Index

Abortion, 63–64 Armstrong, David, 157 Absolutism, 99–101, 105, 121, 126– Aryans of Northern India, 70 128, 131, 142 Atheism, 67 Abstract intensional objects, 113 Augustine, 54–55, 64–65 Accessibility relation, 106 Ayahuasca, 71, 73 Adam and Eve, 64 Ayer, A. J., 24–26, 46 Aeschylus, 70 Aztecs, 71, 76 , 67 Alcibiades, 70 Bacchus, 69, 72 Alethic modality, 44, 102, 114 Banisteriopsis caapi, 71, 73, 83 Alston, William P., 53–54, 66, 69, 75– Barth, Karl, 59–60 76, 81–83, 113–114, 168 Bealer, George, 20, 27–28, 36, 80–81, Amahuaca, 73 113 Amanita muscaria, 71, 83. See also Fly Bennigson, Thomas, 102 agaric mushroom ‘‘Big Chill,’’ the, 37 Analytic , 15, 22–23, 32, ‘‘Big Crunch,’’ the, 38 41, 69, 79 Birth control, 63–64 Analytic , 119, 169 Blanshard, Brand, 68 Animists, 51 Boghossian, Paul, 11, 34–35, 98 Anselm, 72 Bonjour, Laurence, 12, 20, 25, 29, 36, Apaches of the Mescalero Reservation, 89 71 British empiricists, 168 A posteriori justification. See Broackes, Justin, 22–23 Justification, a posteriori Bwiti, 73 A priori intuition. See Intuition, a priori Calviceps purpurea,70 A priori justification. See Justification, Calvin, John, 51, 58–60, 72, 150 a priori Carnap, Rudolf, 95 A priori . See Knowledge, a Cartesian argument, 153, 154. See also priori Descartes, Rene´ A priori . See Proposi- Cartesian first principles, 53. See also tions, a priori Descartes, Rene´ Aquinas, Thomas, 58, 62, 72 Cartesian , 28, 46–47, 155. Aristotle, 20, 58, 87 See also Descartes, Rene´; Skepticism 208 Index

Catechism of the Catholic Church, the, Conceptual-role semantics, 34 64–65 Conceptual scheme, 109–110. See also Catholic Church, the, 52, 60, 62, 78 Lynch, Michael P. Catholic doctrine, 65 Conflict thesis, 55–56, 59, 62, 77 Catholic perspective, 133, 134, 141 Conibo-Shipibo, 73 Catholic theology, 79 Conjunctivism, 160 Catholicism, 56, 58, 62–63, 168 Consequentialism, 39, 173 Causal theory of reference, 31 Consequentialist intuitions. See Causation, 29, 39 Intuition, consequentialist Cephalus, 9 Conservatism, 157 Chalmers, David, 11, 66 Contextualists, 153 Chisholm, Roderick, 20, 149–150 Contingency, 104 Chomsky, Noam, 172 Contingent , 20 Christianity, 45, 52, 56, 61–62, 69, Continualism, 167 71–73, 123, 168, 182 Contraception. See Birth control Christian , 54, 68 Correspondence theory, 140–141 Christian doctrine, 67 Creationists, 149 Christian doxastic practice, 114 Criteria for knowledge, 149–150 Christian ministers, 72 Cultural , 179 Christian Mystical Practice, 53, 81, 83 Darwin, Charles, 37, 79 Christian perspective, 112–113, 119, Darwinism, 22 127 Davidson, Donald, 105, 109–110 Christian revelation, 50–51, 77–78, Dawkins, Richard, 22 81–82, 87–88, 114, 125, 127, 129, De anima, 56. See also Tertullian 138, 148, 168–169, 184 (see also Deduction, 15 Revelation) Deductive inferences. See Inferences, Christian theologians, 62, 79 deductive Chrysippus, 57 De legibus,74 Cicero, 74 Dennett, Daniel, 11–12 Circularity, 34 Deontological intuition. See Intuition, Cognitivism, 23 deontological Coherence theory of justification, 43, DePaul, Michael R., 12 80 Desana, 73 , 33–35 Descartes, Rene´, 14–15, 19–20, 25, Color, 22–23 36–37, 39, 41, 66, 153 metamers, 38 Descriptive cultural relativism, 179– wave-length theory of, 38 183 Commensurability, 106–111, 115– , 21 118 Development of Logic, The, 156. See Concept formation, 30 also Kneale, William and Martha Concepts, 15–19 Devitt, Michael, 29, 152–155 Conceptual analysis, 15–19 Dispositionalism, 22 Conceptual optimism, 17 ‘‘Disputatio contra scholasticam Conceptual relativism, 126. See also theologiam,’’ 58. See also Luther, Relativism Martin Index 209

