DOCSLIB.ORG

Comparison of the Genetic and Morphometric Variation of Octopus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comparison of the Genetic and Morphometric Variation of Octopus View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by South East Academic Libraries System (SEALS) Genetic and morphometric variation of Octopus vulgaris in the Benguela Current Region A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS OF SCIENCE of RHODES UNIVERSITY By Chénelle Lesley de Beer February 2014 Abstract The Benguela Current is a cold eastern boundary current located on the south-western coast of the African continent. The establishment of its present day features approximately two million years ago has triggered allopatric events which have driven genetic and/or phenotypic differentiation in many of the warm-temperate organisms that previously had continuous distributions along the south and west coast of southern Africa. However, since many of these species have responded differently, despite similar isolation times, research in this region provides a unique opportunity to increase our understanding of evolutionary processes. The common octopus (Octopus vulgaris, Cuvier 1797) is a coastal, sedentary species, inhabiting coral reefs or rocky environments at depths of up to a 100m. It is considered to be one of the most extensively studied cephalopod species due to its worldwide distribution. However, very little research has been conducted on O. vulgaris in southern Africa. In order to gain a holistic understanding of the effects of the Benguela Current on population connectivity, genetic and phenotypic diversity, and evolutionary history of O. vulgaris, a comparative genetic and morphological study was conducted across the Benguela region. A total of 168 specimens of O. vulgaris were collected from four different regions across the Benguela system. A small tissue sample was preserved in ethanol for molecular analysis, and the specimen was frozen whole for morphometric analysis in the laboratory. Octopus vulgaris genetic population structure and evolutionary history was investigated using a 580bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene for 76 individuals located within the Benguela region, yielding 10 different haplotypes. AMOVA and pairwise FST analyses revealed significant genetic differentiation suggesting a northern-southern Benguela divergence. Estimates of time since most recent common ancestor, based on biogeographical calibrators and coalescent analyses, indicated that isolation between the Angolan and South African population occurred between ~231 Ka and 1 Ma. Mismatch distribution analyses revealed a past population expansion within the South African O. vulgaris roughly 129.31 Ka, whilst Bayesian skyline plots were indicative of gradual demographic growth within the Angolan population in the last ~100 Ka. Observed O. vulgaris population structure and demographic history was likely the result of historical climate-induced change within the system. Reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships within the Octopus genus, using cytb and COI suggest that O. vulgaris is not a monophyletic group and a major systematic revision is required. Furthermore, unidentified individuals from South Africa were found to group with ii species from Indo-West Pacific Oceans and were therefore considered to have been translocated through ballast water from Asia. While the molecular analysis indicated a significant northern-southern Benguela structure results from the principle component analysis (PCA) and discriminate function analysis (DFA) were unable to distinguish between O. vulgaris from different sampling localities throughout the Benguela Current region based on soft-parts, hard-parts and meristic characters. The lack of phenotypic variation, despite significant genetic divergence, highlights the importance of multi-method approaches in gaining a holistic understanding of the taxonomy and biogeography of species. iii Acknowledgements I would like to start by expressing my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Warren Potts. Your unwavering enthusiasm and dedication over the past few years has really inspired diligence and passion within me. Thank you not only for the opportunity to travel and experience one of the most unique environments to which I have had the privilege to visit but for continually providing me with the opportunity to learn and progress. To Romina Henriques, my co-supervisor, your guidance, patience, support and friendship was indispensable and essential to the completion of this thesis. Furthermore, thank you for opening my eyes to the world of genetics and igniting my enthusiasm within this field. I would like to gratefully acknowledge the support of the NRF-KFD-South African Biosystematics Initiative without which this project would not have been possible Furthermore, I would like to extend my greatest gratitude to Genevieve Maharaj, from the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Jan Strugnell from La Trobe University, Peter Teske and everyone else who provided and assisted with sample collection. I would also like to express my profound gratitude to the owners and staff of Flamingo Lodge, your warm hospitality will not be forgotten A special thank you to Roy Bealey for all your assistance and support throughout our