. Feral cats are not declared vermin so there is no require ment that they be destroyed. Killing the animals wiU 1'aise a stor.m of objections from many people as it is another of the emotiona·charged situations with which we are faced. In the meantime the indigenous fauna suffers again fr'om the effect of an introduced speC?:es. " Because the feral cat, as the name signifies, is very wild and secre- rive, live traps were used to locate animals for this study. When trap- ping~ it became imperative to find a way of distinguishing between the feral and non-feral cat. An attempt was made to find some distinguish- i.ng characteristics between the two types of cats as they were observed iD the field or c.anght in traps. Nilsson's (1940) suggestions were used as a basis for discrimination. He found that there \vas a slight difference. in density of fur of cats suspected of being feral and those that were non-feral. Observations on Catalina showed that the hai.r on the vent.ral Bi.de of the. body had a thicker density in those cats sus·- pee ted of being non·-feral. This condition, unfortunately, could have been caused by either genetic or environmental factors. There was a seasonal chance in the density of tbe fur; however, the ventral surface of the cat always a.ppeared to be thicker on suspected ferals. A marked difference in the expression on the features of the cats was ovserved by N:Usson, Leadtng him to the belief that perhaps here was some char.acteristie wh.ieh might be used as a basis of distinguishing between feral and non···£era1 cats. As he stated 11 a farm cat which has a home 6.1 and :i.s reasonably cared for does not show the- wild look of a cat that must be on its guard at all times11 (Nilsson, 19lf0). I was unable to observe this but I did notice a difference in the behavior of cats caught in the traps. Those which were suspected of being non-feral invariably seemed "relieved" to see R person, as the trap vms approached, while the feral cat always showed fight. A tame cat would purr and brush egainst the sides of the cage whereas the feral always hissed and arched its back, swiping numerous times with its claws exp.Jsed, usually from a corner. I also observed another characteristic reported by Nilsson (1940); when released, feral cats immediately headed for cover, whereas those thought to be non-feral would frequently stop and look back. On occasion a non-feral cat would not leave the area but :rather follow me to other trap sites. A summary of these observatioel.s are presen:t2d in Table 7. It is agreed by most observers (as reported in HcKnight, 1964) that cats) particulary toms, that have lived for several years or generations in the wild may grow to be larger and heavier~ Hany reports (Eberhard, 1954; McKnight) 1964; Fox, 1976; Smith, 1976; Jones~ 1977) were received of eats that weighed more than 12 pounds (5.4kg)~ and a few that were twice that amount. The average weight of 63 of Eberhards' (1954) Pennsylvanian mature males was 8.3 pounds (3.8kg) and the average weight of 34 mature females was 6 pounds (2.7kg). On Catalina the average weight of males and females ;.ms 4.6kg and 3.2kg respectively. The physical appearance of the feral cats is worth notingo All feral cats that were captured appeared very healthy. Their fur was always full and cared for, that is, no hair vias missing because of infections J3E!if.~}0R / OBSERV~ON FERAL N0}4-FE?-AL Fur Density Ventral Fur Thicker Ventral Fur tess Dense Behavior in Trap Wild, Aggresi.ve and De.fensive Relieved to See Me, Tame Beha7ior Upon Release Ran to Heaviest Cover, Did Stopped and Looked Back, Not Look Back or Did Not Leave Area Table 7. Characteristics for separating feral from. non-fe:cel cats .. · 0'1 t..:. 63 or dis-::ase and they kept themselves well groomed. Examination of the ed}:s shmved remarkably little notching from fighting, as is characteristic of alley cats,. and ea~r wax and dirt were at a minimum. The pads of the fe.et appeared in very good condition, although subcutaneous examination disclosed many cactus (Opun·tia sp.) thorns imbedded in the foot and lov1er leg. The teeth showed considerable wear. It was not unusual for canines to be broken, leaving flattened teeth of only half the original size. Incisors, both upper and lower, were often missing com- pletely ~ while the molars ;.;rere well \vorn. Although the island fox is prone to A blinding eye infectiont none of the felines examined show.:.xl signs of being infli:c:ted. All cats examined had fleas and many had ticks also. Dr~ Charles Hogue, an entomologist at the Los Angeles Com1ty Museum '.Jf Natural History, confirmed identification of the. insect as the common cat flea (Ctenocephalides fetis). Internal examination disclosed that many of the cats suffered from parasitism. Of all the cats examined 68% had tapeworms, roundworms or both in their digestive tracts. Animals caught around Avalon, Toyon, and 1\.m Hax·bors had the highest rates of occurrence. All three of these areas had trash dumps in close proximity to several of the trap s:Ltes • l. ( WJ.Lu.n a k.l1 ome·ter ) • Many of the cats which McMurry and Sperry (19Lfl) examined were also heavily parasitized -.;v-ith roundworms and tapeworms. They theorized that perhaps grass may he ingested to aid in the clearing of the intestinal tracts of parasites. Hmvever, grass is seemingly a part of the normal diet of cats and is mentioned in most food habit sur- veys on the an:L'Ilals. The ecology of the feral eat is a matter for speculation and probably varies \vide] y with loc.ation and c::ircmnstance,. There are ast.onishingly large numbers of stray cats that spend all their lives in cities and towns (Ncfu.J.ight, 196l~) o These urban felines often have human mmers, h.'