‘‘Disputatio de homine,’’ 57. See also Epistemological , 24. See Luther, Martin also Naturalism Disquotational theory, 140 Epistemological propositions. See Divine, the, 51 Propositions, epistemic Doctrine of the Trinity, 58 , 24, 27, 44, 46, 47, 92, Doctrine of Transubstantiation, 60 131–132, 135, 137–138, 140–141, Doxastic methods, 89 147, 148, 151, 166, 170, 174, 177, Doxastic perspectives, 127, 131, 184 182 Doxastic practice, 43, 54, 80–82, 86, ideal epistemic conditions, 135, 136, 88, 125, 182–184 138–139 Doxastic system, 126, 134 naturalized, 151, 155 Dreams of a Final Theory,37 religious, 58 Dretske’s zebras, 170 traditional, 168–169, 171, 173–174 Duncker, Karl, 180 Western, 174 Ergot mushroom, 70 Eboka plant, 74 Eschatology, 65 Einstein, Albert, 37 Escohotado, Antonio, 69, 74 Eleusinian hierophant, 150 Eskimos, 178–180 Eleusinian Mysteries, 70, 72, 74 Essay Concerning Human Under- Elgin, Catherine Z., 44–45 standing, An, 60. See also Locke, Emotivist epistemology, 176 John Empirical hypotheses, 158 Ethics, 24, 39, 53, 65, 78, 180 Empirical intuition. See Intuition, Ethnography, 177–178 empirical Eucharist, 72 Empirical knowledge, 121, 154 Euclidean geometry, 36–37 Empirical propositions. See Proposi- Euthanasia, 63–64 tions, empirical Euthyphro, 15–16, 19, 148. See also Empirical psychology, 92, 151. See also Evangelium vitae, 63. See also Pope Empirical relativism. See Relativism, John Paul II empirical , 88–89 Empirical science, 30, 122 Externalist justification. See Justifica- , 33, 124, 148 tion, externalist Entheogenic substances, 74 Extraperspectival , 103 Epicurus, 57 Extrasensory , 51 Epistemic intuitions. See Intuition, epistemic Feynman, Richard, 13, 166, 172 Epistemic justification. See Justifica- Fides et ratio, 55, 67. See also Pope tion, epistemic John Paul II Epistemic norms, 174, 177 Fly agaric mushroom, 71, 76, 82 Epistemic perspective, 148, 182 Fodor, Jerry, 135 Epistemic skepticism, 147. See also Foley, Richard, 32, 82 Skepticism Formalism, 106 Epistemic theory of truth, 131–132, , 32, 33, 34, 35, 47 135, 137–138, 140–141 Free will, 16, 98 Epistemic value, 44, 166 Frege, Gottlob, 36 210 Index

