5–8 September 2021 • Virtual Conference Smart & Innovative Concrete from Disruption

30TH BIENNIAL NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE CONCRETE INSTITUTE OF AUSTRALIA

PROGRAM BOOK

www.ciaconference.com.au

#inthemix #Concrete2021 CONFERENCE PARTNERS

The Organising Committee for the Concrete 2021 Conference extends its appreciation to the following partners for their invaluable commitment and support:

Sika Australia Fosroc ANZ Ramset, Reid, Danley Major Partner Major Partner Major Partner

Leviat Duratec Australia Bluey Technologies Supporting Partner Supporting Partner Supporting Partner

BCRC BG&E Master Builders Solutions Invited Speaker Partner Keynote Speaker Partner Keynote Speaker Partner - Mr Oscar Antommattei - Dr Stuart Matthews - Dr Kefei Li

Aptus SRIA National Precast Partner Advertising Partner Advertising Partner

BOSFA Madewell Products Mapei PCTE Exhibitor Exhibitor Exhibitor Exhibitor

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P2 CONFERENCE CHAIR’S MESSAGE

WELCOME!

As the Conference Chair for the Concrete Institute of Australia’s Biennial National Conference, Concrete 2021, it is my pleasure to have you join us virtually from 5 – 8 September 2021.

You will experience an engaging and exciting virtual program including keynote speakers, invited speakers and over 140 technical presentations. This year you can plan the program around your own schedule giving you greater access to more presentations than ever before – what’s even better is you will have access to 100% of the program content, on demand post Conference!

Engage through virtual networking with industry leaders and strengthen your professional contacts as a part of our dynamic online community to create new industry contacts.

Under the theme “Smart & Innovative Concrete from Disruption” the Conference is covering all aspects of concrete materials, design, construction, repair, and maintenance. We are dedicated to bringing together global leaders in the concrete industry, to discuss and share information on how innovation and smarter thinking will allow us to deal with disruption.

We look forward to meeting with you all virtually for this exceptional 30th Biennial National Conference of the Concrete Institute of Australia!

RODNEY PAULL CONCRETE 2021 CONFERENCE CHAIR, ON BEHALF OF THE ORGANISING COMMITTEE

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VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P3 NATIONAL PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

WELCOME!

It is with great pleasure that we welcome you to Concrete 2021, the 30th Biennial Conference of the Concrete Institute of Australia, and our first as a fully virtual event.

In support of our Conference theme, ‘Smart and Innovative Concrete from Disruption’, we have brought together leaders in the concrete industry online from all over the world, capturing the Institute’s mission to promote and develop excellence in concrete research, technology, application, design and construction.

The Conference theme is reflected in the diversity and themes of our 4 keynotes and 4 invited speaker presentations, who will cover a variety of concrete related topics that will appeal to all of our concrete industry ‘family’. This diversity is also reflected in the technical program with more than 140 papers and posters that cover a wide range of subjects. We give our sincere thanks to all the speakers, without whom the Conference would not be possible.

We extend a warm welcome to all delegates, national and international. We hope that you take the opportunity to engage with our wide knowledge base, and develop new connections. We are confident that you will derive all of the benefits you seek at the Conference.

So, what can we expect with a virtual conference? To start, the program for Concrete 2021 is a strong one, and no doubt delegates will be wanting to watch and listen to clashing papers throughout the conference. This won’t be an issue like face-to- face conferences as participants can view all presentations from the platform – keynotes, invited speakers, papers and posters – for up to 30 days after the Conference finishes. That’s fantastic value and an incredible way to build up CPD hours and points all from the comfort of your desk.

We gratefully acknowledge our partners and exhibitors. In fact the virtual conference has also allowed us to view partnership and exhibition opportunities through a brand new lens. A number of Concrete 2021 partners have looked outside the square and will provide delegates with some really interesting ways to interact and gain value, whilst at the same time promoting their brand and creating positive exposure. Our exhibitors have provided an exciting array of technologies to supplement the presentations, and we encourage all delegates to take advantage of the opportunity to visit their displays. The virtual exhibition will also provide exhibitors with a whole new array of ways in which to highlight their material, launch new products and systems, and connect with online delegates. Don’t forget to use your virtual passport and take the time to visit each exhibition to see what they have to offer.

At the end of each Conference day we will also hold a virtual “happy hour” for anyone who wants to debrief after a busy day of presentations, catch up with friends and colleagues around the country and the globe, and have some fun with our daily themes.

So, not only does the Conference provide an excellent forum for the sharing of knowledge and experiences, it provides a great opportunity for informal collaboration and knowledge sharing all in a virtual setting making Concrete 2021 a truly unique event.

Finally, we thank the Organising Committee and everyone who has given time to make this Conference a reality, particularly given the challenges that we have encountered along the way. The call to transition to an online conference was not an easy one but has proven to be the right decision. The level of commitment from our staff, volunteers, office bearers, and members is inspirational and is the reason why the first virtual conference of the Concrete Institute of Australia will be a success.

I look forward to enjoying Concrete 2021 with you. PROGRAM Click for up-to-date SHAN KUMAR Program information or type: NATIONAL PRESIDENT, CONCRETE INSTITUTE OF AUSTRALIA ciaconference.com.au/ program/

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P4 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Conference Information P6 HOSTED BY Partner Hall P8 Keynote Speakers P9 Invited Speakers P9 Conference Committees P11 Conference Abstracts P14

CONFERENCE MANAGERS

Arinex Pty Ltd, as Digital Conference Organisers for the Concrete 2021 Conference, are pleased to welcome HELP! delegates to the virtual Conference. If you are experiencing We are positive you will find this a most rewarding technical difficulties, please experience. If we can be of any assistance, please reach contact the Concrete 2021 out to us via the help desk button on the virtual platform. Help Desk: +61 2 9265 0749 Arinex Pty Ltd

Level 10, 51 Druitt Street Sydney, NSW 2000 AUSTRALIA Phone: +61 2 9265 0700 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ciaconference.com.au

VIRTUAL PASSPORT COMPETITION

EARN POINTS AND STAND A CHANCE TO WIN EXCITING PRIZES!

Visit every exhibition booth and engage in the chat with a booth representative to stand a chance to win exciting prizes:

1ST PRIZE: 12 months membership for the Concrete Institute of Australia (valued at AUD$350), plus complimentary registration for Concrete 2023 (valued at AUD$1,500), plus a AUD$150 pre-paid Visa card.

2ND PRIZE: 12 months membership for the Concrete Institute of Australia (valued at AUD$350), plus a AUD$150 pre-paid Visa card.

3RD PRIZE: AUD$150 pre-paid Visa card.

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P5 CONFERENCE INFORMATION

CONFERENCE PLATFORM LOGIN DELEGATE LISTS AND NETWORKING LOUNGE Once you have registered, go to the Conference platform URL and click the “JOIN NOW” button. You will then be required to The delegate list will be accessible via the Networking type in the e-mail address you used to register to get access Lounge. There, you will be able to contact any delegates who to the platform. has made themselves visible on the platform by searching their name, company, or job title. You can chat with delegates, Platform URL: https://emeeting3d.etechsuite.com/ send them an email and exchange business cards. Please site/concrete-institute-of-australia-biennial-national- note that emails and business cards will be in your virtual conference-2021_1094/1044 briefcase.

CONFERENCE HELP DESK PROCEEDINGS OPERATING HOURS TIMES ARE AEST: All papers and abstracts are available on the Concrete 2021 Sunday 5 September 1430 - 1800 microsite: www.ciaconference.com.au/concrete2021/ Monday 6 September 0900 - 1700 Tuesday 7 September 0900 – 1700 CONCRETE 2021 PROGRAM Wednesday 8 September 0900 - 1500

If you are unable to log into the platform, please call: For the most up to date information on the program, please +61 2 9265 0749. refer to the website here: https://ciaconference.com.au/program/

POSTER PRESENTATIONS RESOURCE CENTRE This year, Poster authors have been given the opportunity to present their work as a 5-minute mini oral presentation, All event and virtual platform information will be available followed by 5-minutes group “Question & Answer” session to on the platform via the Resource Centre button, including a answer any burning questions. Be sure to catch their talks at helpful FAQ document specifically for the platform. The FAQ the following times: information can also be found here: www.ciaconference.com.au/faqs/ POSTERS TIMES ARE AEST: Monday 6 September: 0930 - 1000 Tuesday 7 September: 0930 - 1000 Wednesday 8 September: 0930 - 1000 PROGRAM Click for up-to-date DIGITAL POSTERS Program information or type: ciaconference.com.au/ Concrete 2021 will also be showcasing our digital posters program/ through the platform. You will be able to search for posters in your interest area, contact the authors and even download the digital posters.

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P6 SOCIAL PROGRAM

The following events are included in your registration fee. Times are listed in AEST.

VIRTUAL HAPPY HOUR CONCRETE TRIVIA

Breakout rooms hosted by Concrete Institute of Australia The Organising Committee will host three trivia game State Presidents and Board Members with ice breaker sessions, where you will be asked up to 5 questions max and questions to get to know your fellow delegates. foster a little friendly competition.

Date: Sunday 5 September Date: Sunday 5 September Time: 1800 - 1900 Time: 1800 - 1815 (during the Virtual Happy Hour)

Log in: https://arinex.zoom.us/j/9013053290 Theme: Concrete in Australia Log in: https://arinex.zoom.us/j/9013053290

Date: Monday 6 September Time: 1700 - 1800 Date: Monday 6 September

Log in: https://arinex.zoom.us/j/9013053290 Time: 1700 - 1715 (during the Virtual Happy Hour) Theme: Excellence in Concrete

Date: Tuesday 7 September Log in: https://arinex.zoom.us/j/9013053290 Time: 1700 - 1730

Log in: https://arinex.zoom.us/j/9013053290 Date: Tuesday 7 September Time: 1700 - 1715 (During the Virtual Happy Hour) OFFICE YOGA Theme: In the Mix Start the day off by waking up your body and opening Log in: https://arinex.zoom.us/j/9013053290 yourself up to learning.

Dates: Monday 6 September & Wednesday 8 September Time: 1100 - 1105 SELFIE BOOTH

Delivery: Video in program Be sure to get involved by checking out our Selfie Booth and posting your photos to social media using #inthemix and #Concrete2021! If you need some selfie inspiration here are some of our favourite topics to start a conversation: MINDFUL OFFICE MEDITATION • A photo of your ultimate homemade conference catering As you are half-way through the exciting Concrete 2021 program, be sure to centre yourself to get the most out of • A photo of your “work from home” set up this virtual event. • A photo of your essential conference item Date: Tuesday 7 September • And of course, the ultimate classic, a simple selfie with your best smile! Time: 1100 - 1105 Delivery: Video in program

AWARDS FOR EXCELLENCE IN CONCRETE

The Awards for Excellence allows us to celebrate industry achievements. This year will be no exception and will still go ahead, albeit with a twist and surprise entertainment.

Date: Tuesday 7 September Time: 1730 - 1830

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P7 PARTNER HALL

Concrete 2021 would not be possible without the support PARTNER HALL OPERATING HOURS TIMES ARE AEST: of our industry partners. The Organising Committee extends Sunday 5 September: 1500 – 1900 an invitation to all delegates to visit the Partner Hall when logging into the Conference platform. We encourage you to Monday 6 September: 0930 – 1800 video chat with the exhibition representatives in attendance Tuesday 7 September: 0930 – 1800 to view their products and services. Wednesday 8 September: 0930 – 1530

Sika Australia Fosroc ANZ Ramset, Reid, Danley Major Partner Major Partner Major Partner

Leviat Duratec Australia Bluey Technologies Supporting Partner Supporting Partner Supporting Partner

BCRC BG&E Master Builders Solutions Invited Speaker Partner - Mr Oscar Keynote Speaker Partner - Dr Stuart Keynote Speaker Partner - Dr Kefei Li Antommattei Matthews

Aptus SRIA National Precast Partner Advertising Partner Advertising Partner

BOSFA Madewell Products Mapei PCTE Exhibitor Exhibitor Exhibitor Exhibitor

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P8 KEYNOTE SPEAKERS (in order of appearance)

PROF RICHARD DR AKIO KASUGA BUSWELL Presentation: A Challenging Presentation: 3D concrete Concrete Structure for a Low printing: past present and Carbon Society. future

MRS MARION DR KEFEI LI FULKER AM Presentation: Durability design, Presentation: Disrupted: The control and planning for Future of Cities and Work. concrete structures: Practice from China Sponsored by:

Half page ad

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P9 INVITED SPEAKERS (in order of appearance)

MR JOHN HILTON DR STUART MATTHEWS Presentation: Concrete Bridges in the New Millenium: The Presentation: Durability related Imperative for Innovation developments – MC2020 and beyond. Sponsored by:

MR OSCAR PROF STEPHEN ANTOMMATTEI FOSTER

Presentation: Thermal Aspects Presentation: To Carbon of Concrete in Design and Neutral Concrete Construction Construction: A View of the through Technology and North America Experience developments of National Sponsored by: Building Standards

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P10 ORGANISING COMMITTEE

MR RODNEY PAULL DR FARHAD ASLANI

Conference Chair Technical Chair (Australia) Technical Director Materials Senior Lecturer, Structural Durability & Durability School of Engineering, Consultant, GHD Pty Ltd University of Western Australia

MR FRANK MR GARY GOODALL PAPWORTH Sponsorship & Exhibition Chair Technical Chair (International) Business Development Building and Construction Manager for BOSFA Research and Consulting BCRC Pty Ltd

DR JAMES DE BURGH MR DAVID MILLAR

Young Member Group Chair Treasurer Principal Engineer at BG&E Chief Executive Officer, Concrete Institute of Australia

PROF SHAN KUMAR MS NICOLE WALKER

Advisor Marketing Principal Engineer, Sheldon Membership Services Consulting Engineers Manager, Concrete Institute of National President, Concrete Australia Institute of Australia

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P11 INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

MR FRANK PAPWORTH DR AKIO KASUGA Chair – International Technical Committee Sumitomo Mitsui Construction Building and Construction Research and Consulting BCRC Pty Ltd PROF KEFEI LI Tsinghua University PROF MARK ALEXANDER University of Cape Town DR JAMES MACKECHNIE Concrete NZ PROF CARMEN ANDRADE National Research Council of Spain DR STUART MATTHEWS fib MR OSCAR ANTOMMATTEI Kiewit; ACI 201; Chair Hot Weather Concrete DR TOR OLE OLSEN Olav Olsen MR GARY CONNAH CRH Group Services Asia Pre Ltd PROF ALESSANDRO PALERMO University of Canterbury PROF FRANK DEHN University Leipzig DR MANU SANTHANAM Indian Institute of Technology DR DAVID FERNANDEZ-ORDONEZ fib PROF LARRY SUTTER Michigan Tech University DR SUE FREITAG Opus International Consultants PROF MICHAEL THOMAS University of New Brunswick PROF RAVINDRA GETTU IIT Madras PROF TAMON UEDA Shenzhen University DR KRIBANANDAN GURUSAMY JTK Consult MR GERHARD VITT Bekaert PROF DOUG HOOTON University of Toronto MS MICHELLE WILSON Portland Cement Association

CONCRETE 2021 TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

DR VANISSORN VIMONSATIT DR FARHAD ASLANI Associate Professor, Macquarie University Chair – Technical Committee Senior Lecturer, Structural School of Engineering, MR FRANK PAPWORTH University of Western Australia Building and Construction Research and Consulting BCRC Pty Ltd MR DAVID MILLAR Chief Executive Officer, Concrete Institute of Australia DR THONG PHAM Lecturer, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, MR JOHN CLANCY Curtin University Associate – Principal Structural Engineer, WGA

DR JAMES DE BURGH MR RODNEY PAULL Principal Engineer, BG&E Technical Director Materials Durability & Durability Consultant, GHD Pty Ltd

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P12 AUSTRALIAN TECHNICAL REVIEW COMMITTEE

Dr Riyadh Al-Ameri Prof. Natalie Lloyd Mr John Nichols Dr Rabin Tuladhar Deakin University University of Technology, Concrete Institute of James Cook University Sydney Australia Prof Riadh Dr Hamid Vali Pour Al-Mahaidi Dr Alistair McLeod Ms Debbie West Goudarzi Swinburne University of Deakin University Ausco Modular University of New South Technology Prof Priyan Mendis Mr Joe Wyche Wales Dr Tom Benn University of Melbourne Wyche Consulting Prof Yan Zhuge University of South Dr Behzad Mr Reuben Barnes University of South Australia Australia Nematollahi PCTE A/Prof Arnaud Dr Anthea Airey Swinburne University of Mr Martyn Compton Castel Technology Airey Taylor Consulting Cockburn Cement Limited UTS A/Prof Tuan Ngo Dr James Aldred Ms Jemma Ehsman Dr Vinh Dao University of Melbourne Concrete Future GHD University of Queensland Dr Liza O’Moore Mr Fred Andrews- Mr Gary Goodall Dr Daniel Dias-da- University of Queensland Phaedonous BOSFA Costa Mr Mahes VicRoads Dr Liam Hollaway University of Sydney Rajakaruna Dr Daksh Baweja Duratec Prof Stephen Foster Main Roads WA BG&E Mr Robert Kilgour University of New South Mr Vinod Rajayogan Mr Des Chalmers Wales BG&E Holcim Cement and Fly Ash Prof Emad Gad Dr Sharyn Long Advisory Mr Boris Vujovic Swinburne University of GHD Mr David Farah Technology BG&E Mr Sarvesh Mali Adelaide Brighton Cement Prof Ian Gilbert Mr Eric Lume Boral Mr Tom Glasby University of New South SRIA Mr Peter McUtchen Ischebeck Titan (Australia) Wales Mr Bob Munn Parkd Group Prof Nadarajah BCRC Mr Warren Green Dr Zayed Rahem Vinsi Partners Gowripalan Dr Jason Nairn Water Corporation University of Technology, CCAA Mr Craig Heidrich Sydney Prof Gianluca Ranzi HBM Group Dr Tian Ng Sing A/Prof Rebecca University of Sydney Prascon Mr John Hilton Gravina A/Prof Prabir Sarker Aurecon RMIT University Dr Andrew Peek Curtin University of GHD Mr David Hocking Technology Prof Muhammad Boral Hadi Mr Bruce Perry Prof Jay Sanjayan Cement Australia Mr Doug Jenkins University of Wollongong Swinburne University Interactive Design Services Dr Ehab Hamed Dr Wayne Roberts A/Prof Faiz Shaikh Queensland Transport & Mr Con Komselis University of New South Curtin University of Main Roads Infrabuild Wales Technology Dr Reza Hassanli Dr Warren South Prof Vute Prof Shan Kumar University of South SmartCrete Sirivivatnanon SKC Engineers Australia Mr Tony Thomas University of Technology Mr Les Smit Dr Taehwan Kim CMR Sydney GHD University of New South Mr Michael van Dr Massoud Sofi Wales Koeverden University of Melbourne CQT

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P13 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

2. Vibration Analysis Of A High-rise in relation to the reliability ranges regarding the chloride- Building Under Construction - Study of A induced depassivation of rebar. The reliability analysis are carried out using the full probabilistic model for chloride- Full-scale Application induced corrosion presented in fib Bulletin 34 and fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010. SHOHREH ALAEDINI1

1 Western Sydney University

The focus of this paper is the structural evaluation of the 6. The Effect Of As 5100:2017 Rail Collision central core wall of a 48-story office building and podium in Australia. This building is being renovated where the Loads On Mse Wall Design northern part of the existing building is being demolished RHYS SENIOR and reconstruction is being undertaken. The new building will be a hybrid building, with the original sections built in the In 2018, the newest version of the “Bridge Code”, AS 5100, was 1970s and followed by staged demolition and reconstruction. beginning to have an impact on the way bridge design was A structural health monitoring (SHM) network was installed carried out. In particular, it was affecting the way bridges during the demolition and reconstruction of the building, over rail with MSE abutment walls were being considered. which records the vibrations produced during construction. Prescriptive requirements to have an 800mm thick wall This consisted of accelerometers, anemometers, vibrating for a minimum of 2m above the rail were needing to be wire strain gauges, tilt sensors, and surveying tools. implemented. At the same time, the intent of the code, to Monitoring such characteristics as the natural frequencies protect the bridges columns or piles from a rail collision also of the building, corresponding mode shapes, damping ratios, needed to be assessed. and displacements have been carried out during demolition Since 2018, 4 different bridge over rail projects have been and reconstruction in assessing the safety and serviceability designed using MSE abutment walls with 3 different solutions of the structure. The analysis of the field measurement data to meet the requirements of the code. These solutions are: has been done using a state-of-the-art modal identification technique in the time domain and the accuracy of different 1. Design and manufacture the MSE walls with 800mm techniques is presented in this paper. thick precast elements for the lower portion of the wall (to 2m above the rail) 2. Design and manufacture the MSE walls with “standard” 140mm thickness and construct an in-situ thickening of 4. Review Of Deemed-to-satisfy 660mm Provisions In Australian Standards By 3. Design and manufacture the MSE walls with “standard” Using Fully Probabilistic Model: Durability 140mm thickness and use cement stabilised fill behind Of Reinforced Concrete Structures the face of the panels to strengthen the system

Exposed To Chloride This paper will touch briefly on the details of all 3 of the solutions used. It will also present in detail the 3D finite HERMAN JONG1 FRANK PAPWORTH1 element modelling analysis used to ensure that whichever 1 BCRC system was used, the intent of the code was met and a rail collision on the abutment walls did not adversely affect the The current system in Australian Standards for specifying bridge. and ensuring the durability of new concrete structures is a prescriptive type. In prescriptive specifications, adequate durability is assumed to be guaranteed indirectly by ensuring compliance with limiting values for minimum characteristic 8. Mix Design And Properties Of Coral compressive strength, concrete composition (i.e. minimum cement content, maximum water/cement ratio, cement type, Aggregate Concrete For Oceania Islands maximum chemical content in concrete) and construction TATHEER ZAHRA1 details (i.e. minimum initial curing requirement and minimum concrete cover). These parameters define the resistance 1 Queensland University of Technology of a concrete and construction element to withstand different actions from the surrounding environment. The Manufacturing concrete with coral gravel and coral sand environmental action is characterized through exposure as aggregates is of great significancefor the construction in classes (i.e. A, B1, B2, C1 and C2). The purpose of this paper islands due to shortage of conventional aggregates. Research is to review the prescription given in Australian Standards in this areais very scarce and mix design guidelines are not available for the concrete manufacturers and constructors.