.t are wanderers of the neighborhood. Others are unowned and actually lead a feral existence in the very heart of civilization, as the trad itional nalley cat" whose normal habitat range encompasses gaLiges, sheds, vacant Jots, sewage ditches, and garbage cans. Avalon reportedly has several such alley dwellers. Other cats wander into the fields and t.ry to survive there. The distribution of feral and stray cats apparently is universal in the United States, and is widespread in Southern Canada (Hc.F'.night~ 1964). Coufi.nned reports of their -.;..;rintering successfully in the wild have been reported from the rigorous climates of Idaho, Hyoming, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Alberta, Quebec, and Nova Scotia (McKnight, 1964). They apparently are not found in deserts except in the immediate vicinit.y of human habitation or in irrigated areas. Desert summers seem to be more effective as deterrents than subarctic winters. Sumner and Bond (1939) found on San Miguel Island (another of the California Channel Islands) that cats had survived and b·red for more than thirty year.s. This was an island upon which free water is prac tically non-existent for nearly six months of each year. Undoubtedly the body fluids of mice, birds, and insects, supplemented, perhaps, by gull et;gs in Hay and June, must have supplied much of the necessary water intake. It is also possible that the cats have been able to draw 65 upon an import.ant supplementary water source by licking the crystalline dewy vesicles on the leaves of the abundant ice plant (Mesembryo..n.themum ct.ystaZlinum), which is also an exotic. On the other hand> in spite of their \vell demonstrated ability to survive in their unusual environ ment; these cats obviously are subject to some undetermined environ ruent~al pressure which in the maintenance of a population well below· that imposed by the limitations of their food supply. It is suggested t.hat the rigors of the long rainless summers may represent an important factor by permitting only the hardiest animals to survive and possibly by .ctffeeti:r;.g most severely the nursing females and their dependent young. It is generally agreed that feral and stray cats are only rarely found far from human habitation, eveR though they may have little or no direct contact with man (HcKnight, 1964). HcKriight's (1964) quest:ionarie interview surveys turned up only a few direct reports of cats observed more than a fe\·7 miles from a home. On Catalina the cats were found at~'ay from populated areas, but only in highly visited or anchoring places, such as Little Harbor. In the interior of the Island cat densities dropped considerably. Obtaining an accurate count of the number of cats in a pa'~ticulm-: area was difficult. Heaviest populations existed around CIS, Avalon, and ~vo Harbors (an estimate would be perhaps six cats per square mile). There seemed to be a constant influx from the associated human habita tions. The least densly populated area was that in the interior where cats would have to migrate the farthest or else be deposited. In the Sacramento Valley, Hubbs (1951) found densities up to 32 animals per square mile (cne per twenty acres), but most actual densities probably 66 av<::..rage much lower. Pearson (1964) found six cats per acre in his study near Bf:.'rkeley, California. On Hacquaric Island, Jones (1977) estimated that there "'rere between four to seven adult eats per -square ki.lometer (approximately 10 to 18 per square mile.) en the plateaus, and between two and four per square kilometer (approximately 5 to 10 per square mile) on the slopes and coastal terrace. W"ith several cats occupying the same area a \vay of spacing themselves and establishing territories is needed. Eaton (1978) described the territory and spacing of feral cats. Terrj_tories, as used by Eaton, may overlap but the cats avoid each other by sight and olfaction. T~!rrit.ories are in common use on a time basis, highest ranking members having the Hbest}' time. One combined olfactory and visual signal in volves scratching on tree trunks. House cats tend to rub the cheeks and b.ody against these scratching trees. Presumably cats are initially attracted to these areas of olfactory exchange through visual perception of the scratch marks themselves. While hiking on Catalina I encoum::ered several manzanita trees (Arctostaphyl-os tomentosa) which had scratch marks on the-:r1~ The marks started several inches above the ground and proceeded about two feet up the trunk. Although the sample was small it may indicate a preference, since these marks were noted only on manzanita trees. Most of t.he sampling for habitat preference was conducted on the dirt road from Catalina Island School to the Old Coach Road. The traps located in the grassland area near the School seemed to be favored by the cats. This may be explained by the fact that this area is closest to the sc.hool which is a steady source of food as well as a population 67 of cats from which individuals "drift". .Food is made available to pet cat~ at the school usually by placing some food in a r2adily accessable area, thus allowing both pet and feral cats to feed. Also CIS dumps its refuse into a large pit, which is a favored feeding spot for many wild pigs, as \\7el1 as many felines. Further up the road, as it starts into the 1aountc.in., the chaparral is thinly spaced with large open areas unvegetated e The cats did not appear to favor this type of open ve·ge tation, for fe\~ cats were trapped in this area. Still farther up the road the chaparral community became thicker and cats were present again. This area was covered by a typical chaparral community and was geo graphieally rugged with exposed rocks. Near the top of the road is an oak Hoodland community from which cats are noticeably absent, although this J..s ~Jhere ground "Squirrels, quail and foxes were most abundant. From this and similar observations from other trap sites, it appears that feral. cats prefer an area of dense chaparral and rugged physical geography. 1~e absence of cats in areas of fox habitation was noted in other locations besides CIS. At little Harbor on the north side of the road leading to the. Isthmus, traps set in a stream bed caught foxes but never catse In Bull Rush Canyon, cats were captured on the canyon floor, while in several feeder canyons large numbers of fox scats were observed but no c.a.ts \vere captured .. The two captures near Avalon took place within close proximity of the town garbage dump. Vegetation or terrain seems to have had little influ ence on these cats as they appear to be scavengers. The one capture at E<.