postgraduate years; they definitely would have been rather dull without you. To all of my colleagues and friends, thank you for all your support, input and motivation throughout the past two years. Completion of this thesis would not have been possible without all the unconditional love and encouragement from my dad, mom and brother. Thank you for all that you have and for always providing clarity and reassurance during moments of frustration and confusion. Finally, to Carin Eaton, words cannot even begin to describe how grateful I am for all your love and support over the years. Thank you for putting up with all the craziness and tears and for always keeping me focused on what really matters. I couldn’t have done this without you! iv Contents CHAPTER 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 1 General Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 Study species .......................................................................................................................... 4 Commercial importance of octopus .................................................................................... 7 Project Aim ............................................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 10 General Methods and Materials........................................................................................................ 10 Sample collection, fixation and preservation ....................................................................... 10 Description of the study site ................................................................................................... 3 Major oceanographic features of the Benguela Current upwelling system ....................... 3 Changing State of the Benguela ....................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Population structure, evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationship of Octopus vulgaris across the Benguela Current system ................................................................................................ 15 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 15 Method and Materials .......................................................................................................... 21 Sample collection and DNA extraction ............................................................................ 21 Cytochrome b ................................................................................................................ 22 Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I...................................................................................... 22 1st Intron of the nuclear S7 ribosomal protein .............................................................. 23 Elongation factor-1 alpha .............................................................................................. 23 Statistical analysis ............................................................................................................ 23 Population structure and phylogeographic patterns ...................................................... 24 Evolutionary History ..................................................................................................... 25 Phylogenetic Analyses .................................................................................................. 28 Results .................................................................................................................................. 30 Preliminary testing ........................................................................................................... 30 Population structure and phylogeography ....................................................................... 30 Phylogenetic analysis ......................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • §4-71-6.5 LIST of CONDITIONALLY APPROVED ANIMALS November
    §4-71-6.5 LIST OF CONDITIONALLY APPROVED ANIMALS November 28, 2006 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME INVERTEBRATES PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta ORDER Plesiopora FAMILY Tubificidae Tubifex (all species in genus) worm, tubifex PHYLUM Arthropoda CLASS Crustacea ORDER Anostraca FAMILY Artemiidae Artemia (all species in genus) shrimp, brine ORDER Cladocera FAMILY Daphnidae Daphnia (all species in genus) flea, water ORDER Decapoda FAMILY Atelecyclidae Erimacrus isenbeckii crab, horsehair FAMILY Cancridae Cancer antennarius crab, California rock Cancer anthonyi crab, yellowstone Cancer borealis crab, Jonah Cancer magister crab, dungeness Cancer productus crab, rock (red) FAMILY Geryonidae Geryon affinis crab, golden FAMILY Lithodidae Paralithodes camtschatica crab, Alaskan king FAMILY Majidae Chionocetes bairdi crab, snow Chionocetes opilio crab, snow 1 CONDITIONAL ANIMAL LIST §4-71-6.5 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME Chionocetes tanneri crab, snow FAMILY Nephropidae Homarus (all species in genus) lobster, true FAMILY Palaemonidae Macrobrachium lar shrimp, freshwater Macrobrachium rosenbergi prawn, giant long-legged FAMILY Palinuridae Jasus (all species in genus) crayfish, saltwater; lobster Panulirus argus lobster, Atlantic spiny Panulirus longipes femoristriga crayfish, saltwater Panulirus pencillatus lobster, spiny FAMILY Portunidae Callinectes sapidus crab, blue Scylla serrata crab, Samoan; serrate, swimming FAMILY Raninidae Ranina ranina crab, spanner; red frog, Hawaiian CLASS Insecta ORDER Coleoptera FAMILY Tenebrionidae Tenebrio molitor mealworm,