Fundamental theology, 55 Humanae vitae, 63. See also Pope Paul Fundamental vocabulary, 18–19 IV Human cloning, 10 Galileo, 79, 87–88 Human evolution, 168 Gambler’s fallacy, 41, 51 Hume, David, 28, 66, 150, 184 Garden of Eden, 64 Humean skepticism, 185. See also Gauss-Lobachevskian geometry, 37 Skepticism Gay Science, The, 18. See also Nietzsche, Friedrich Ideal reasoner, 135–136 Gestalt switch, 107–108 Immortal soul, 66 Gettier, Edmund, 10, 16–18, 21, 35, Incommensurability, 107–108 46, 170–172 Indeterminacy of translation, 28 Gettier case, 170–172 Inductive inferences. See Inferences, Gilson, Etienne, 53–54 inductive Global absolutism, 113 Inferences, deductive, 40 Global naturalism, 151, 166 Inferences, inductive, 40 Global ontologies, 158–159 Institutes of the Christian Religion, 59. Global relativism. See Relativism, See also Calvin, John global Instrumental account of rationality, God, 51–66, 69, 72, 75–76, 112, 127 175 God-, 75 Internalism, 88–89 Goldman, Alvin, 89, 167 Internalist justification. See Justifica- Goldman’s process reliabilism, 88 tion, internalist Goodman, Nelson, 40–41 Internal relativism. See Relativism, internal Hacker, P. M. S., 106 Intuition, 10–12, 15–16, 20–22, 83 Hallucinogen-based moral beliefs, 75, a priori, 29, 42, 87 78 consequentialist, 133 Hallucinogenic traditions, 168 deontological, 133 Hallucinogens, 69, 72, 76, 79, 81, 83, empirical, 13, 20, 172 85, 87, 125, 127, 130–131, 168, epistemic, 170, 173, 177 183 intuition-based arguments, 34 ritual use of, 50, 69, 71, 78, 85, 88– intuition-based philosophy, 35, 64 90, 130, 138, 148, 152, 169, 179, intuition-driven epistemology, 151 184 (see also Epistemology) Harner, Michael, 73, 77 intuitive knowledge, 36 Haugeland, John, 163 moral, 64, 181 Heaven’s Gate (cult), 54 philosophical, 12, 41, 61, 77, 86, Hell, 66 147, 171 Hellman, Geoffrey, 157 physical, 12–13, 171 Henderson, David, 39 problem of, 26–27 Heraclitus, 57 rational, 12–21, 24, 26, 29–44, Himalayan shamans, 76 46–47, 50, 55–56, 59–62, 66–67, Hintikka, Jaakko, 12, 19 77–78, 81–90, 130–131, 133, Homosexuality, 63 138–139, 147–148, 152, 154–155, Huichol of Mexico, 74, 78, 81, 112, 167, 168–170, 172, 174, 177, 184– 179 185 Index 211

scientific, 12 Lewontin, Richard, 149–151, 155 sensible, 13 Libertarian free will, 21 Libri, Guilio, 87 Jackson, Frank, 16–19, 66 Linguistic ethnography, 179 Jaspers, Karl, 53 Local naturalism, 166 Jesus of Nazareth, 61, 65, 72 Locke, John, 36, 60–62, 150 Jı´varo of Ecuadorian Amazon, 71, 73, Logical axioms, 129–130 78, 134, 179 Logical inference, 20, 25 Jones, James, 54 Logically necessary propositions. See Judaism, 72 propositions, logically necessary Justification, 24, 26 Logically necessary truths, 155 a posteriori, 28, 30 Logical possibility, 22–23, 106 a priori, 28–29 Logic of relativism, 107, 110 epistemic, 26, 134, 157 Lophophora williamsii, 71, 83. See externalist, 30, 86 also Peyote internalist, 86 Luther, Martin, 57–58, 60 justified belief, 25, 138 Lycan, William, 157 justified true belief account of Lynch, Michael P., 98, 105, 110–111, knowledge, 35, 172 138–140 justified true belief account of Lynch’s dilemma, 139–140 philosophy, 19 naturalized, 157 Masturbation, 63–64 simpliciter, 137 Mathematical nominalists, 160 Mathematical propositions. See Kant, Immanuel, 36–37, 153 Propositions, mathematical Kantian metaphysics, 154–155 Mathematics, 36, 41 Kass, Leon, 10–11 McGinn, Colin, 140 Kim, Jaegwon, 34, 66, 151, 159 McKenna, Terence, 168 Kirkham, Richard, 137–138, 140 Medical ethics, 63 Kneale, William and Martha, 156 Meiland, Jack W., 109. See also Knower paradox, 93–95, 119–120 Krausz, Michael Knowledge, a priori, 25, 29, 39, 47 Metaethical relativism. See Relativism, Ko¨ lbel, Max, 115, 117 metaethical Kornblith, Hilary, 30–31, 158 Metaphysical necessity, 23, 38, 42, Krausz, Michael, 109. See also 147 Meiland, Jack W. Metaphysics, 53 Kripke, Saul, 11, 16, 31 Methodism, 150 Kuhn, Thomas, 106–108, 111 Mind, 180. See also Plato Kykeo´ n,70 Mint of Nature argument, 82–88 Miracle of Marsh Chapel of 1962, 76 Laws, 69–70. See also Plato Modality, 45, 100, 105 Lehrer, Keith, 170 Modal logic, 106 Leibniz, Gottfried, 60–61 Modal matters, 44 Levin, Michael, 64 Modal propositions. See Propositions, Lewis, David, 13, 158–161, 165 modal Lewis’s quantitative parsimony. See Modal realism, 168 Parsimony, Lewis’s quantitative Modal relativism, Elgin’s, 45 212 Index

