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Astudiaeth O'r Wasg Gymreig Yn Ystod Y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf, 1914–1918

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Astudiaeth O'r Wasg Gymreig Yn Ystod Y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf, 1914–1918 _________________________________________________________________________Swansea University E-Theses Astudiaeth o’r Wasg Gymreig yn ystod y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf, 1914–1918 Powel, Meilyr How to cite: _________________________________________________________________________ Powel, Meilyr (2018) Astudiaeth o’r Wasg Gymreig yn ystod y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf, 1914–1918. Doctoral thesis, Swansea University. http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa47983 Use policy: _________________________________________________________________________ This item is brought to you by Swansea University. Any person downloading material is agreeing to abide by the terms of the repository licence: copies of full text items may be used or reproduced in any format or medium, without prior permission for personal research or study, educational or non-commercial purposes only. The copyright for any work remains with the original author unless otherwise specified. The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder. Permission for multiple reproductions should be obtained from the original author. Authors are personally responsible for adhering to copyright and publisher restrictions when uploading content to the repository. Please link to the metadata record in the Swansea University repository, Cronfa (link given in the citation reference above.) http://www.swansea.ac.uk/library/researchsupport/ris-support/ Astudiaeth o’r Wasg Gymreig yn ystod y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf, 1914–1918 Cyflwynwyd gan Meilyr Rhys Powel i Brifysgol Abertawe fel thesis ar gyfer gradd Doethur Athroniaeth mewn Hanes yn 2018. 1 Crynodeb Dadansodda’r traethawd hwn rôl y Wasg Gymreig adeg y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf, gan ystyried sut ac i ba raddau y gyrrwyd ystyron penodol o’r rhyfel gan ddeallusion Cymru. Drwy wneud hyn, gellir adnabod datblygiad diwylliant rhyfel neilltuol Gymreig, a’i osod yng nghyd-destun y profiad ehangach Ewropeaidd o’r Rhyfel Mawr. Tra cynhwysyd delfrydau penodol megis ‘anrhydedd’ a ‘rhyddid’ yn ieithwedd y rhyfel, thema gyffredin a fynegwyd gan ddeallusion Cymru oedd y syniad o fyd newydd yn dyfod, wrth i’r rhyfel gynrychioli rhwyg mawr gan ddisodli hen arferion cymdeithas. Yn ogystal, hanfodolwyd y gelyn i geisio esbonio digwyddiadau’r rhyfel a chyferbynnwyd gwareiddiad y gorllewin gyda Kultur tywyll yr Almaen. Tra roedd y profiadau hyn yn gynrychioliadol o’r cyfnod, ymateb pellach deallusion Cymru oedd ystyried y ffordd orau i Gymru addasu i’r byd newydd. Gwelwyd hyn mewn amryw o ffyrdd; yn grefyddol, yn ddiwylliannol, ac yn wleidyddol. Uwchlaw popeth, dros amser mynegwyd ffydd y gellid ‘dyrchafu’ Cymru i gyflwr mwy pur ac addas i’r oes newydd a oedd i ddod. Ymhlith sôn am sefydlu Cynghrair y Cenhedloedd wedi’r rhyfel, argyhoeddwyd nifer gan ryngwladoldeb a’r gred y byddai Cymru yn hawlio’i lle ar y llwyfan rhyngwladol. Tra bodolai canfyddiad fod y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf wedi cryfhau Prydeindod, dengys y traethawd hwn fod diwylliant rhyfel neilltuol Gymreig wedi datblygu ochr yn ochr â gwladgarwch Prydeinig ym mlynyddoedd 1914–18 gan sbarduno ymwybyddiaeth bellach o genedlaetholdeb Cymreig. 