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P14 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

This paper presents mix design proportions and mechanical 10. Investigation Of Ambient-cured Gpc properties of concrete mixes containing coral aggregate Dry And Monolithic Beam-column Joints obtained from an Oceania island. The properties of aggregates are measured in the lab to develop a mix design for 25MPa Using Cfrp Bolts Under Cyclic Loading concrete strength which is commonly used in low rise and TUAN T NGO1 medium rise buildings. Stress-strain curves, modulus of elasticity and strength of coral concrete for the batched THONG M PHAM2 AND HONG HAO cylinders manufactured according to the proposed mix design 1 PhD Student, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, are reported. An average strength of 27MPa is determined for Curtin University 2 Lecturer, School of Civil and the trial mix. The mix design for various other strengths of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University coral aggregate concrete is then developed. The findings of this research are useful for the designers and contractors of Geopolymer concrete (GPC) has attracted significant interest Oceania islands. in construction industry since it recycles a large amount of industrial wastes. This study proposes a new dry beam- column joint for precast moment- resisting concrete frames made of GPC and corrosion-resistant carbon fibre reinforced 9. Freeform Curved Concrete Structures, A polymer (CFRP) bolts and studies its performance under Bent Steel Support And Fabric Formwork cyclic loading. The application of the dry joints could reduce the construction cost and construction time while the use System For The Construction Of Curved of CFRP bolts effectively mitigates the corrosion problems Concrete Surfaces of connecting components (e.g., steel bolts, steel tendons, and steel plates) at dry joints. Four specimens including two 1 1 BADIH RAMEH NILS JAEGER monolithic and two dry joints were cast by ordinary portland 1 University of Nottingham, UK concrete (OPC) and GPC and tested under cyclic loading. The proposed dry joints showed good performances in term of Over the last decades, the developments in digital design maximum applied load, energy dissipation and stiffness. and modelling techniques have enabled the realization of Drift ratio of both GPC dry and monolithic joints reached curvilinear shapes in many design fields. Still, their presence 3%, satisfying the requirements of CSA A23.3- 07 and ASCE in construction is constrained by the available materials and 41-06 standards for structures in seismic prone regions. construction tools. From an architectural and engineering However, the GPC joints showed brittle failure, which needs perspective, it is challenging to produce freeform curved improvement in the future study. In addition, no brittle shear designs and sinuous surfaces with concrete, the most failure on CFRP bolts was observed during the test which widely used material worldwide, due to the tremendous suggested that the friction between column and concrete- cost of the custom formwork. Moreover, these non-standard end-plate (CEP) surface was sufficient to resist the shear moulds are hardly reusable and can be used only once, force. The test results show both monolithic and dry GPC presenting a substantial source of waste. They further joints could be effectively applied to replace OPC joints for require considerable amount of material, time, and labour. construction in seismic regions. Increasing unease of the environmental and economic consequences, the research aims at developing a novel formwork system as an efficient solution for the construction of freeform curved concrete surfaces. A combination of 11. A Review Of Chloride Damage Modelling fabric formwork, which is capable of attaining any form At Port Of Brisbane through tensioning, with bent steel support as an accurate representation of the desired surface mesh, results in a GREG VAN ROOYEN1 BRODIE CHAN2 waste-free, self-supporting formwork. The system not only 1 becomes economically and ecologically feasible but also BG&E has the ability of achieving a higher level of geometrical 2 Port of Brisbane complexity. The Port of Brisbane implements an Asset Management To validate the concept, a freeform curved surface was Strategy to ensure the ongoing safety and serviceability designed, analysed and physically produced on a small scale of the marine infrastructure, which is considered as one of as a proof-of- concept using the proposed formwork system. the most important asset class. This asset management As a result, the overall experiment was a success and has strategy relies upon the prediction of time to corrosion proven to be a feasible solution for constructing curved initiation in order to forecast future remediation works designs efficiently and with minimal material waste. and hence, long term budgets on capital expenditure. As such the Port of Brisbane has been undertaking detailed condition assessments including measurement of chloride

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P15 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

ingress of the wharves since 1995. These assessments and term strength profile. Indirect tensile and four-point bending residual life determinations have informed the Ports forward tests are carried out to determine the tensile strength of the planning; however, discrepancies have developed between concrete. Furthermore, Elastic Modulus and Poisson’s ratio the predicted time to corrosion related deterioration and the are also undertaken to assess if there is an inter-relationship observed deterioration. This paper details a review of the between different strength parameters. residual life modelling undertaken over the last 25 years, considers the model parameters used and various environments provides recommendations with regard the application of the modelling for marine structures. Further 14. Finite Element Analysis Of Concrete review of probabilistic modelling techniques for assessing the Sandwich Panels Made With Frp condition of the aging wharf infrastructure was undertaken Vierendeel-truss Connectors and methods for implementation of probabilistic methods in the Asset Management Strategy, were considered. DANIEL NEGRU1 EHAB HAMED1

1 UNSW Sydney

This study highlights the challenges associated with the 13. Long-term Mechanical Properties Of finite element modelling and analysis of prefabricated Alkali-activated Clay Concrete insulating concrete sandwich panels that are made with Vierendeel truss-like FRP shear connectors. Such panels 1 MORTEZA TAHMASEBI YAMCHELOU provide significant advantages in terms of energy-saving DAVID LAW2, JIE LI3 AND INDUBHUSHAN over traditional concrete wall panels, and they offer certain PATNAIKUNI2 design and construction flexibilities compared to other sandwich panels technologies. However, to fully utilize their 1 PhD candidate, School of Science, Engineering and safe use and optimize their design, an understanding of their Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. structural behaviour is required. The finite element method 2 Senior lecturer, School of Science, Engineering and provides a powerful tool to analysis such panels, which is Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. implemented in this study using the commercially available ANSYS package. Four modelling approaches that are based on 3 Professor, School of Science, Engineering and Health, 2D and 3D analyses, and on modelling the shear connectors RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. with various approximations are investigated. In all models, Alkali-activated materials are emerging as a reliable the partial shear interaction is obtained through the elastic substitute for the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) due to deformability of the various structural components. All finite their excellent mechanical performance and durability elements models are compared to test results conducted by characteristics. More importantly, this material reduces the the second author in a different study. The most efficient finite anthropogenic CO2 emissions into the atmosphere caused element model is chosen to perform numerical analyses and by the cement production. Alkali-activated clay concrete is parametric studies that shed further light on the structural a potentially viable approach for the large-scale production performance of such panels. of construction materials as low-grade clay is cheap and abundantly available. The presence of non-clayey minerals in the composition of low-grade clays, and slower dissolution rate due to the 2:1 structure of such clays wherein aluminium 15. Technical Paper - Experimental sheets are sandwiched by two silicon sheets affects the Investigation On The Strength Behavior Of alkali activation reaction kinetics and the heat required to trigger the polycondensation increases. The increased Plastic Pet Fiber Concrete curing temperature required for production of alkali-activated SAMUELA LOALOA VUKICEA1 concrete synthsised from low-grade clay affects the integrity of the concrete and the binder-aggregate bond. 1 Fiji Institute of Engineers (FIE); The loss of water from the matrix during heat-curing stage leaves behinds pores and microcracks which propagate over Plastic solid waste generation increases every year and time, which deteriorates the strength. Therefore, in addition the abundance of plastic waste is a major issue for the to short-term mechanical performance evaluations, long- sustainability of the environment especially in the pollution term measurements are required to evaluate the extent of of rivers, land, and ocean with plastics. The improper disposal aforementioned deteriorations accurately. This research of plastic has been a major concern to the environment as it reports the long-terms mechanical properties of alkali- is not easily degradable. However, the versatile engineering activated clay concrete. Compressive strength of 28, 90, and properties of plastic as lightweight, flexible, strong, moisture- 365 day specimens are measured to determine the long- resistant, and cheap can make it a useful replacement for

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P16 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

or alternative to many existing composite materials like (b) chloride diffusion coefficient as per NT443 after 56 days concrete. The issue of environmental pollution caused by wet curing, (c) surface electrical resistivity as per AASHTO Polyethylene Terephthalates (PET) has been extensively T358 test method after wet curing up to 365 days and (d) discussed and the best solution proposed is recycling. alkali silica reaction (ASR) by the accelerated test method AS Therefore, one of the potential means to the problem is to 1141.60.1 (recycled glass only) and by concrete prism test (AS recycle polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in the construction 1141.60.2) for concrete. industry as fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). FRC is a composite material resulting from the addition of fibers to ordinary concrete. Over the past few decades, many researchers have used waste plastic as an ideal replacement for aggregates in 21. Reactive Aggregate Fines As concrete. Compressive Strength and Split Tensile Tests have Alternative Supplementary Cementitious been performed on plain concrete, 1%, 2%, and 3% Plastic PET Fiber over 7, 14, 28 days and analysis has been carried Material For Alkali-silica Reaction (asr) out on its suitability for construction use within Fiji. It can Mitigation be deduced that the optimum fiber content for enhanced 1 concrete strength is 1% by weight of cement. MARIE JOSHUA TAPAS Elsie Nsiah-Baafi1, Kirk Vessalas1, Paul Thomas1 and Vute Sirivivatnanon1 1 University of Technology Sydney

20. Long Term Durability Assessment Of Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly Concrete Using Recycled Glass Sand In ash and slag are widely regarded as the most economical and effective approach to mitigating alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Bridge Constructions Traditional SCMs are however industrial by-products and face shortage in the future. Hence, there is a need for alternative SIMON MURCOTT1 SCMs that are both economically viable and sustainable. TONY SONG2, ION DUMITRU3, BEN GOW3 AND BOB This study investigates the potential of reactive aggregate BORNSTEIN powders to mitigate ASR using accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT) and concrete prism test (CPT). The mechanisms of 1 Boral Quarries mitigation are also investigated and compared to that of 2 Boral Materials Technical Services traditional SCMs. 3 Boral Construction Materials

Laboratory and field assessment carried out by Boral and Roads & Maritime Services, NSW (RMS) have concluded that 22. Alternative Test Method For Assessing recycled glass sand could be successfully incorporated in Alkali-silica Reaction (asr) And The concrete pavements. There are some concerns regarding the long term durability of Efficacy Of Supplementary Cementitious concretes using recycled glass sand in bridge constructions. Materials In Asr Mitigation Coarse and medium grained recycled glass sand was used MARIE JOSHUA TAPAS in this investigation as partial replacement of natural sands in concrete. LIONEL SOFIA1, KIRK VESSALAS2, PAUL THOMAS2, The mix design used in the assessment was as per RMS VUTE SIRIVIVATNANON2 AND KAREN SCRIVENER1 1 requirements for concretes used in bridge constructions, ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE under B2 exposure classification. Four concrete trial mixes 2 University of Technology Sydney (control, plus 3 concrete mixes with 10%, 15% and 20% recycled glass sand as natural sands replacements were Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is a major concrete durability carried out. issue, arising from the dissolution of certain siliceous (SiO2) The concrete was assessed for compressive strength at 1, components of aggregates and consequent formation of ASR 3, 7, 90, 180 and 365 days under three curing conditions: (1) products that results in cracking and loss of serviceability of standard wet curing, (2) 28 days wet curing followed by air concrete structures. Standard laboratory test methods such curing and (3) 28 days wet curing followed by coating with as accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT) and concrete prism curing compounds(CC). test (CPT) are typically employed to assess the efficacy of Concrete durability was assessed using (a) chloride migration supplementary cementitious material (SCM) to mitigate ASR test as per NT492 at 28 days, in the short term. However, despite worldwide popularity, with several countries having their own version of the tests, AMBT and CPT are consistently under criticism for their

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P17 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

limitations. AMBT uses high temperature and has excessive 26. Is Concrete Embodied Energy Life- alkali supply while CPT is prone to alkali leaching. This study cycle Inventory (lci) Data Sufficiently uses an alternative ASR test method that makes use of simulated pore solutions to assess the efficacy of SCMs to Accurate For Adoption In Construction? mitigate ASR. The effect of SCM addition on the concrete ALEXIS JOEL SCHTEINMAN1 microstructure and on the composition of the ASR products are also investigated. DAKSH BAWEJA2, AILAR HAJIMOHAMMADI3 AND RUTH FISHER4

1 BG&E

2 25. The Behaviour Of Concrete Columns BG&E Engineering 3 And Beams Reinforced With Gfrp Bars And Centre for Infrastructure Engineering and Safety, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New Spirals Under Axial, Eccentric And Flexural South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia Loading 4 UNSW

1 MOHAMED ELCHALAKANI Approximately 25 million cubic metres of concrete are TAREK ALY2 AND WALEED NAWAZ used annually in Australian construction. Work in concrete sustainability is transitioning from research to industry 1 The University of Western Australia application, which has not been an easy path. Concrete 2 Public Transport Authority embodied energy is deemed to be a governing factor for sustainability in construction. Whilst other factors such as Glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcement has recycled aggregate use are mentioned, these are often at been considered as a replacement of the traditional steel odds with current project design standards. Various tools reinforcement, mainly due to its corrosion resistance. In this available to industry that assess concrete embodied energy paper, a total of 13 concrete columns and beams (length/ include those published by the Infrastructure Sustainability diameter = 5.3) fully reinforced with GFRP longitudinal bars Council of Australia (ISCA) and the Green Building Council’s and spirals were experimentally studied. An additional two rating tool Green Star. There are also several life- cycle reference columns were also constructed with steel rebars analysis (LCA) based tools and research that assess concrete and GFRP spirals to quantify the effect of the long bars. embodied energy. However, embodied energy data for Factors such as the number of longitudinal bars, the pitch concrete component materials varies by source, resulting of the spirals, and load eccentricities were examined. It in different LCIs and ratings when using different methods. was found that the load capacities of the specimens with This paper reviews embodied energy LCI data for concrete GFRP reinforcement were up to 12.3% lower than those with component materials, and typical Special Class Concretes steel reinforcement, however, with sufficient transverse conforming to AS1379 that are usually supplied to Australian reinforcement, the GFRP-reinforced specimens were up to construction projects. Binders for these concretes include 15% more ductile. Reducing the pitch of the GFRP spirals and GP cement, fly ash and ground granulated (iron) blast- increasing the number of longitudinal reinforcing bars both furnace slag. Concretes having characteristic compressive resulted in an increase in the ductility and load capacity, strengths of 20, 25, 32, 40 and 50 MPa were used to form a demonstrating the contribution of transverse and longitudinal control dataset. These concretes were then assessed using reinforcement. Strains well beyond the ultimate strain commonly used rating and LCA tools to determine concrete capacity of the concrete were measured in the longitudinal embodied energies. The different approaches were found GFRP bars, illustrating the significant confinement provided by to vary significantly in reported concrete embodied energy. the spirals. The experimental results were favourably under- Further, these systems focus on reducing environmental predicted by the recommended simplified method derived in impact which may not consider potentially critical design this paper. In order to simplify the design process of circular efficiency. Suggestions on how such ratings can be improved members, a factor ß was introduced to the current design c are presented. rules in the international design standards and validated by the experimental results.

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P18 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

27. Rediction Of Carbonation Of Concrete: and sustainability based on experiences with designing and The Influence Of Cement Bogue installing both impressed current and part impressed current – sacrificial anode systems. Compositions Impressed current cathodic protection systems were DAKSH BAWEJA1 the system of choice in Australia in the late 90’s and early 2000’s for the protection of reinforced concrete structures PAUL KIDD2, SHANE SHIPPERLEY2 AND SEAN particularly for wharf and bridge infrastructure. Protection WINDRED1 1 BG&E is often required in the marine environment as chlorides in 2 Cement Australia seawater penetrate the concrete cover and once beyond initiation levels at the depth of the steel reinforcement cause A significant amount of work has been conducted in Australia corrosion. If left unchecked the pitting nature of chloride and around the world on carbonation rates into concrete, generated corrosion can be catastrophic, particularly for carbonation related corrosion and carbonation measurement. structures with pre or post tensioned reinforcement. Many Australian Standards such as AS3600 and AS5100.5 have Hybrid anode-based systems entered the market in the late their durability provisions linked to exposure classifications 2000’s with the stated advantages of less cabling, control that are based in part on carbonation characteristics. This is and monitoring requirements which were widely viewed as particularly so for above ground structures. Recently, there major disadvantage of impressed current cathodic protection has been an increasing requirement to determine carbonation systems. rates into concrete based on C A levels in cement. 3 There is now a substantial field of information regarding Importantly, C3A levels have not been specified under both systems which provides interesting discussion material Australian Standards since 1991. In this paper, the and the technologies are appropriately matured for an background to carbonation as it influences concrete understanding of performance, suitability, and sustainability. specification in Australia is reviewed. More recent work by the Concrete Institute and others on carbonation prediction is also reviewed. A detailed review has been done on cement supplied from around Australia and New Zealand where C A 3 30. Smartcrete - Enabling Strong, Relevant as well as other Bogue composition levels are assessed. From this, the implications of assessing risk of carbonation Research related corrosion in concrete are discussed. Further, possible WARREN SOUTH1 causes of carbonation penetration are discussed along with the risks of corrosion occurring at significant rates. 1 SmartCrete CRC Ltd The appropriateness of current standard requirements for exposure classifications relating to carbonation are reviewed. SmartCrete Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) was granted Finally, in the broad context, results demonstrate that $21m in March 2020 to conduct research into improvements carbonation rates, and hence carbonation related corrosion in the cost, productivity and sustainability of concrete. SmartCrete CRC will broker, manage and quality assure in concrete, is not influenced by C3A contents in Australian cement materials and basing predictions on this have some high quality research and end-user partnerships to deliver associated risk. economic, environmental and social benefits to Australia. Under the CRC Program Guidelines, the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science’s prime outcome is enabling growth and productivity for globally competitive industries 28. Innovative Cathodic Protection through supporting science and commercialisation, growing Systems For The Protection Of Reinforced business investment and improving business capability and streamlining regulation. Concrete Structures The specific objectives of the program are to:

1 NICK CRITCHLEY • improve the competitiveness, productivity and BLANE MCGUINESS1 AND OLIVER GASIOR1 sustainability of Australian industries, especially where Australia has a competitive strength, and in line with 1 Marine and Civil Maintenance government priorities A large variety of cathodic protection systems for the • foster high quality research to solve industry-identified corrosion protection of reinforced concrete are available to problems through industry- led and outcome-focused asset owners and operators. The array available can make collaborative research partnerships between industry appropriate selection challenging for those responsible entities and research organisations for concrete infrastructure. Our paper will review the most • encourage and facilitate small and medium enterprise deployed systems with respect to performance, suitability (SME) participation in collaborative research.

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P19 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

The SmartCrete CRC is aligned to these aspirations and has meet the durability requirements of AS/NZS 4058: 2007 and established three program areas focussed on the delivery of all processes exceed those of standard cast in situ concrete. industry led outcomes. These will step change the Australian concrete industry and address the broader social benefit agenda. SmartCrete CRC is a truly co-operative Research Centre 35. High Early Strength Gain Low-carbon looking to develop a portfolio of innovative project types Concrete: A Microstructure Study and sizes over the life of the CRC. It encourages participant collaboration, building and enhancing industry networks and MARIE JOSHUA TAPAS1 communities of practice that lead to sustained value add to PAUL THOMAS2, LOUISE KEYTE3, JASON the Australian industry and community. CHANDLER4 AND JIAYI FU5

1 Research Associate at UTS-Boral Centre for Sustainable Building 34. Evaluation Of The Durability Of New 2 University of Technology Sydney 3 UTS Boral Centre for Vertical Automated Cast Concrete Pipe Sustainable Building Against Machine-made Concrete Pipe 4 none 5 Boral AMERICO SANTOS1 DAKSH BAWEJA2, SEAN WINDRED2 AND TIM Low carbon cement binders are of significant interest due to the global drive for sustainable and eco‑friendly construction. MACINTOSH1 Producing cement is an energy intensive process which 1 Hynds Pipe Systems Ltd results in substantial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. 2 BG & E Replacing a part of cement with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) therefore reduces CO2 emissions associated Steel reinforced concrete pipe is recognised as the most with cement production. High slag substitutions however durable and economical solution for drainage pipelines and may compromise early age strength which is necessary has been manufactured in Australia and New Zealand for more for most commercial applications. Boral’s ENVISIA®, which than 100 years. Two horizontal casting processes (centrifugal uses a high slag binder, meets the early age requirements wet spinning and roller suspension) were developed in and has been shown to demonstrate equivalent or better the early 1900s and these became the driving force of the durability properties than equivalent high SCM concrete. This concrete pipe manufacturing industry in Australasia. study investigates the microstructure of young and mature ® The current Standard for the manufacture of concrete pipes ENVISIA concretes to explain better durability performance. in Australia and New Zealand is AS/NZS 4058:2007. Materials Microstructure of plain OPC concrete and high SCM concrete and manufacturing methods for producing pipes have were also investigated for comparison. developed over time, and in the late 1900’s new manufacturing processes were introduced in Australasia providing increased efficiency and waste reduction. These included vertical dry cast processes such as roller compacted and vibrating core 39. Unnecessary Design, Inadequate technology. More recent developments include a vertical Detailing, And Lack Of Periodic Inspection highly automated manufacturing process (AutoCast) using Of Concrete Buildings During Construction SCC. This paper reviews pipe manufacturing methods and JOHN WOODSIDE1 evaluates durability testing of machine-made pipe against 1 J Woodside Consulting AutoCast manufactured concrete pipes. Results from laboratory and field studies of these different concrete pipes The 2018 Shergold Weir Report highlighted a wide range of are evaluated to assess performance, quality and durability. problems in the construction industry and concluded “It is our Testing covered includes water absorption, apparent considered view that the nature and extent of the problems volume of permeable voids, carbonation, chloride migration, put to us are significant and concerning. They are likely to chloride diffusion and acid resistance. The durability tests undermine public trust in the health and safety of buildings if undertaken show comparable results for concrete pipe they are not addressed in a comprehensive manner.” across all manufacturing processes investigated. These The author has become concerned based on recent projects that engineers are spending too much time on unnecessary and sometimes incorrect design, trying to minimise the design and not providing robustness to the structure. They

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P20 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

do not spend enough time on good detailing and coordinating 41. Fibre-reinforced Ambient-cured their designs for construction. Also, the lack of internal Geopolymer Concrete For Sustainable And checking and internal review is also obvious. Resilient Structures: From Experiment To The author has seen projects where the analysis has assumed the wrong model with extensive pages of Analytical Predictions computer output for the overall structure, but the detailed TUNG TRAN design of connections is missing. The ‘devil is always in the detail’, and a building structure that is a system of elements Thong M. Pham, Tuan T. Ngo and Hong Hao will not meet the NCC performance requirements unless To reduce CO emission from construction industries, these elements sustain the design loads and transfer the 2 design actions through appropriate structural connections, ambient-cured geopolymer concrete (GPC) was introduced as diaphragms, columns and shear walls to the foundations. a promising alternative to ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPC). Therefore, an increasing number of investigations on In some States and Territories, the design of post tensioned the performance of structural GPC components such as floors, and non-structural prefabricated concrete is given to beams, columns, and joints have been conducted in recent other designers without adequate coordination. years. However, those studies indicated that structures Without correct design, good drawings, and specification made of GPC exhibited more brittle behaviour compared to together with regular periodic inspections by the designer, OPC counterparts. As a result, the incorporation of fibres is an we will not achieve the requirements of the Shergold Weir effective solution to improve the ductility of GPC structures. Report. Furthermore, due to an increase of extreme events such as vehicle collisions, rock falling, or chemical explosions, the design of concrete structures against such extreme loads is often required. From those motivations, this study developed 40. A Study On Creep Property Of Concrete sustainable and resilient structures made of fiber reinforced With Fly Ash As A Part Of Cement GPC against static and impact loads. The experimental results demonstrated that GPC beams reinforced with ZIHAO LIU fibres under static load had a significant improvement in both ductility and capacity. The presence of fibres mitigated Koji Takasu, Hidehiro Koyamafa and Hiroki Suyama spalling damage and concrete fragmentation caused by In recent years, attention has been focused on replacing stress wave propagation, thereby reducing the maximum part of the cement with by-product powder that emits less and residual displacement of the beams against impact load. The analytical design procedures were also derived by CO2. There are few literatures that use fly ash modified by flotation method as admixture, and it is necessary to study considering the material properties of fibre reinforced GPC it.When fly ash is used as an admixture, deflection and and verified with test data. deformation due to creep and drying shrinkage are important problems. However, there are few examples of creep tests of concrete mixed with fly ash. In this study, we investigated the compression creep properties of concrete mixed with fly 43. Comprehensive Review Of Need For ash 20%. User Friendly Geopolymer Concrete When fly ash was mixed, it was confirmed that the creep 1 2 strain was reduced by about 30 to 50% compared to no-fly SHERIN RAHMAN RIYADH AL-AMERI ash. The predicted value approximated the experimental value 1 Deakin University of concrete without fly ash. This prediction formula does not 2 School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds take into account differences in the mixture. The correction Campus factor when mixing fly ash is estimated to be approximately 0.73. When fly ash was mixed, the compressive strength The quest for sustainable construction materials is always after loading was slightly higher than that without loading. of great interest amongst the civil engineering professionals Further, the concrete having fewer voids tends to have and the researchers. One of the major research outcomes higher compressive strength. The amount of pores with a in the field of sustainable construction materials is the pore diameter of 500 nm or less and the unit creep strain in development of geopolymer concrete. Initially, developed as concrete can be approximated by a straight line regardless of a fire-resistant ceramic material, the now commonly known the presence or type of fly ash, so the larger the amount of geopolymer concrete has found its way into construction pores with a pore diameter of 500 nm or less, the lower the industry as a potential substitute for the conventional unit creep strain. Portland cement (OPC) concrete. Despite, high durability, high strength, and high resistance to chemical attacks the geopolymer concrete is not widely used majorly due to