    [Show full text]
  • ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Vol
    PURARI RIVER (WABO) HYDROELECTRIC SCHEME ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Vol. 3 THE ECOLOGICA SIGNIFICANCE AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE MANGROVE ~AND ESTU.A.INE COMMUNITIES OF THE GULF PROVINCE, PAPUA NEW GUINEA Aby David S.Liem and Allan K. Haines .:N. IA 1-:" .": ". ' A, _"Gulf of Papua \-.. , . .. Office of Environment and Gonservatior, Central Government Offices, Waigani, Department o Minerals and Energy,and P.O. Box 2352, Kot.edobu !" " ' "car ' - ;' , ,-9"... 1977 "~ ~ u l -&,dJ&.3.,' -a,7- ..g=.<"- " - Papua New Guinea -.4- "-4-4 , ' -'., O~Cx c.A -6 Editor: Dr. T. Petr, Office of Environment and Conservation, Central Government Offices, Waigani, Papua New Guinea Authors: David S. Liem, Wildlife Division, Department of Natural Resources, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Allan K. Haines, Fisher;es Division, Department of Primary Industry, Konedobu, Papua New Guinea Reports p--blished in the series -ur'ri River (.:abo) Hyrcelectr.c S-hane: Environmental Studies Vol.l: Workshop 6 May 1977 (Ed.by T.Petr) (1977) Vol.2: Computer simulaticn of the impact of the Wabo hydroelectric scheme on the sediment balance of the Lower Purari (by G.Pickup) (1977) Vol.3: The ecological significance and economic importance of the mangrove and estuarine communities of the Gulf Province,Papua New Guinea (by D.S.Liem & A.K.Haines) (1977) Vol.4: The pawaia of the Upper Purari (Gulf Province,Papua New Guinea) (by C.Warrillow)( 1978) Vol.5: An archaeological and ethnographic survey of the Purari River (Wabo) dam site and reservoir (by S.J.Egloff & R.Kaiku) (1978) In
    [Show full text]
  • Morphometric and Meristic Variation in Two
    Simon et al. / J Zhejiang Univ-Sci B (Biomed & Biotechnol) 2010 11(11):871-879 871 Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B (Biomedicine & Biotechnology) ISSN 1673-1581 (Print); ISSN 1862-1783 (Online) www.zju.edu.cn/jzus; www.springerlink.com E-mail: [email protected] Morphometric and meristic variation in two congeneric archer fishes Toxotes chatareus (Hamilton 1822) and Toxotes jaculatrix * (Pallas 1767) inhabiting Malaysian coastal waters K. D. SIMON†1, Y. BAKAR2, S. E. TEMPLE3, A. G. MAZLAN†‡4 (1Marine Science Programme, School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia) (2Biology Programme, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia) (3School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia) (4Marine Ecosystem Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia) †E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Received Feb. 18, 2010; Revision accepted Aug. 3, 2010; Crosschecked Oct. 8, 2010 Abstract: A simple yet useful criterion based on external markings and/or number of dorsal spines is currently used to differentiate two congeneric archer fish species Toxotes chatareus and Toxotes jaculatrix. Here we investigate other morphometric and meristic characters that can also be used to differentiate these two species. Principal component and/or discriminant functions revealed that meristic characters were highly correlated with pectoral fin ray count, number of lateral line scales, as well as number of anal fin rays. The results indicate that T. chatareus can be distin- guished from T.
    [Show full text]
  • Family Toxotidae)
    Rec. West. Aust. Mus., 1978,6 (4) A REVIEW OF THE ARCHERFISHES (FAMILY TOXOTIDAE) GERALD R. ALLEN* [Received 16 July 1977. Aceepted 27 September 1977. Published 31 December 1978.J ABSTRACT The six species of Toxotes which constitute the fish family Toxotidae are reviewed. This group, commonly known as archerfishes, is renowned for its ability to knock down insects from overhanging vegetation with squirts of water ejected from the mouth. The habitat consists of mangrove-lined estuaries and freshwater streams of southeast Asia, northern Australia and the islands of the western Pacific in the Indonesia-New Guinea-Philippines region. A brief diagnosis, illustrations, and tables of counts are presented for each of the following species (approximate distributions indicated in parentheses): blythi (Burma), chatareus (widespread from India eastward to northern Australia and New Guinea), jaculator (widespread from India to the New Hebrides), lorentzi (northern Australia and New Guinea), microlepis (Thailand, Sumatra, and Borneo), oligolepis (eastern Indonesia, New Guinea, and northern Australia). A generic diagnosis and key to the species are also provided. INTRODUCfION The perciform family Toxotidae is comprised of a single genus, Toxotes, which contains six species: T. blythi Boulenger, T. chatareus (Hamilton), T. jaculator (Pallas), T. lorentzi Weber, T. microlepis Gunther, and T. oligolepis Bleeker. These fishes exhibit one of nature's most remarkable feeding adaptations which has been the subject of papers by Zolotnisky (1902), Gill (1909), Smith (1936 and 1945), and AlIen (1973). When suitable prey, usually a small insect, is sighted the fish rises to the surface and ejects an aqueous 'bullet' by forcefully compressing the gill covers, thus propelling a jet of water from the mouth.