~.n Weston Beach occurred three and a half kilometers dmvn the road to- 68 "¥;"a_r is a po}JU11'1:c picnic area for islanders; several stories of cat abandon- ment here were rl.:'ported to me. Little Harbor has a variety of habitats and cats were f01.md in all except the salt marsh, as previously described. The Hidd1e Ranch cat was found in a grassland area not far from a stream. At Two Harbors, two cats were captured at the USC Center for Harine Science, and three at Little Fisherman Campground in the chaparral . covered hills behind these areas. Trapping around the Buffalo Pens 'N:as unprodactivc, no cats were observed in the trampled area around the pens or in the riparian community neighboring it. These observations again seem to indicate that the cats prefer a chaparral covered area, although an overriding consideration seems to be the 1oca.tion of a man-made food source. The largest cat populations were foun0. around dumps or garbage containers at campgrounds, regardless of water supplies. Food Habits of Feral House Cats F.asily the most significant factor associated with t.he presence of feral cats concerns what they eat. Felis domestiea is widely recognized as a predator of various farm animals, game and song birds, while at the same time it is known to take many rodent pests (Hubbs, 1951). Feral house cats are also kno-vm to frequent fields and roadsides and prey on various forms of wildlife (McMurry and Sperry, 1941). The food obtained by these field-roaming cats is of special interest because it is commonly believed that birds are the dominant item in the diet. Cats have a very undesirable reputation among sportsmen and bird watchers .for their alleged destruction of bird life. The arboreal nature of cats 69 has increased the variety of prey available to them, at least ~·.rhere the.y inhabit vJOoded areas. There are reports of cats feeding on both ground and tree nesting birds, small arboreal mammals including bats, squirrels and ground dwelling animals. In their discussion of felid hunting and feeding behavior, Kleinman and Eisenberg (1973) found that cats can kill prey equal to their body size. Cats usually grab their prey in the head or neck region and kill by breaking the rear of the braincase or separating the vertebrae \vith a neck bite from the dorsal side. During this study, only one hunting sequence was observed; above the USC Center for :Marine Science, a cat was observed in the initial stages of hunting. The cat approached a clump of vegetation in a slow delib erate manner, its body close to the ground, neck outstretched and tail held out behind it. This stealthy approach was follo\ved by a pounce and strike at the bush, but the prey escaped. · According to Jones (1977), an adult cat will eat approximately five to eight percent of its body weight in prey per day, a female feeding kittens, up to twenty-nine percent and a subadult cat, nine and one half percent. On Catalina the cats are very opportunistic eaters. They seem to rely indirectly on man for some of their food, which is in the form of garbage and the animals that the garbage attracts. Cats were found to have eaten l.::1rge amounts of trash, and this seems to be the staple food for many cats. Items such as cooked chicken bone, corn, napkins and alu1ninum foil 'tJere not uncommon. As mentioned earlier, the heaviest concentration of cats was found near refuse areas, an easy place to 70 find food. The cats preference for the lar:ger rodents such as rats could also be found around the refuse clumps. This doe·s not account for all of the rodents eaten, though, since squirrels and deer mice are not associated with the garbage. The large number of digestive tracts with insects reflects the ease with which these animals can be caught and their widespread occurrence • .Also because of the number of Jerusalem Crickets caught, it can be ·used as a indication that the cats are active at night foraging. They are not solely nocturnal in their habits as the number of day-active li;;;ards jndkate.. Also found in many tracts were fleas and ticks which, rather than being food items, were probably ingested as part of the fastidious clemdng practice. Ants also were present in high numbers, but were probably accidently ingested with their food. Host of the vegetative material encountered consisted of blades of grass. Twigs and small rocks were also found. · It has been suggested that, when trapped, the cats in frustration will bite and ingest any twigs, rocks~ or grass available through the cage. Since vegetation was found in numerous other studies, including those in \vhich cats were nhot) this does not seem to be a valid explanation. The ideas of eat ing grass as a means of parasite control or just as fibrous material seems muc.h more plausible. Four of the cats from Toyon had eaten birds as had one from Bull Rush Canyon. Birds do not seem to be that important to the diet of the cats but the high r..t but they were :mmer.ous on other parts of the island also. The Channel Islands of California have long harbored feral house cats. In their 1939 investigation of Santa Barbara, Anacapa, and San Miguel Islands, Sumner and Bond described cat inhabitation on these islands. An.aaa.pa: }louse cats are relatively rare or even absent over most of the Island. Scats collected were found to contain remains of a small sea bird (possibly a petrel), a rat, an alligator lizard and a Jerusalem Cricket. Sa:r:.ta Bm'ba.ra: There exotic cats must be decidedly abundant. As :i.P.dicated previously, the large colonies of auklets and murre lets formerly present on the island have been exterminated by feral cats which vlere i:atroduced prior to 1908. The song sparrows (MeZospiza meZodia) and white--crowned sparrmvs (Zonotrichia