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P21 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

the high requirement of chemical activators and need of jigsaw through the provision of reliable, easily accessible heat cuing unlike the ordinary cement. This study conducts product information and evidence of assurance. a comprehensive review of the research developments in production of a user-friendly and durable geopolymer concrete. The study reports the durability performance and effectiveness of geopolymer concrete made using single 46. A Case Study Of Fire Damage In chemical activator under ambient curing conditions. The Concrete Using Petrographic Techniques adoption of a production method like that of OPC is ought to bring more acceptance for the geopolymer concrete KENNETH SPRING1 since it primarily makes use of sustainable and recycled 1 waste products as material constituents. This study reports THOMAS SPRING the durability properties of geopolymer concrete made HEATHER SPRING1 using sustainable binder materials like industrial waste CARISSA NIX1 powders inclusive of fly ash, slag, rice husk ash and so on. This comprehensive review will contribute to compiling the 1 Geochempet Services various design mixes available for production of sustainable geopolymer concrete in a user-friendly and less material and Concrete has a low conductance for heat but can suffer energy intensive manner. considerable damage when exposed to fire. The effects of fire on concrete at high temperature include melting and Keywords: Geopolymer Concrete, alkali activator, ambient detaching of concrete from the surface and loss of strength. curing, durability It is characterised by cracking and spalling of the concrete resulting from thermal differentiation of materials used in the design. Determination of the abundance and form of the cracking and spalling is best achieved by visual and 45. Digital Transformation For The petrographic examination, based mainly on macroscopic and Reinforcing Steel Supply Chain microscopic examination. Colour changes can be related to temperature gradient from LEE BRANKLEY1 the exposed surface of the concrete with depth. A change LADIN CAMCI1, AYHAN TUGRUL1 AND ANDREW in colour to a pink/buff is often observed and is useful as WOOLNOUGH1 it coincides with a significant loss of concrete strength. Elevated temperatures result in significant changes in the 1 CARES concrete micro-structures associated with dehydration Globalisation has triggered an intensification of organisational of the cement paste, opens porosity around aggregate competitiveness spurred on by the volatility of market fragments as well as around steel rods and introduces demands; shortened innovation spans; reduced product life cracks roughly aligned to the core axis. cycles, and increasing complexity in the range of products Optical microscopy combined with colour image analysis entering the market and the processes driving their has been used to quantify changes in concrete subjected development. to elevated temperatures. Case studies of fire damaged Digitalisation is not simply the transfer of documents from concrete in various scenarios are presented. The petrographic analogue to digital data, but represents a fundamental examinations have been performed taking account of transformation in core business processes enabling the ASTMC856. It involves a visual inspection of the halved creation of efficient interfaces and fully integrated data surface of the core for damage and colour changes along exchange and management. with petrographic examination to determine fine cracking around aggregate fragments and steel reinforcing. The future of the global construction and steel industries is digital and the pace of change towards this future is Forensic petrographic investigations of fire-damaged accelerating. It follows that digital transformation is one of concretes are important in determining the significance of the core elements of an ongoing industrial revolution. cracking or degree of damage. This paper describes CARES’ approach to Digital Transformation covering all stages in the reinforcing steel supply chain from receipt of raw materials, on to the manufacture and 47. Quantifying Alkali - Silica Reaction In processing of steel products through to delivery to the end user. CARES digital solutions are being developed in support Concrete: Damage Rating Index of the drive by construction and steel industries towards 1 greater traceability, safety and sustainability. Taken together, DAN CUKIERSKI these solutions provide critical pieces in the provenance 1 Duratec Australia

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P22 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

Damage Rating Index (DRI) is a petrographic-based technique the Authors are compared to the test data and are shown to which assesses the level of deterioration from Alkali- correlate well. Silica Reaction (ASR) in concrete. Unlike standard concrete petrography (ASTM C856), DRI results in a numeric value which directly correlates with the amount of damage present. The higher the DRI value, the more severe the ASR. These values 51. Calorimetric Study Into The Role categorize the degree of ASR from none/negligible to very Of Alkali And Sulfate In The Early serious/severe. This paper gives a general overview of DRI and the methodology behind the analysis. DRI assessments Hydration Of Heat-cured Gp Cements And carried out as part of structural investigations are presented Associated Susceptibility To Def here and the factors that contribute to their DRI values 1 are explored. Comments are also made on the use of the LIAM MARTIN technique to aid in the prediction of service life of concrete PAUL THOMAS1 AND VUTE SIRIVIVATNANON1 structures. 1 University of Technology Sydney

Durability of concrete structures is an important issue in the modern world, with the performance of concrete 50. Time Dependent Behaviour Of Frc as a construction material significantly impacting its Flexural Members: An Experimental Study environmental, economic, and social costs. Understanding of the chemical behaviour of concrete informs the prevention MR MURRAY WATTS,1 and mitigation of potential causes of durability loss. Delayed DR ALI AMIN1 Ettringite Formation (DEF) is a chemical process in concrete that can cause expansion, microcracking and strength loss. 2 PROF R. IAN GILBERT It is a known risk of durability loss, in particular with precast 1 University of Sydney concrete. The primary mechanism of DEF is the dissolution of the sulfate mineral ettringite during early hydration with 2 UNSW its subsequent re- precipitation as an expansive phase in The inclusion of steel or polypropylene fibres into a hardened cement paste. The major factors of DEF relate to concrete matrix can considerably improve the serviceability the solubility of sulfate in the pore solution and the extent performance of reinforced concrete members. The benefits of ettringite formation. These include alkali, aluminate and of including fibres in structural concrete have been sulfate content and temperature or heating during early extensively studied, and as a result, provisions for strength, curing. DEF is initiated in the manufacturing process of precast and short-term serviceability conditions are contained in elements and is a consequence of phase development during national codes of practice such as the Australian Standards hydration. Isothermal calorimetry provides a way to monitor for Concrete Structures and Concrete Bridges. Provisions cement paste hydration and to investigate the role of alkali, relating to the long-term serviceability behaviour of fibre sulfate, and aluminate content in phase development. This reinforced concrete (FRC) are either not included or can be paper will present the outcomes of a study on the influence seen to provide limited guidance to designers, limiting the full of these chemical factors on the hydration process and utilisation of FRC. In the context of increasing FRC structural correlate this with phase development by characterisation application, an experimental program has been carried out of phases using XRD and TGA in paste compositions that are aiming to quantify the time dependent deformation and both DEF free and at-risk of deleterious DEF. cracking behaviour of FRC flexural members. Six large scale specimens of varying fibre type (either no fibres, steel fibres or polypropylene fibres), varying geometry and varying longitudinal reinforcement ratios have been manufactured 52. Concrete Bridges In The New and are subjected to sustained uniformly distributed loads. Millennium: The Imperative For Innovation The deformation and cracking behaviour of the specimens are being continuously recorded. A complete suite of material JOHN HILTON1 characterisation tests have been conducted in conjunction 1 with the large scale testing. The results of the testing to date Aurecon indicate that the addition of fibres to concrete significantly In the late 19th century 14% of people lived in cities. Today improves the time dependent behaviour of concrete this is over 50% and the birth rate is double. By 2050 the structures in terms of reducing long term deformations and proportion of city dwellers will be 70%, and the population the severity of cracking. Models previously developed by in cities will have grown from 3.5B today, to 7.0B. Therefore: are the bridges we are designing today going to meet

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P23 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

the unprecedented needs for speed of construction and 56. Numerical Investigation On Two- adaptability needed for the future? Maybe, but clearly in a way Action Of An Innovative Corrugated good number of cases probably not. This paper will look at the key imperatives for innovative concrete bridge design Composite Slab Configuration in Australia. Examples will be provided where innovation KEERTHANA JOHN1 in bridges has reduced cost, enhanced function or reduced construction risk such as developments in concrete materials MAHMUD ASHRAF1, MATTHIAS WEISS2 AND and the use of precast construction. RIYADH AL-AMERI1

1 School of Engineering, Deakin University 2 Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University

55. Linear Elastic Performance Based Increased demand in composite construction has led to the Design With Modulus Of Rupture development of various new composite flooring systems, Characterization which mostly provide one-way action along the designed strong bending axis. In addition, shear-bond failure between LUKE PINKERTON1 concrete and steel are predominantly seen as major design constraint in composite steel deck reinforced slabs. The 1 Helix Steel primary objective of the current research is to develop an Structural plain concrete code provisions (e.g. ACI 318- efficient two-way composite floor slab constructed using 14 Chapter 14 and AS 3600 Section 20) allow use of plain an innovative corrugated steel decking. The proposed deck concrete in members in buildings and non-building structures. consists of integrated hat sections, which are produced This includes slabs, soil- supported structures, arches, walls using “FormFlow” technology and are aligned orthogonally and pedestals. Design is done elastically using a tensile and to the basic corrugations providing two-way strengthening shear capacity based on conservative relationship between for a composite deck. The behavior of this new two-way the compressive strength of the concrete and these composite system, when subjected to concentrated loads, properties. A conservative resistance factor derived in the are investigated through nonlinear finite element analysis 1950’s is applied to the designs. ACI 322 developed the basic using ABAQUS software. Following factors are numerically approaches in the 1970’s to allow design based on modulus investigated as a result of introducing corrugations in two of rupture. The provisions were later removed from the code directions: load- displacement relationship, distribution of and there has been little work in this area since. There has loads in the major and minor axes of the slab, and shear failure been significant development, however, in products that can due to interface slip between steel and concrete. It is worth enhance the properties of plain concrete. ACI 360 as well noting that the interface slip between steel and concrete may as the Portland Cement Association publish guides for slab be considerably suppressed by the introduction of innovative on grade construction that rely on modulus of rupture for hat sections with corrugated webs spanning along the design on plain concrete slabs. ACI 318-14, 332-14 and AS transverse direction. Results obtained from FE simulations 3600 all prescribe MOR be defined in terms of correlations show that the proposed composite slabs produce two-way to compressive strength. Increases in modulus of rupture action due to enhanced composite interaction, increased have been shown possible through the use of chemical load distribution in the two directions, and improved shear admixtures, fibre, engineered aggregates, special types of transfer mechanism between the steel deck and concrete. cement, etc. The paper will propose a method that designers to characterize concrete performance through standard testing and modify the tensile capacity and resistance factor to allow the benefit of such products while still providing the 57. Feasibility Study Of A Novel Composite required structural reliability. Slim Flooring System With Two-way Corrugated Steel Decking

KEERTHANA JOHN1 MAHMUD ASHRAF1, MATTHIAS WEISS2 AND RIYADH AL-AMERI1

1 School of Engineering, Deakin University 2 Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University

Based on the emerging requirements of the construction industry, the development of innovative steel-concrete

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P24 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

composite structural systems with high performance has previous models recommended by international codes and gained significant attention over time. Particularly composite other researchers still apply to such mixtures, however, flooring systems have been extensively studied for improved leading to conservative outcomes. shear performance. However, research on composite flooring systems with two-way action was limited even though it has proven to be advantageous for various reasons such as economy, strength, serviceability, and spanning capabilities. 59. Durability Assessment Of Green Lack of design standards for these slabs also limit their Concrete Containing Medical Waste structural use. This paper summarizes the technical principles and applications of composite slabs acting in Plastic two-way, focusing primarily on the history, developments, SAMAN RAHIMI RESKATI1 structural behaviour, and design methodologies. The scope of this investigation includes identifying innovative design and KAZEM GHABRAIE1, ESTELA OLIARI GARCEZ1 AND construction methods, optimal usage of new and developed RIYADH AL-AMERI1 materials or products, and the necessity for considerations 1 with respect to sustainability. A new concept of two-way School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds steel-concrete composite slim flooring system has been Campus introduced here, accompanied by finite element analysis Using different types of waste plastics to produce green to ascertain the feasibility of the new concept which uses concrete as an environmentally friendly approach for their an innovative two-way corrugated steel decking. This safe disposal has become essential in recent years. Moreover, study indicates that the high-performance steel- concrete since a significant portion of the global waste plastics is composite two-way slabs can have a favourable prospect in produced by the medical industry, sustainable and efficient the future by improving the capabilities of the conventional substitutions for existing discarding methods have become composite flooring systems. crucial. Due to the lack of information for durability properties of concrete containing waste plastics, this article is reporting an ongoing investigation regarding the corrosion and durability behaviour of the reinforced concrete containing medical 58. The Validity Of Existing Models For waste plastic. The durability of a new mix of high strength The Mechanical Performance Of Medical concrete containing 1.5%, 3%, 6%, and 9% of dialysis waste Waste Plastic Contained Concrete plastic by weight of cement has been investigated. Results showed that concrete contained 3% and 6% of waste plastic SAMAN RAHIMI RESKATI1 develop a better performance. Although employing waste plastic may not notably enhance some concrete properties, KAZEM GHABRAIE1, ESTELA OLIARI GARCEZ1 AND other key benefits, including reducing the total waste volume 1 RIYADH AL-AMERI and the concrete production cost, could be resulted. 1 School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus

The rheological and mechanical behaviour of high strength 60. Concrete Memories. Conservation concrete containing Soft, Hard, and Mixed medical waste Issues From The Memorial Ossuary To The plastic (MWP), sourced from dialysis treatment, has been investigated to structurally validate the utilisation of MWP Fallen Yugoslav Soldiers In Barletta (1970) in high strength concrete and its applicability for engineering SARA DI RESTA1 purposes. Besides, paving the way towards alleviating landfilling problems associated with medical waste plastic 1 Università Iuav di Venezia and reduce the medical treatment cost. MWP is added in 1.5%, 3%, 6%, and 9% by weight of cement to the conventional high The aim of the study is to address the conservation problems strength concrete and results of the density, compressive of the majestic concrete structures composing the Memorial and tensile strength, as well as modulus of elasticity tests, Ossuary in Barletta, built in 1970 to house the remains of are then investigated employing international codes, existing about 800 Yugoslav soldiers died during the Two World Wars. and newly proposed prediction models. According to the The monument was designed by the artist Dušan Džamonja, results, adding up to 6% MWP does not significantly impact supported by the Yugoslav engineers H. Auf-Franic and the mechanical performance of concrete, and the Mixed M. Simic, with the contribution of the Italian engineer A. M. MWP contained concrete shows a better performance Palmiotti. compared with the Soft and Hard MWP contained concrete The Memorial Ossuary represents an Italian example of the eliminating the need for the waste separation process. The phenomenon of the Yugoslavian spomeniks. Built on a plot

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P25 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

of 2100 square meters, 400 meters from the seacoast, the (FE) models of tested specimens are developed and proven monument is totally built in fair-faced reinforced concrete to predict the experimental results with high accuracy. This and it is divided into two levels. research provides knowledge of prospective geopolymer Different alterations and deterioration patterns (biological materials in future structural applications. colonization, salt aggression, carbonation, corrosion) currently characterize the concrete surfaces, making the monument a relevant case-study that embodies significant issues on how to approach the conservation of these sites. 62. 2d Vision-based Crack Detection The memorial is now closed to the public due to structural In Concrete Structures: Improving The (collapse of the main terrace) and safety problems (parapets Generalisation Ability are lower than 60 cm). The symbolic values of this memory place clashes with other fundamental themes: its use/ ELYAS ASADI SHAMSABADI1 ALI HADIGHEH1 accessibility. 1 The University of Sydney Are these sites architectures or artworks? How to realize structural interventions while safeguarding the surfaces The rising need for controlling the health status of features? What compromises can we accept? infrastructures has led to the introduction of vision based This research is aimed at defining a Conservation structural health monitoring, particularly for crack detection. Management Plan (CMP) for this modern monument, in Most concrete cracks do not have structural impacts in which material/structural preservation issues are strictly their initial forms, while they most probably propagate after connected with the permanence of its figurative power. their occurrence, leading to the gradual degradation of load bearing capacity. Therefore, it is essential to detect cracks immediately after their emergence and repair the influenced vicinity. For this purpose, many vision-based methods have 61. Assessment Of Geopolymer Concrete been developed, especially with the help of machine learning. Although the developed frameworks perform highly accurate On Its Resistance To Acid Attack Using on seen images or like those used to train the machine, Experimental And Numerical Approaches they cannot detect cracks in unprecedented situations, hindering their real-world applications. Considering this, 1 1 ALI HADIGHEH FEIHU KE the paper aims at appraising the performance of different 1 The University of Sydney convolutional neural networks (CNN) oriented at real- world applications. Preliminary results show that naively increasing Geopolymer concrete (GPC) has been utilised as a sustainable the complexity of model does not improve the generalisation alternative to conventional ordinary Portland cement (OPC) ability, while compound model scaling can improve the concrete due to lower energy consumption and greenhouse generalisability of the machine for crack detection in the gases emissions. Before geopolymers can be widely used presence of noise and crack-like non-cracks. in civil engineering application, a clear understanding of durability properties of such green materials is of great essential. Concrete structures are at high risk of exposure to acids as a result of urban, industrial and agricultural activities 63. Biomass Based Pce Superplasticizer during their service life. In this paper, an assessment on the Admixture Technology acid resistance of geopolymer concrete is carried out both experimentally and numerically. Specimens are exposed to GREG LANGTON hydrochloric acid solutions through an accelerated aging regime and subsequently tested by mechanical, i.e. mass The use of polycarboxylate ether PCE based superplasticisers and compressive strength, and microstructural methods, i.e. in concrete production is widespread as a means to achieve scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction high performance concrete in an economical way. PCE is used (XRD). Control samples are also cast with ordinary Portland to produce high workability concrete without increasing mix cement concrete for purpose of comparison. Results clearly water or to reduce mix water to achieve higher strength and show a loss of material between samples in different durability. PCE superplasticisers can also be used to reduce the immersion states due to the formation of honeycomb voids. environmental impacts of concrete by allowing the reduction This observation is in agreement with the results from SEM of cement content in a mix design while maintaining the analysis wherein a notable formation of microcracking and water to cement ratio, enabling higher utilization of SCM’s, high surface roughness and porosity is visible with increased and allowing more manufactured aggregates to be used. Until level of acid exposure. Furthermore, the acid penetration recently all high performing PCE based products on the market behaviour into the samples is numerically simulated from the are all synthesized from monomers derived from crude oil identification of acid diffusion coefficients. Finite element production. This paper describes the performance and use

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P26 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

of a PCE synthesized using a high proportion of monomers the durability and service life of concrete infrastructure and sourced from renewable biomass streams resulting in a pavements using different integral hydrophobic admixtures lower carbon footprint and reduced reliance on extractive and surface coatings. The use of integral hydrophobic industries while delivering comparable performance to admixtures has many benefits over surface protection existing PCE products derived from oil because the former is not vulnerable to deterioration, does not require regular maintenance, and can be utilised where surface protection is too complex or impossible to apply. In this research, laboratory-made hydrophobic admixtures 65. Mechanical Properties Of Geopolymer have been developed and their effectiveness of concrete Mortars Activated With Laboratory- made protection has been evaluated. A wide range of chemicals Sodium Silicate were sourced and used to prepare the hydrophobic admixtures in the lab. Then, more than 300 concrete samples TARIQ AZIZ were prepared and cured for 3, 7, 28, and 56 days for different tests. The results of water absorption tests and water ZHONG TAO, ZHU PAN AND DANIEL RAHME contact angle measurement tests showed that the concrete modified with some hydrophobic admixtures has noticeable For the production of alkali-activated binders, the use of hydrophobic performance. In particular, the water absorption commercially available activators particularly sodium rate of the concrete samples treated by the most effective silicate (SS) has a few disadvantages, such as high costs, admixture decreased from 7.30% to 1.33%, and the water high embodied energy and adverse environmental impacts contact angle increased from 15º to 114º. Finally, the influence associated with the synthesis of the activators. For example, of different admixtures on the workability and compressive commercial SS is commonly produced by reaction of sodium strength of concrete is discussed. carbonate and silicon dioxide at a very high temperature of 1200– 1400 °C, which leads to high emission of CO2. The present study explores the feasibility of using silica fume as a potential precursor for the production of SS, which might be used to replace commercial SS as alkaline activator. 68. X-ray Micro Ct For Quality Control Of A laboratory method to produce cost- effective and eco- Fibre Reinforced Concrete Structures: friendly SS has been developed by the authors recently. Benefits And Challenges Mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer mortars activated with a mixture of the laboratory-made SS and LAKSHMINARAYANAN MOHANA KUMAR1 STEPHEN sodium hydroxide (SH) are presented in this paper. The main FOSTER1 experimental parameters included testing age (3, 7, 28, and 1 University of New South Wales 56 days), SS/SH ratio (1.0, 1.8, and 2.5), type of SS (laboratory- made, and commercial), and effect of resting before heat The complete three-dimensional description of fibre curing. The test results show that resting before heat curing distribution and orientation in fibre reinforced concrete had a negative impact on strengths of mixes with SS/SH of composites (FRC) provided by X-ray micro computed 1.8 and 2.5. In general, the obtained strengths of samples tomography (CT) is unmatched by any other technique. In using laboratory-made SS are comparable to those of the last decade, many researchers have used micro CT to samples using commercial SS. This research demonstrates investigate nature of fibre dispersion, biases introduced that it is feasible to use silica fume to produce cost-effective during casting, and its influences on mechanical properties. and green SS in making geopolymer. This paper draws from the experiences of using micro CT for quality control of infrastructure projects employing steel fibre reinforced concrete composites (SFRC) including ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPFRC), and shotrcrete 67. Effects Of Different Integral (SFRS). The benefits and challenges faced while extending Hydrophobic Admixtures On The micro CT, a method ideal for laboratory set-up, to structural Properties Of Concrete projects is discussed. While specimen size limits, noise, and artefacts are inherent to CT imaging, these become exacting SOHEIL JAHANDARI challenges for large-scale projects. Improvements were brought to all stages that included partial scanning, novel ZHONG TAO, MOHAMMAD A ALIM AND ZHU PAN and efficient image processing algorithms, and automation. Important lessons that will help planning and application of Ingress of aggressive fluids and water is the main reason micro-CT for future investigations of SFRC are laid down. responsible for physical and chemical degradation of concrete structures and pavements, which in turn shortens their life span. Many studies have been conducted to improve

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P27 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

71. Use Of Recovered Olivine-silica In Both the chloride migration and chloride diffusion results Portland Cement Based Mortars indicated that limestone additions to 10% did not adversely affect the chloride ingress. Cement kiln dust and the VINEET SHAH1 combination of limestone and kiln dust had no significant effect. Supplementary cementitious materials were effective ALLAN SCOTT1 AND CHRISTOPHER OZE2 at reducing the chloride ingress. The correlation analysis of 1 University of Canterbury 2 Occidental College the second order polynomial function and Fick’s second law of diffusion indicated that the polynomial function provided Olivine is one of the most abundant mineral on the earth’s a good indication of the chloride ingress and the chloride surface with the general chemical composition of (Mg2+, concentration at exposed surface. 2+ Fe )2SiO4. Numerous methods have been proposed to capture CO2 using olivine resulting in the formation of stable magnesium carbonate and silica as by- product/residue. The silica obtained from olivine is reported to be amorphous and 74. Concrete Cover – The What, Where And reactive in nature, and could be potentially used in numerous When applications. In this study, the efficacy of the silica recovered from olivine is assessed for use as a supplementary DAVID MCDONALD1 cementitious material. Mortar samples were cast at 10 and 30% replacement levels of cement at water to binder ratio of ERANDI ARIYACHANDRA1, BRETT ELIASSON1 AND 0.5. The performance of the recovered silica was compared JOHN KWONG1 with equivalent mortar mixes prepared using commercially 1 Vinsi Partners available silica fume and fly ash. Mixes with recovered silica showed higher early and later age compressive strength. Concrete cover is utilized in many aspects of durable design and it is presented in a wide range of different specifications and standards. During recent durability evaluations, it has been found that there are inconsistencies between the 73. The Influence of Limestone Mineral required values and that values for design lives other than 50 Addition In Combination With Cement Kiln or 100 years are needed to be derived by the durability and Dust On Chloride Ion Ingress design team. The review will evaluate concrete deterioration mechanisms, including pH, sulfate, carbonation and chloride- BERNARD T (TOM) BENN1 related distress and the development of various cover requirements. This paper will also review the existing and 1 2 JULIE MILLS AND DAKSH BAWEJA historical concrete covers provided in AS2159, AS3600, 1 University of South Australia 2 BG&E Engineering AS3735, AS4058 and AS5100.5 along with other international recommendations. The paper will also discuss deemed- This paper is a summary of my PhD research. The investigation to-comply, engineering judgement, deterministic and considered the effect on chloride ingress into mortar and probabilistic methods used to develop appropriate concrete concrete when the limestone mineral addition in cement covers for lives greater than 100 years. The paper will provide was increased to 15% and when LMA was used together with some recommendations for evaluation of standards relating 5% cement kiln dust. The research also considered whether to concrete cover. replacing cement with fly ash or slag would reduce chloride ion ingress. Chloride migration tests were used to determine the non- steady state chloride migration coefficient. A multivariate 77. Reaction Kinetics In Alkali-activated linear regression analysis was used to determine which Slag: Effect Of Minor Oxides materials had the most effect on the depth of penetration and the migration coefficient. The equation derived from the ABDELRAHMAN HAMDAN1 regression was evaluated to establish if it was of any use in TAEHWAN KIM1 AND AILAR HAJIMOHAMMADI1 predicting the depth of penetration and migration coefficient. Chloride diffusion tests determined both the surface 1 Centre for Infrastructure Engineering andSafety, School chloride concentration and the apparent chloride diffusion of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New coefficient. A multivariate linear regression analysis was South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. used to determine which materials affected the diffusion Alkali-activated materials are proposed as potential coefficient and the surface chloride concentration and if a sustainable construction materials that could possibly derived equation could be used to predict these properties. replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in many applications.

