Relativism and the Foundations of Philosophy
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Index Abortion, 63–64 Armstrong, David, 157 Absolutism, 99–101, 105, 121, 126– Aryans of Northern India, 70 128, 131, 142 Atheism, 67 Abstract intensional objects, 113 Augustine, 54–55, 64–65 Accessibility relation, 106 Ayahuasca, 71, 73 Adam and Eve, 64 Ayer, A. J., 24–26, 46 Aeschylus, 70 Aztecs, 71, 76 Agnosticism, 67 Alcibiades, 70 Bacchus, 69, 72 Alethic modality, 44, 102, 114 Banisteriopsis caapi, 71, 73, 83 Alston, William P., 53–54, 66, 69, 75– Barth, Karl, 59–60 76, 81–83, 113–114, 168 Bealer, George, 20, 27–28, 36, 80–81, Amahuaca, 73 113 Amanita muscaria, 71, 83. See also Fly Bennigson, Thomas, 102 agaric mushroom ‘‘Big Chill,’’ the, 37 Analytic philosophy, 15, 22–23, 32, ‘‘Big Crunch,’’ the, 38 41, 69, 79 Birth control, 63–64 Analytic rationalism, 119, 169 Blanshard, Brand, 68 Animists, 51 Boghossian, Paul, 11, 34–35, 98 Anselm, 72 Bonjour, Laurence, 12, 20, 25, 29, 36, Apaches of the Mescalero Reservation, 89 71 British empiricists, 168 A posteriori justification. See Broackes, Justin, 22–23 Justification, a posteriori Bwiti, 73 A priori intuition. See Intuition, a priori Calviceps purpurea,70 A priori justification. See Justification, Calvin, John, 51, 58–60, 72, 150 a priori Carnap, Rudolf, 95 A priori knowledge. See Knowledge, a Cartesian argument, 153, 154. See also priori Descartes, Rene´ A priori propositions. See Proposi- Cartesian first principles, 53. See also tions, a priori Descartes, Rene´ Aquinas, Thomas, 58, 62, 72 Cartesian skepticism, 28, 46–47, 155. Aristotle, 20, 58, 87 See also Descartes, Rene´; Skepticism 208 Index Catechism of the Catholic Church, the, Conceptual-role semantics, 34 64–65 Conceptual scheme, 109–110. See also Catholic Church, the, 52, 60, 62, 78 Lynch, Michael P. Catholic doctrine, 65 Conflict thesis, 55–56, 59, 62, 77 Catholic perspective, 133, 134, 141 Conibo-Shipibo, 73 Catholic theology, 79 Conjunctivism, 160 Catholicism, 56, 58, 62–63, 168 Consequentialism, 39, 173 Causal theory of reference, 31 Consequentialist intuitions. See Causation, 29, 39 Intuition, consequentialist Cephalus, 9 Conservatism, 157 Chalmers, David, 11, 66 Contextualists, 153 Chisholm, Roderick, 20, 149–150 Contingency, 104 Chomsky, Noam, 172 Contingent truths, 20 Christianity, 45, 52, 56, 61–62, 69, Continualism, 167 71–73, 123, 168, 182 Contraception. See Birth control Christian belief, 54, 68 Correspondence theory, 140–141 Christian doctrine, 67 Creationists, 149 Christian doxastic practice, 114 Criteria for knowledge, 149–150 Christian ministers, 72 Cultural relativism, 179 Christian Mystical Practice, 53, 81, 83 Darwin, Charles, 37, 79 Christian perspective, 112–113, 119, Darwinism, 22 127 Davidson, Donald, 105, 109–110 Christian revelation, 50–51, 77–78, Dawkins, Richard, 22 81–82, 87–88, 114, 125, 127, 129, De anima, 56. See also Tertullian 138, 148, 168–169, 184 (see also Deduction, 15 Revelation) Deductive inferences. See Inferences, Christian theologians, 62, 79 deductive Chrysippus, 57 De legibus,74 Cicero, 74 Dennett, Daniel, 11–12 Circularity, 34 Deontological intuition. See Intuition, Cognitivism, 23 deontological Coherence theory of justification, 43, DePaul, Michael R., 12 80 Desana, 73 Coherentism, 33–35 Descartes, Rene´, 14–15, 19–20, 25, Color, 22–23 36–37, 39, 41, 66, 153 metamers, 38 Descriptive cultural relativism, 179– wave-length theory of, 