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Biogas Technology Dissemination in Ghana: History, Current Status, Future Prospects, and Policy Significance

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Biogas Technology Dissemination in Ghana: History, Current Status, Future Prospects, and Policy Significance View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Directory of Open Access Journals INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Volume 1, Issue 2, 2010 pp.277-294 Journal homepage: www.IJEE.IEEFoundation.org Biogas technology dissemination in Ghana: history, current status, future prospects, and policy significance Edem Cudjoe Bensah1, Abeeku Brew-Hammond2 1 Chemical Engineering Department, Kumasi Polytechnic, Box 854, Kumasi, Ghana. 2 Faculty of Mechanical and Agricultural Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Private Mail Bag, Kumasi, Ghana. Abstract Despite numerous benefits derived from biogas technology, Ghana is yet to develop a major programme that will promote the dissemination of biogas plants on a larger scale. This paper reviews biogas installations in Ghana and investigates challenges facing the design, construction, and operation of biogas plants. It further captures the current status and functions of biogas plants as well as the impact of these plants on the people who use them. The study was done by surveying fifty (50) biogas installations, and conducting interviews with both plant users and service providers. From the survey, twenty-nine (58 %) installations were institutional, fourteen (28 %) were household units, and the remaining seven (14 %) were community plants. Fixed-dome and water-jacket floating-drum digesters represented 82 % and 8 % of installations surveyed, respectively. It was revealed that sanitation was the main motivational reason for people using biogas plants. Of the 50 plants, 22 (44 %) were functioning satisfactorily, 10 (20 %) were functioning partially, 14 (28 %) were not functioning, 2 (4 %) were abandoned, and the remaining 2 (4 %) were under construction. Reasons for non-functioning include non-availability of dung, breakdown of balloon gasholders, absence of maintenance services, lack of operational knowledge, and gas leakages and bad odour in toilet chambers of biolatrines. This paper recommends the development of a national biogas programme focussing on three major areas – sanitation, energy, and agricultural fertilizer production; it further supports the development of standardized digester models. The founding of a national body or the establishment of a dedicated unit within an existing organization with the sole aim of coordinating and managing biogas dissemination in Ghana is proposed. Copyright © 2010 International Energy and Environment Foundation - All rights reserved. Keywords: National biogas programme, Biogas technology, Sanitation, Energy, Fertilizer. 1. Introduction Active harnessing and development of renewable energy (RE) sources in Ghana began in the mid 1980s [1]. However, after more than 20 years in the recognition of RE potential in contributing substantially to the energy mix of the country, Ghana still lacks the capacity to developing her own RE sources. In 1997, the Energy Commission (EC) was founded, among other functions, to develop, regulate, and manage RE resources in Ghana. In 2006, the EC developed the Strategic National Energy Plant (SNEP) – a policy document that defined the role of various energy sources, setting target for each within a twenty year span. From SNEP, biomass based energy, apart from the direct use as woodfuel (firewood and charcoal), ISSN 2076-2895 (Print), ISSN 2076-2909 (Online) ©2010 International Energy & Environment Foundation. All rights reserved. 278 International Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 1, Issue 2, 2010, pp.277-294 has been exploited to a very limited extent in Ghana. Woodfuel represent the traditional energy source in Ghana and accounts for 60 per cent of total energy used (Figure 1). Electricity 11 % Oil Products Biomass 29 % 60 % Figure 1. Energy share of fuels in Ghana as at 2006 [2] Biofuels (biogas, biodiesel, and bioethanol) have not been adequately developed to play a major role in the energy mix of Ghana. For instance, in SNEP, the potential contribution of biogas technology towards the growth of the energy sector was not captured compared to other renewable energy options such as wind and solar. In order to realize a reduction in the share of woodfuel in the national energy mix from 60 % in 2006 to 40 % in 2020 as stipulated in SNEP, there is the need to promote research and development in other renewable energy options including biogas technology. Biogas (anaerobic fermentation) technology is noted for improving sanitation, generating clean energy, and producing rich organic fertilizer. In China, India, and Nepal, household and institutional biodigesters have gained widespread acceptance. Since 2001, China