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P28 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

Although this technology has been widely researched in the key aspects of RC deterioration in marine environs such as past, the reaction kinetics of the resulting alkaline- activated electrochemical aspects, chloride penetration (including binder is yet to be fully understood. The effect of minor oxides binding and adsorption), concrete material properties, and presented in a precursor, for example, industrial blast furnace pore solution chemistry. For preliminary analyses, test slag (BFS), on the reaction kinetics of the activated material specimens made with different cementitious materials has not well investigated in the literature. Inthe current work, will be exposed to elevated temperatures to mimic the field the combined effects of K2O, SO3, Fe2O3, Na2O, P2O2, and conditions in northern Western Australia and the Middle East.

TiO2, which are usually found in industrial BFS, are reported. Results of this initial study will be presented. An extension The organic steric entrapment (OSE) method is employed to of the protocols development is to establish new guidelines synthesize glassy materials that are identical to industrial to enhance the reliability of laboratory and field evaluation BFS but consist of a desired and a much simpler controlled methods. Thinking in this regard will also be explored in the chemical composition. Two synthesized materials (a glassy paper. powder that contains only the main oxides CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, and MgO and a glassy sample that contains all main and minor oxides) and industrial BFS were prepared. The dissolution properties of synthesized materials compared with the 79. Enhanced Performance Of Concrete industrial BFS and also reaction kinetics were investigated With Use Of Carbon Nanotube Enriched using isothermal calorimetry. The results of this paper showed that the presence of the minor oxides extended the Liquid Additive dormant period in the alkaline-activated slags and delayed ROBERT CAVALIERO1 the formation of the second peak which is usually attributed to the formation of different phases. The outcome of this TASHA EAGLE2 research helps in explaining how thereaction kinetics of the 1 Eden Innovations LLC alkaline-activated BFS are being influenced by the presence 2 of minor oxides in a precursor. Parchem Construction Supplies Pty Ltd The Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a liquid additive when used in the design and construction of concrete, serve as nucleation sites during cement hydration to help create a denser, cement 78. Protocols Development For Reinforced paste composition. The result is improved durability and Concrete Corrosion In Marine Environs strength. CNT technology remains ‘young’ within Australia; various laboratory and field trials have completed. Trials have ERANDI ARIYACHANDRA1 yielded increases between 10mpa – 20mpa, equalling ~10% - MOBIN SALASI2, MARIANO IANNUZZI2, AMIN 30% improvements in compressive strength gains as tested to AS1012.9 2014. Reducing the permeability of the concrete, CHEGENIZADEH3 AND WARREN GREEN1 the CNT dispersed additive reduces moisture, chemical and 1 Vinsi Partners chloride ingress. One trial tested at 50% reduced permeability 2 Curtin Corrosion Centre per Nordtest Method NT Build 443 1995-II. On an interstate highway project for Georgia’s Dept. of Transport, abrasion 3 Curtin University resistance and compressive strength were increased Reinforced concrete (RC) structures are frequently exposed by more than 30% per ASTM C779, proc. C, and ASTM C39, to aggressive environments in which various deterioration respectively. CNT contributes to increased tensile and flexural processes can adversely affect their in-service durability. strengths. A trafficable drainage run off area subjected to Deterioration can lead to loss of functionality, high renovation abrasive conditions, placed concrete drain sections with costs, and in rare extreme situations, catastrophic failures and without CNT additive in the concrete, a tensile strength due to loss of structural integrity. Deterioration of RC occurs increase of 25% and abrasion resistance of 40% resulted. predominantly due to (a) degradation of concrete and/or (b) After 36 months in service the CNT concrete showed no corrosion of steel reinforcement. Thus, it is of the utmost cracks or pitting vs. the control which cracked (>0.3mm) and importance to elucidate such deterioration mechanisms was deeply pitted. CNTs have demonstrated the ability to from the standpoint of concrete materials characteristics eliminate or reduce use of wire mesh and macro fibres in on as well as corrosion science. However, it remains somewhat ground applications. CNTs in a secondary version of the liquid questionable whether existing evaluation protocols can additive provides sustainability opportunities by potentially provide a holistic view of the deterioration process under reducing the carbon footprint with reduced GP cement use. specific aggressive environs. Hence, this study aims to CNT technology will be detailed in this paper develop various new test protocols to better assess the performance of RC exposed to marine environs. Multifunctional concrete test specimens have been designed to evaluate

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P29 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

80. Effect Of Aggregate Size And diameter bends and straights (particularly for larger bar Distribution On The Basic Creep Of diameters in infrastructure projects), has also resulted in recent technical enquiries. Based on feedback from industry, Concrete - An Image-based Meso-scale this paper examines the most common site practices that Analysis the SRIA encounters, which can lead to reinforcement quality issues. Guidance on correct practices to avoid potential site SEN ZHANG problems is provided, so that having guaranteed the supply EHAB HAMED AND CHONGMIN SONG of quality processed reinforcement to the project, poor site practices will not break the reo quality chain, impact design The effect of aggregate size and distribution on the basic creep performance and potentially place your project at risk. of concrete is investigated using a meso-scale numerical model. Image-based analysis is conducted using the scaled boundary finite element method based on a continuum approach. Digital images representing the meso- structure 82. Does High-volume Fly Ash Or Slag of concrete are converted to meshes through a quadtree Replacement Make Concrete More algorithm. The scaled boundary finite element method is complementary with quadtree meshes due to its ability Susceptible To Cracking? of modelling arbitrarily sided polygons. Concrete is treated 1 as a two- phase material, which consists of viscoelastic SUMAIYA AFROZ mortar and elastic coarse aggregate. The potential damage YINGDA ZHANG1, QUANG DIEU NGUYEN2, TAEHWAN in the interfacial transition zone is modelled using cohesive KIM1, ARNAUD CASTEL3, YAO ZUOBANG AND IAN zone model with appropriate traction separation law. The GILBERT basic creep model is based on a rate-type rheological model corresponding to a Kelvin chain. The model is then converted 1 Centre for Infrastructure Engineering and Safety, School to an incremental form and integrated into the meso-scale of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New analysis. Numerically generated concrete meso-structures South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia with different aggregate size and distribution are analysed 2 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University using the presented model to investigate their effects on the of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia overall basic creep behaviour of concrete. 3 Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology (UTS), Sydney

The impact of cement replacement with supplementary 81. Don’t Break The Reo Quality Chain cementitious materials (SCMs) on early age concrete cracking due to restrained shrinkage was investigated. A total SCOTT MUNTER1 ERIC LUME1 number of eight mixes in two strength grades (32 MPa and 40 MPa) were considered. High volume replacement ratios were 1 Steel Reinforcement Institute of Australia adopted for SCMs. The performance of concrete mixes with It is essential to ensure that all reinforcement for projects is 30% fly ash replacement and 40% and 60% slag replacement manufactured and processed in accordance with Australian was assessed and compared to the performance of control Standards. In Australia, this is guaranteed by obtaining third mixes (with no SCMs). Restrained shrinkage induced cracking party certification by a JAS-ANZ accredited organisation was investigated using the restrained shrinkage ring test. such as ACRS (Australasian Certification Authority for Restrained shrinkage ultimately led to cracking of concrete Reinforcing and Structural Steels). While Engineers can easily rings. Free shrinkage of unrestrained rings and standard prism guarantee the quality of processed reinforcement delivered specimens were monitored as well. The results showed that to site by requesting an ACRS or equivalent Certificate, there free shrinkage was not well correlated to cracking age. The are many site practices that can quickly turn a complying cracking was accelerated for slag blended cement-based piece of reinforcement, into a non- conforming product and a concrete mixes for both strength grades. The cracking non-compliant building solution. The SRIA receives numerous behaviour of fly ash blended concrete was observed similar enquiries for guidance from the industry concerning to that of control mixes. various site practices that can affect the quality of the reinforcement, including surface condition of reinforcement (from reinforcement that has been left exposed to the weather for some time), site bending and rebending, heating to facilitate bending, welding, use of couplers, bar chairs and wire tying. The question of large radius bends, and the practice of forming these as a series of smaller conforming

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P30 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

83. Shrinkage Behaviour Of High Strength showed a lower response rate than others. The temperature Slag Blended Cement-based Concrete dependence of the pozzolanic reaction was confirmed again. It was clarified that even if the modified fly ash achieved the SUMAIYA AFROZ1 same level as the JIS class II product, it maybe was affected by the minerals that constitute the origin fly ash. YINGDA ZHANG1, TAEHWAN KIM1, QUANGDIEU NGUYEN2, ARNAUD CASTEL3 AND IAN GILBERT

1 Centre for Infrastructure Engineering andSafety, School of Civil and EnvironmentalEngineering, University of New 86. A Study On Aggregate Selection For South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia Fire Resistance Concrete For Tunnel Lining 2 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University 1 2 of TechnologySydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia SARVESH MALI FAIZ SHAIKH 3 Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1 Boral Construction Materials University ofTechnology (UTS), Sydney 2 Curtin University, Perth, Australia

The effect of high-volume slag (40% and 60% replacement of The growth in the construction of tunnels worldwide has cement) substitution on concrete shrinkage was investigated. been increased in urban areas due to expanding and new Autogenous shrinkage and total shrinkage were both measured developing cities. The tunnel concrete requires sustainable starting 24 hours after batching, up to 100 days. Concrete and reliable service life that is based on the functional compressive strength was ranging from 50 MPa to 100 MPa. requirement of the concrete that is its mechanical properties, Drying shrinkage was estimated from the difference between the durability of concrete, and its resistance to fire. autogenous shrinkage and total shrinkage. Concrete usually accounts for 60-80% of aggregate by Autogenous shrinkage of 50 MPa slag concretes was higher volume. Coarse aggregate contributes to the spalling of than that of referencegeneral purpose (GP) cement concretes concrete exposed to fire. This paper studied the performance with the same compressive strength. However, this trend was of various types of coarse aggregates e.g. limestone, granite not observed on 80MPa and 100 MPa concretes. Importantly, and basalt aggregates in fire resistance and spalling of for all compressive strengths, an increase in autogenous concrete. The properties of aggregate exposed to fire was shrinkage was observed on slag concretes at long term (even initially determined following ASTM C295 standard. The from 56 to100 days) while autogenous shrinkage of reference analysis showed that Basalt aggregates had a mineral concretes was well stabilized. These results suggest make-up that is consistent with higher fire resistance. The that AS1012.13 assumption that autogenous shrinkage is limestone was attractive as a potential aggregate, but the almost complete 8 days after batching (when shrinkage strength capacity and durability properties of this aggregate measurement starts) is notvalid for slag concretes. Additional were poor and hence, not considered. The granite had a tests carried using paste confirmed the late increase in relatively high plagioclase content which is positive, but the autogenous shrinkage particularly for 60% slag concrete. quartz content makes this a borderline material in terms of fire resistance. Finally, a test was performed on concrete specimens exposed to fire using RABT—ZTV curve at 1200°C for 60 minutes. There 84. A Study On The Influence Of Curing was no spalling in concrete containing Basalt aggregates as Program On Hydration Reaction And per initial analysis following ASTM C295. The paper presents Mechanical Properties Of Mortal With a process for the selection of aggregate for fire resistance Modified Fly Ash By Flotation Method concrete, achieving the functional requirements and gives engineering awareness and quicker decision making for the SHILUN LIU selection of aggregates for fire resistance concrete.

In this paper, the effects of temperature history on cement paste and mortar using modified fly ash on the mechanical properties and hydration reaction were examined. Regarding the compressive strength development up to 3 days of age, the strength development of the unmixed was the largest regardless of the conditions of the given temperature history. The compressive strength tended to decrease in the order of summer, standard season, winter, and 20 degrees. No difference in the amount of CH produced by the ash species was found in the curing in the standard period. Winter curing

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P31 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

87. Post Tensioning Scheme For The profiling, water absorption and volume of permeable voids. Australian Construction Sector Petrographic analysis and scanning electron microscopy were also performed on cores which either contained or LADIN CAMCI1 not contain Caltite. Caltite samples showed a significant resistance to chloride ingress when compared with controls LEE BRANKLEY1, AYHAN TUGRUL1, LYN MORGAN1, from the same structure. Microstructural differences were DON FRASER2 AND JAMES WOODS2 observed and waterproofing characteristics were observed 1 CARES to persist despite age. 2 Post-Tensioning Institute of Australia (PTIA)

The Post-Tensioning Institute of Australia (PTIA) and CARES are working together to deliver a PT Certification Scheme 94. Effect Of Carbon And Steel Fibre covering safety critical PT installation and products entering In Cementitious Composites On the construction supply chain in Australia. Electromagnetic Interference Shielding The development by the UK’s reinforcing steel authority, CARES, of its Certification Scheme for the supply and installation DIMUTHU WANASINGHE1 FARHAD ASLANI1 of post-tensioning (PT) systems, and its acceptance by the 1 University of Western Australia PT industry there, played a key part in Highways England’s decision to lift its moratorium on grouted post-tensioned Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is the phenomenon where bridges in September 1996. CARES certification continues an external electromagnetic field can cause disruption to the to enable companies to comply with specifiers’ quality functionality of electronic equipment. To minimize the damage requirements, enabling them to bid for major PT contracts in to other electronic devices, adequate shielding should be the UK and internationally. provided, which will guarantee external EMI will not interfere The objective of the new Australian Scheme is to give with the equipment’s functionality. Conductive metals have confidence to purchasers of post- tensioned concrete been the traditional choice for shielding materials as they structures in Australia that the products comply with the create an effective Faraday cage when an electromagnetic appropriate specification - without the need to undertake wave is intercepted. Due to many shortcomings of metals, separate verification. It involves the application of quality there has been an increased interest in developing lightweight assurance principles to assess individual supplier’s quality and easy to fabricate materials. Cementitious composites systems and, as appropriate, product testing to ensure their have also given special consideration in this light as they are conformity with requirements set out in this Scheme. already being used in the construction industry and would This paper describes a unique, integrated approach to not require special manufacturing conditions. However, conformity assessment modelling for the entire supply chain the low conductivity of cementitious composites does not from PT kit, grout and strand production to onsite installation make it a suitable candidate for EMI shielding applications. of complete PT systems. This paper investigated the effect of carbon and steel fibres addition in cementitious composites on EMI shielding. EMI shielding tests were carried out in the frequency range of 30 MHz to 1.5 GHz per ASTM D4935 – 18 standard. Different 88. Characterisation Of Hydrophobic Pore volume percentages of carbon and steel fibres were added to a control mix to establish the optimal percentage of each Blocker Performance In A 50 Year Old additive that produces best EMI shielding. From the fabricated Concrete Roof specimens, it was established that the best shielding was produced when the carbon and steel fibre contents were 1 MICHAEL CHALLENOR 0.7% and 7.0%, which were 50.65 dB and 9.94 dB respectively 1 Airey Taylor Consulting . This study investigates the performance of concrete dosed with a hydrophobic pore-blocking admixture (Caltite) in 50 year 95. The Hybrid Effect Of Micro Steel And old, exposed concrete roof slabs of the Pan Pacific (formerly Carbon Fibres On Mechanical, Electrical Sheraton) hotel in Perth, Western Australia. In this study, 37 concrete cores were extracted from the roof of this structure And Piezoresistive Properties Of structure. Concrete known to contain Caltite was targeted Cementitious Composites for this study and concrete where Caltite was absent were also sampled and used as controls. A thorough testing regime LINING WANG1 FARHAD ASLANI1 was performed, which included tests to confirm admixture 1 University of Western Australia content, cement content, depth of carbonation, chloride depth

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P32 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

Cement-based sensors have been proposed and application of those checks and their influence on the manufactured by incorporating conductive functional fillers obtained results are commented. Specific attention is paid to into the cementitious composites, which exhibit unique the stiffness distribution in the structure and its variation in advantages compared to conventional sensors in terms the elements of the model. of structural health monitoring. This study examined the feasibility of using micro steel fibre (MSF) and carbon fibre (CF) on developing piezoresistive cementitious composites. The hybrid effects of MSF and CF on mechanical, electrical 100. Stabilised Base With Soil-cement, For and piezoresistive properties were examined by incorporating Unpaved Roads “ruta Del Cacao” Guayas- 0.7 wt.% of CF with MSF at 1, 3, 5 and 7 wt.%. Cementitious ecuador composites with mono MSF or CF were also fabricated and test for comparison. Test result indicated that hybrid MSF and DANIEL JOSE BUCHELI PEREZ1 CF was effective in enhancing the compressive and flexural 1 strength of the cementitious composites compare with HOLGER JAVIER SARMIENTO SEGOVIA , NATIVIDAD the mono MSF or CF. Hybrid MSF and CF performed a good LEONOR GARCIA TRONCOSO1 AND BOWEN XU2 piezoresistive performance with high electrical conductivity. 1 ESPOL Repeatability of the piezoresistive response has improved for 2 composites containing hybrid MSF and CF, although a slight Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University reduction can be observed in the sensitivity compared with During the past decades, the use of soil-cement has been a composites containing mono CF. constructive method that has contributed to the stabilisation Keywords: Electrical resistivity; Piezoresistivity; Micro steel of bases. Since the soil is mixed with cement, it provides an fibre; Carbon fibre; Cementitious composite improvement in the physical and mechanical characteristics of roads. It can also be applied to any type of soil. By means of this constructive methodology (soil-cement), the road system supports a greater load due to the fact that they 96. Tall Residential Buildings – Practical transmit lower amount of efforts to the ground, likewise Implementation Of Design Concepts And the uniform distribution that it generates on the road prevents very high forces from reaching the subgrade that Code Requirements provides a longer useful life. The cement dosage required for the stabilisation of this study depended on the existing MARINA TRAYKOVA1 ALEXANDER TRAYKOV1 material in the road, for which the soil was classified using 1 University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy the AASHTO methodology, to obtain the required cement range. The present study seeks to obtain the least amount The number of tall residential buildings and buildings for of cement necessary to carry out the construction process mixed-use occupancy is increasing constantly in most of the using the same material in situ, which is a friendly practice countries in the world. Most of those buildings are with with the environment, since it avoids the exploitation and reinforced concrete structure. The article considers the main transport of material from other sources. To achieve cement factors that influence the design of those building type in optimisation, tests were carried out where the mixture was seismic areas. Examples of real projects in different stages performed with a lower dosage than what is stipulated by of development are shown and commented with regard to ACI-230 1R - 09. Two different types of materials were used, the architectural design with its specific requirements and which were found in the study path, being the amount of 4% the main structural systems in use. The studies and analyses and 6% of cement adhered to the sample that yielded values performed are based on the Eurocode system, but the greater than 18 which is the minimum resistance parameter conclusions are of general validity. by Compressive strength requirement. Special attention is paid to the computer modeling of the buildings structures. Based on the accumulated experience, an approach, in which the process of computer modeling and analysis is related to the following design of the structural 101. Electrically Conductive Cement elements, their detailing and compliance with regulatory Composites For Self-sensing Structural requirements, is considered. Health Monitoring Applications The reliability of the results and the satisfaction of the requirements of the norms strongly depend on the suitability ALASTAIR MACLEOD1 of the computer model of the building used. The higher a building, the more difficult it is to satisfy a number of design CARLOS ESPINAL AND FRANK COLLINS checks required by technical regulations. The checks required 1 Deakin University by the norms for regularity of the buildings, the practical

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P33 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

The ability to monitor the condition of concrete infrastructure mixes with different aggregate and cement proportions, and is important for understanding and extending the remaining supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly service life of a concrete element, which can be deteriorated ash and slag to evaluatethe effect of this admixture. We also through loading actions or exposure to the environment, conducted a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) study to compare the through the efficient, targeted allocation of remediation environmental impacts of different concrete mixes with resources available to the asset manager. One approach XS55 admixture. to providing such structural health monitoring information The results of this study showed that the use of XSeed55 is the fabrication of smart, cement-based sensors with an improves the early and later age strength of concrete up to an electrically conductive filler, which can be embedded within average of12 to 18 percent and modulus of elasticity up to concrete elements to continuously monitor the structural an average of 5 to 7 percentrespectively without adversely (through strain- and crack-sensing) and durability (relative affecting the durability aspects of concrete. It also permits humidity, temperature and chloride content, for example) a reduction in the total cement content in the concrete mix conditions over the life of the structure. In contrast to while maintaining similar strength development equivalent to approaches that utilise expensive materials, such as carbon that of reference concrete by reducing the total associated nanotubes, graphene or carbon fibre, the use of inexpensive CO2 emissions. conductive fillers shows promise for the development of low-cost cement-based sensors. In this study, conductive ferric oxide and zirconia (ZrO2) powders were dispersed and added to Portland cement pastes at doses of 0.5 to 104. What Is New In As 5216:2021 And Why 5.0 % (by weight of cement). The electrical conductivity of It Matters the composite pastes was measured at 7, 28 and 90 days, and the sensitivity of the composites to relative humidity TILAK POKHAREL1 and temperature was assessed. Results demonstrate that 1 the use of inexpensive conductive fillers may be used as JESSEY LEE, ANITA AMIRSARDARI AND EMAD GAD low-cost cement-based sensors, and further research is 1 Swinburne University of Technology underway to characterise the sensitivity of the composite pastes to strain and cracking and the ingress of chloride for Australian fastening to concrete design standard, AS 5216, durability sensing. was originally published in 2018 and is referenced in National Construction Code, NCC 2019, for the design of cast-in and post-installed fasteners. This standard has been referenced in several other Australian standards including concrete 103. The Effect Of Calcium Silicate Hydrate standard (AS 3600) and bridge design standard (AS 5100). The new edition of the standard AS 5216 has been recently (c-s-h) Nanoparticles Admixture On published which includes several additional requirements for Concrete Properties And Associated Ghg the design of cast-in and post-installed fasteners in concrete. Emissions The revised standard, AS 5216:2021, includes some important provisions including design of fasteners for seismic actions, BEHNAZ ZARIBAF1 SHUBHADA GADKAR2 anchor channel loaded in longitudinal shear, redundant 1 Master Builders Solutions fasteners for non-structural applications and post- installed reinforcing bar connections. Since the introduction of the 2 National Ready Mixed Concrete Co standard for design of fasteners in Australia (SA TS 101 in The significant growth in the construction of high-rise 2015, AS 5216 in 2018), there has been improved industry buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure across the practice in terms of consistency prequalification of fasteners, world has increased demand for high-early strength and uniform design approach and overall safety of the fastening high performance concrete in addition to the sustainability industry. The revised standard is expected to further improve needs. To meet this demand, concrete industry is exploring the consistency in design practice and prequalification innovative methods to design concrete with improved requirements for the additional topics covered in the recent mechanical and durability properties and also improve its standard. This paper details the changes made in the sustainability. One of such methods to meet this demand revision of AS 5216 and its effect on improving the quality is to use a novel, strength- enhancing chemical admixture, and safety of the fastening industry that is a must- know for MasterBuilders Master Xseed55 (XS55), a suspension of practitioners. Calcium-Silica-Hydrate (C- S-H) nanoparticles in solution. In this study, we evaluated the effect of C- S-H nanoparticles admixture on early and later age strength and durability properties of concrete including compressive strength,modulus of elasticity, and drying shrinkage.We cast a variety of concrete