2 Cyhoeddiadau a Datganiadau CYHOEDDIAD Nid yw’r gwaith hwn wedi’i dderbyn o'r blaen yn gyffredinol ar gyfer unrhyw radd ac nid yw’n cael ei gyflwyno ar yr un pryd mewn ymgeisyddiaeth ar gyfer unrhyw radd. Llofnod ...................................................................... (ymgeisydd) Dyddiad ........................................................................ DATGANIAD 1 Canlyniad fy ymchwiliadau fy hun yw’r traethawd ymchwil hwn, ac eithrio lle nodir yn wahanol. Cydnabyddir ffynonellau eraill drwy droednodiadau sy’n rhoi cyfeiriadau amlwg. Atodir llyfryddiaeth. Llofnod..................................................................... (ymgeisydd) Dyddiad ........................................................................ DATGANIAD 2 Trwy hyn, rhoddaf ganiatâd i’m traethawd ymchwil, os caiff ei dderbyn, fod ar gael i’w lungopïo ac i'w fenthyca rhwng llyfrgelloedd, ac i’r teitl a’r crynodeb fod ar gael i sefydliadau allanol. Llofnod..................................................................... (ymgeisydd) Dyddiad ........................................................................ 3 Cynnwys Tudalen Crynodeb 2 Cyhoeddiadau a Datganiadau 3 Cydnabyddiaeth 7 Rhestr Tablau a Ffigurau 8 Cyflwyniad 10 Hanesyddiaeth Cymru a’r Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf 11 Brwdfrydedd Rhyfel 14 Prydeindod a Chymreictod 20 Llenyddiaeth 23 Crefydd 26 Diwylliant Rhyfel 30 Y Maes Cyhoeddus a’r Wasg 34 Gwasg Cymru yn 1914 36 Rhyddid y Wasg 38 Nodyn ar Ffynonellau 41 Strwythur 45 Pennod 1: Argyfwng Gorffennaf 47 Cyflwyniad 47 4 Argyfwng? Pa Argyfwng? 49 Cyflwyno Argyfwng Ewropeaidd 61 Seiliau Diwylliant Rhyfel 68 Safle Prydain: Ymyrryd neu beidio ymyrryd? 74 Diweddglo 82 Pennod 2: Crefydd 84 Cyflwyniad 84 Armagedon 86 Cymathu crefydd: Rhyfel Sanctaidd, Rhyfel Cyfiawn 94 Crefydd yr Almaen 102 Crefydd fel gwrthwynebiad 107 Dyrchafu crefydd 115 Diweddglo 123 Pennod 3: Gwareiddiad, Anrhydedd, a Rhyddid 125 Cyflwyniad 125 David Lloyd George a Rhyfel Cyfiawn 129 Anrhydedd a Rhyddid 135 Hanfodoli’r Almaen 145 Treitschke, Bernhardi, a Nietzsche 150 Y Junkers ac Ysbryd Prwsia 159 Uniaethu â’r Werin 164 Diweddglo 168 Pennod 4: Rhyfel Cymreig 170 5 Cyflwyniad 170 Hawliau Cenhedloedd Bychain: Gwlad Belg a Serbia 173 Barddoniaeth y Rhyfel 184 Llywelyn, Glyndŵr, Caradog, ac Arthur 187 Y Milwr Cymreig 193 Dyheu am Arwyr 203 Diweddglo 210 Pennod 5: Ymreolaeth 212 Cyflwyniad 212 Iwerddon, Rwsia, a’r Gynghrair: Gweledigaeth y Byd Newydd 213 Ymreolaeth Gymreig 226 Diweddglo 238 Casgliadau 240 Mynegai 1: Papurau newydd Cymreig a fodolai drwy gydol y rhyfel 248 Mynegai 2: Papurau newydd Cymreig a gychwynnwyd rhwng 1914 a 1918 252 Mynegai 3: Papurau newydd Cymreig a ddaeth i ben rhwng 1914 a 1918 253 Llyfryddiaeth 255 6 Cydnabyddiaeth Hoffwn ddiolch yn gyntaf i’r Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol am ariannu’r ymchwil hwn, ac am roi’r cyfle i mi astudio cyfnod mor allweddol o hanes Cymru. Fel goruchwylwyr, mae cymorth, adborth, a chefnogaeth Dr. Gethin Matthews o Adran Hanes a Chlasuron Prifysgol Abertawe, a Robert Rhys o Adran y Gymraeg Prifysgol Abertawe, wedi bod yn holl bwysig drwy gydol yr ymchwil. Hoffwn ddiolch yn fawr iddyn nhw. Yr un mor gynorthwyol oedd adborth a chyngor Dr. Tomás Irish, hefyd o Adran Hanes a Chlasuron Prifysgol Abertawe. Go raibh maith agat! Ni anghofir chwaith staff llyfrgell campws Singleton Prifysgol Abertawe, Llyfrgell y Glowyr De Cymru, y Llyfrgell Genedlaethol yn Aberystwyth, ac i bawb a weithiodd ac sy’n parhau i weithio ar adnodd gwych Papurau Newydd Arlein y Llyfrgell Genedlaethol. Ar nodyn personol, mae’r gymuned ôl-radd yn Abertawe wedi bod yn bwysig i mi yn ystod y blynyddoedd diwethaf. Yn olaf, hoffwn ddiolch i fy nheulu ac i Anisha am eu cefnogaeth a’u cariad. 