Modal reliability, 27 Nielsen, Kai, 43, 45, 79, 125–126 Modal system, 99 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 18, 45–46, 65, Modern social science, 169 68, 184 Monsay, Evelyn, 13 Nihilism, 50, 90, 94–95 Moody-Adams, Michele, 179–184 Nominalism, 161–162 Moore, G. E., 150, 155 Nomological necessities, 155 Moorean particularism, 155 Noncognitivism, 176. See also Moral beliefs, 81 Normativism Moral intuition. See Intuition, moral Noncontingent propositions. See Moral judgments, 180 Propositions, noncontingent Moral propositions. See Propositions, Noninferential belief, 24, 35, 142 moral Nonnaturalistic belief-acquiring Moral realism, 179 methods, 131, 138, 151–152, 155, Moral theory, 39, 42 167, 169, 177 Moschion, 57 Nonnaturalistic normativity, 156 Mysterianism, 140 Nonnaturalistic perspectives, 151 Mysterium tremendum,74 Nonnaturalists, 155 Mysticism and Philosophy, 76. See Nonnormative psychology, 151 also Stace, W. T. Nonperspectival truth, 103 Normative epistemic principles, 171. Naming and Necessity, 11–12. See See also Epistemology; Justification, also Kripke, Saul epistemic Native shamans, 79 Normative language, 157, 176 Naturalism, 24–25, 29–33, 38, 46, 78, Normative principles, 173–174 83–85, 94, 123, 142, 148–152, Normative propositions. See 155–157, 166–167, 169, 176–177 Propositions, normative Naturalistic justification. See Justifica- Normative psychology, 151 tion, naturalized Normativism, 157–158, 175–176 Naturalistic methodism, 150 ‘‘Normativity and Epistemic Natural law, 24 Intuitions,’’ 175. See also Stich, Natural reason, 56 Stephen Natural selection, 85 Nozick, Robert, 97 Natural theology, 59 Necessary propositions. See Proposi- Ockham’s Razor, 156–165 tions, necessary Original sin, 64 Necessary truth, 14, 20, 22, 44, 102, 104 Pagans, 51 Necessity, 20, 99, 106, 109, 156, Pahnke, Walter, 76–77 162 Paradigm shift, 108 New Essays Concerning Human Parsimonious theories, 164 Understanding, 60. See also Leibniz, Parsimony, 157–158, 161, 165–166 Gottfried Lewis’s quantitative, 159–161 Newman, Cardinal John Henry, 52, Particularism, 150 59, 60 Peirce, C. S., 132 Newton-Smith, W., 105–106 Peircean epistemic theory of truth, Nichols, Shaun, 169–175, 177, 181 132, 134, 136, 139. See also Niebuhr, Richard, 53, 55 Putnamian epistemic theory of truth Index 213