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P34 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

105. Visualize And Control The Fiber of retarding admixtures may seem counterintuitive, early Distribution In Concrete age strength improvements have been observed with their use as they inhibit the growth of hydrate products, XUEMEI LIU potentially forming a greater number of nucleation sites that, on the initiation of hydrate growth, lead to a more densely XIANGYU XIE1 AND LIHAI ZHANG1 2 packed, finer grainedmicrostructure. Examples of 1 The University of Melbourne these opportunities for greater early age strength in blended cementitious systems have been identified in the literature, The fibres have been proven to highly impact the performance whether through the development of new research and of concrete. Therefore, this paper aims to understand the fibre commercial admixtures, or through the creative application distribution in concrete during and after the casting process of existing admixtures.In this paper, literature from the past through a numerical method to visualize its movement and five years is reviewed, covering the application of a range distribution. Steel fibres have been adopted for this research. of chemical admixtures to the enhancement of early age The methodology designed will be able to adjust to different strength incementitious systems. casting scenarios, therefore, it can be utilized in different industrial practices to help design and control the mechanical 1 Kanchanason, V., Plank, J., (2019) Cement and Concrete properties of fibre- reinforced concrete elements. The Research 119, 44–50. developed numerical model has been tested against several 2 Lei, L., Li, R., Fuddin, A., (2020) Cement and Concrete key input parameters, such as concrete rheology, casting Composites 114, 103774. process and different fibre aspect ratios, and the outputs demonstrate acceptable accuracy when compared against related experimental researches. Finally, the correlations between the input parameters and 107. Proposal Of Early-opening-to-traffic fibre alignments have also been summarized, which can be Concrete Pavements In Consideration Of utilized to help optimize the distribution of fibres. Fly Ash As A Part Of The Fine Aggregate

HUU QUOC HUNG NGUYEN1

1 1 106. The Impact Of Chemical Admixtures TAKUYA SASAKI AND KOICHI MAEKAWA On Cement Hydration For Early Age 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Urban Strength Enhancement Innovation, Yokohama National University, Japan The early traffic opening of concrete pavements is clearly of BROOKE MANSELL1 priority in construction to utilize the pavement. In this study, PAUL THOMAS2, YANCHENG LI3 AND CAMILLEHOLT 4 a new methodology to enhance the strength development of the pavement at an early age after casting concrete 1 School of Mathematical and PhysicalSciences, University considers the fly ash characteristics in the mix proportion. of Technology Sydney A mass of experiments was conducted by reducing the 2 University of Technology Sydney sand volume and adding the fly ash as a part of the fine 3 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University aggregate. The strength development of the test results of TechnologySydney has been investigated based on the percentage of the fly 4 Boral Innovation Factory Australia ash and the curing condition simultaneously. The three- dimensional nonlinear simulation implemented by coupling With an ever-increasing focus on sustainable concrete, code of constitutive laws for high-cycle fatigue of reinforced the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) concrete and multi-yield surface plasticity modeling of the has grown and, although SCMs provide improved later age soil foundation is to verify the experimental results and properties, theiruse can result in reduced early age strength. examine the fatigue life of the concrete pavements under Chemical admixtures, however, have the potential address early-wheel-type traveling loads. The FEM analyses have these deficiencies by modifying the cement hydration also emphasized the effect of the fly ash percentage and process. Key developments include the use of C-S- H seeds the support of the soil compaction. The overused fly ash in in superplasticiser suspensions or composites, which has the concrete slab may cause the early shear band of the elicited improvements in the strength of slag- cement soil foundation. The fatigue life of the concrete pavement is, 1 blended mortars as early as 6 hours post-mixing. Such therefore, decreased. The experimental and analytical results nucleating agents provide sites for hydrate product growth, proved that the concrete pavement may obtain enough the potentially leading to denser microstructures and improved required strength to open for traffic early after one or two- early age mechanical properties. Similarly, while theaddition day casting. We expect to lessen construction time and

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P35 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

save the usage of the materials due to the optimized fly-ash The Karrinyup Shopping Centre expansion is one of WA’s percentage proposed in this study. largest-ever construction projects, encompassing a rapid construction program and an estimated 105,000m3 in total concrete - almost 18,000 truckloads. Significant effort spent on detailed analyses and smart design alternatives has 108. Full-scale Fem Simulation And delivered efficient design innovations, critical to minimising Verification Of Early Age Thermal Stress disruption and achieving theaccelerated program. In Durable Rc Deck Slab On Multiple Span One such innovation has been the reduction of temporary and permanent suspended slab building joints. The use of real Steel Box Girder time shrinkage data and performance monitoring of concrete slabs allowed an increase in the spacing of building joints T. NGOC PHAN1 beyond conventional building design, resulting in a reduction AKIRA HOSODA1 AND ARIFA IFFAT ZERIN2 1 of the total number of joints. This in turn reduced the extent YOKOHAMA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY of shear walls required, reduced project complexity, and provided flexibility for both the client and contractor. 2 Sumitomo Mitsui Construction Company Ltd. Suspended slab design has also been refined for efficiency. Multiple protection strategies to enhance the reliability of Each slab was specifically designed to reduce wastage durable RC deck slabs against deterioration under severe and identify the exact details required for construction. This cold and aggressive environment have been applied to many innovation provides an extremely effective slab design with bridges in Tohoku region of Japan. It has been confirmed that minimised waste, reducing cost and potential impact through not only temperature stresses which are greatly depended supply chain disruption. on structural types, ambient temperature, concrete Adaptability in design has been a critical element of this initial temperature, coefficient of thermal expansion, and extremely large-scale and fast-paced project. Each slab was autogenous shrinkage but also stepwise construction detailed for rapid construction, with flexibility in mind and stresses in continuous girder bridges with two or more spans efficiency as a focus to reduce build time. These innovations in are main driving forces caused early age cracks in highly slab design have allowed for an immense volume of concrete durable RC slabs. In this study, the thermal stress analysis being poured over a very short period – over 50,000m3 in two for durable RC deck slab of a four- span steel box girder was years. This provision of adaptability and resilience in design performed using JCMAC 3 following FEM. The simulation diminishes disruption and has been key to successful project models are verified throughout three leveled systematic delivery. analytical schemes comprising material, member, and full- scale structural level. The thermal analysis shows good agreement to the investigated results when applying calibrated parameters obtained from material and member 111. Testing Requirements For Epoxy level. The analytical model when applying different ambient Bonded Anchors To Achieve 100-year temperature histories during curing time also shows that the ambient temperature with lower the initial temperature Design Life Vs 50-year Design Life And and larger the temperature changes caused the higher Durability risk of thermal cracking in RC deck slab. The application of GGBS concrete with 25kg/m3 expansive additive resulted in ANDREW COUMAROS1 the reduction of about 0.4MPa thermal tensile stress more 1 ramsetreid than the use of 20kg/m3 expansive additive which would be necessary for the consideration of crack mitigation due to Due to several design parameters, including safety, stepwise construction stress. Moreover, various parameters infrastructure authorities are requesting increased years of affecting the risk of thermal cracking in the early age of design life forall construction supplier products used in critical durable RC slab are also discussed. concrete structures such as bridges and tunnels etc…. As many applications require post-installed fixings of which Epoxy Bonded Anchors are a common method, the Design Life of these fixings must also be considered. These 109. Design Innovations For Large Scale applications include but are not limited to hold down bolts, Buildings: Karrinyup Shopping CentreCase bridge strengthening, safety barrier fixings, safetyrail fixings, Study electrical and mechanical services fixings etc…In the past, Epoxy Bonded Anchors commonly had European Technical TYNAN LUZUK1 Assessments (ETA’s) based on 50-year design life addressed through sustained load data (creep). Furthermore, there is 1 Pritchard Francis

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P36 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

very limited information on durability through ETA’s. Recently, The demand for ‘greener’, more sustainable construction has European based suppliers have come together to develop a driven product manufacturers in Australia to conduct research test method which extends the estimated sustained loading and development into innovative products which offer performance up to 100-years. This method was recently improved environmental credentials. Given steel is already released to the public in the form of a European Assessment one of the most recycled materials in construction, and Document (EAD). This is helpful but does not address other certainly the highest in terms of value, the logical progression influencing factors which contribute to the durability of the is to look further up the waste hierarchy of - Reduce, Reuse system during its intended design life. and Recycle. The top of the hierarchy is obviously the best This paper provides the comparison between 50-year and and this is where steel manufacturers are currently focused. 100-year design life addressed through sustained load data There is a move to producing higher grades of steel designed (creep) via the assessment of a well- recognized Epoxy to reduce the mass of steel consumed in the search for a Bonded Anchor. It also addresses some (but not all) key more sustainable construction product. durability influencing factors such as corrosion on the steel However, changes to Australian Standards are necessary for element, potential crack widths along with water impact the benefits offered by these new steels to be fully realised. on structures exposingmoisture to the epoxy bonded anchor. Product Standards such as AS/NZS 4671 – Steel for the reinforcement of concrete have been revised to put rules in place about the properties required for reliable design. Design Standards AS 3600 Concrete structures and AS 5100.5 Bridge 112. Combined Reinforcing For Concrete - design needed to be revised so that the provisions better Not Just For Heavy Duty Pavements model the behaviour of these new and innovative steels. This paper examines the high strength steels being introduced CRAIG ROBERTS1 into the Australian reinforced concrete market. It considers the potential benefits with a focus on how it improves the 1 CIA QLD Branch Committee Member overall sustainability credentials of a building. Changes that Using a combination of steel fibres and conventional have been made to the relevant Standards that ensures reinforcing mesh to reinforce concrete pavements for appropriate product requirements and better modelling and container parks and other very heavy duty slabs has become utilisation of the additional strength offered are discussed recognised and proven as the perfect solution over the past and further changes are proposed. few years. By utilising the benefits of both types of reinforcing in combination we are able to achieve a long lasting durable pavement, economically. Whilst very many such pavements have now been 114. Minimizing Shut Down Timeframes constructed and in operation for some years, similar benefits With Controlled Rapid Strength of combined reinforcing can also be used to better deal with Development Using Existing Ready-mix the difficulties and requirements of modern day facilities for Practices – Sikarapid-600 System their internal slabs and lighter weight pavements. Automated high-bay racking, much higher applied loads, more precision NICOLA ZUPPELLI GREG LANGTON driven handling equipment, and poorer ground conditions, all lean towards seamless slabs, and this can be achieved by Accelerating admixtures are widely used throughout the utilising combined reinforcing. concrete industry for controlling setting times and increasing strength development. An accelerating admixture can act in We are seeing many more facilities constructed using this the plastic state to reduce setting times (set accelerating), solution for different reasons, and this paper will discuss in the hardening phase to speed up strength development briefly the methodology behind this type of design, as well as (hardening accelerator), or a combination of both. Although showcase a number of local projects constructed over the traditional accelerating admixtures are effective, when very past few years. early strength is required to minimise disruptions for repair work their effectiveness can be limited. In these cases, specialty binder systems are required requiring highly skilled operators, and commonly on-site batching with limited 113. Changes To Australian Standards To production capacity to deal with fast workability loss and Better Utilise Higher Strength Reinforcing hydration. The SikaRapid 600 system has been developed to Steels enable the use of existing plant and transportation systems by providing three component system capable of achieving ANTHONY NG1 GRAEME MCGREGOR2 1 INFRABUILD strengths in excess of 30MPa in 7 hours with a slump life

2 InfraBuild Construction Solution

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P37 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

of 60 minutes, high flexural strength and nearly zero drying 118. Experimental Investigation On The shrinkage. Effect Of The Activators On The Plastic Viscosity And Yield Stress Of Alkali- activated Materials 115. Performance Of Cast-in And Post- MOHAMMED FOUAD ALNAHHAL1 installed Anchors In Early Age Concrete ERIC MARVIN LINAKSANA1, TAEHWAN KIM1AND OSAMAH OBAYES1 AILAR HAJIMOHAMMADI2

EMAD GAD, TILAK POKHAREL1, JESSEY LEE AND 1 Centre for Infrastructure Engineering and Safety, School KAMIRAN ABDOUKA of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia 1 Swinburne University of Technology 2 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University Post installed mechanical fasteners are a commonly used of New SouthWales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia as a connection method in concrete. These fasteners can be used for permanent and temporary applications. It is very Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are recognised as one often for these fasteners to be installed in early age concrete, of the promising alternatives to Portland cement (PC). The especially when used for support of temporary structures usage of high viscous activators in AAM creates fundamental such as precast concrete panels braces. However, till this differences in the rheological properties between AAMs date, studies on post installed fasteners in early age concrete and PC systems. Rheological properties, being related has been limited. There have been some limited studies on to workability, need to be examined so that favourable screw anchors, and even lesser research on expansion properties may be attained, and disadvantages may be fasteners. Moreover, even the possibility of installing and hindered when the AAMs are used in practice. The effect loading expansion anchors at an early age has not been of several parameters on rheological properties of AAMs, investigated. with fly ash as the main precursor, were analysed. Initially, experimental setting parameters including pre-shearing and An experimental study has been conducted to assess the mixing procedures were assessed. In addition, the effect of tensile behavior of post-installed mechanical fasteners in activators on rheological properties was explored. Activator early age concrete. The study involved testing of two types solutions used for the entire research were composed of a of mechanical fasteners, screw, and expansion fasteners. combination of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium silicate, Fasteners were installed in 200 mm deep concrete slabs with and water. Adjustments were made on each of the activator an effective embedment depth of 80 mm. The experimental components to form a range of SiO /Na O and Na O/binder study investigates installing these fasteners at early age 2 2 2 values, which will be the parameters assessed for the and possibility of achieving the installation torque required. study. Yield stress and plastic viscosity were determined Further, effect of early installation on the tensile behavior of as rheological parameters of AAM pastes. Pre-shearing and the fasteners is also assessed. mixing procedures were found to affect the rheological Results obtained are used to set guidelines for use of this parameters. Moreover, the increase in SiO2/Na2O and Na2O/ type of fasteners in early age concrete. Further, assessment binder increases the plastic viscosity and decreases the yield of capacity prediction models given in European, American, stress of the paste. A correlation was also found between the and Australian standards is conducted, and applicability of plastic viscosity of the paste and the Newtonian viscosity of these models to early age concrete is discussed. the activating solution. This research provides an insight into the effects of various factors including both experimental setting parameters and the materials parameters.

119. Ppa Tower Fell - Case Study

DAVID LEWIS1

1 WGA

WGA were engaged by McMahons Services to provide structural demolition engineering services for the Pilbara Ports Authority obsolete control tower in Port Hedland. The original tower construction utilised precast post tensioned

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P38 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

rings which were sequentially lifted into place. The control The presentation will cover topics including the permanent floor at the top of the tower was assembled on ground and case and temporary works design methodology, project case then jacked into place using a cable system, which was quite studies, compliance with AS3600, how the APTUS coupler an innovative design for its time. works, common failures of ‘traditional’ grouted precast A rigorous fell feasibility assessment was performed which concrete and how the APTUS system avoids these, high rise concluded that a cable pulled fell was the optimal demolition building cycle time reduction using APTUS, installation time technique. Demolition in this way removed the vast majority using APTUS, compaction under precast columns, coupler of cranage and working at height operations. testing, and more. WGA studied the existing drawings of the 50 year old tower and determined detailed base cut designs to weaken the tower sufficiently for pull over. Progressive cut staging and wind limit criteria were nominated to not only ensure a safe 121. Karel Avenue Upgrade - The Extension working environment was maintained throughout the works, And Widening Of The Existing Grade but to also control where the tower fell. Given the limited Separation Over The Rail With The New space on site, the orientation and distance of the fell were Bridge No. 1595a critical. Design checks for the pulling cable attachment and machine GIUSEPPE DE FILIPPO1 sizing for the pull force were required to be completed. An 1 WGA iterative design approach was needed to balance the need for retaining sufficient strength whilst weakening enough to Karel Avenue Upgrade (Roe Highway/Karel Avenue interchange, allow a machine to pull it over. A detailed risk assessment 20km south of Perth CBD) aims to improve traffic mobility and was also performed to ensure the surrounding infrastructure accommodate future developments in the area. The project was not damaged. comprises:

• widening the existing Karel Avenue bridge 1482 over the Highway. 120.Innovations In Precast Concrete • extension of bridge 1595 over the freight railway to the Connections south. • extension of an existing underpass. IAN MACRAE1 Bridge 1595 over rail required widening from single lane 1 APTUS Concrete Connections to double lane carriageway above and lengthening to The installation of ‘traditional’ precast concrete elements accommodate the future railway under. This brownfield in structures involves propping, grout tubes, quality control project presented several challenges including space issues, temporary works risk, and is often a critical path limitation from existing structure and construction staging program activity. The APTUS system revolutionises the way to retain traffic flow. Meaning the construction of the bridge vertical elements are installed by using a patented coupler was in two stages with multiple stitch pours to control the connection to provide full continuity of reinforcement differential deflection in between construction stages. between elements. The innovative system allows for a The new bridge 1595A superstructure has eight 2.1m deep vertical precast element to be installed and supported on the prestressed and reinforced concrete teeroff beams with an APTUS couplers prior to pouring the slab, without the need for in-situ concrete decking. The beams span 43.5m between propping, grouting, or any further works. bearings and are supported on elastomeric bearings, capping The APTUS system was born from a desire to drastically beams and CFA piles. The single span design eliminates improve the speed, efficiency, safety, and quality of precast the need for piers and provides increased flexibility for the connections. Since 2015, the APTUS system has been used location of future rail lines. in over 50 projects around Australia constructed by Tier 1 The substructures are constructed around partially retained contractors, such as Multiplex, Hutchinson Builders, McNab, existing abutments. Since the existing south abutment is and more. Precast elements utilising the APTUS system retained, the span is lengthened to reduce risk of damaging the are effectively removed from the critical path, as they are existing MSE wall during piling. The existing north abutment is installed after the formwork deck is complete and prior to the de- constructed and replaced with CFA piles integrated with slab being poured. APTUS elements are installed in an average shotcrete facing. The north abutment utilises a deadman of seven minutes, which equates to a reduction in crane hook anchor system with sheet piling as an efficient design to retain time of approximately 70% when compared to a similar in- the significant height of soil behind the abutment. situ element.

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P39 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

125. A Study On Properties And Fine rolling construction programs on-site while addressing the Porosity Structure Of Fly Ash Concrete tolerance stack up often associated with of traditional structural connections. with Limestone Aggregate This paper examines the tolerance and alignment challenges YUSUKE YAMASAKI that the construction site faces and considers the various methods employed to provide a solution. These include the In this study, we investigated the compressive strength, use of cast-in plates and channels, oversized holes and drying shrinkage and porosity structure of fly ash concrete washers, post-installed anchoring and an innovative orbital with limestone aggregate. Compressive strength of fly ash plate washer assembly. concrete by 15 mass% internally has increased after 28 days. This is considered the hydrating reaction of calcite and aluminate phases. Drying shrinkage of fly ash concrete with limestone 127. Evaluation Of Effect Of Alkali aggregate is lower than normal concrete. This is considered Concentration On Asr Development In that water absorption rate of limestone coarse aggregate is very low. So, there is a close connection between drying Ambt shrinkage and water absorption rate of coarse aggregate. BRENDAN BOYD-WEETMAN1 The porosity of fly ash concrete is reduced from 28 days 2 2 till 91 days. So, increasing compressive strength of fly ash PAUL THOMAS AND VUTE SIRIVIVATNANON concrete after 28 days is supported by this. The total porosity 1 School of Mathematical and Physical of concrete with limestone fine aggregate is finer than Sciences, University of Technology Sydney normal concrete in 7 days. 2 University of Technology Sydney Due to the above results, fly ash concrete with limestone aggregate is high performance compared to normal concrete The alkali silica reaction’s (ASR) expansive properties and in compressive strength, drying shrinkage. its subsequent deleterious potential in concrete is a serious problem in infrastructure durability. The alkali content available to ASR influences its deleterious properties. Therefore, investigating the effect of alkali concentrations 126. Managing Tolerances And Alignment on aggregate reactivity and expansion is important for Of Connections In Modern Concrete And developing concrete with long term durability. A rapid way Steel Construction of achieving ASR is through the elevated temperature accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT). This investigation uses KATE STORER1IAN FERRIER1 the AMBT model to assess the effect of alkali concentration on mortar bar expansion and phase development. Mortar 1 ramsetreid, a division of ITW prisms prepared with a reactive aggregate, as classified by the concrete prism test, are subjected to a range of alkali Australian construction standards allow maximum tolerances solution concentrations, 0.6, 0.8 & 1.0M NaOH and saturated for different connection applications. For example when Ca(OH) , for 56 days at 80°C. The influence of supplementary connecting a precast concrete panel there are allowable 2 cementitious materials, fly ash and ground granulated blast tolerances of +5mm for the panel dimensions, the position furnace slag, on ASR development are also investigated. of the ferrules, the spacing of the ferrules, the holepositions in Expansion results are reported and are correlated with the steel, panel set out positionson site and the panel footing phase development on parallel cured ground aggregate on site. It is engineering best practice to limit cumulative paste specimens using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tolerances to no greater than20mm and if fact AS 3850:2015 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x- ray has this limit as a requirement. diffraction crystallography (XRD). Microstructure analysis st Furthermore, the 21 century construction site demands using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the sectioned a higher level of accuracy than ever before. Prefabricated mortar specimens are also reported. A relationship between concrete and steel assemblies, along with façade and curtain alkali concentration, phase development and mortar bar walling systems, require the ability to adjust the connection expansion is then developed. point while achieving millimetre precision. The advent of modern surveying technology has resulted in the expectation for a higher level of precision in construction. This expectation, along the adoption of efficient off-site construction has resulted in the need for adjustability and precision in construction connections that allow for rapidly

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P40 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

128. Specialist To Detail – The Industry Gap the dispensability of the product. It will also influence how In Substructures sensitive the chemical is to hole condition, diameter and depth. PHIL AIREY1 PETER AIREY The range of chemical anchors offered by manufacturers can be confusing to both designing engineers and to the 1 Advanced Substructures Limited contractors installing the fixings, and can lead to incorrect ”Specialist to detail’ is the notation encountered on many substitution of one anchor type for another. This paper Structural Engineering plans for some of the most critical and will consider the chemical anchor types available in the risk prone elements of basements and foundations. These Australian market, and investigate how their general chemical critical elements include pile design, joints, waterproofing, formulation affects their short and long term properties in consideration of surrounding structures and environmental order to clarify what applications and environments they sensitivities, and post-tensioned concrete design elements. In should be specified for. the absence of comprehensive Engineering, this detail gap is filled by individual contractors independent of each other and of a holistic Engineering viewpoint. This lack of coordination and resulting interface gaps are some of the primary causes 131. Particles Packing In Ultra-sustainable of basement and foundation problems in the construction Concrete With High Scm Content industry. These gaps result in significant project delays and damages to both the project and surrounding properties, with ZHE SONG1 resultant litigation impacts. This vulnerability is rarely known MINA MORTAZAVI1, VUTE SIRIVIVATNANON1AND to clients, who believe they have commissioned sufficient 2 Engineering and due diligence to guarantee overall project FARZAD MOGHADDAM success. This paper briefly examines several case studies 1 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University with consequences of these detail gaps and the advantages of TechnologySydney of nominating Substructure Engineering as a distinct entity 2 Boral Innovation Factory Australia to Structural Engineering to ensure compliance.” Keywords: Substructure, structural, engineering, basement, With the rapid development of the construction industry, foundation, detail, gap, piling, pile, waterproofing, concrete, concrete production is expanding. As one of the most popular industry, design binder materials, cement manufacturing has produced 8% of the world’s total carbon dioxide emissions annually. For environmental protection and economic purposes, reducing cement usage has become one of the essential goals of 130. The Chemistry Of Chemical Anchors: concrete mix designs. Since aggregates can account for up to 75% of concrete, theapplication of particle packing theory How Different Chemical Formulae may prove effective in maximizing aggregatepacking density Affect The Installability And Long-term and significantly reduces the usage of binder materials and Performance Of Chemical Anchors creating more sustainable concrete. The basic principle of the theory is to reduce the voidsamong various materials to lower KATE STORER1 TIM HOLMES1 the binderdemand at the same water to binder ratio. Therefore, the study of particle packingmodels has received extensive 1 ramsetreid, a division of ITW attention,and the establishment of these models provides a There are a multitude of different chemical anchors available theoretical basis for predicting concrete microstructures. In in the Australian construction industry and with that many this paper, a number of established particles packing models different chemical formulations. Typically, the types of are discussed and compared. Interaction effects among base chemicals used are epoxy, epoxy acrylate, polyester, particles which are included in these models are listed polyurethane, as well as hybrid formulations. and reviewed in current study. Along with applications of The molecular structure of these chemicals give rise to particle packing theories onconcrete mix designs considering the different long and short term properties of the anchors. aggregates, fillers, and binder materials. The effectiveness Long term behaviours of the cured chemical include of above mentioned of particle packing theories on concrete resistance to harsh chemicals and corrosive environments, properties are introduced, and the directions of future studies service temperature ranges, resistance to fire, interaction are further discussed. with the environment, and the loading capacities that the anchor system can achieve. In the short term the chemical formulation will affect how long it will take to achieve full cure, at what temperature the chemical can be installed and