    [Show full text]
  • Along River Ganga
    Impact assessment of coal transportation through barges along the National Waterway No.1 (Sagar to Farakka) along River Ganga Project Report ICAR-CENTRAL INLAND FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE (INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH) BARRACKPORE, KOLKATA 700120, WEST BENGAL Impact assessment of coal transportation through barges along the National Waterway No.1 (Sagar to Farakka) along River Ganga Project Report Submitted to Inland Waterways Authority of India (Ministry of Shipping, Govt. of India) A 13, Sector 1, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh ICAR – Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Barrackpore, Kolkata – 700120, West Bengal Study Team Scientists from ICAR-CIFRI, Barrackpore Dr. B. K. Das, Director & Principal Investigator Dr. S. Samanta, Principal Scientist & Nodal Officer Dr. V. R. Suresh, Principal Scientist & Head, REF Division Dr. A. K. Sahoo, Scientist Dr. A. Pandit, Principal Scientist Dr. R. K. Manna, Senior Scientist Dr. Mrs. S. Das Sarkar, Scientist Ms. A. Ekka, Scientist Dr. B. P. Mohanty, Principal Scientist & Head, FREM Division Sri Roshith C. M., Scientist Dr. Rohan Kumar Raman, Scientist Technical personnel from ICAR-CIFRI, Barrackpore Mrs. A. Sengupta, Senior Technical Officer Sri A. Roy Chowdhury, Technical Officer Cover design Sri Sujit Choudhury Response to the Query Points of Expert Appraisal Committee POINT NO. 1. Long term, and a minimum period of one year continuous study shall be conducted on the impacts of varying traffic loads on aquatic flora and fauna with particular reference to species composition of different communities, abundance of selective species of indicator value, species richness and diversity and productivity Answered in page no. 7 – 12 (methodology) and 31 – 71 (results) of the report POINT NO.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Stomach Contents of Banded Archerfish, Toxotes Jaculatrix (Pallas 1767) (Toxotidae) from Brackish Waters of South Andaman, India
    Asian Fisheries Science 26 (2013): 243-250 Asian Fisheries Society ISSN 0116-6514 E-ISSN: 2073-3720 https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2013.26.4.006 Stomach Contents of Banded Archerfish, Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas 1767) (Toxotidae) from brackish waters of South Andaman, India M.P. GOUTHAM-BHARATHI1*, R. MOHANRAJU2, P. KRISHNAN3, C.R. SREERAJ3 and K.D. SIMON4,5 1Fisheries Science Division, Central Agricultural Research Institute, Post Box No. 181, Garacharma (Post), Port Blair - 744 101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India 2Department of Ocean Studies and Marine Biology, Pondicherry University, Brookshabad Campus, Post Bag No. 26, Chakkargaon Post, Port Blair - 744 112, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India 3National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Anna University Campus, Chennai - 600 025, India 4School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D. E., Malaysia 5Marine Ecosystem Research Centre (EKOMAR), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D. E., Malaysia Abstract Stomach contents of banded archerfish, Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas 1767) (Toxotidae) ranging from 13-24 cm total length (TL) collected from brackish waters of South Andaman, India were examined. Brachyuran crabs were the dominant prey item with an occurrence frequency (%F) of 89 followed by insects (71). Though insects were present in all length categories, their percent composition significantly decreased from 61% in the smallest to about only 3% in the largest. Ontogenetic changes in food preferences were apparent as significant decreases in number of prey categories with increasing fish size (nine, six and three prey categories from the smallest to the largest size class) were observed.