Zeucophrys) are still abundant in spite of these cats, however. Probably the native deer mouse fonas the principal food fo these animals at the present time. Scats of cats and former temporarily resident dogs were collected, and found to contain remains of at least ten mice (Pe1•omyscus sp.), two song sparrows, two night lizards (KZauberina riversiana), and fragments of a large bird egg. San MigueZ: Cats do not occur on San Miguel Island although the fox (,Urocyon Z1:ttcraZis) does. Fox scats contained the remains of many bumblebees (Eombus sp.), many Jerusalem crickets, a few caterpillars, a beetle (E'Zeoder-5 sp.), at least two Peromyscus, a sparrow (MeZospiza sp.) a few fish bones and traces of grass. Dunkle (1.950), in his discussion of Anacapa Island, described the introduction of exotic species on this small.neighbor of Catalina. "Cats and rahb:i.t.s have be0.n introduced, the cats have been able to keep the rabbit in check so that they have made no serious inroads upon vegetation" (Dunkle, 1950)~ Hunt and Hunt (1974) in their study of the avifauna of Santa Barbara Island placed the responsibility for the ex tinction of the Cassin's Auklet (Ptychora>nphus aZeut-tcus) on the intro duction of cats. A recent effort has been made by the National Park Service to reduce the cat population on the islands of the Ch~nnel Island National Honument in order to prote<::t nesting birds. Siillilar studies cited below have shmm that feral cats -.;,rill eat a wide variety of food and that their diet at any time of the year con sists largely of those species which are most abundant and easily caught. From various food studies (Errington, 1936; Nilsson, 1940; McMurry and Sperry) 1941; Bradt, 1949; Hubbs, 1951; Parmalee, 1953; Eberhard, 1954; Toner, 19.56; Nader and Martin, 1962; Pearson, 1964,1979; Coman and Brunner, 1971; Jones, 1977) mam.'Ilals, particularly rodents, and lago;r:orph.s:; birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, insects, carrion, human garbage, and plant material are all eaten. Other observers are just as convinced that the cat is no major predator, and need not be given much consid·~ eration in wildlife managemento There is doubtless some truth in all of these assertions and the situation probably varies considerably from place tG plaee and cat to cat. Errington (1936) studied the stomach contents of 50 cats in Wiscon sin and found that rats, mice and rabbits were the staple food. Prey forms taken, according to the data presented by Errington, were of small to medium size and of rathe.r uniformly slow-moving types, with 73 occasional individuals of more active species proving vulnerable to f21ine stealth and patience~ Nilsson> in his 1940 study of cat stomachs in Oregon, found the food of the indiciduals collected consisted almost entirely of small mammals, birds, carrion, and garbage. Results point to the factor of the avail- P..bility of food as being the key to the cat' s diet.. In this case it was found that the cat, if dependent on its hunting for food, will'take rodeuts, birds, car-rion and other food that it may happen upon. Md1ur.ry and Sperry (1941) examined 107 cat stomachs in Oklahoma and found inseets, chiefly grasshoppers and crickets, were eaten by house cats through most of the year. Hubbs' classic 1951 study of 184 cat stomachs, in California, show·ed a great emphasis on rodent pests, but w:ith sign:ificE.nt number of game and songbirds, as well as rabbits, eaten at certain seasons. Eberhard (1954) examined 154 cat stomachs in Pennsylvania and discovered that rodents, table foods, garbage, and possibly rabbits were the primary food. He thEm did a comparison I between field·-hunting cats and those of pet status, and found distinct differences .. The bulk of the wild eat's food consisted of Yild forms of animals, in contrast to very few ·wild forms taken by non-fielJ cats. 'fhe study by Coman and Brunner (1972) indicated tha·t the feral cat is an opportunistic. predator and scavenger and that the level of predation on any one fauna species \vill be partly dependent on its relative avail ... abi.lity. The comrnon belief that feral cats are serious predators of birds is apparently •.;rithout basis. Although birds were common in all sampling areas on Catalina they were a relatively minor item in the diet (except at Toy•)n). Presumably other factors such as difficulty of captu:re are responsible for the low intake of birds. In all cases, birds, cold- blooded ve!~t;;:brates and invertebrates w·ere of secondary imrortance. Generally speaking, all surveys showed that feral cats preyed on the ~nost accesible food available. The value of feral cats as a means of vermin control is difficult -::o measm:e. Observations by Bradt (1949) and Toner(l956) on the pre cia.t:i.on by individual house cats have shown that these animals are cap albe of d:i..spof>5.ng of large numbers of rodents. However, thi.s does not necessax·i.ly imply 11hat heavy predation by cats will have any significant effect on the rodent population. The periodic occurrence of mouse plagues shows that cats and other predators do little to limit sporadic outbreaks of these injurious populations (Pearson, 1964). Pearson (1964), in his discussion of predator-prey cycles, pointed out that these cycles are maintained due to the fact that w·hen prey becomes scarce the predator's numbers are reduced. Theoretically the hasi•:: factors that control the numbers of a prey species at any one time include the availability of food, shelter, and other essentials. Hith these controls an equilibrium will be reached so that there are only as many cats durlng the poor season as can be maintained by the available prey. This me,ans that from the prey's point of view cat predation does not intensify in the poor seasons and there is no real danger that the prey's numbers will fall low enough to risk extinction. This bal ~nce will persist until the next good season (Pearson, 1964). Man aud his domesticated carnivores violate this system. Cats forage near and far from horne, obeying instincts