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P41 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

132. Flexure Behaviour Of All Light Weight concrete technology. The Forrestfield Airport Link tunnel Reinforced Concrete Beams Externally required each of these aspects in combination to deliver a vital piece of Perth’s infrastructure. Design of the tunnel Strengthened With Cfrp Laminates trackslab evolved from a conventionally reinforced design to a macro synthetic fibre reinforced concrete trackslab, WALEED NAWAZ enabling significant construction efficiencies and program Mohamed Elchalakani1 and Ali Karrech1 1 The University of savings. Further efficiencies can be observed in the method Western Australia of placement, which eliminates a significant amount of in- tunnel truck movements by pumping the track slab concrete All lightweight concrete (ALWC) is an emerging new type from the top of each station box along the tunnel alignment. 3 of concrete that has a density lower than 1760 kg/m as This meant that in some sections of the tunnel, concrete was compared to conventional normal weight concrete (NWC). being pumped up to 1.8 kilometres. The use of structural ALWC has increased rapidly in last few Pumping of this magnitude requires significant collaboration years primarily due to its superior mechanical properties between the contractor, pump operator and concrete and lower cost of construction as compared to NWC. Carbon supplier to ensure high quality concrete, consistent supply, Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) laminates have been used best practice pumping practices and accurate planning of predominantly to increase the load carrying of flexure deficient the construction schedule. This paper discusses the adoption normal weight reinforced concrete (RC) beams. However, the of macro synthetic fibres for the track slab, as well as the literature lacks information on the use of CFRP sheets for the concrete technology and pumping practices required to flexure strengthening of ALWC beams. Therefore, this study achieve the world’s longest single pump of macro synthetic presents an experimental investigation on four ALWC beams fibre reinforced concrete. externally strengthened in flexure with CFRP laminates in addition to one control unstrengthened specimen. The main variables studied in the experimental program are the number of layers of CFRP sheets, reinforcement ratio, and the effect of pre-loading on the flexure behaviour of CFRP strengthened 134. Axial Compressive Stress-strain ALWC beams. Four- point bending tests were conducted on all Behaviour Of Cfrp Confined Light Weight the tested specimens and the load- deflection response was Concrete recorded until the failure of the specimens. The experimental results showed the increase in load carrying capacity of WALEED NAWAZ1 strengthened specimens and the increase was in the range MOHAMED ELCHALAKANI1, ALI KARRECH1 AND of 31% to 65% over control unstrengthened specimen. In 1 addition, the load carrying capacity of the strengthened HUIYUAN LIU specimens was predicted using ACI 440.2R-17 design 1 The University of Western Australia guidelines. The use of structural lightweight concrete (LWC) in the construction industry has increased rapidly in the past few decades, due to its lower density and superior mechanical 133. World’s Longest Pumping Distance properties compared to conventional normal weight Of Macro Synthetic Fibre Reinforced concrete (NWC). The use of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets to confine concrete, is quite an effective Concrete To Build Perth’s Forrestfield way to enhance the strength and ductility of NWC under Airport Link Tunnel Trackslab compression. The literature lacks information on the compressive behaviour of CFRP confined LWC. Therefore TODD CLARKE1 the main aim of this experimental study is to investigate DES VLIETSTRA1, SARVESH MALI2, GIAN LUCA the effect of CFRP confinement on the compressive stress- strain behaviour of LWC. A total of six specimens were VICCHI3, DAVID DEAKIN4 AND CHRIS RAKICH5 1 confined with different layers of CFRP sheets and tested BARCHIP AUSTRALIA PTY LTD under compression. In addition to two control unconfined 2 Boral specimens that were used as benchmark to compare the performance. Experimental results showed an increase in 3 SI-NRW JV the stiffness and compressive strength of CFRP confined 4 Whittens / Martinus Rail specimens as compared to unconfined control specimen. 5 Meales Concrete Pumping The increase in compressive strength was in the range of 19%-58% for specimens strengthened with one, two and The growing scale and volume of modern infrastructure three layers of CFRP sheets, respectively. Moreover, the requires innovation in design, construction processes and

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P42 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

existing ultimate stress-strain models are evaluated based The aim of this study is to develop an all-lightweight self- on numerical analysis. compacting concrete (ALWSCC) mixture that possesses a high compressive strength incorporating hybrid steel fibres. Lightweight aggregates (LWAs) stalite and scoria sand were used to achieve an oven-dry density less than 1760 kg/m3. 136. Design And Construction Of The Bruce Fly ash (FA) was used to achieve sufficient workability and Highway Upgrade, Caloundra Road To meet the criteria for SCC whilst metakaolin (MK) and silica fume (SF) were used to improve the compressive strength Sunshine Motorway of the specimens. Slump flow, T500, V- funnel, U-box and L-box, compressive strength, splitting and flexural strength EOIN O’DONOVAN1 tests were carried out to evaluate the fresh and hardened DANIEL ASH2, MARK ULLMAN2 AND STEVEN COOK1 properties of ALWSCC. To estimate the durability of the concrete samples, carbonation and water sorptivity tests 1 Arup2 Jacobs were conducted. The results of this study have revealed The Bruce Highway Upgrade project between Caloundra that stalite and scoria sand were very effective in creating Road and Sunshine Motorway (CR2SM) is an $800m highway an ALWSCC mixture with a 28-day compressive strength improvement project involving the widening to 6 lanes over of 55 MPa and the oven-dry density of 1692kg/m3. The a 5km stretch of the Bruce Highway on the Sunshine Coast water absorption of concrete samples containing MK was incorporating two significant interchange upgrades as higher than that of SF. This study has also shown that the well as multiple creek and river crossings. The purpose of hybridization of steel fibres improves the tensile and flexural the project is to provide a safe, high-volume capacity and strength of concrete, as well as the flexural toughness, flood immune section of highway between Caloundra and elastic modulus. Maroochydore. The southern interchange at Caloundra Road incorporates Australia’s first diverging diamond interchange (DDI) utilising two new bridges over the Bruce Highway. The DDI replaces the existing interchange and reduces the project 138. Shrinkage Of Uhpc Incorporating Low- footprint adjacent to the State Forest without the need for c3a Cement And Ground Granulated Blast- additional land take. furnace Slag Twenty new bridges comprising of prestressed concrete (PSC) girders and deck-units were employed across the TANVIR AHMED1 project along with three new box-culvert type structures MOHAMED ELCHALAKANI1, ALI KARRECH1, WALEED for active-transport links. Twelve structures cross rivers and 1 1 creeks where peak flow velocities of 6m/s can occur. All NAWAZ AND HUIYUAN LIU bridges were founded on concrete cast in-place piles which 1 The University of Western Australia were socketed into rock. This paper addresses discusses some of the bridge solutions Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), owing to containing adopted, how concrete was utilised to provide resilient and very high cement content, usually exhibits high shrinkage durable structures and the benefits that the DDI interchange compared to normal strength concrete (NSC). Shrinkage may design brought to the project. The paper also reviews some lead to the formation of cracks. Excessive shrinkage cracks of the technical challenges associated with the construction may impair the mechanical performance of concrete and its of the upgrade while maintaining live traffic operations. durability. In this study, the influence of high-volume cement substitution by ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS)

on the shrinkage behaviour of low-C3A cement based UHPC has been investigated. The results suggest that the 7-day 137. The Development Of All-lightweight and 28-day shrinkages of UHPC can be reduced by up to 28% and 31.4%, respectively, by substituting GGBS for 45% of Scc With High Strength Incorporating low-C3A cement. The 28-day compressive strength has been

Hybrid Fibers observed to reduce with increasing replacement of low- C3A cement by GGBS. Nevertheless, UHPC incorporating up to 60% HUIYUAN LIU1 GGBS has been observed to attain ultra-high strength (> 150 MOHAMED ELCHALAKANI1, ALI KARRECH1 AND MPa), without employing any special curing or fibres. WALEED NAWAZ1

1 The University of Western Australia

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P43 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

140. Mechanical Behavior Of Simply- B2 and B1 were more corrosion-resistant than control. supported Steel-concrete Composite Examination of the corrosion products showed crystals with a length of 0.2-3 μm and a width of 0.3-2 μm for control. Slabs: A Literature Review Comparably, evidently larger crystals were observed on B1 and B2, with length in the range of 0.3-8 μm and width inthe CAROL REZENDE1 range of 0.2-5 μm. The microbial community also showed MAXIMILIANO MALITE2 AND ULANA MEDINO2 clear differences. 1 Federal University of Viçosa - UFV 2 School of Engineering of São Carlos - EESC / USP

The load carrying capacity and the failure mode of steel- 143. Damage Progression Rate And concrete composite slabs are governed by the mechanical Cracking Performance Of steel Fibre behavior of the steel-concrete interface. Because of this, the Reinforced Self-compacting Cementitious shear bond mechanisms on the interface and their impact on Composites Under CyclicLoading the global behavior of the composite slabs have been widely investigated. In this paper, it was presented and discussed AYOUB DEHGHANI1, FARHAD ASLANI2 the main contributions about the mechanical behavior of composite slabs, steel-concrete interface mechanisms, 1 University of Western Australia failure modes, in particular, the longitudinal shear bond failure 2 University of Western Australia mode. Cyclic four-point bending test was used to examine the cyclic flexural performance of self-compacting steel-fibre cementitious composites (SFCCs). The composites were 142. Performance And Mechanisms Of developed using 0.5% to 1.25% steel fibre content by volume. Damage progressionrate, crack propagation, cyclic modulus, A Novel And Highly Corrosion-resistant toughness, and ductility were the parameters considered Bio-concrete For Wastewater to quantify the performance of SFCCs. 2D digital image Infrastructure correlation (DIC) was used to understand pre- and post- peak crack propagation inSFRCCs and capture the full-depth GUANGMING JIANG crack width profiles in each cycle. The flexural response YARONG SONG, JING WEI, LIZA O’MOORE, XUAN LI, of specimens was divided into three stages, elastic stage, deflection- hardening stage, and deflection-softening stage. ULF GARBE AND TIMOTHY MCCARTHY According to those stages, key flexural parameters were This study investigated the effectiveness of a novel type of extracted from cyclic flexural curves and were discussed. bio-concrete to mitigate concrete sewer corrosion, which The composites containing 0.5% and 0.75%steel fibres showed was produced by mixing a type of self-protected granular better toughening performance as well as lower degradation sludge rich in indigenous wastewater bacteria (nitrate- as the cycles progress. Although the specimens with 1.0% and reducing bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria) into general 1.25% of steel fibres showed higher load-bearing capacity concrete using portlandite cement. The granular sludge was in initial cycles, they experienced a sharp drop in flexural incubated with the presence of both nitrate and sulfate in strength after peak point. Full-range compressive stress- synthetic wastewater. Laboratory corrosion exposure was strain response of SFRC was also obtained tocapture modulus carried out by partially submerging the bio-concrete and of elasticity and strain at peak stress. The presence of control coupons in wastewater, mimicking the corrosion steel fibreschanged the energy absorption capacity andstrain- hotspots of tidal regions in sewers, inside the laboratory softening behaviour of composites after peak compressive corrosion chambers. The chamber operation conditions and stress significantly. The compressive results also showed the corrosion development of coupons were monitored over that the use of fibres beyond 1.0% decreased compressive 6 months. The results obtained provide a detailed evaluation strength noticeably due to nonuniform distribution of fibres of the corrosion-resistance of the bio-concrete and a duringmixing. significant breakthrough in using bio- concrete for corrosion mitigation in sewers. It was found that the corrosion rates, in mm/year, decreased in the order of control, bioconcrete with 1% granules (B1), and bioconcrete with 2% granules (B2). The corrosion rates of B1 and B2 were about 17.2% and 42.8% less than that of control (p<0.05). This results are supported by corrosion morphology, pH and sulfate concentrations, strongly demonstrated that

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P44 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

146. The Application Of Chloride Diffusion sector where capital funding and resources are limited. This And Chloride Migration Testing On Projects research uncovers why inefficiencies in local government asset management exist. Whilst past researchers have To Evaluate Concrete Durability: Research identified general efficiency factors, a lack of focus remains Needs regarding the role that asset management plays to enhance efficiencies specifically. Asset management procedures in a 1 DAKSH BAWEJA chosen, case- study local government office was investigated SEAN WINDRED1, JASON CHANDLER2, using a qualitative research methodology encompassing DAVID HOCKING2 AND MIKAEL WALLBERG3 individual semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders. Data generation focused on: demographic characteristics; 1 BG&E effective decision-making strategies; life-cycle costing; risk 2 Boral Construction Materials management; governance; and,collaboration and distribution 3 CPB Contractors of capital funds regarding asset management. This work identified that formalised collaboration pathways and Durability has been a focus and forms part of design guidelines strategic planning at the project initiation stage werelacking. in standards such as AS3600(ConcreteStructures) a n d While proactive strategies were notably valued, innovations AS5100.5 (Bridge Design, Part 5: Concrete) and specifications regarding climate change and sustainability were sidelined such as those published by Australian Road Authorities. One in favour of other business priorities. Maintenance issues of the key areas of concern with respect to durability and such as lack of storage capacity for spares and appropriate achieving design life is with the management of chloride inspection frequencies were found to impact efficiencies induced steel corrosion in concrete. For this, chloride diffusion and posed a risk to adequate delivery of community services. following Nordtest Build 443 and chloride migration following Additionally, governance mechanisms to drive continual Nordtest Build NT492 has been specified. Application of such improvement, accurate life-cycle cost analyses, technical tests can lead to problems on projects where unrealistic experience, good quality asset-data, strategic management limits are specified and where the inherent variation of data and external partnerships were either found to be absent or from these tests is not adequately considered. This paper insufficient. Recommendations are provided that centre reviews data from major construction projects where many upon a developed guidance tool able to illustrate/facilitate tests have been undertaken on a range of concretes covering placement of asset management procedures throughout parameters such as compressive strength development, an asset’s life across six-stages, from creation to planning, chloride diffusion and chloride migration. Issues with execution, monitoring, handover and ultimately disposal respect to interpretation of chloride diffusion and chloride embracing a cradle-to-cradle approach to assist facilities’ migration results are highlighted in terms of measurement managers. and assessment. Variations in test results and time required to obtain these are evaluated and discussed for application construction projects. Different binder systems and concretes incorporating SCMs are considered in terms of 153. Properties Of Concretes Made With mechanical and durability properties. Improved methods Cements Incorporating Increased Levels by which chloride induced corrosion can be managed are presented. Shortcomings of current chloride testing and Of Limestone application are highlighted for which further research is AHMAD SHAYAN1 required. FRED ANDREWS-PHAEDONOS2

1 Concrete Analytics Pty Ltd

2 149. Examination Of Asset Management DOT (VicRoads) Procedures In A Local GovernmentOffice Incorporation of limestone in cement, as replacement for And Its Correlation To GoodGovernance cement clinker, is being promoted as a way of mitigation carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere. Although MARLENA PEREIRA1 some strength properties of limestone cements have been studied by a number of investigators, detailed investigations ANDREW WHYTE1 AND JOYCE BELL1 on the durability properties of such concretes for various 1 Curtin University applications are lacking. This paper reports on the effects of two levels of limestone Asset management procedures are examined in terms incorporation in Portland cement (2.9 % and 12%) on the of respective correlation to good governance; asset properties of ambient-cured and steam- cured concretes management strategies can be challenging in the public made with them. The effects of incorporation of 25% fly ash

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P45 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

or 65% slag in the cements on the properties of concretes 156. Durability Of Crumbed Rubber were also examined. Mechanical, microstructural, and Concrete - Chloride And Carbonation durability properties of concretes were studied. Ingress Although compressive strength of concrete was not significantly affected by the limestone additions used here, MARK ELLIS1 some mechanical and durability properties were adversely 1 affected as a result of incorporation of 12% limestone in University of South Australia cement, particularly in steam-cured concrete. Incorporation Rubberised concrete has been developed since the early of fly ash or slag, at the dosages used, suppressed these 1990’s and has been tested mainly for strength and other adverse effects. mechanical properties. The results of this research has Based on the results obtained in this study, a universal shown that the rubber negatively impacts the compressive application of plain Portland cements made with 12% and tensile strength but the rubber adds a level of ductility limestone content could cause both mechanical and durability to the concrete as well as improves impact resistance. problems , particularly in steam-cured concretes, and is not Due to the issue with strength, many researchers have not recommended. However, it should be possible to develop considered durability of rubberised concrete. Recent work appropriate concrete mix designs, incorporating sufficient on rubberised concrete has shown that higher compressive amounts of SCMs, to achieve a specified strength level strengths can be achieved using modified concrete mixes and mitigate the adverse effects caused by the increased which has the potential for this green concrete to be adopted limestone content. commercially. This research focused on the durability of rubberised concrete and compares this to unrubberised control mixes. Various binders and W/B ratio mixes have been considered to determine if these will make a difference to the 155. Ground Penetrating Radar The Swiss durability rubberised mixes. The results have shown that the Army Knife Of Non-destructive Testing For addition of rubber to the concrete has made no significant Concrete Structures difference to the ingress of chloride ions or carbon dioxide across all mixes tested. REUBEN BARNES1 WILLIAM WARD1 AND STUART MCCURDY1

1 PCTE 161. Mechanical Behavior Of Industrial Waste Product Based Ultra-high Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has launched itself into prominence, in regards to its use for testing concrete, over the Performance Seawater And Sea-sand past decade. Often misunderstood, commonly (erroneously) Concrete referred to as X-ray, the technique is exceptionally versatile and powerful. However, a strength can typically be a weakness, SHAMEER SALEH1 so this paper seeks to explore GPR, its uses, its strength, and YING-LEI LI1, XIAO LIN ZHAO1 AND EHAB HAMED1 it’s shortcomings. Where appropriate commentary will be 1 provided on standards and specifications that refer to the The University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia) technology, so as to allow the reader to garner perspective Scarcity of fresh water and river sand has motivated the on the possible traps these directives may set the user. Case development of seawater and sea-sand concrete (SWSSC) studies demonstrating GPR in the field for structural, defect as a promising construction material, especially in coastal location and corrosion applications will be used to illustrate infrastructures. To achieve improved durability and reduction the “state of the art”. Particular emphasis will be afforded to in sectional size of members, it is necessary to produce ultra- practical aspects of the technology, along with efficiencies high performance concrete from abundant marine resources. that can be created with its use. The paper is intended as a Additionally, replacing conventional ordinary Portland cement prima on GPR for those unversed with the technique, as well (OPC) in concrete with industrial waste products can lead to as an example of its efficacy. sustainable development by decreasing the carbon footprint. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the mechanical behaviour of ultra-high performance seawater sea-sand concrete (UHP-SWSSC) with partial replacement of OPC by supplementary cementitious materials such as ground granulated blast- furnace slag and silica fume. A number of UHP-SWSSC mix were prepared with different replacement ratio of cement. Both early age and long-

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P46 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

term strength of cube UHP-SWSSC specimens with varying 164. The Design For Punching Shear In percentages of cement substitution were analysed through Concrete Slabs To As5100.5 Bridge Design axial compression tests. Effects of different aggregate types, cement replacement ratio and curing conditions on the axial PETER BURNTON1 PETER STATTON2 compressive strength and workability of UHP-SWSSC were 1 studied. Potential alkali reactivity of sea-sand was examined Arup by the mortar-bar method. Performance of slag to curtail the 2 WSP alkali silica reaction (ASR) expansion of concrete containing seawater and sea-sand was also evaluated. Incorporation of Concrete is similar to that contained in AS3600 however the industrial waste as supplementary cementitious materials, application to deep and large structures often found in rail and sea-sand as fine aggregate and seawater as mixing water highway structures is significantly different. The slabs may are found to be effective in producing ultra-high performance often require shear reinforcement and the scale of the slab concrete based on their performance. may be ten times that of a typical building slab with edge spandrel elements. Recent project experience has shown that there are limitations in the application of the punching shear clauses for thick internal slabs that require shear reinforcement. This paper will describe these challenges and 162. A Case Study On Temperature (peak propose a method to overcome the limitations of the current And Differential) Monitoring For Potential code clauses in these structures. early Age Concrete Cracking

SARVESH MALI1 DAVID HOCKING1 AND FARZAD MOGHADDAM1 165. Set-on-demand Approaches For Geopolymers In Concrete 3d Printing 1 Boral Construction Materials

1 With the increase in growth of major projects in Australia, SHRAVAN MUTHUKRISHNAN SAYANTHAN and in this case, in particular, Western Australia and Northern RAMAKRISHNAN1 AND JAY SANJAYAN1 Territory, performance testing to assess concrete durability 1 Swinburne University of Technology has become a more critical requirement to ascertain the countermeasures required for crack control. Concrete 3D printing (C3DP) is gaining enormous attention Freshly placed concrete generates an exothermic reaction amongst various researchers and industries. In C3DP, the fresh associated with the hydration of cement and has the potential concrete is placed in a sequential manner (layer by layer) to to create high temperatures in recently placed concrete. construct a three- dimensional structure that is difficult with These temperatures in the concrete should therefore be traditional construction practices. C3DP is widely known for carefully monitored and controlled to avoid the possibility of its sustainability and productivity, which is primarily relied on early- age thermally induced cracking. This mostly occurs in the material and its yield strength growth rate respectively. the concrete structures with the least dimension thickness Rapid growth in concrete’s yield strength (productivity in greater than 500 mm. C3DP) is usually achieved by adjusting the physio-chemical To assist designers to determine the level of reinforcement behavior of the concrete during the initial mixing stage. required for crack control in the structure, Boral has However, such methods are constrained by the pumpability performed a test with the available local aggregate, cement, limitations. Therefore, researchers have developed different and cementitious (Granulated Grounded Blast Furnace Slag) techniques to enhance the yield strength of the printable material in recommendation with Concrete Institute of concrete shortly before its deposition (set-on-demand) with Australia Z7/07 “Durability Testing”. the aid of chemical admixtures. However, these admixtures have found to be in-effective for the geopolymer binder This investigation will also look at the relative differences system (a sustainable alternative to cement). It is known that between some of the temperature modelling methodologies, the setting behavior of geopolymer concrete can be controlled such as CIRIA C660 and C766, as well as a proprietary 3D finite by adjusting the activator type and its dosage. However, the element analysis tool (Boral Evolveâ). application of this knowledge to attain an on-demand setting The paper presents the process to perform the test for of printable geopolymer concrete requires precise control temperature differential monitoring and discuss the data over the mixing and reaction kinetics. In this study, different obtained from the test, that may assist the designer to make combinations of activators and mixing regimes at the print a recommendation on the control of early age concrete head are investigated to attain an on-demand setting of thermal cracking. printable concrete. Continuous penetrometer and rotational rheometer are utilized to assess the setting behavior of the concrete, whereas Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P47 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

and ultrasonic pulse velocity meters are employed to analyze In Australia, yearly 22,500 Tons of waste glasses are the related reaction kinetics. discarded from end-of-life vehicles being landfilled because of the costly and convoluted recycling process. This research is designed to upcycle the automotive waste glass to produce sustainable glass foam by a modified method. In the traditional 167. Leaking Concrete Structures – The glass foam sintering method, pellets of dry glass powder Beginning Of The End? are being sintered at the selected temperature (>800˚C). Nonuniform size and distribution of pores in glass foam are UDAYA SATHIAMURTHY1 the significant challenges in traditional sintering method. There is a continuous quest for searching sustainable and 1 BGE Engineering eco- friendly pore stabilizing chemicals. This research aimed to enhance pores’ stability and uniformity through the curing Occurrence of leakages within concrete structures are of glass powder without any chemical stabilizing agent. The surprisingly more common than most think including blend of glass powder, additives, and a foaming agent was professionals within the construction industry. Leakage at mixed and hydrated using water. After hardening and curing, any point in the life of the structure is not ideal primarily due the cured glass mix was placed for sintering (700-800˚C). to the disruption it creates to asset operation, impact on the Due to the pozzolanic reactivity of glass, hydration products durability and aesthetics of the structure and the impact were formed during the curing. Besides, fly ash was used on public perception regarding the safety of the structure. as an additive in some mixes, accelerating the hydration The primary technique utilized to remediate such leakages reactions. These hydration products hold the glass particles is injection of resins under high pressure. This technique in position during sintering; therefore, the stability, uniformity relies on the resin’s ability to react with the moisture within in distribution, and pores’ sizes were improved. Consequently, the concrete creating a foam that increases in volume and strength and thermal insulation performance of glass foam hardens quickly to arrest further leakages. This approach is were enhanced. Thus, the modified curing-sintering process considered a hit and a miss as it may require several attempts shows the advancement of glass foam manufacturing. The to fill the path of water within the concrete. With increased sustainability of glass foam manufacturing is enhanced scrutiny over materials performance, the durability of such through the up- cycling of automotive waste glass. resins is being questioned. This paper discusses the various Additionally, the uses of chemical stabilizing agents and techniques that can be adopted to increase the durability of emissions from them are also eliminated. injection methods and other methods to remediate leakages including techniques that can be adopted to extend the service life of the structure in addition to treatments adopted to arrest leakages. 169. Comparison Of Actual And Predicted Prevention being better than cure, this paper also discusses innovative options that can be adopted during design stage Long Term Chloride Durability Of Concrete of the structure including the concrete mix to eliminate or at Containing Significant Quantities Of the very least minimize the leakages that occur within the Supplementary Cementitious Materials structure and / or minimize the impact on the durability of the structure in the event of such leakages. JASON CHANDLER1 DAVID HOCKING1