Perceptions, 40 Premarital sex, 63, 133–134, 141 Perceptual beliefs, 40 Principia Mathematica, 166. See also Percival, Philip, 118 Russell, Bertrand Perspectives as abstracta, 114 Principle of mereological fusion, 160 Perspective scheme, 109. See also Priority of reason, 85–88 Conceptual scheme Problem of evil, 117 Peru, 73, 76 , 28–33 Peyote, 71, 74, 76, 78, 81, 89, 112 Problem of intuition. See Intuition, Philosophers of science, 157 problem of Philosophical beliefs, 172. See also Problem of self-refutation, 44 Intuition, philosophical of the pudding argument, 78– Philosophical claims, 147, 167 80, 86, 88 Philosophical intuition. See Intuition, Proper names, 31 philosophical Propositions Philosophical knowledge, 31–32, 131, a priori, 29, 31, 33 141, 152, 177 empirical, 21, 28, 122, 124, 138 Philosophical problems, scientific epistemic, 92, 137 solutions to, 151 logically necessary, 30 Philosophical propositions. See mathematical, 21, 129 Propositions, philosophical modal, 31 Philosophical relativism. See Rela- moral, 39, 130 tivism, philosophical necessary, 14, 20, 21 Philosophical truth, 128, 141 noncontingent, 29 Philosophy of mind, 52, 77, 135 normative, 23, 124 Physical intuition. See Intuition, philosophical, 20–24, 30, 36, 38, 42, physical 46, 50, 53, 62, 72, 77–85, 88, 89– Physical necessity, 24 95, 97, 111, 119–121, 123–124, Physical possibility, 23, 106–107 127–131, 133–135, 138–142, 147– Physics, 41 148, 152, 154–155, 167, 179–180, Piety, 15–16, 19. See also Plato 182, 184 Plantinga, Alvin, 53–54, 66–69, 76, self-justifying, 32 81–83, 135–137, 140 Protagoras, 57, 98. See also Plato Plato, 57, 69–70, 98 Protestantism, 59, 62, 168 Platonic dialogues, 9. See also Plato Psilocybe mexicana, 71, 83 Plurality problem, 80 Psilocybin, 76–77 Pope John Paul II, 55, 63, 67, 69, 88 Psychoactive drugs. See Hallucinogens Pope Paul IV, 63 Pullum, Geoffrey K., 179 Pope Paul VI, 133–134, 141 Pure rationalist philosophy, 127 , 29, 37 Pure reason, 168 Possibility, 99–100, 102, 106, 108– Putnam, Hilary, 16, 98, 132–133 109, 156 Putnamian epistemic theory of truth, Possible truth, 104 133–140. See also Peircean Possible worlds, 104, 113 epistemic theory of truth Post-Kuhnian relativism, 37 Pragmatic realism, 132. See also Quasirealism, 176 Internal relativism Quine, W. V. O., 28, 92, 114, 151– Pragmatic utility, 176 152, 154–158, 160, 162–163, 166 214 Index

Quinean ‘‘naturalized epistemology,’’ Riemannian geometry, 38 24 Rig-Veda, the, 70 Quinean parsimony, 162, 176 Ritual use of hallucinogens. See Quine’s naturalism, 152, 158 Hallucinogens, ritual use of Quine’s Razor, 162 Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church, the Radical empiricism, 28–33 Roman Catholicism. See Catholicism Ramsey, William, 12 Roman Curia’s document on sexual Rational intuition. See Intuition, ethics, 63 rational Rorty, Richard, 176 Rationalism, 29–30, 33–34, 38, 41, Rules for the Direction of the Mind, 43, 46, 78–79, 82, 124, 127, 167, 14, 36. See also Descartes, Rene´ 179 Russell, Bertrand, 17, 37, 61, 133– Rationalist philosophers, 123–124, 134, 141, 157, 163, 166 133–134, 141, 147–148, 150, 154, Russell’s Paradox, 40, 160 172, 176 Rye ergot, 76 Rational reflection, 85, 87 Rawls, John, 40–43, 126 Salvation, 52 Realism, 152–154, 176 Santayana, George, 165 Reflective equilibrium, 41–42, 45, 50, Sapir-Whorf conceptual realism, 179 79, 113, 130, 131, 134, 147, 182, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 178 184 Sartre, Jean Paul, 25 Refutability, 157 Schmitt, Frederick, 132, 137, 140 Reid, Thomas, 82–85, 150 Schultes, Richard Evans, 74 Relative possibility, 108 Science, 9, 23–24, 28, 37–39, 149, Relativism, 50, 90, 96 157, 166, 167–168, 171–172 of content, 106 Scientific discovery, 24, 39, 79, 95 empirical, 119, 124 Scientific knowledge, 154 global, 99, 115, 118 Scientific method, 24, 138, 148, 154– internal, 132 156, 177 logic of, 104, 109, 115, 129 Scientific perspective, 107 metaethical, 180 Scientific relativism. See Relativism, moral, 179 scientific philosophical, 124, 166, 180, 183 Scientific story, 157 scientific, 108 Secondary qualities, 22 specific local, 118 Self-justifying propositions. See of truth, 106, 126 Propositions, self-justifying Reliabilism, 30 Self-refutation, 102, 105 Republic,9.See also Plato Self-refutation argument, 99 Rethinking Intuition, 12. See also Self-refutation objection, 98, 130 DePaul, Michael R.; Ramsey, Self-refutation problem, 103, 128–129 William Sense perception, 82–83, 87 Revelation, 52–69, 72, 79, 83, 85, 89– Sensus divinitatis, 51, 59 90, 131, 133, 152, 168, 179, 183– Separate spheres doctrine, 56 184 Sexual ethics, 6 Christian (see Christianity, Christian S5 relativist logic, 115–116 revelation) S5 system of modal logic, 156 Index 215

