ll

Cities of EastAsia .EE JACKF. WILLIAMS AND KAM WING CHAN ' €EgE I " !5EC3 "-: 0

KEY URBAN FACTS

Total Population 1.54billion PercentUrban Population 44 50/o Chrna 40.40 Rcmrindcr 69.9o/o Total Urban Popularion 678million ChiD Remainder 146million Most Urbani2edCountry (80 8olo) LeastUrbanizcd Country (a0.aolo) AnnualUrban Crolrth Rate 2.40k China 2.7o/r Remainder O 9o/o Numberofluegacities 4 NLrmbcrofCitics of More lhan I Million 105 China 84. Remflinder 25 Thrce l.^rgcst Citics , , - World Citics Tokyo, Osaka,, Shanghai, Hong Kong, GlobalCity Tokyo ' Seebox I 1.2 CHAPTERll: CITIESOF EASTASIA The[.voln on olC;ties

KEY CHAPTER THEMES The reg,on r, \rill ,harply split betue,n with the consequencesof the past and of China, which is rapidly urbanizing but strll recent rapid economic growth.

I Chrnais onc of the originalcenters of urban developmentiD hrstoryand hassome of the only lbour 4J'" url).rn,JnLi lhe re\l of rhe oldestcontinnoudy occupred crties in theworld region, which is alrcady aro nd 7l7o urban '1hr, CoLonialism had a lessimportant role in urban de\€lopme t ln iD conTar;son di.ho.orn' is renc.rcd in m,rny r{ry\. THE EVOLUTION OF CITIES with otber realms of the rvorld, evcn rhongh many large Chincse cities were trealy ports includrng the characterof the cities and the under colonialismand Hong Kong and Macau were entirclycreations of colonidlism, trole(\es.p1\l and pre'ent.that h.rverhaped The Tnditional at Preind ustrial Cit), which fornrallyended 'D rhis regionon thc cveof the2l st century. thcm. One can 8er sonre senseof the relative and espccidlliChin.r. i.rpan,South Korea,Hong Kong/Macau,and Tdiwrn arc alreadyhighly urbantzedand strengths weakness€sof Erst Asia'scities FJ.rA\ii. i' oneof lhc origi- deeply ;nvolved in the global economy,a statusreflected in citresthat are alrcady in a posl lrom var'ousinternational rankings that are nJl .ei,rersof urbirli,m in $ orldhisLory. vdrl industrial" phase,with prcdominantlyservice based ccononics artd rrajor high tcch donefrom tirnelo tirnc.lnlhcc.onomrc ^renr, cirrcsl-e e crn trrc" rhr[ o iBin'dircflly hrl:K a recenl scholarly onalysrsof 314 cities ir the two rnillcnniJof more.One crn seeinlerest- China hasbeer) followirrS in the footslcpsof the restol thc regrcnsincc thc lrtc 1970sand world placcd rhrcc As;an citres anrong the ing parallelswith lhe earliestcities in other is now one of the mostrxpidly urbrDizrng countrics irr thc world arrda mrjor pl.rycrin the world'.\top 6 "inlemationalcities"j 2 of rhem cultrrre rerlns, witlr the;r iocLrsor ceremonial rfc in EaslAsia (Hon8 Kong aud Tokyo) | ard terrtenplanrred in highl, globaleconoml "Jrriri,trative 'rji'L'IrntinE\.est'e China is uniqr-rcin beingthe country with lhc hrgest tot.l populationand in still being II qu,rlirvol li\in8 fornralstyle tu synrbolizerhe bel,e', rnd rf,i prodrr.c,J \V(\rc,n primarily ntral in rtspop!lalion distributioD,yet it hasthe lrrgcstu.bar) Poputitio. and .irlly th,se for,,\. hy ditiollsof tlre.rltures involved. thc g.cntestnumber ofmillion-plus citiesofany country in thc world. exp.rlriitcs, horveveaAsian citi€s tend to fare In its idealizedforn, the t.llditionalcity Sorre ol the worldi most important world citiesare in last Asia,cspccially Tokyo and iess wcll. for cromple, rn thc 2007 Merccr reflectedthe ancientChinese conceplion of IJonSKong, with citiessuch as Shangbai, DeijiDg, Seortl, ind thiPci in thesecond t,er The QOL snrvey(www.merccrhlcom), l8 oi thc thc uni\rerseand the .ole of thc ernpcror as largcr citics especiallyreflcct thc rvcalth of the regron. top 30 .rtics were iD \\tsteflr Europci thc rest inteflncdirrybctwcen heavcD and earth.This 7 North Ko.ea is the ione holdout in EastAsia in clinSinSlo a figid, isolalionisl,socialist rvere in ALrstriha/New Zcrland and North idcaliz€dconception was most rpparent in the '0. systemin rts citiesaud cconomicdevelopment, in .oDrraslwith Chrn,rand , Arrcl(,r \', A.idn .ili(r $ere in rlrc rof nalionalcapitak, but nranyelements of this which arelcaving that erato history. Tukyn..,rrr.our fi's in lr.' A{iJind ,:,,,leLicon.eption (gnd layout, highly fornilized 8 Urbrn deyclopment in the region wrs heavily iDflnencedi,y the Cokl Wilr, which linSerson 3sth rnternarioDall,v,follorvcd (in odcr) by dc'iqn. J r,rr'^undinBw.'ll w rh .r,rrcpi.Jlr 'JArh. ,n rheKoreuD peninsula, and by theoDgoing dis}rute bcrwccn'l'aiwan and In0inhDd(lhina. Yok"\.rnrc.KohL. os.rL,r. Jl,d N.,goyr placedgares, etc.) could be seenin l€ssercitres d)rJ, 9. Most major citiesof thc rcSionshow evidenceof thc conccntriczonc and mullinuclcic 40rh. JnJ )4lh inreflrdlion.rlly.respec. at lo'ver administratrvelevels The Tang modclsof urban land use. Iivelv).Hon8 Knn6Lflme rn lurh. l.rrpeiUJrd. Dynasly (618 906 ^.r).) capilalof Changan scorl 8-rh. 5h.rngh,\i0Urh, .rn.l B. (prcscnrdry Xi'an) wis onc of thc best l0 Most citresof E.rstAsia ha"e expcrienccctthe usual urLranProblems: e vironNeDtal ii'rB pollution, incomc polarization,rnd, cspeciallyin China, migr.rrion,both Intcrnalind llr.rh, |lrlc||r.rtiordlly.lrr othcr unrds. erpresionsof the.l.rsic Lhri,ese.rpi(al . iry. lrf,,,,(.(, ,',(. re,r,l',J l{ id tl,c1'.r.k ir, l .b' Irrcvrt.rLly,rhe Jcrrarrd'of n,',J',', urhdr Asia from a qualily oflivrng perspectrve; dcvelopnlcnthave necessitatcd, in thc cycsof thosein Chir.r tcnd to .lnk ]rst (iSnoringdrc plannersat lcast,tlrc telring down of most EnstAsia cxLrdes power dnd slrcccss.Nowhere Thcsearc alsoamong the l.r8cst citicsirr the abcrrntionof Norrh Korca),rcflccring rhrt city w.rll..an.l rhu\ rirc renrurrl oi.' ,"lorful counlrys ongoingstruggle to cone to tcrms leg.r.1ol tlr,.p.r.t. lhe .rlc\.r',h" old is rhis more evidcnt than ilr its great crties, world; indecd,Tokyo hasbcel widely recog "rlls suchas Tokyo, Bcijing, Shanghar, Seoul, Hong Dizedas thc world s largcstrnctroPolis for the commonly bccomethc routesof new,broad (fig Ill) lmcrging in the lastthrcc dccadcs ComPared with rhc often- ooulcvJrd\.Onc of the fcw.itie- sho5F KoDg,andl.ltipci | ".1..s | I i., (.t,.\r, 4 .iri(\ ir Yri,nhHu.'ng, nrigirr.rl past hdlf century to rrval Lhc old power strugglinSrrbin agglonler.rtionsfotrnd in rvrlll,as lrnerr retr'rrd :rlrrrostrr it, Ycclcunf. r,d li'nl, S1.c,,."' ir e,,,dirl^l'.1 entiretyis Xi'an,because of its histoficrol€. centers of thc $'o.ld North America and poorer realrnsof the rvorld, East Asia'scities izalidn- An lntemitioDal Cities l'eFpeclivel' .il th( Europc-East Asia's citics have been the havebeen relrti"eJy morc succcssfrrlin c''ping Utbott Ctog plty, 28, no. I (2u07),209 2.ll Of l-rslori.,l-ddiriurrl ciri"', noaei\ -,o r'rm. commrnd cenlers for the prodigious irith riprd g.orvthand lnrgesize lvealth docs lhc.rulr i,I'J'cdun.l.'r. .,lour rhc iirril. - ,\ rh,,nBeijing/Pc! ng) r\e prc'.nl economic advanccsoi rruch of lh;s region nakc a diffcrcnce tn,r ofglob.l produ.erservice tiins ,r.tionalcapitalAlthough a city hadcxisted on CHAPTER I I: C]TIES OF EASTASIA TheEvoLutian ofCit)es