to kill, without in 7.5 fact depending for an existence on the animals they kill. They return home for a meal. They are not dependent on the immediate environment in which they move, and consequently they are not controlled by its limitations. If a prey species population size is lmv during a poor season, it may not be able to sustain the artificially high predation pressure brought about by too many cats. Forbush's thoughts, as reported in Nilsson (1940), agree that the house cat has disturbed the biological balance and has become a destructive force among native birds and mammals. This is not to say, however, that the cat is an unmixed blessing to the farmer. There are enough documented instances of poultry raids by stray cats to indicate an occasionally serious situationo In addit i0n, there is the potential problem of rabies:o of w·hich the eat can be a carr.ier (McKnight, 1964). One further problem that may bother wild li.fe "purists" involves the competition provided by the cat, an exotic.; to native predatory species, such as coyote (Canis latrans), bobcat (Lynx x•ufus), ·ringtail (Bassariscus astutus), and raccoon ( Pr-ocyon ~otor), in the matter of gathering food. On Catalina direct concern for the fox and hav1ks exists. However, examination of Catalina fox scats and S•.mmer and Bonds (1939) study sho"l that food preference bet ~.;een cats and foxes Rre not that great. The fox tends to be more of a vegetarian. }fost re38ar:che.ra have found in their stud::..es that male cats are !llcJre r:.um~:~rous than female ca·ts in the .wild (Nilsson::- 1940; McMurry and Spe~~:cy~ 1.9!>1; Eberhard, 1954; Jones, 1977), althou.gh Hubbs (19.51) in 76 his California study, showed an almost evenly balanced sex ratio. On Catalina Island, of the 23 cats collected 12 \vc.re males (52.2%) and 1.1 were females (47.8%) (Table 8). Even though my ntunbers coincide with those studies showing a 1:1 ratio cautjon must be exercised be cause of my small sample siu~. It is not known if this reflects a bias due to the small sample, behavioral difference between sexes, or a real ratio resulting from differential mortalityo Nilsson (191-i-0) postulated that perhaps females do not wander as much as males. Leopold (as cited in Hubbs, 1951) stated that there is a general scarcity of wJld females, a fact whieh would preclude much breeding in the wild. According to Eaton (1978) at birth the sex ratio is 1:1. Thus, with male territories including those of several females, there are extra males called floaters. A floater: must wait fc:r a chance to take o11er a territory or he will float for his entire life. If a ne\v male takes over a territory he will kill or eat the babies of females in his new territory; this will bring the females into heat again and he vTill have a ch:mce to leave offspring. If a territorial male finds a weaker floater while patroling his territory, he will attempt to kill this potential threat. However, if the floater senses that the terri torial male is weak, he ;.;rill challenge hl_m for his territory. Sub adult males >-.:'ill either be chased by the territorial male or else leave the territory on their own. This prevents a serious confrontation bet w·een offspring and parent. The male offspring will not mate with its mother nor will she allow him to do so. Such action would place the offspring .in di.rect competition with the territorial male and ultimately damage the female's success in leaving offspring. RESEARCHER DATE OF STUDY RATIO Eberhard 1954 1.5:1 Hubbs 1951 1.0:1 - Jones 1977 2.5:1 McMurry & Sperry 1941 lo7:1 Nilsson 1940 3.4:1 Present Study 1979 1.1:1 Table 8. Ratio of males to fe.male house cats found in the wild. ...... 78 As mentioned earlier, brc.;~ding in t.he \olild does take place, but it does not seem to be a universal occurrence. In the North Central States~ ·Leopold (as cited in Hubbs, 1951) found little evidenc.e of house cats breeding in t.h.e wild and felt that field populations must be regularly replenished by "drift" from places of human habitatione Leopold stated that "breeding in the wild is so rare that it can almost be considered exceptional". Nilsson (1940), in his study of house cats in the Will amet-te:. Valley of Oregon, found no indications of kittens being produced i.n the w1.ld and he agreed with Leopold's conclusion~ However, Hubbs' (1951) vlork in the Sacramento Valley, California, turned up numerous records of house cats breeding in the fielde Several cats v;ere found breeding in dens. It is probable that most of the animals taken jn the Sacramento Valley were barnyard strays, but in the mild climate there seems to be more tendency toward wild breeding t.han in areas of high latitude. Hillinger (1979) tells of the Los Angeles Breakwater cets living in the L6 mile pile of rocks leading from shore to the first opening at the harbor entrance. "The Brealavater cats are born on the rocks, live all their lives and die on the rocks". Presently there are 22 adult feral cats and new litters are produced continuously. }1(;Knight 1 s (1964) questionaire/ interview survey reported several iso lated examples of kittens being raised far from any human habitation in trees, logs, and earth dens. He also gave examples of multiple cat kills on relatively small acreage, which demonstrated a continual influx from nearby populated areas. "There seems to be no good reason to dispute the drift theory of stray cat repleni.shment11 (McKnight, 1964). It seems clear, then, that reproduction does occur in the wild, although 79 perhaps on a limited scale. Hith its constant mild temperature Santa Catalina seems to be capable of allowing breeding. Several reports of this happening came from Catalina Island School as well as a single report from the USC Center for Marine Science at the i..sthmus. However, the principal sources of cat replenishment are probably a continual drift of domestic cats from Avalon, CIS, and Two Harbors, and abandonment. !.imitations on the cat population are also subject to spe-.nlation. House cats in the Sacramento Valley