    [Show full text]
  • Condition Factors of Two Archerfish Species from Johor Coastal Waters, Malaysia (Faktor Keadaan Bagi Dua Spesies Ikan Sumpit Dari Pesisir Pantai Johor, Malaysia)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UKM Journal Article Repository Sains Malaysiana 42(8)(2013): 1115–1119 Condition Factors of Two Archerfish Species from Johor Coastal Waters, Malaysia (Faktor Keadaan bagi Dua Spesies Ikan Sumpit dari Pesisir Pantai Johor, Malaysia) K.D. SIMON*, A.G. MAZLAN & Z.C. COB ABSTRACT ArcherfishesToxotes chatareus (Hamilton 1822) and Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas 1767) inhabits mangrove estuaries, which are a critically important habitat as a spawning and nursery ground as well as the full life cycle of many fish species. In order to manage and conserve resilience fish species like the archerfish, we need to know some basic parameters about their biology and life history. Our research has focused on understanding the annual condition factors of these two species of archerfishes, as a complimentary to other several biological aspects of this two species that have been published. Our results indicated that, both species are in good conditions as the mean values of condition factors (Fulton condition factor K and Relative condition factor Kn) are greater than values of unity (K, Kn >1). The average K and Kn values of T. chatareus and T. jaculatrix were lowest in November and highest in September, indicates the spawning and recovery condition of the fishes. Condition factors measure overall fish population health that can be used by fisheries biologists and resource managers in proper management of fish resources in Malaysia waters. Keywords: Brackish water; conservation; growth; mangrove; Toxotidae ABSTRAK Ikan sumpit Toxotes chatareus (Hamilton 1822) dan Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas 1767) mendiami muara paya bakau yang merupakan habitat yang amat penting sebagai tapak peneluran dan asuhan serta kitaran hidup penuh bagi kebanyakan spesies ikan.
    [Show full text]
  • National Report on the Fish Stocks and Habitats of Regional, Global
    United Nations UNEP/GEF South China Sea Global Environment Environment Programme Project Facility NATIONAL REPORT on The Fish Stocks and Habitats of Regional, Global, and Transboundary Significance in the South China Sea THAILAND Mr. Pirochana Saikliang Focal Point for Fisheries Chumphon Marine Fisheries Research and Development Center 408 Moo 8, Paknum Sub-District, Muang District, Chumphon 86120, Thailand NATIONAL REPORT ON FISHERIES – THAILAND Table of Contents 1. MARINE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT........................................................................................2 / 1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE FISHERIES SECTOR ...................................................................................2 1.1.1 Total catch by fishing area, port of landing or province (by species/species group).7 1.1.2 Fishing effort by gear (no. of fishing days, or no. of boats) .......................................7 1.1.2.1 Trawl ...........................................................................................................10 1.1.2.2 Purse seine/ring net....................................................................................10 1.1.2.3 Gill net.........................................................................................................12 1.1.2.4 Other gears.................................................................................................12 1.1.3 Economic value of catch..........................................................................................14 1.1.4 Importance of the fisheries sector
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Book and Detailed Programme
    Abstract Book Compiled by Don MacKinlay International Congress on the Biology of Fish 3-7 August, 2014 Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh 1 Table of Contents Congress Organization .............................................................................. 3 Symposium Organizers ............................................................................. 3 Schedule-at-a-Glance ................................................................................ 4 Sponsors/Exhibitors .................................................................................. 5 Map of Heriot-Watt University ................................................................. 5 Detailed Schedule ..................................................................................... 6 List of Posters ........................................................................................... 28 List of Abstracts ........................................................................................ 40 List of Delegates ....................................................................................... 255 ICBF2016 ................................................................................................... 271 AFS Physiology Section Website ................................................................ 272 2 Congress Organization Local Host, Congress Organizer and Past President, AFS Physiology Section Mark Hartl Congress Chair and Programme Chair Don MacKinlay President, AFS Physiology Section and Plenary Session Chair Brian Small President-Elect,