38 183 Commensurability, 106–111, 115– Determinism, 21 118 Development of Logic, The, 156. See Concept formation, 30 also Kneale, William and Martha Concepts, 15–19 Devitt, Michael, 29, 152–155 Conceptual analysis, 15–19 Dispositionalism, 22 Conceptual optimism, 17 ‘‘Disputatio contra scholasticam Conceptual relativism, 126. See also theologiam,’’ 58. See also Luther, Relativism Martin Index 209 ‘‘Disputatio de homine,’’ 57. See also Epistemological naturalism, 24. See Luther, Martin also Naturalism Disquotational theory, 140 Epistemological propositions. See Divine, the, 51 Propositions, epistemic Doctrine of the Trinity, 58 Epistemology, 24, 27, 44, 46, 47, 92, Doctrine of Transubstantiation, 60 131–132, 135, 137–138, 140–141, Doxastic methods, 89 147, 148, 151, 166, 170, 174, 177, Doxastic perspectives, 127, 131, 184 182 Doxastic practice, 43, 54, 80–82, 86, ideal epistemic conditions, 135, 136, 88, 125, 182–184 138–139 Doxastic system, 126, 134 naturalized, 151, 155 Dreams of a Final Theory,37 religious, 58 Dretske’s zebras, 170 traditional, 168–169, 171, 173–174 Duncker, Karl, 180 Western, 174 Ergot mushroom, 70 Eboka plant, 74 Eschatology, 65 Einstein, Albert, 37 Escohotado, Antonio, 69, 74 Eleusinian hierophant, 150 Eskimos, 178–180 Eleusinian Mysteries, 70, 72, 74 Essay Concerning Human Under- Elgin, Catherine Z., 44–45 standing, An, 60. See also Locke, Emotivist epistemology, 176 John Empirical hypotheses, 158 Ethics, 24, 39, 53, 65, 78, 180 Empirical intuition. See Intuition, Ethnography, 177–178 empirical Eucharist, 72 Empirical knowledge, 121, 154 Euclidean geometry, 36–37 Empirical propositions. See Proposi- Euthanasia, 63–64 tions, empirical Euthyphro, 15–16, 19, 148. See also Empirical psychology, 92, 151. See Plato also Naturalized epistemology Evangelium vitae, 63. See also Pope Empirical relativism. See Relativism, John Paul II empirical Externalism, 88–89 Empirical science, 30, 122 Externalist justification. See Justifica- Empiricism, 33, 124, 148 tion, externalist Entheogenic substances, 74 Extraperspectival truth, 103 Epicurus, 57 Extrasensory perception, 51 Epistemic intuitions. See Intuition, epistemic Feynman, Richard, 13, 166, 172 Epistemic justification. See Justifica- Fides et ratio, 55, 67. See also Pope tion, epistemic John Paul II Epistemic norms, 174, 177 Fly agaric mushroom, 71, 76, 82 Epistemic perspective, 148, 182 Fodor, Jerry, 135 Epistemic skepticism, 147. See also Foley, Richard, 32, 82 Skepticism Formalism, 106 Epistemic theory of truth, 131–132, Foundationalism, 32, 33, 34, 35, 47 135, 137–138, 140–141 Free will, 16, 98 Epistemic value, 44, 166 Frege, Gottlob, 36 210 Index Fundamental theology, 55 Humanae vitae, 63. See also Pope Paul Fundamental vocabulary, 18–19 IV Human cloning, 10 Galileo, 79, 87–88 Human evolution, 168 Gambler’s fallacy, 41, 51 Hume, David, 28, 66, 150, 184 Garden of Eden, 64 Humean skepticism, 185. See also Gauss-Lobachevskian geometry, 37 Skepticism Gay Science, The, 18. See also Nietzsche, Friedrich Ideal reasoner, 135–136 Gestalt switch, 107–108 Immortal soul, 66 Gettier, Edmund, 10, 16–18, 21, 35, Incommensurability, 107–108 46, 170–172 Indeterminacy of translation, 28 Gettier case, 170–172 Inductive inferences. See Inferences, Gilson, Etienne, 53–54 inductive Global absolutism, 113 Inferences, deductive, 40 Global naturalism, 151, 166 Inferences, inductive, 40 Global ontologies, 158–159 Institutes of the Christian