1 Boral

The inclusion of supplementary cementitious materials 168. Recycling Of Automotive Vehicle’s (SCMs) as a replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Waste Glass To Develop Sustainable Glass has been shown to improve the durability of concrete to long Foam Using A Curing-sintering Process term chloride penetration. As concrete matures the rate of chloride ingress reduces with time. This rate reduction or AYESHA SIDDIKA1 decay is typically more pronounced in concrete containing SCMs and is estimated from properties of the mix design. 1 AILAR HAJIMOHAMMADI AND VEENA To assess the probability of chloride induced corrosion of SAHAJWALLA2 steel reinforcement, service life prediction models (Fick’s Law) use this decay estimate to extrapolate limited empirical 1 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, test data from a concrete trial mix and determine chloride University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, concentration levels at a future point in time. A series of Australia 2 Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and concrete trials was carried out and the concrete tested Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, for chloride ingress, intermittently over a two- year time University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, period. The test data is compared to predictions based on Australia

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P48 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

the different mix designs and the suitability of the modelling, This building consists of 58 levels of precast prefabricated with observations and performance of different SCM blends structure with 11m foot print up to Level 14 and have a 4.5m discussed. cantilever floor plate at Level 15 enabled the architects Bates Smart to utilise the purchased air rights above an existing heritage listed building which increased the floor space by approximately 35% above level 14. 172. Introduction Of Concrete Filtration Conventionally built structures of this type would require at Testing To Assess The Risk Of Concrete least two cranes and few access points, with their smart Bleeding In Bored Piles prefabricated construction approach Hickory managed with one access point and one crane. With the offsite construction MARTIN LARISCH1 PETER TUTBURY2 approach the amount of material hoisting was substantiality reduced and this enabled the site effectively functioned with 1 The University of Queensland one Alimak (material hoist). 2 HPSC Services The innovative HBS prefabricated modular with a cantilevered post-tension system facilitated a safe floor construction Concrete bleeding in bored piles has caused considerable with high quality floor finish. These precast floors consist defects such as channelling or voids in pile shafts. The repair of PC floor slab and precast post-tensioned beams and of such defects can be costly and time consuming. pre-installed facade. Post-tension cable was fed on site Fresh concrete in bored piles is subject to high head and stressed once the in-situ stitch is hardened. As the HBS pressures resulting in high pore- water pressures inside the prefabricated floors are cast upside down in the factory- fresh concrete matrix which can be much higher than the controlled environment a high-quality levelled floor was pore-water water pressures in the surrounding soil. This achieved. hydraulic pressure gradient can cause water being forced On-site installation of temporary props has been minimised out of the fresh concrete matrix (filtration), flowing upwards by having pre-installed push-pull for façade and vertical and creating flow channels which could form voids (defects) props for the floors. The pre-installed façade not only acted inside the hardened pile shaft. The water loss also changes as safety barriers during construction but also eliminated the rheological properties of the fresh concrete resulting in having screens and other safety measures required in a reduced workability. conventionally constructed building. International and Australian best practice guidelines for Keywords: Prefabrication, Innovation, Cantilever, Post- tremie concrete endorse the use of the filtration test method Tension, Facade. to assess the risk of bleeding under pressure and filtration in fresh tremie concrete for bored piles. The Department of Transport and Main Roads Queensland (TMR) introduced the filtration test in Technical Specification MRTS70 2018. 180.Role Of Flyash In Mitigating Durability The paper provides an introduction of the concrete filtration press and the associated testing method. The paper describes Issues Owing To Curing Cement Systems how the filtration test simulates the water retention ability of At Elevated Temperature fresh concrete under pressure and discusses how the risk of 1 concrete bleeding in bored piles can be initially assessed with YOGESH KUMAR RAMU this method so that concrete mix designs can be adjusted to PAUL THOMAS1, VUTE SIRIVIVATNANON1, KIRK achieve low bleeding figures. Both authors have worked with VESSALAS1, DAKSH BAWEJA2 AND PETER SLEEP31 the filtration press for more than 10 years and successfully UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY supplied this testing equipment in Australia and New Zealand. 2 BG&E materials 3 Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd 174. Prefab Modular Construction In High- Durability issues prevailing from curing cement at elevated rise Building temperatures are often linked to delayed ettringite formation (DEF). However, elevated temperaturecuring may also hinder SHAN KUMAR1 cement from developing its key properties such as long-term compressive and flexural strength. This phenomenon is often 1 Concrete Institute of Australia sidelined in DEF research works whichevaluating cementitious systems and curingregimes for DEF vulnerability. Although the This paper examines a smart simple safe prefab method deterioration of precast concrete elements due to expansive adopted to construct a heigh- Rise building in Melbourne DEF is well documented, it should be stressed that not all Australia. DEF is expansive. Hence the non- expansive DEF cement

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P49 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

systems have the risk of getting underestimated for durability design guidelines of AS 3600-2018 C17.7 maybe viewed problems. In this study, cement systems were prepared with as elementary when designing complicated structures, two Australian cements with varying sulphate, aluminate, designers may find additional guidance from PCI design alkali contents and tested expansive DEF occurrence under guidelines or ACI 318. A critical evaluation of design guidelines high temperature (90°C). Expansion, electrical resistivity and for prefabricated concrete structures and the provisions of dynamic modulus were tested. Resultsdemonstrate systems C17.7 of AS 3600-2018 is produced in detail in this study. with high sulphate and alkali content resulted in high DEF expansion, but the rest resulted in non- expansive DEF. However, even in the non- expansive DEF systems, drop-in resistivityand dynamic modulus noted which iscomparable to 186. Hay St Perth Art Deco Heritage; expansive DEF systems, indicating microstructural damages Carbonation And Chloride Observations; are inevitable. Incorporating fly ash in systems cured at elevated temperatures tremendously increased resistivity, Restoration And Adaptive Re-use dynamic modulus in both expansive and non-expansive ANTHEA AIREY1 DEF systems. The pozzolanic reaction that consumes portlandite to form additional calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) 1 Airey Taylor Consulting densify the microstructure. This influences transportation properties, restricting the movement of sulphates thereby Art Deco architecture of Hay St Perth includes the Bank of reducingettringite precipitation. Porosity reduction due to the NSW Building (1935), Dynon’s China Hall Building (1920) and more C-S-H formation results inhigh resistivity and modulus, Walsh’s Building (1920). Façadism is not always a commercial thereby improving the physical characteristics of heat-cured (or arguably desirable) retrofit option; yet glamorous ground cement systems. floor tenancies may belie deterioration of the levels above. Assessing condition is key to alternative remedial strategies. At Walsh’s Building, an interior and façade concrete survey (22 cores) found 0-100% carbonation present with influences 181. Advancements In Concrete from render and coating type, orientation, consolidation Technology For Offsite Manufactured method (voids) and exposure for any given strength and age. Agreement was found at Walsh’s Building and Bank of NSW Buildings And Infrastructure Systems Building on the minimum corrosion threshold requirements; at the latter a spalled dentil piece featured red rust; examined THUSHARA JAYASINGHE1 in two through-sections 0.01% detectable chloride at rebar THARAKA GUNAWARDENA1 AND PRIYAN MENDIS1 level was found with 100% carbonation throughout. At Walsh’s Building a uniform minimum concentration of 0.01% 1 University of Melbourne chloride was found throughout all samples supporting a high Offsite manufacturing of buildings and infrastructure is initial calcium chloride accelerator dose; 100% carbonated gradually becoming a necessity for the construction industry areas subjected to leaks were associated with rusting. as labour resources continue to diminish across the world The results support acidification by carbonation to be key while the demands arising from time and cost limitations are in reinforcement corrosion initiation. Carbonation from the ever increasing. Other benefits such as reduction of waste, underside of horizontal surfaces, buffering by lime renders possibilities for the circular economy, superior product (many still only partially carbonated) and retardation of quality and better health and safety for workers make offsite chloride by render were noteworthy. manufacturing all the more attractive for the future of the Strategies allowing continuous ground floor occupancy Australian and global construction industry. While precast are critical enablers to finance restoration works. Some concrete including prestressing has been widely used in innovative remedial strategies are reported, revitalising and Australia to produce precast beams, columns, wall and floor preserving heritage in the most practical way by returning systems, a lot more needs to be done still, in research and the property to a fully lettable state on all structural levels. practice to develop efficient supply chains and performance- oriented regulatory frameworks and codes of practice. In this regard, Cl 17.7 of the recently issued AS 3600-2018 has been developed based on the design specifications of the precast and prestress concrete guidelines in the American code of practice ACI 318. AS 3600-2018, C17.7 includes 6 sub-clauses which provide basic design guidelines for prefabricated floor and roof diaphragms, vertical integrity ties, loadbearing walls, joints in prefabricated elements and seating for the prefabricated floor elements. While these

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P50 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

187. Assessing Structural Performance Of with decreasing test duration. Nonetheless, CPT carried out Existing Concrete Structures Damaged By at 38°C for up to 12 months is considered to give the most reliable indication of an aggregate’s reactivity. However, the Asr relatively long test period for CPT is still an issue for industry where early results are desired. This work evaluates the THUC NHU NGUYEN1 correlation between aggregate reactivity predictions based JIANCHUN LI1, NADARAJAH GOWRIPALAN1 AND on the different test methods. Furthermore, the relationship VUTE SIRIVIVATNANON1 between the expansion test methods is studied using Pearson’s correlation method, to ascertain the appropriate 1 University of Technology Sydney test conditions that are most comparable to CPT at 38°C, Many bridges and dam structures in Australia have been thus providing the most suitable alternative accelerated test reported with various degrees of deterioration due to method for assessing ASR. Likewise, the influence of test deleterious alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete. The parameters on the expansion test methods is investigated development of ASR in concrete may cause expansion, using factorial analysis. cracking, and a significant reduction in mechanical The findings show a consistency in the reactivity prediction properties, which consequently induces concern in capacity by the different methods. A strong Pearson’s coefficient and serviceability of the structures. Once investigating these was found between CPT at 38°C and chemical tests (r=0.7), structures, two crucial questions have to be answered to and AMBT (r=0.9). The results also showed that alkali and provide an efficient rehabilitation and management solution: temperature have a strong influence on expansion test (1) what is the current damage extent and its implication methods, whereas no interaction was found between these to structural behaviour (i.e. capacity and serviceability)?; two factors. and what is the potential damage in the future? These investigations are yet very challenging due to inherent complexities of both ASR characteristics and the structures. In this context, this study proposes a new modelling approach 191. Filigree Concrete: The Architecture Of to answer those questions based upon measurement Fibres data from laboratory testings. This approach consists of a thermodynamically based model for forecasting concrete IOULIOS GEORGIOU1 MARIA PIA ASSAF1 expansion in the field and a chemo-mechanical model 1 used for assessing structural performance. With promising ETH Zurich outcomes, the proposed model provides an additional tool Ultra-High performance fibre reinforced concrete is concrete for appraisal of ASR affected concrete structures along with containing fibrous material that increases its structural the traditional field inspections and assessment. In addition, performance. The optimal contribution of the steel fibres, in it highlights the importance of construction records such as terms of structural strength, lies in their orientation along reactive aggregate, concrete mix proportion, alkali content as the direction of tensile stresses that can bridge cracks in well as structural design information in the appraisal of the the overall structure. Previous research has shown that the existing structures suffering from ASR. flow of cast concrete influences the fibre orientation and distribution. However, most of this research, was carried using simple formworks with larger cross-sections. This research focuses on the influence of complex and filigree formwork 189. Correlation Between Existing Test geometry, utilised by the advances of 3d-printing, on fibre Methods For Assessing Alkali-silica orientation and distribution during the casting process. Reaction Of Aggregates With further understanding of the behavior of fibres in these forms, and a more informed approach in their implementation, ELSIE NSIAH-BAAFI1 the limits of filigree concrete architectural components KIRK VESSALAS1, PAUL THOMAS1 AND VUTE can be explored and pushed further and the optimisation of fibre distribution could drive the design process. The SIRIVIVATNANON1 design possibilities of this technology were investigated 1 University of Technology Sydney through experiments focusing on various tubular branching geometries as 3D-printed formworks, in combination The most recognized test methods for assessing alkali- with different casting strategies and their effect on fibre silica reaction (ASR) can be categorized as petrography, alignment. The results were observed and analysed using chemical and expansion tests conducted on mortar bars physical sections. The design and fabrication of slender (AMBT) at 80°C and concrete prisms (CPT) at 38 and 60°C. concrete architectural components became more informed, Individually, these test methods are not considered ideal leading to the exploration of a new design language, reaching owed to the apparent decrease in the accuracy of the results

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P51 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

concrete forms of 11 mm diameter. This research concluded concrete. Concentric bond bar pull-out and beam-end with the design and fabrication of a filigree tracery, inspired block tests are performed to study the bond between steel by the gothic rose window. reinforcement and crumb rubber concrete at the local and global level. In addition to the research on the semi- structural bond behaviour, three large-scale reinforced rubberised concrete beams are also tested under flexural bending. 192. Toward The Development Of Bar embedded length, bar diameter and rubber content Sustainable Concrete With Post- are the main factors studied in this research work. Based on the experimental results, it is observed that the higher consumer Plastics: A Case Study deformability of rubberised concrete results in altered local and global bond behaviour, and a reduction in peak bond stress REBECCA GRAVINA1 TIANYU (ANSON) XIE1 and an increase in the slip at the peak bond are observed. The 1 RMIT University change in bond behaviour together with reduced mechanical properties of crumb rubber concrete subsequently lead to a This paper presents a field-oriented study undertaken to lower flexural stiffness at the elastic stage and a reduction show the performance of post-consumer plastic aggregate in ductility at the post-peak stage of reinforced crumb rubber concrete (PAC) for use in the construction concrete concrete beams. Further mechanics-based and code-based pavemets. A total of three batches of concrete with different models are utilised to predict the development length of contents and types of post-consumer plastic aggregates steel reinforcing bars embedded in crumb rubber concrete were prepared and their mechanical and durability-related to determine anchorage lengths for design and detailing of properties are experimentally studied under the laboratory reinforced crumb rubber concrete members. condition. Recycled materials and industrial by-products, including ground- granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), manufactured sand, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) flakes, and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fines are used to 194. Design Of Reinforced Concrete partially replace ordinary Portland cement, coarse and fine natural aggregate in these green concretes. A pilot scale case Structures To Mitigate Electrical Hazards study was conducted on constructing footpaths on a site And Electrolysis Effects For Dc Traction located at City of Whitehorse, Victoria using the successfully Infrastructure developed plastic aggregate concretes. The plastic aggregate concretes showed desirable fresh and hardened properties SATYAJIT DATAR1 to be used as the materials for constructing footpaths in ULF KREHER, DANIEL TOFFUL AND JEFF RUSSELL real engineering practise. The comparisons between the laboratory and on-site test results further indicate that 1 Aurecon the slightly inferior performance of the PAC in terms of the lower slump and the reduction in the mechanical properties There are generally two competing effects to be mitigated of the PACs due to the differences in their mixing scales. when designing concrete and steel infrastructure for DC Based on the laboratory tests and the site applications of the powered traction systems: PAC, a successful transition of the green concrete from lab 1. Corrosion of metallic elements such as reinforcing steel, technologies to real-world applications has been achieved. structural steelwork and non- structural metalwork, due to electrolysis. 2. Electrical hazards to public and personnel and risk of damages to structures and equipment due to HV AC and 193. Bond Between Steel Reinforcements DC faults as well as lightning strikes. And Crumb Rubber Concrete: An Experimental Study Significant section loss of metal in structural elements, due to such stray current corrosion, can take place over a relatively REBECCA GRAVINA1 short duration possibly leading to catastrophic failures or reduction in service life. TIANYU (ANSON) XIE1, YAN ZHUGE2, XING MA2, HV electrical hazards can lead to death or structural damage, OSAMA YOUSSF2 AND JULIE MILLS2 if not mitigated appropriately. 1 RMIT University An interdisciplinary approach is needed between structural 2 UniSA teams, architects, urban designers, electrical, rail systems and signalling engineers. This paper shows an experimental study to investigate This paper will briefly introduced the basic principles of the bond behaviour of reinforced structural crumb rubber electrolysis and electrical hazard mitigation with focus on

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P52 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

a structural design point of view, covering requirements for 196. Punching Shear Strength Of Slabs concrete structures. It will touch on ideal scenarios and will Including Double-headed Studs – Critical then, based on a case study, describe in more details how the complexity of mitigation increases, when only one design Review Of Aci 318-14 AndAustralian Design feature is changed. Structures covered will include viaducts, Provisions bridges, elevated stations and retaining walls. MARCUS RICKER1 AND REAS BOOMKAMP2 This paper will include details and examples of mitigation for various precast and insitu concrete elements; including 1 Hochschule Biberach University of Applied Sciences beams, girders, columns, walls, footings and associated 2 Leviat elements such as steel framing, hold-down bolts and soil anchors. Double-headed studs are used as punching shear The use of non-metallic, electrically resistant, insulating reinforcement in reinforced or prestressed slabs and footings. materials such as polymers and plastics will also be Due to an improved anchoring behaviour, double- headed described. studs have a higher load capacity compared to than stirrups. Double-headed studs are quick to install and are therefore more cost-efficient than stirrups. Provided flexural and bond failureis avoided, flat slabs can fail in a local shearfailure, the 195. Reduction In Water Absorption Of so-called punching shear failure. It is necessary to distinguish between punching shear failure in slabs with and without Recycled Aggregate Using Biocement shear reinforcement. In slabs with shear reinforcement, a failure can occur at maximum load level, in and outside the ABHIJIT MISTRI1 shear-reinforced zone. Suitable design provisions should NAVDEEP DHAMI1, SRIMAN KUMAR address all types of failure modes. At present, no commonly BHATTACHARYYA2, SUDHIRKUMAR V. BARAI2 AND accepted design provisions for slabs including double-headed ABHIJIT MUKHERJEE1 studs as shear reinforcement are available in Australian. Lim and Rangan derived a punching shear model for slabs 1 Curtin University with stud shear reinforcement, which is based on AS 3600. 2 Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur However, this model was calibrated on only three punching tests on edge column-slab connections and an assessment Primary drawback in effective utilization of recycled coarse for the different failure modes was not performed. This aggregate (RCA) materials is the presence of old porous paper presents and critically reviews the design provisions attached mortar (AM) on its surface which causes high for double-headed studs according to ACI 318-14 and the absorption of water. This further leads to poor performance model of Lim and Rangan. Parameter studies are used to of RCA for concrete applications. Microbial carbonate examine the influence of the main punchingshear parameters precipitation (MCP) technology, wherein bacterial cells are (effective depth, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, concrete used for the creation of calcium carbonate minerals has compressive strength, and column perimeter-depth ratio) on recently emerged as a promising method for improving the punching shear capacity of slabs. To quantify the safety the properties of concrete and has been explored in the level of the design equations, test evaluations based on a current study. MCP via spraying method was applied on a reliable data bank are shown. set of 30 RCA and its effect on the surface properties was investigated by water absorption and weight gain tests in an open environment. It was recorded that MCP led to 50% reduction of water absorption and 2.56% gain in weight of 198. Uls Design Of Non-rectangular RCA leading to an overall improvement in the performance. Sections; A Comparison Of Australian And Higher calcium carbonate cementation was found to occur in aggregates with higher porosity. Scanning electron International Code Provisions microscopic (SEM) analysis confirmed the precipitation 1 of calcium carbonate cement within pores of RCA. This DOUGLAS JENKINS study highlights the immense potential of bacterial based 1 Interactive Design Services treatment for reutilization of such demolition wastes as it offers low viscosity, eco-friendliness and high sustainability. Australian and international design codes provide similar results for the ULS bending capacity of rectangular concrete sections under zero or low axial load. For axial loads close to or greater than the balance load however, different handling of the transition in capacity reduction factors results in significant differences in design moment capacity, and this

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P53 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

difference is further increased when comparing analysis of has five central cable-stayed steel spans and concrete non-rectangular sections with alternative concrete stress approach viaducts. At the eastern abutment, the roadway blocks and differing code provisions, especially with high transitions from an elevated structure to the eastern strength concrete. Differences in calculated bending capacity embankment with an approach slab supported at one end on under these conditions can reach 50% or more. the abutment and the other on the embankment. The eastern In this paper the design capacity of a range of non-rectangular embankment is a maximum of 8m high and the stratigraphy sections with varying axial load and concrete strength are beneath this embankment includes a layer of Coode Island analysed according to the current versions of AS 3600 and AS Silt approximately 12m thick. Since the embankment was 5100; and compared with results from Eurocode 2 and ACI 318. constructed in the mid- 1960s, consolidation of this silt layer Significant differences between the results from the included has been occurring and has resulted in a total embankment codes are highlighted, and recommendations provided for settlement of around 900mm at the bridge abutment. The application of the code provisions to minimise differences approach slab connection to the abutment has limited between the different codes. Recommendations are also capacity to accommodate the rotation associated with the given for consideration of changes to the design procedures embankment settlement. This paper describes the design and in future versions of the Australian codes to provide more implementation of a slab jacking exercise conducted at the rational procedures for non-rectangular sections. end of 2020. The end of the slab resting on the embankment was jacked up approximately 150mm. The paper provides details of the modifications to the approach slab and the equipment and procedure for the jacking, particularly the 199. The Philosophy Of Engineering controls over its operation. Throughout the jacking exercise, the bridge was kept open DOUGLAS JENKINS1 to traffic.