    [Show full text]
  • Toxotes Jaculatrix Pallas, 1767 and Toxotes Chatareus Hamilton
    Sains Malaysiana 39(5)(2010): 697–704 Size, Growth and Age of Two Congeneric Archer Fishes (Toxotes jaculatrix Pallas, 1767 and Toxotes chatareus Hamilton, 1822) Inhabiting Malaysian Coastal Waters (Saiz, Pertumbuhan dan Penentuan Umur Dua Spesies Ikan Sumpit Kongenerik (Toxotes jaculatrix Pallas, 1767 dan Toxotes chatareus Hamilton, 1822) dari Persisir Pantai Perairan Malaysia) K.D. SIMON, A.G. MAZLAN*, A. SAMAT, C.C. ZAIDI & A. AZIZ ABSTRACT The size, growth and age of two congeneric archer fishesToxotes jaculatrix and Toxotes chatareus collected from Johor coastal waters, Malaysia was studied. The standard length (SL) and body weight (BW) ranges of the two species caught in the study area were 7-12.2 cm SL (9.35±0.19 cm), 11-55 g BW (27.04±1.62 g) and 8-12.2 cm SL (9.88±0.17 cm), 15.12-54 g BW (30.52±1.72 g), respectively. The ratio of male and female specimens of T. jaculatrix and T. chatareus were 70%, 30% and 68.6%, 31.4%, respectively. The estimated von Bertalanffy growth parameters were L∞ = 12.78 cm, 13.59 cm and K = 1.46 year-1, 1.53 year-1 with a growth performance index of Ø’ = 5.48 and 5.64 in both species, respectively. In order to determine the age, the technique of reading and interpretation of the daily growth increments/rings in the sagittae otoliths and scales were applied. Daily growth increments and annulus of scales counts confirmed that the ages of the samples for both species were typically less than one year (<1) and the remnant samples were between one and two years.
    [Show full text]
  • Operant Conditioning of Spitting Behaviour in the Archer Fish (Toxotes Jaculator)
    Lakehead University Knowledge Commons,http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca Electronic Theses and Dissertations Retrospective theses 1989 Operant conditioning of spitting behaviour in the archer fish (Toxotes jaculator) Hall, David http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca/handle/2453/2111 Downloaded from Lakehead University, KnowledgeCommons OPERANT CONDITIONING OF SPITTING BEHAVIOUR IN THE ARCHER FISH (TOXOTES JACULATOR) BY DAVID HALL A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY THUNDER BAY, ONTARIO CANADA ProQuest Number: 10611337 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Pro ProQuest 10611337 Published by ProQuest LLC (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346 National Library Bibliotheque nationale of Canada du Canada Canadian Theses Service Service des theses canadiennes Ottawa, Canada K1A 0N4 The author has granted an irrevocable non- L’auteur a accorde une licence irrevocable et exclusive licence allowing the National Library non exclusive permettant a la Bibliotheque of Canada to reproduce, loan, distribute or sell nationale du Canada de reproduire, preter, copies of his/her thesis by any means and in distribuer ou vendre des copies de sa these any form or format, making this thesis available de quelque maniere et sous quelque forme to interested persons.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 Part 4 (PDF
    Family APOGONIDAE 3.29 Glossamia aprion (Richardson) Glossamia aprion is commonly known as the mouth almighty or Queensland mouthbrooder. It is found in the drainage systems of the north-east coast, Gulf of Carpentaria and Timor Sea (see map 3). It also occurs in southern rivers of Papua New Guinea. Pollard (1974) found this species to be common in lowland backflow billabongs and sandy creekbeds. Miller (in Taylor 1964) found it to be abundant in large billabongs in the Oenpelli area. Glossamia aprion Glossamia aprion is a strictly freshwater species, in a predominantly marine family. It is reputedly a good eating fish, though generally small. Detailed information on catches by site and season is given in volume 2. In summary, G. aprion was moderately abundant in all floodplain, corridor and lowland backflow billabongs, less abundant in lowland sandy creekbeds (mainly downstream of the RUPA) and rare in escarpment perennial streams and mainchannel waterbodies. In the 1978 Late-dry season it was found at 15 sites (mainly lowland backflow and floodplain billabongs); during the Mid-wet season it was found in only 10 sites (mainly lowland channel backflow billabongs). By the Late-wet–Early-dry season it was found in 19 sites (mainly lowland backflow and floodplain billabongs but also sandy creekbeds downstream of RUPA), presumably becoming more catchable as Wet season waters subsided. Size composition The lengths and weights of 1020 specimens were recorded. The smallest juveniles were captured with seine (10 mm mesh) nets and the very smallest specimens were captured when hydrophytes clogged the net and effectively reduced the mesh size.
    [Show full text]