have few uatura.l enemies except man and dogs. Coyotes and bobcats, once common in the area, are knmvn to kill cats (Hubbs, 1951)o However, both of these wild predators are :r-.ow scarce due to intensive agricultural development. Int.ernal para- sites found in the intestines of the cats did not suggest that para- siLisrn is an important controlling factor on populations. The Catalina cats infected with worms showed no outward signs of being parasitized; all looked healthy. On the Island the cats are also without enemies. It must therefore be assumed that the tough environmental factors are the limiting factors for the feral cats. Exter11al Measurements An overview of all the measurements (Table 5) shows that all char- acters have 2. K-·S DMAX value which is below the critical value. It may then be assuued that all characters given are normally distributed. A closer examination of Table Sa sho\vs that both Pound and Catalina cats exhibit a large coefficient of variation (greater than 10.0) for several of the gross measurements: weight and tail length in the Pound cats, as compared to weight, tail length, head and body length, ear length and 80 hind foot length in the Catalina cats. The number of measurements demonstrating a high coefficient of variation are more numerous among female cats than male cats (location combined); weight, tail length, head and body length, ear length and hind foot length as compared to weight, tail length and head and body length (Table Sb). A similar pattern can be seen (Table Sc) for. the island cats when grouped by sex. The Pound cats when grouped by sex do not show this pattern, Pound males and Pound females show small variation for the majority of their measurements (Table Sd). An explanation for this variation could be because the body measurements were taken using a metal tape rule and thf.:.rfore lack the accuracy possible with the other measure ments >vhich were made using dial calipers. Also the Catalina measure-· ments Here made in the field while those on the Pound cats took place in a laboratory at CSUN. Another factor to keep in mind is that body size is probably a much more variable measurement as compared with tho3e of the skull. This factor seems significant when the smaller coefficients of variation for the cranial measurements are noted. Sexual dimorphism is evident, both Pound and Island males being larger than the respective females from either location (Table 5). However, ·when Island cats are compared with l'ound eats, with sexes cowbi:!:ed, Pound cats are found to be slightly larger (Table 5a). Pov.nd males, ~,;rhen compared with Island males show similar cranial mea:::I\.rements, but b0dy size, femur and humerus measurements are larger (Tab]<>. .5c&d). Perh2ps environmental factm::s underlie this fact, but n~ evidence was c.ollected along this lineb The I tive nnitR:.- also performed t-Tests on the means of different measure ments het.ween different combinations of the eight cat groups (Table 6). HeasurementB significantly different at the 0.05 level can be useful in discriminating bet\veen the different groups and are shown in Table 4. Whenever mal-es are compared to females numerous measurements were sig n:i.ficantly different~ These include; weight, basal length, zygomatic arch width, mandible length and humerus length. Most of these measure ments are size oriented thus sexual dimorphism is again apparent. How ever, when separating Pound cats from Island cats, size factors do not seem important. Both Pound cats versus Island cats and Pound females versus Island females can be separated by tympanic bulla length and widtho Pound males and Island males are something of an exception: they can be separated by tympanic bulla width, but they also include size measurements (ear length, maxillary tooth row, and femur length) showing there is a size differenee between the two groups. The discrimant function analysis clearly delineated the four groups (Pound male and female and Catalina male and female). Maxillary tooth row, tympanic bulla length, greatest w-idth of zygomatic arch and the mandihular length to be characters most useful in discrimination. Again, tympaniC'. buTla length was used to discriminate location and the size characters listed probably resulted in the sex separation. From the facts presented, several generalizations seem possible. Sexual dimor.rhism exists in the cats studieJ, independent of whether they -were feral or non-feral (Table 5). Another size difference can be noted in that Pound cats are significantly larger than Catalina cats (Table 5). This could be because of bias related to sample size, or 82 enviromuental factors. It is interesting that tympanic bulla measure- rucn1:B seem to he a strong discriminating fa.ctor, since this part of the cran.ium contains the senses responsible for hearing and balance, both important in hunting food. Since this structure was somewhat larger in the Catalina animals (Tables 5+4), perhaps the difference is related to more c.ct:i:ve hunting in the feral Island cats. Conclusions The outlook for feral cats seems secure because the supply is con- stantly being replenished. The life of a stray cat is not. an easy one. It is shot by hunters, run over by automobiles, chased by dogs, eaten by owls and hawks, subjected to severe weather tha·t it is not really adapted to, and is subject to malnutrition and disease. But it is a stealthy and natural hunter with an adjustable appetii.:e, and it can nearly ahvays t.urn to man for food and shelter. On Catalina Island there are few natural predators of the cat, man and large dogs being the species most dangerous to the felines. The population of cats has steadily increased as not all habitats have yet been exploited. With the increase in the number of cats in Avalon has come an active program for neutering both male and female felids. This neutering prcgram may cut dm,,n the number of catn drifting from Avalon but will not affect CIS, Two Harbors or any of the other drift centers. Wild breeding may also make up