1 Interactive Design Services The design took account of the fact that the approach slab was designed as a one-way slab and access beneath the The philosophy of engineering is not widely discussed outside approach slab was restricted. academic circles, and even within academia it is largely restricted to discussion within the engineering disciplines. In recent years a number of universities have developed courses and qualifications focussing on engineering philosophy, but 206. Fib Model Code 2020 - Condition these have little effect on other academic disciplines, and Limit States And Target Reliabilities For less still on planning and control of industrial activities. Durability Design In this paper recent academic developments in engineering philosophy are summarised and reviewed in the context FRANK PAPWORTH1 of how the interaction between engineering activities and political and economic processes are considered by the news 1 BCRC media, and by organisations seeking to direct public opinion. Fib Commissions have been developing clauses for Model The discussion will focus on the differences between the Code 2020 related to the application of condition limit states philosophies of engineering, science, and politics, factors that can be applied as part of durability verification of new that affect decision making but receive little or no general and existing structures. Following the establishment of an consideration, why it matters, and how things can be agreed set of principles by a small group from Commissions improved in the future. 3 and 8, a wider Commission 8 review group, comprising 7 experts from different countries, developed a robust text via email exchange and web meetings. This paper explains the group’s draft of MC 2020 section “target reliability levels for 200. West Gate Bridge - Eastern Approach condition limit states.” It reviews the proposed text, and the Slab Jacking referenced documents included to provide the basis for the text. Topics include defining condition limit states, developing 1 JOHN NOONAN target reliabilities, implications of the consequence of failure, MURRAY WATTS2 AND CHRISTOPHER PIRPIRIS1 use of risk assessment, establishing a new condition limit state for ‘depassivation plus some corrosion’, application 1 Victorian Department of Transport of full probabilistic models, and use of the ‘levels of 2 Freyssinet Australia Pty Ltd approximation’ approach.

West Gate Bridges is 2.6km long and carries 10 lanes of traffic over the Yarra River with sufficient clearance under the bridge for the passage of container vessels. The bridge

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P54 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

209. Bibliometric Review Of Machine One year of production saw an industrial user employ 8.5 tonnes of CO , and realize a savings of more than 408 tonnes Learning Use To Predict The Compressive 2 of cement. Including the process emissions required to Strength Of Concrete Formulations. implement the technology, there was a net 443 tonnes of CO2 emissions avoided. JESSICA FALL CHAVES1 JOÃO HENRIQUE DA SILVA RÊGO1, FRANCISCO EVANGELISTA JUNIOR1 AND LUCAS DE PAULA VASQUES1 214. Hybrid Gfrp-steel Reinforced Concrete

1 University of Brasilia Beams

The prediction of the compressive strength of concrete KHODAMORAD NABAKI1 using machine learning (ML) models is a resource that has 1 Madewell Products aroused great interest from researchers in the field of Civil Engineering. This type of tool creates opportunities based Thousands of real-life applications throughout the world and on the application of prediction techniques using input a growing list of infrastructure projects in Australia have been data, capable of optimizing concrete formulations under successfully completed with glass fibre reinforced polymer multiple restrictions, such as the impact of CO2 and its (GFRP) composite reinforcing bars. Regardless of their impact performance attributes. The ML provides a guided database in reducing corrosion in concrete, using GFRP bars leads to a for making estimates and has been applied to estimate the lighter design and reduces the logistic costs of construction compressive strength of concrete based on knowledge of projects. its physical-chemical properties and its mixing proportions. One of the challenging parts of GFRP- reinforced concrete The use of ML to predict the behavior of concrete has the structures is the bent bars which must be manufactured potential to mitigate the cost, risks and time involved in off-site. Using steel rebars as a bent bar (hybrid sections) can experimental programs with this type of material. Thus, be a good option for reducing the lead time. This paper will this article presents a bibliometric review on the use of investigate the behaviour of hybrid simply supported beams Machine Learning to predict the properties and performance which are reinforced with GFRP and steel rebars where steel of different concrete formulations, presenting an analysis and GFRP bars are used as shear reinforcement and main of the scientific production about ML and its application in reinforcement respectively. Finite element analysis is used to research. model the behaviour of the hybrid beams and the results are Keywords: Machine Learning, concrete, compressive compared with the GFRP and steel reinforced sections. strength, bibliometric review

215. Strength Development Properties 213. Sustainable Ready Mixed Concrete Of Nano-csh Based High Volume Fly Ash

Production Using Waste CO2: A Case Study Concrete

1 SEAN MONKMAN MASSOUD SOFI1 1 CarbonCure Technologies ANNIE ZHOU1, YLIAS SABRI1, ELISA LUMANTARNA1 1 Meeting the cement and concrete industry sustainability AND PRIYAN MENDIS goals requires approaches that simultaneously reduce 1 Melbourne University associated carbon emissions and satisfy the increasing demand for concrete. To reduce the carbon footprint in the concrete industry, fly The beneficial use of carbon dioxide in ready mixed concrete ash (FA) has long been used to replace cement in concrete production has been developed and installed as a retrofit material. One of the main issues with the use of higher technology with industrial users. Extended operation has volumes of fly ash in concrete is its lower early age strength investigated the environmental and strategic benefit. An gain which inhibits its wider usage. Early age strength is required for early load transfer for most projects such as optimum dose of CO2 is added to ready mixed concrete during mixing and batching; increased compressive strength bridge construction and high-rise buildings. Research has permits a producer to optimize their mix designs. The use of been conducted at The University of Melbourne to look at carbon dioxide along with a lower cement usage reduces the various economical options to improve the early strength carbon footprint of concrete. gain of HVFA. This includes analysis of the HVFA concrete incorporating nano-CSH crystals which have shown to

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P55 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

improve strength development and setting time. This paper flexural strength tests. The test results revealed that the will report a summary of the research activities and a addition of 3D fibres improve the mechanical properties of summary of the outcomes. SCC.

216. Use Of Recycled Glass Fines And 222. Reinforced Concrete Rigid Cellulose Fibres For Sustainable Concrete Connections With Post-installed Starter Construction Bars Considering An Improved Bond- splitting Model MASSOUD SOFI1 MADHUWANTHI RUPASINGHE ARACHCHIGE1, BALAZS KAKNICS1 GIOVACCHINO GENESIO2 YLIAS SABRI1 AND PRIYAN MENDIS1 1 Hilti (Aust.) Pty Ltd 2 Hilti AG, Germany

1 Melbourne University Abstract: Over the past three decades, post-installed, bonded The use of waste materials such as glass and paper has anchor connections have become common in Australia as rapidly increased as it offers significant benefits both a result of the greater flexibility obtainable by them during environmentally and economically. Research has been design, as well as the associated productivity gains in conducted looking at different portions of glass fines construction compared to conventional building methods. combined and cellulose fibres in mortar mixes. In this project, Chemical anchors are often used to attach various steel glass fines has been used to replace fine aggregates in structures or fixings to concrete, or to structurally connect proportions of between 10% to 30%. For some mixes, a small a new concrete member with an existing one, also called amount of cellulose fibres have been added to observe ‘concrete-to- concrete’ connections. The Australian anchor differences in strength development. This paper reports standard, AS 5216 is currently under review to potentially the interim results looking at compressive strength results adopt European assessment criteria and technical approvals tested at 7 days and 28 days after casting. for post-installed reinforcement bars and the verification of the connections is proposed based on the existing design principles of the AS 3600 for cast-in bars. The currently proposed assessment process, therefore, limits the range of applications to connections where the newly installed 218. Mechanical Properties Of Self- reinforcement bar is spliced with a cast-in bar. Alternatively, compacting Concrete With Three- the entire development length must be anchored within dimensional (3d) Steel Fibres the compression zone to avoid concrete break- out failure. Recent research undertaken by overseas universities resulted JEFFRI RAMLI1 in the development of an improved, product- dependent BRABHA NAGARATNAM2, KEERTHAN bond-splitting model, taking into account the performance advantages of chemically anchored connections compared POOLOGANATHAN2, WAI MING CHEUNG2 AND to straight cast-in bars. This new model in combination 2 THADSHAJINI SUNTHARALINGHAM with a new design method enables designers to verify rigid, 1 Institution of Civil Engineers moment bearing connections, thus significantly expanding the potential applications compared to the current state- 2 Northumbria University of-the-art. In this paper, the newly published European Fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete (FRSCC) combines assessment and design guidelines are described and the benefits of SCC of high flowability and randomly dispersed discussed. The potential benefits of adopting these into the short fibres together in one single concrete. Fibres prevent a Australian standards are investigated. brittle behaviour and improve several mechanical properties of SCC. In this paper, an experimental investigation of the effect of three- dimensional (3D) fibres on the mechanical properties of SCC has been conducted. Seven SCC mixtures, 223. Ultimately, Reinforcement Bars May namely SCC with no fibres as a reference mix, and six 3D Not Be Equal. steel fibre reinforced SCC mixes were prepared. Two different sizes of 3D steel fibres with perimeters of 115 mm and 220 ROD MACKAY SIM1 ANDREAS BOOMKAMP2 mm at different fibre contents of 1%, 2% and 3% (by cement 1 weight) were considered. The mechanical characteristics Hillside Engineering Pty Ltd were obtained through compressive, splitting tensile and 2 Leviat

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P56 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

The characteristic strength of many concrete lifting and buildability in comparison with the Primitive counterpart. fixing insert systems relies on component reinforcement. Further, parametric and sensitivity analyses are conducted Type tests conducted in accordance with AS 1170 or AS to reveal the effects of printing speed on buildability and its 3850 to determine the characteristic strength of systems vertical deformation in the concrete printing process. dependant on component reinforcement, may not always provide a reliable measure of the characteristic (system) design strength. The limit state for steel used in the design of reinforced 225. Condition Testing, Risk Analysis concrete is the characteristic yield strength. The properties And Life Cycle Costing For Assessing of reinforcement steels are defined in AS/NZS 4671. N Of Repair Options, Including Sacrificial class bars have a characteristic yield strength of 500MPa Anode Cathodic Protection, For Reinforced and a minimum ratio (Rm/Re) of ultimate test-strength to characteristic yield strength of 1.08. The ultimate strength Concrete Marine, Swimming Pool And of Grade 500N bars typically available in Australia varies Magnesite Floor Structures between 540MPa and 700MPa. GULRAIZ IJAZ1 The required yield strength can be achieved by different manufacturing methods. Australian bars may be micro- ZHIYU WANG1, FAIZ KHAN2, JONATHON DYSON AND alloyed, quenched and tempered or cold worked. Importantly, MARTON MAROSSZEKY1 users are generally unaware of the manufacturing method 1 and seldom, if ever, informed. BCRC 2 N16 bars are commonly used as component reinforcement BCRC VIC Pty Ltd (tension bars) for lifting anchor systems. Tests conducted As reported in the Australian Financial Review in October with quench and tempered and cold-worked N16 bars using 2019, a crisis is looming over the use of magnesite as a three different lifting inserts available in Australia, revealed a concrete slab floor topping in buildings between 1960s significant variation in test results. to 1980s in Australia. Magnesite contains a magnesium The tests demonstrated that there is a substantial risk for oxychloride based glue. This means that when magnesite unconservative design when component strengths are based absorbs water, the chlorides dissolve and diffuse into the top on ultimate strength tests of one type of bar which cannot cover zone of the concrete slab below, causing the structural be guaranteed to be representative of all bars conforming to slab reinforcement to corrode and leading to significant AS/NZS 4671. durability and structural safety risks. Chloride ion-induced A safe design method based on these tests is proposed for reinforcement and, even more concerningly, prestressing the update of Standards. strand corrosion is also a primary failure risk for marine concrete structures such as wharf decks. This paper will briefly discuss the latest innovations in field and laboratory concrete condition testing methods, including 224. Digital Design Computing And non- destructive and destructive test methods. It will Modelling For 3-d Concrete Printing then discuss risk-based analysis of remaining service life, including all phases of deterioration (reinforcement corrosion JONATHAN TRAN initiation, corrosion propagation, corrosion- related cracking, delamination and spalling) as well as the risks of low oxygen A novel computational framework of 3D concrete printing corrosion in oxygen-starved environments. (3DCP) process is proposed in this paper to capture layer- Once the condition and remaining service life of the structure by- layer buildability and failure modes of complex triply has been modelled, assessment of available concrete repair periodic minimal surface (TPMS) Gyroid and Primitive blocks. options (include patch repair, crack injections, concrete The proposed computational framework is conducted using sealers, protective coatings, chloride extraction and all forms toolpath dataset converted from Gcode as input source, which of cathodic protection (SACP, hybrid and ICCP)) and the life- is extracted from virtual model created by 3D printing slicing cycle (upfront and ongoing maintenance) costs of each for software. The newly developed computational framework a given service life extension will be discussed with some is validated by experimental outcomes of a hollow cylinder damaged marine, magnesite floor or chlorinated swimming printed using nano-clay cement mix. The framework can pool concrete structure examples presented. predict various failure modes of the printed hollow cylinder, and its outcomes agree well with the experimental results. The 3DCP process of the TPMS blocks is then modelled by using the selected printing material from the experiment. The Gyroid structure is demonstrated numerically to have a lower

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P57 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

226. Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Bar – mortar and concrete prisms produced with materials of the Durability And Structural Design same provenance as those used in the dam construction. The in-situ testing campaign, involving large concrete ANTHEA AIREY1 DARSHAN SHANKAR1 specimens cast both in the laboratory and in-situ, includes monitoring of expansion, periodic measurement of cracks, 1 Airey Taylor Consulting periodic determination of the velocity of propagation of pulses of ultrasonic longitudinal waves, stiffness damage Reinforced concrete is a composite material with tensile testing, determination of concrete compressive strength, strength enhanced by reinforcement. An avoidance strategy and determination of concrete alkali content. This paper for the corrosion to reinforcement induced by chloride attack presents a brief summary of the study and discusses the and carbonation, is the use of glass fibre reinforcement. This results already obtained. material is achieving rapid take-up in Australia in maritime facilities. A desktop risk assessment suggests the durability of GFRP material is influenced by chemical and thermal deterioration mechanisms of the epoxy or vinyl ester binder 230. Durability Design Concrete Early- indicating the need for quality assured polymers meeting Tg ≥ 100 °C. The properties of several different bar types now age Thermal Temperature Modelling available in Australia are illustrated indicating a unique design Prediction, Site Monitoring And Re- required on a product-by-product basis. Some key features of assessment the differences between carbon steel reinforcement design and GFRP bar design are explained with reference to the SHAMILA SALEK RODNEY PAULL available international standards. Work constructed and in progress designed by ATC include jetties, wharves, dolphins, Design durability assessment of concrete structures includes crash barriers, precast walls, slab on grade and balconies in concrete early-age thermal temperature prediction for marine exposure zones. compliance with project requirements, Australian Standards where relevant and durability guidance in technical society publications for 120 years design life. Guidance on the approach and inputs required are given in the Concrete 227. Prevention Of Alkali-silica Reaction In Institute of Australia (CIA) Recommended Practice Z7/06 Concrete Cracking and Crack Control and CIRIA C766 Control Massive Concrete Structures: Laboratory of Cracking Caused by Restrained Deformation in Concrete. And Field Correlation There is limited published project data of early-age concrete temperature predicted and actual achieved for concrete 1 2 JOÃO CUSTÓDIO , PEDRO FERREIRA DA SILVA , elements subject to potential high maximum concrete ARMANDO CAMELO2 AND CARLOS SERRA1 temperature and elements that will have no practical repair after construction. Site measurements are sometimes done 1 LNEC – National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Lisboa, on concrete and not published. Portugal This paper focuses on concrete thermal block testing to 2 EDP Gestão da Produção de Energia, S.A., Porto, Portugal predict project specific concrete adiabatic temperature, Due to the current concerns about the reliability of laboratory concrete early-age thermal prediction modelling of test methods used to assess the long-term potential alkali- maximum and differential temperature using contractor reactivity of slow or moderately reactive aggregates, as proposed construction method, site monitoring of concrete well as the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures temperature and re-assessment of prediction modelling against the deleterious development of ASR, in 2008, EDP using project examples to illustrate. in collaboration with LNEC initiated a comparative field and Useful information is provided for the concrete industry laboratory research program to obtain a better understanding for future durability design of concrete early-age thermal on the reliability of laboratory test procedures in representing temperature prediction, importance to determine concrete and forecasting field performance. To accomplish this, in adiabatic temperature for project concrete, demonstrates addition to the laboratory test campaign, an in-situ outdoor the benefits of site monitoring initial concrete elements to exposure testing site was created, in 2016, at the Foz Tua verify actual concrete temperature and re-assessment of dam (Portugal). The hydroelectric scheme was built between actual versus modelling predicted concrete temperature. 2011 and 2017. This project includes a double curvature arch dam 108 m high. The laboratory testing campaign to assess the effectiveness of fly ash in preventing deleterious development of ASR in the dam concrete included petrographic examination of the aggregates, chemical analysis of the cement and fly ash, and expansion tests on

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P58 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

231. Ductility And Softening Of Reinforced Objectives in creating this Standard relate to encouraging Concrete Flexural Members resource efficiency, that is, to facilitate the beneficial use of manufactured pozzolans as mineral resources within a ANGELO THURAIRAJAH modern circular economy, using well-defined standards to provide market confidence in the resource use.Whilst natural The parameters governing overload behavior, demand pozzolans sources are well understood, there is an emerging and capacity of ultimate rotation and peak deflection class of manufactured pozzolans arising from various characteristics of redundant reinforced concrete flexural non-metallurgical and mineral processing industries which members are investigated. Deflection is readily observable warrants greater attention given ‘Circular Economy’ drivers and hence is a better measure of the overload behavior than to maximise mineral resource use. the conventionally used rotation. The ultimate deflection is This paper discusses the standard development process dependent on slenderness, ductility of reinforcing steel and considered, where appropriate, existing international, national degree of moment redistribution as in the case of the ultimate and relevant standards, coupled with publicly published rotation (Gravina & Warner) and in addition on softening. research and extensive testing program of the Australasian Sufficient ultimate deflection with associated cracking before Pozzolan Association. reaching full plastic state constitutes softening(Warner). Deflection compatibility, which is the availability of adequate capacity to meet the demand, is used to evaluate the moment redistribution limits. The ultimate deflection and the moment redistribution estimate from the parametric study 236. Further Development Of New is in reasonable agreement with the experimental results Supplementary Cementitious Materials (Alavarez et al and Gilbert & Sarka). The ACI Code appears From Lithium Residues to underestimate moment redistribution of members with ductile reinforcement and overestimate those with less BOB MUNN ductile reinforcement. Outcomes of this study are generally Initial material concrete trials were carried out on lithium in good agreement with AS Code provisions. residues generated from processing of West Australian spodumene in 2012 and limited test data presented at the CIA Biennial Conference in 2013. Subsequently a more comprehensive testing program was carried out and 235. Supplementary Cementitious presented in 2017 and the balance of test results not Materials Part 4: Pozzolans – previously reported were included a paper presented at the Manufactured CIA Biennial Conference in 2019. Development of these lithium residue products has continued 1 CRAIG HEIDRICH since 2019 with a view to providing closure for any 1 Concrete Institute of Australia outstanding issues, such as the potential to mitigate alkali expansion, selection of relevant performance tests including Late 2019, the Australasian Pozzolan Association received the target fineness range to ensure that behaviour was approval from Standards Australia to develop a new Joint similar to other SCMs in use in Australia, selection of relevant Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand through the soundness tests and the assessment of durability. Additional Committee BD-031, Supplementary Cementitious Materials. testing on pastes has also been undertaken to determine This new Standard, Supplementary Cementitious Materials the sensitivity of potential expansion to different drying Part 4: Pozzolans – Manufactured, will be complimentary temperatures and the determination of mineralogy by X-ray to the existing series AS 3582 Part 1: Fly ash, Part 2: Slag— diffraction both before and after testing. Ground granulated blast- furnace and Part 3: Amorphous In parallel with the collection of further data on product silica. The Standard uses a similar structure. properties, a draft Australian Standard applicable to these Pozzolans include a broad category of materials, both products has been under development for these products naturally occurring, processed natural materials, and by- and other processed pozzolans. The results of these products of various manufacturing processes. All can investigations confirm these lithium residues are pozzolans be generally defined as having the following common and that they meet acceptable performance requirements characteristics; being mainly siliceous or silico-aluminous or for use in typical concretes and therefore the lithium residues dicalcium silicates material that will, in finely divided form and have potential for use as supplementary cementitious in the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium materials in both domestic and structural concretes. hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds having cementitious properties.

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P59 CONCRETE 2021 ABSTRACTS

237. Experimental And Numerical Study International and Australian best practice guidelines for On Unequal Lateral Impact Behavior Of Rc tremie concrete endorse the use of the filtration test method to assess the risk of bleeding under pressure and filtration Square Members in fresh tremie concrete for bored piles. The Department of Transport and Main Roads Queensland (TMR) introduced the KHALIL AL-BUKHAITI filtration test in Technical Specification MRTS70 2018. This paper aims to investigate RC square members’ response The paper provides an introduction of the concrete filtration under the effect of an unequal lateral impact force. Impact press and the associated testing method. It describes how performances of RC members were first examined by using the filtration test simulates the water retention ability of the drop-hammer impact test system. The importance of fresh concrete under pressure and discusses how the risk of unequal lateral impact load was highlighted and addressed by concrete bleeding in bored piles can be initially assessed with obtaining the RC members’ failure mode and dynamic response this method so that concrete mix designs can be designed to characteristics. Four different types were experimentally achieve low bleeding/filtration figures. investigated in detail. A finite element (FE) modeling method was proposed and demonstrated to reasonably predict RC members’ impact responses. Moreover, evaluating the effect of impact position, height, and hammer mass on the 251. A Challenging Concrete Structure For dynamic response characteristics under an impact force was performed. Superior predictions of the numerical model A Low Carbon Society were confirmed with experimental results regarding impact DR AKIO KASUGA, force history, deflection time history, and failure modes, indicating the model’s and parametric studies’ validity. The We are facing a new period of uncertainty about the future findings drawn from the experimental and numerical studies because calls for global action on climate change are can facilitate improving the impact- resistant performance of beginning to accelerate. As concrete societies we have to structural members. consider this movement to contribute to the climate change Keywords: impact test; height and mass combination; failure reaction. Therefore, in order to reduce carbon emission of Mechanism; damage parameter; unequal lateral impact; concrete structures, low carbon technologies are necessary stress wave; Contact stress; deflection time history; impact more and more. energy. In the key note presentation, an extremely challenging bridge project which used zero cement concrete and non-metallic reinforcement will be discussed. The zero cement concrete can reduce CO2 emissions by up to 70% compared with 244. Concrete Filtration Testing To Assess conventional technology. The non-metallic reinforcement The Risk Of Concrete Bleeding In Bored used was an Aramid fiber tendon which has no factor on the deterioration of concrete. The much longer life time Piles of concrete structures leads to ultra-high durability and much less conservation, which means CO2 reduction after MARTIN LARISCH1 execution. 1 CIA member We, as concrete designers, engineers, and researchers, have to continue to challenge for low carbon technologies by 2050 Concrete bleeding in bored piles has caused considerable if concrete is to remain an essential material for human defects such as channeling or voids in pile shafts. The repair prosperity. of such defects can be costly and time consuming. Fresh concrete in bored piles is subject to high head pressures resulting in high pore- water pressures inside the fresh concrete matrix which can be much higher than the pore- water water pressures in the surrounding soil. This hydraulic pressure gradient can cause water being forced out of the fresh concrete matrix (filtration), flowing either into the soil matrix (in granular soils) or if the borehole wall has low permeability, upwards, creating flow channels which could form voids (defects) inside the pile shaft. The water loss also changes the rheological properties of the fresh concrete resulting in reduced workability during placement, which could result in more defects like ‘mattressing’.

VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P60 PRIVACY

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VIRTUAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM BOOK P61 SAVE THE DATE 10 - 13 September 2023 Perth, Australia

SAVE THE DATE 10 - 13 September 2023 Perth, Australia

Concrete 2023 is dedicated to bringing together global leaders in the concrete industry, covering all aspects of concrete materials, design, construction, repair, and maintenance, to discuss and share information on how innovation and smarter thinking will allow us to deal with disruption.

The conference will offer participants from all around the world the opportunity to connect face to face, sharing research information, innovative and interesting ideas, and practical know-how, with a wide variety of industry experts in the world class facilities of the Perth Convention and Exhibition Centre and the beautiful state of Western Australia.

On behalf of the Organising Committee, we look forward to meeting you at Concrete 2023 in Perth, Australia.

Rodney Paull and Shan Kumar - Concrete 2023 Co-Chairs