7 Rhestr Tablau a Ffigurau Tudalen Tabl 1.1: Ffocws erthyglau golygyddol papurau dyddiol Cymru, 1 Gorffennaf tan 4 Awst, 1914. 52 Graff 1.1: Erthyglau a straeon unigol yn y Cambria Daily Leader ynglŷn â’r sefyllfa Ewropeaidd a’r Iwerddon. 53 Graff 1.2: Erthyglau a straeon unigol yn y South Wales Daily News ynglŷn â’r sefyllfa Ewropeaidd a’r Iwerddon. 54 Graff 1.3: Erthyglau a straeon unigol yn y South Wales Daily Post ynglŷn â’r sefyllfa Ewropeaidd a’r Iwerddon. 55 Graff 1.4: Erthyglau a straeon unigol yn y Western Mail ynglŷn â’r sefyllfa Ewropeaidd a’r Iwerddon. 56 Ffigwr 1.1: ‘The Snake Eclipsed’. 58 Ffigwr 1.2: ‘In The Face of Danger’. 59 Ffigwr 1.3: ‘Waiting to See!’ 65 Ffigwr 1.4: ‘The All Important Question’. 67 Ffigwr 1.5: ‘The Call Of Patriotism’. 79 Tabl 2.1: Amlder ymddangosiad y geiriau ‘Armagedon’ ac ‘Armageddon’ yng nghasgliad ‘Papurau Newydd Cymru Ar-lein’, 1820–1919. 88 Ffigwr 2.1: ‘St Geneviève Watching Over Paris’. 96 Ffigwr 2.2: ‘Destruction of the wonderful architecture at the entrance to Rheims Cathedral’. 98 Ffigwr 2.3: Eiconograffiaeth tudalen flaen Y Deyrnas. 114 8 Graff 3.1: Amlder ‘gwareiddiad’ ym mhapurau wythnosol Cymreig, 1880–1918. 129 Graff 3.2: Amlder ‘rhyddid’ a ‘ryddid’ ym mhapurau wythnosol Cymreig, 1880–1918. 139 Ffigwr 4.1: Poster Recriwtio Rhif.19. ‘Remember Belgium. Enlist To-day’. 175 Ffigwr 4.2: ‘Bravo Belgium’. 176 Ffigwr 4.3: Clawr The Bowmen yn delweddu saethwr o Agincourt. 186 Tabl 4.1: Nifer y cerddi yn Y Geninen rhwng Hydref 1914 – Tachwedd 1918 a ddefnyddiodd thema rhyfel yn eu teitl. 197 Tabl 4.2: Nifer y cerddi rhyfel fel canran o gerddi Y Geninen rhwng 1914–1918. 198 Ffigwr 4.4: Llun y Welsh Outlook, ‘Three Welshmen at Downing Street’. 204 Ffigwr 4.5: Delwedd Lloyd George yn Cymru. 205 Ffigwr 4.6: Llun y Welsh Outlook, ‘Hedd Wyn – Bardd y Gadair Ddu’. 207 9 Cyflwyniad Dadansodda’r traethawd hwn rôl y Wasg Gymreig adeg y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf, a’i rhan yn cynhyrchu diwylliant rhyfel yng Nghymru. Yn arbennig, ystyria’r traethawd sut ac i ba raddau y cyflwynwyd ystyron penodol o’r rhyfel gan ddeallusion Cymru a gyfranna i gyfnodolion a chylchgronau. Drwy wneud hyn, ceisir olrhain datblygiad diwylliant rhyfel neilltuol Gymreig, a’i osod yng nghyd-destun y profiad ehangach Ewropeaidd. Tra cyflwynwyd delfrydau penodol megis ‘anrhydedd’ a ‘rhyddid’ yn iaith y rhyfel, thema gyffredin a fynegwyd gan ddeallusion Cymru oedd y syniad o fyd newydd yn dyfod, wrth i’r rhyfel gynrychioli rhwyg mawr gan ddisodli hen arferion cymdeithas. Yn ogystal, hanfodolwyd y gelyn wrth geisio esbonio digwyddiadau’r rhyfel a chyferbynnwyd gwareiddiad y gorllewin gyda Kultur tywyll yr Almaen. Tra roedd y profiadau hyn yn gynrychioliadol o’r cyfnod, gwelwyd hefyd agweddau neilltuol Cymreig i’r diwylliant rhyfel megis y twrio am draddodiad milwrol Cymru a’r mawl i ffigurau hanesyddol Arthur, Llywelyn ac Owain Glyndŵr. Mynegwyd hyn yn aml ym marddoniaeth rhyfel y Wasg gan gyfleu’r ddelwedd mai ymdrech Gymreig oedd y rhyfel. Siglodd y rhyfel ganfyddiadau enwadol Anghydffurfiaeth hefyd, gyda rhai o weinidogion a deallusion blaenaf Cymru yn argymell uno’r enwadau, wrth i’r rhyfel ddatgelu’r undod Cristnogol ehangach a fu’n gymaint o ysgogiad i’r rhyfel. Ymateb pellach sylwebyddion ac ysgolheigion Cymru oedd ystyried y ffordd orau i Gymru addasu i’r byd newydd. Yn wir, gwelwyd hyn mewn amryw o ffyrdd: yn grefyddol, yn ddiwylliannol, ac yn wleidyddol.
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