for this loss of potential feral cats. As the population increases cats will be forced to make their territories mor~ in the i:nterior of the island. These interior cats will not have the ready supply of garbage and thus \-Jill prey more heavily on Catalinas 83 I cannot recommend an acti1.7e program to eliminate the cat population immediately~ as this could cause an unfavorable increase in the rodent population. I do believe that an active program (Island wide) on the neutering of cats should be initiated. An education program would be desirable to inform the ·residents of this program and demonstrate the need to eliminate the influx of cats from population centers. With a cut in the number of cats leaving these centers attention could be focused on thc:se feral cats in' the interior. Cats have becom•.. part of the ecology of the Island and any sudden extermination has the potential to disrupt the balance now existing. However, a limited exclusion process by means of hunting and trapping the felids vJOuld allow the islands' other predators to replace the cats. This would prevent a large, sudden increase in the rodent population vihich would not be benefical to the Island. It must be realized that without the complete e.xclusion of cats on the Island (as pets or ratters) the probability of allev:Lating this problem is slim. Cat owners tend to be an emotional group and such action to eliminate cats seems highly unlikely. SUMMARY An ecological study of feral house cats was conducted on Santa Catalina Island. Located twenty-two miles off the Palos Verdes Pen insula~ Catalina is the largest of the Southern Channel Islands and harbors the largest human residental population. House cats have the unique ability to switch from a domestic state to a wild, self-sufficient state and then reverse again. This process introduces a distinct problem in defining "feral" and produces a major complication in separating truly feral animals from domestic ones. In this study, separation was facilitated by careful observation of the eat's behavior, physical characteristics and capture site. Eight separate trap sites on the Island were chosen. Analysis of trapping data revealed that the feral cats preferred dense chaparral with rocky outcroppings and appeared to be more abundant near refuse dumps and T.v-ater supplies. All cats observed or captured on the Island were in good physical condition. Upon examination of the digestive tracts, however, it >vas found that 68% of the cats had internal para Sl.t:ee. Analysis of stomach and intestinal content revealed certain food pre.ferenc:2.s: 95% of the digestive tracts contained insects, 81% had vc~getation, and 6!~% had garba.ge; rodent remains were found in t~l%, bir.·d remai~1s i.n 22%, and reptilian forms in 23%. J.~tho1..1.gh no actual breed.ing or kittens were observed during this study, it i~,; believed the.t reproduction does take place in the field • .l\moq~ the ;:J cats c.aptured on Catalina 12 were males. f~~lin0.s c::>J.lected on Santa Catit.1ina were compared to a sample obtained 84 85 from the West Valley Animal Shelter. Computer analysis of the nineteen measurements taken on the cats enabled the separation of the cats as to sex and location of capture. The four most discriminating measure ments are: length of the maxillary tooth row, tympanic bulla length, greatest width of zygomatic arch and the mandibular length. Without: controls or other human intervention the future of feral cats on Catalina is favorable; the population will probably remain stable but may increase in size. New individuals are recruited from the pop ulation centers and litters possibly are successfully raised in the field; all this adds to the feral population. It is reconMended that stronger controls be placed on pet cats and a slow elimination of field-roaming cats be initiated. These controls would include, fining owners lvho abandon cats, an active neutering program, and an attempt to limit the number of cats ov.rned on the island. These measures would lessen the impact this introduced predator is having on the native fauna and eliminate the danger of feral cats reducing the number of indigenous predators. APPENDIX A. Individual measurements for all cats. Heights are in kilograms, linear measurements are in centimeters. Locations are: TOY = Toyon Bay (CIS) LH Little Harbor TH Two Harbors (isthmus) BR = Bull Rush Canyon· HR Middle Ranch AVA = Avalon P == Pound (West Valley Animal Shelter~ Chatsworth, CA) _86 87 . . CAT IDENTIFICATION. ND:VNER. . VARIABLES . .. : : : . . :. . ~ 000 ~ 001 002 005 006 007 008 . 010 Locat:ion : L H :TOY TOY TOY TOY TOY TOY : TOY 8ex : F : M 11 F F : M . ~Ieight :2.04 :3.18 5.50: 5.30: 4. 76: 2.95: 3.86: 5.22: . . . . . :71.4~ 77.23:96.52:86.36:84.46:74.30:85.09:80.01: ...... !l'ail Length :26.06:21.44:22.86:20.32:26.04:25.40:27.94:27.30: ...... Head & Body :44.94:55.79:78.74:66.04:58.42:48.90:57.15:52.70: . . . . . Ear Length : 3.84: 4.00: 4.20: 5.09: 4.80: 5.09: 3.81: 5.02: ...... Hind Poot : 13.48: 11.68: 13.10: 11.10:13.95:11.64:11.50:12.13: . . : . . . . 6. 77: 7.59: 8.53: 8.32: 8.69: 7.73: 7.49: 8.07: Basal Length ...... Con.dy lobasaZ L. 7.72: 8.57: 9.53: 9.09: 9.85: 8.74: 8.47: 8.82: : : : : : : : . Greates·t BkuU L. 8.0~ 9.03:10.15:10.11:10.43: 9.08: 8.93: 9.64: ...... Braincase 4.1~ 4.4~ 4.26: 4.46: 4.48: 4.34: 4.17: 4.41: . . . . : . : : Zygomati.c W. 5.91: 6. 74: 7. 33: 7.58: 7.42: 6.51: 6.41: 6.53: ...... 2.63: 2.82: 3.07: 3.08: 3.11: 2.85: 2.68: 3.00: Max. Tooth Rol;) ...... 2.24; 2.45: 2. 97: 2.84; 2.83; 2.31; 2.ss; 2.43; Nasal...... 1. 77: 1.92: 2.23; 2.04; 2.16: 1.90; 2.05: 2.03; Bulla Length ...... BuUa flidi;h 1.3~ 1.49: 1. 64: 1.41: 1. 56: 1. 55: 1. 64: 1. 51: . . . . • • • iJ .Mandible L. 5.19: 6.40: 6. 76: 6. 76:. 7.1o:. 6.26: . 5.9s: . 6.zo: ...... Man. Tooth R01.v 2.82: 3. 07: 3.65: 3.34: 3.l,6: 3.o5:. 3.o3: 3.23: . : ...... 9.3~ 9.9~. 11.6~ . 11.47:11.41:10.10:10.16:10.71: . . . . . : ...... Hwnerus 8.1~ 9.1~ 10.7~ 10.5~ 10.38;10.10; 9.26; 9.87; 88 CAT IDENTIFICATION NUMi'lER VJlRII1B DE'8 .. . : : . : : : .. 