Religion, 59. Global relativism. See Relativism, See also Calvin, John global Instrumental account of rationality, God, 51–66, 69, 72, 75–76, 112, 127 175 God-perceptions, 75 Internalism, 88–89 Goldman, Alvin, 89, 167 Internalist justification. See Justifica- Goldman’s process reliabilism, 88 tion, internalist Goodman, Nelson, 40–41 Internal relativism. See Relativism, internal Hacker, P. M. S., 106 Intuition, 10–12, 15–16, 20–22, 83 Hallucinogen-based moral beliefs, 75, a priori, 29, 42, 87 78 consequentialist, 133 Hallucinogenic traditions, 168 deontological, 133 Hallucinogens, 69, 72, 76, 79, 81, 83, empirical, 13, 20, 172 85, 87, 125, 127, 130–131, 168, epistemic, 170, 173, 177 183 intuition-based arguments, 34 ritual use of, 50, 69, 71, 78, 85, 88– intuition-based philosophy, 35, 64 90, 130, 138, 148, 152, 169, 179, intuition-driven epistemology, 151 184 (see also Epistemology) Harner, Michael, 73, 77 intuitive knowledge, 36 Haugeland, John, 163 moral, 64, 181 Heaven’s Gate (cult), 54 philosophical, 12, 41, 61, 77, 86, Hell, 66 147, 171 Hellman, Geoffrey, 157 physical, 12–13, 171 Henderson, David, 39 problem of, 26–27 Heraclitus, 57 rational, 12–21, 24, 26, 29–44, Himalayan shamans, 76 46–47, 50, 55–56, 59–62, 66–67, Hintikka, Jaakko, 12, 19 77–78, 81–90, 130–131, 133, Homosexuality, 63 138–139, 147–148, 152, 154–155, Huichol of Mexico, 74, 78, 81, 112, 167, 168–170, 172, 174, 177, 184– 179 185 Index 211 scientific, 12 Lewontin, Richard, 149–151, 155 sensible, 13 Libertarian free will, 21 Libri, Guilio, 87 Jackson, Frank, 16–19, 66 Linguistic ethnography, 179 Jaspers, Karl, 53 Local naturalism, 166 Jesus of Nazareth, 61, 65, 72 Locke, John, 36, 60–62, 150 Jı´varo of Ecuadorian Amazon, 71, 73, Logical axioms, 129–130 78, 134, 179 Logical inference, 20, 25 Jones, James, 54 Logically necessary propositions. See Judaism, 72 propositions, logically necessary Justification, 24, 26 Logically necessary truths, 155 a posteriori, 28, 30 Logical possibility, 22–23, 106 a priori, 28–29 Logic of relativism, 107, 110 epistemic, 26, 134, 157 Lophophora williamsii, 71, 83. See externalist, 30, 86 also Peyote internalist, 86 Luther, Martin, 57–58, 60 justified belief, 25, 138 Lycan, William, 157 justified true belief account of Lynch, Michael P., 98, 105, 110–111, knowledge, 35, 172 138–140 justified true belief account of Lynch’s dilemma, 139–140 philosophy, 19 naturalized, 157 Masturbation, 63–64 simpliciter, 137 Mathematical nominalists, 160 Mathematical propositions. See Kant, Immanuel, 36–37, 153 Propositions, mathematical Kantian metaphysics, 154–155 Mathematics, 36, 41 Kass, Leon, 10–11 McGinn, Colin, 140 Kim, Jaegwon, 34, 66, 151, 159 McKenna, Terence, 168 Kirkham, Richard, 137–138, 140 Medical ethics, 63 Kneale, William and Martha, 156 Meiland, Jack W., 109. See also Knower paradox, 93–95, 119–120 Krausz, Michael Knowledge, a priori, 25, 29, 39, 47 Metaethical relativism. See Relativism, Ko¨ lbel, Max, 115, 117 metaethical Kornblith, Hilary, 30–31, 158 Metaphysical necessity, 23, 38, 42, Krausz, Michael, 109. See also 147 Meiland, Jack W. Metaphysics, 53 Kripke, Saul, 11, 16, 31 Methodism, 150 Kuhn, Thomas, 106–108, 111 Mind, 180. See also Plato Kykeo´ n,70 Mint of Nature argument, 82–88 Miracle of Marsh Chapel of 1962, 76 Laws, 69–70. See also Plato Modality, 45, 100, 105 Lehrer, Keith, 170 Modal logic, 106 Leibniz, Gottfried, 60–61 Modal matters, 44 Levin, Michael, 64 Modal propositions.