has disseminated over 2 million household digesters annually; in addition, the Chinese government has supported over 200 large and medium livestock farms to own large and advanced biogas units [3]. From 2001 to 2007, over 18 million households adopted the technology leading to the production of over 7 billion m3 of biogas; moreover, 87 million tonnes of animal waste were treated by 3,556 biogas plants and more than 300 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects involving biogas power generation, with a total capacity of 1 GW and an annual emission reduction of over 20 Mt of CO2, were also developed [4]. In India, over 3 million domestic digesters and 3000 community and institutional plants were constructed by the end of 2002 [5], and since 2005, more than 100,000 biodigesters have been disseminated annually [6]. Other successful biogas promoting Asian countries include Nepal, Vietnam, and Thailand. In Africa, biogas technology dissemination has been relatively unsuccessful. Njoroge [7] attributes the non-progressiveness of most biogas programmes to failure of African governments to support biogas technology through a focused energy policy, poor design and construction of digesters, wrong operation and lack of maintenance by users, poor dissemination strategies, lack of project monitoring and follow- ups by promoters, and poor ownership responsibility by users. Despite the relative stagnation of biogas programmes in Africa, the future prospects are encouraging. Aside energy (cooking and lightning, fuel replacement, shaft power), several biogas plants in recent years have been constructed as environmental pollution abatement system in several countries including Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa [8]. Between 4000 – 5000 digesters is estimated to have been built in Tanzani [9](Marree et al, 2007), while Kenya is said to have disseminated about 2000 digesters as at October 2007 [10]. In Ghana, about 200 digesters have been disseminated [11]. 2. Biogas technology dissemination in Ghana 2.1 Before 1990 Interest in biogas technology in Ghana began in the late 1960s but it was not until the middle 1980s did biogas technology receive the needed attention from government. Dissemination programmes before the mid 1980s focused on the provision of energy for domestic cooking. Most plants, however, collapsed shortly after duration of project due to immature technologies and poor dissemination strategies [12]. In order to resuscitate the technology, a cooperative agreement between Ghana and China led to the ISSN 2076-2895 (Print), ISSN 2076-2909 (Online) ©2010 International Energy & Environment Foundation. All rights reserved. International Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 1, Issue 2, 2010, pp.277-294 279 construction of a 10 m3 plant at the Bank of Ghana (BoG) cattle ranch in the Shai Hills and the start of the Appolonia Household Biogas Programme in 1986 [12, 13]. The Appolonia Household Programme focused on energy for cooking for cattle-owning households at Appolonia, a rural community in the Greater Accra region [11, 12, 13, 14 and 15]. A total of nineteen fixed-dome digesters comprising six 15 m3 and two 30 m3 Deenbandhu digesters, and eight 10 m3 and three 25 m3 Chinese dome digesters were constructed by engineers from the Ministry of Energy (MoE) and the Institute of Industrial Research (IIR) [11]. This was followed by the construction of two household demonstration plants at Jisonayilli and Kurugu, all in the Northern Region in 1987, under the aegis of the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) [13]. Apart from the Ministry of Energy, biodigesters were also been promoted by Dr. Elias Aklaku, an engineer and a senior lecturer at the Agricultural Engineering Department of KNUST, mostly with support from the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ). 2.2 From 1990 to 1999 In June, 1992, the Ministry of Energy commissioned the first large scale community-based biogas plant in Appolonia. The Appolonia Integrated Rural Energy Project was aimed at providing street lighting and electricity for small load appliances for all the households in the community. Cow dung and human excreta were used to feed the digesters, and the gas produced was used to run a 12.5 kVA generator which provided power for street and home lighting, while the bio-slurry was used for agriculture [11, 14]. The project experienced several setbacks and did not performed satisfactorily as planned due to multiplicity of factors including feedstock availability problems, distance of kraals (1/2 km) from the community, maintenance problems, and uncooperative attitude of some of the inhabitants. Problems also arose in the utilization of the digested slurry as farm manure. In the initial stages, the liquid organic fertilizer from the plant was successfully used on farms even though farmers complained of intense
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