011 .: 012 .: 020 : 021 : 023 . 025 026 027 TOY : TOY : T H : T H : B R : B R T H T H Sex M: F: H: F: F: H F fre-ight 4.6: 4.54: 4.59: 2.95: 3.43: 4.76: 2.72: 3.63: 'l'oi;aZ. Body : 82.55:. 96.52: 82.55:88.90:83.40:81.28:78.74:76.20:. . Ta-il Len9th : 26.67:16.51:24.13:24.13:21.47:22.86:21.59:24.13: . . Head & Body : 55.8& 80.01: 58.42: 64.77:61.45:58.42:57.15:52.07: . Ba1• Len:;th : 5.02: 5.56: 3.75: 3-.50: 4.90: 4.!~8: 4-.92:4.58: . .(). . . Hind Poot : 11.51 6.3~ 12.0& 10.68:11.13:12.00:11.78:11.06: . . Basal . Lsngth 8.0Q 8.29: 8.98: 7.44: 7.72: 8.07: 7.39: 6.94: ...... CondylcbasaZ L. 8. 64: 8. 99: 8. 76: 8.42: 8. 66: 9.11: 8.39: 7.90: . . : : . . . G1•eater.d SkuU L. 9.4lt 9. 67: 9.44: 8. 95: 9.19: 9.72: 8.82: 8.36; .• .• . ... • .1!1 .• .• Br'aincase 4.3]: tt.3&. 4.15: 4.15: 4.23: 4.01: 4.00: 4.08: . . . . . ,. . . Zygomatic fl. 6.97: 7.15: 7.00: 6.34: 6.38: 7.06: 6.24: 5.96: : : : . . . . . Max. Tooth Rou' 2.9~ 2.9~ 2.8&. 2. 79: 2.91: 3.03: 2.74: 2.71: : : : : : : : . Nasal 2.54 2. 60. 2. 6~ 2.23: 2.50; 2.83: 2.32: 2. 20: ...... Bul-la Length 2.17: 2.3&. 2.os. 2. 07: 2.10: 2.08: 2.02: 1.99: : : . . . : : : 1.5& 1.85. 1.56; 1.60: 1.59: 1.51: 1.69: 1.41: Bulla flid6l ...... Mandible L. 6.44 6.53; 6.60; 5.94: 5.89: 6.lf0: 5.82: 5.47: ...... Man. J'()Of;h Row 3.1Q 3.2& 3.26; 3.04: 3.11: 3.19; 2.93: 2.91: . . . • • • • a Femu.r 10.4~ 11.4~ 10.7~ 9.60:. 10.60:. 10.94:10.32:.9.63: . . . . : : . : . 9. 8 q 10. 4 ~ 9 • 9 & 8 • 9 6: 9 • 64: 9 • 8 0: 9 • 3 6: 8 • 6 9: 89 CAT IDENTIFICATION NUMNER. vi1RIABLE8 .. : : .. .. : : : .. 028 030 : 031 040 : 048 : 049 : 050 : TH:LH:LH B \.J : M R : AVA : AVA : Sex F : F : M F : M : F : M : fleight 3.28: 3.29: 3.63: 2.72: 5.66: 3.08: 4.31: Total Body :87.10:76.20:77.47: 77.47:87.53:82.02:82.86: Tai~ Length :22.62:24.13 :19.68: 22.68: 17.63: 22.41: 23.49: Bead & Bodu :61.82:52.07:57.78: 54.6]; 69.90:59.58:60.01: : . E.'cw Length .: 4.52: 4.86: 4.83: ·4.12: 4.65: 4.68: 4.62: H-ind Foot .:10.78:12.27:12.88:10.85:12.11:10.60:11.98: Basal. Length 7.49: 7.48:7.46: 7.28: 8.68: 7.48: 8.05: CondylobasaZ L. 8.57: 8.48: 8.47: 8.38: 9. 70: 8.46: 8. 79: Greatest SkuU L. 9.11:8.73:9.02: 8.92:10.41: 7.48: 9.48~ : . Braincase .: 4.12: 4.10: lf.39: 4.10: 4.58: 4.17: 4.26: Zygomatic W. : 6.44: 6.30: 6.82: 6.29: 7.50: 6.40: 6.91: . . Max. Tooth Row : 2.81: 1.92:. 2.78: 2.67: 3.27: 2.68: 2.9lf: Nasal :2.26:2.45:2.42:. . . . 2.46: 2.96:2.36:2.60: . : 2.19: 2.12: 1.96: 1.91: 2.15: 2.0ll: 2.07: BuUa Length . . . Bu l Za f/id th : 1.59: 1.92: 1.64: 1.53: 1.55: 1.64: 1.53: ...... Mandible L. : 5.98: 5.98: 6.05: 6. 01+: 7.37: 5.97: 6.33: : : : : : : : Man. Tooth Ro1;.1 .: 3.07: . 3.12:. 3.09: . 2.87:. 3.64: . 3.02: . 3.20: . ., • • a • • • • Femur :10.33:10.22: 9.98: 9. 77:10.49:10.15:10.71: ."' ...... llwneru:::; : 9.04:10.22: 9.07: 9.13: 10.95: 9.24: 9.82: 90 CAT IDENTIFICATIO:l NL':,JN8R : : : : .. : . : : POO POl P03 P04 P06: P07: P08 P10: La cat-ion p p p p p p p p Sex F M F F F F F : . . . . : 3~44: 3.50: 3.23: 2.17: 5.0~ 2.8~ 2. 04; 3.Hi . . . . . :80.29:82.77:81.94:74.28.85.74:79.60:75.56:. . . . . 71.00. :21.54: 24.92:22.98;23.13:23.27;24.82;27.30; XXX : . . . . . lied 8 BocZy : 59.85:58.96-51.15:62.61:54.78:48.26: 63.56 58.7~ . . . . "" . : . . : . . 5.55: 5.31. 4.95. 4.88 .. 5.20. 5.10. 5.36 5.01: . . . . . :11.53:11.19-11.39-10.38:12.73:11.10:10.40:...... 11.50 . 7. 79: 7. 76: 8.57 . 7.31...... 7. 24: ConcZb lobc:sal L. 8. 46:. 8.51:. . 9.57 . . 7.19:. 8.03. (;reatest: SkttZl L. 8.98: 9. 29: 9. 24: 7.94;10.15; 8.71: 7. 85:. 8.66. . . . BI'J..tnco.:ee 4.0~ 4.01: 3.89: 4. 85; 3. 91:. 4.0Q . . . . ~ . Zygomai;ic T-l. 6.4~ 6.07: 6.4o:. 5.65: . 6.7( 6.o6: 5.83: 6.3~ ...... 3.02: 2. 97: 3 .oO: 2.53: 3.22: 2.8o: 2.65: 2.7~ Na:;;. Tooth RO'» ...... 2.4~ 2. 6J~ 2.40:. 2.16:. 2. n:. 2.24: 2.07:. 2.6~ . . . . liitl la Length 1. 7~ 1. 88: 2.15: 1.88:. 1. 70: . 1.8p ...... Bu ZZ.a I-.'idth . 1.4~ 1.5L. 1.46:. 1.48: 1.25: 1.41: 1.3~ ...... MandibliJ L. ... 6.1:(. 5.2i 5. 90: 5. 9~ . . . l CAT IDENTIFICATION NUMllER VkTf..IlLBLES ...... : : . . : : P11_ : P1.2 : P13 : P14 : P15 : P20 : P21 : P22 Location p p p : p : p p p p : Sex M M H F F : . Weight 3.67: 4.7&. 5.3]; 5.22: 4.08: 4.58: 3.21: 5.50: Total Body :84.46:. 83.1ft 85.73 86.36: 91.76: 84.71: 81.69: 96.52: Tail Length :21.56: 22.54: 21.5& 27 .3Ck 28.58: 23.53: 18.26: 22.86: Bead & Body :58 .. 00: 60.64: 64.1~ 59.06: 63.18: 60.72: 63.43: 78.74: Ear Length : 5.30: 5.30 4.30 4.79: 5.61: 5.07: 5.29: 4.70: Hind F'oot :11. 30 : 12. 61: 10. 6(: 12. 90: 12.33: 11. 90: 11.44: 13 .10: Basal Le-rtgth 7.94: 8.30 8.67: 8.75: 8.58: 8.33: 7.62: 8.53: CondyZobasal L. 8.98: 8.94 9.37: 9.27: 9.56: 9.10:8.29: 9.53: Greates-t; BkuU L. . 9.54: 9.7& 10.0l10.29: 10.27: 9.85: 8.98:10.15: Bra-inoase : 4.27: 4.2tl 4.0& .4.32: 3.29: 4.22: 4.10: 4Q26: Zygomatic J-1. 7.05: 7.27: 7.22; 7.44: 7.02: 6.96: 6.28: 7.33: . . . lv:Ja:r;. 1'ooth RCJ/;) 3.15:. 3.1~. 3.1<'J: 3.18: 3.08: . 3.14: . 2.91:. 3.07: . 2.40: 2.4Q 2.5& 2.81: 2.74: 2.62: 2.66: 2.97: Nasal ...... BuZZa Length . 2.13:. 2.01: 2.17: 1.93: . 2.04:. 2.04:. 1.97:. 2.23: . BuUa Hidth : 1.44: 1.2?c 1.3~ 1.34: 1.34: 1.39: 1.58: 1.64: Mandible L. : 6. 74: 6.54: 6.5]; 7 .os: 6.85! 6.66: 6.14: 6. 76: Man. !f'ooth Rou..l : 3.39: 3.5i': 3.52! 3.59: 3.47: 3.45: 3.13: 3.65: :11.53: 10.91: 11.24 12.24: 11.14: 11.42: 10.93:11.66: Humerus :10.66: 10.22! 10.11: 11.09: 10.00: 10.38: 9.85:10.74: LITERATURE CITED LUlonymous. 1975. Vegetation ~lip of Santa Catalina Island, California. Santa Catalina Island Company, Avalon, California. Bradt, G.W. 19!}9. Farm Cat as Predator. Mich. Conservation 18(4):23-25 Catcott, E.J. (ed.). 1964. Feline Medicine and Surgery. Amer. Vetenary Pub. 328p. Coman~ B. and H. Brunner~ 1971. Food Habits Analysis Using a Fiber Cross-Sectioning Technique. J. Wildlife Mgmt. 35(3): 576-579 1972. Food Habits of the Feral House Cat in Victoria. J. WiZ.dZife Mgmt. 36(3): 848-853 DeB.lase, Anthony and R.E. Martin. 1974. A Manual of Mammalogy. Wm Brown Co. New York. 329p D:takmv, c. 1971. 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