S4 relativist logic, 115 Swinburne, Richard, 51–54, 61, 66, S4 system of modal logic, 156 69, 168 Shamanistic societies, 123 Swoyer, Chris, 114 Shamans, 71–72, 76–77, 81–82, 124, 179 Telepathy, 51 Shogenji, Tomoji, 115 Teonanacatl,71 Sider, Ted, 38 Tertullian, 56–57, 60 Sidereus nuncius, 87. See also Galileo , 98. See also Plato Situational meanings, 180–182. See Thompson, Frank, 157 also Duncker, Karl Tidman, Paul, 82–83 Skeptical possibilities, 154 Traditional rationalist philosophy, Skeptical problem, 153 122, 139 Skepticism, 44–46, 50, 88, 90–94, Transcendence problem, 161 119–121, 127–129, 150 Transcendency, 160 Snow, 178–179 Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, Social practice, 18 64 Social-scientific methodology, 176 Truth, 98. See also Protagoras Social-scientific norms, 176–177 Truth, nature of, 131–140 Social-scientific reasoning, 174–175 Truth-functional truths, 25 Social scientists, 171 Tukano, 73 Socrates, 9, 15–16, 98, 148. See also Tukano shaman, 111, 134. See also Plato Yaje´ Socratic commonsensism, 17, 171 Socratic method, 17–18, 171 Ucayali, 73 Socratic objection, 117 Ullian, Joseph, 157 Socratic tradition, 147 Universality, 18 Solipsistic idealism, 168 Urban legend, 178 Soma, 70–71 Utilitarianism, 19, 42 Sosa, Ernest, 20, 42, 135–137, 140 act, 35, 65 Sosa–Plantinga argument, 135–137, hedonistic, 19 140 Specific local relativism. See Rela- Van Cleve, James, 35 tivism, specific local Vaupe´s, 73 Spinoza, Baruch, 41, 104 Virtual absolutism, 105 Spinozist, 104–105 Virtue theorists, 65 Spirit flights, 71 Vitalism, 56 Stability of beliefs, 134 Stace, W. T., 76 Wasson, R. Gordon, 74 States of affairs, 141. See also Web of Belief, The, 157. See also Philosophical states of affairs Quine, W. V. O. Stich, Stephen, 18, 40–41, 83–84, 97, Weinberg, Jonathan M., 18, 166, 169–175, 177, 181 169–177, 181 Students of East Asian descent, 170 Weinberg, Steven, 37 Students of Western descent, 170 Western philosophers, 173–174 Substance dualism, 66, 77 Wide reflective equilibrium, 39, 42– Summum bonum, 19 43, 125–126, 131, 172. See also Superstitions, 51 Reflective equilibrium 216 Index

Windowless monads, 168 Wine, 69–70 Witchcraft, 71 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 36, 162 Wittgensteinian ladder, 158 ‘‘World Spirit,’’ the, 168 Worldviews, 110, 111, 178. See also Lynch, Michael P. Wright, Crispin, 133

Xenocrates, 57

Yahweh, 51 Yaje´, 73, 79–80, 85, 111, 120