'he 'is.1iFcjnr Chinc.e rvith irs':8id sym. sireto. ccnruries.BeijillL; heLJme Lil) rnorp\ology, Portuguese lvcre much more iDrportant in was alien to rvhen it $'as rebuilt rn 1260by Kublai Khan as metry and formalized symbolism, rheirimpaLl ir rhi\ region.be.ause Lhe Ddr. culiurc. Even the shorrage of his wiDter capital.It was thrs Beijnrgthat Marco the lapanese l,'8J) .oIfineJ lhcm'(lvp.lo s.u,hc.r.rA.i.r. ritr wi le\'ll,r'rd :n LrpJrrerded to \ork,,6.,|n{rhe Polo.arv.I Ire w,. dc' roycd h thefill ot Seckin8trade and opportuniticsto sprcad ihe Mdngolsand thc establishmeDtofthe MiDg fuli exprcssionof th€Chinese model. Chrjstianity, the Portuguesemade somc 'i= dynasty in 1168 served as national Korca also experienccdthe importalion of d^grecof peretr.rton irl.,o,rrhern l',r.rr\ i.' capitalbriefly aftcr that, but in I42l thecaprtrl Lhrncv ciry .ornc1't*.lhc r hir.\c 1'hnrin6 rh. f.-r nf \.rg.rs.,\iin rhcl.,rcr l,,rh .cIIlr.rl i; w,,,ruu!c.i b.r.l to rhcrpl{r I' cil\ rnu'r n.tmc,i city model was nnrn evidcnt ;n the nxtional Their greulcstinnuenc€ was actuilly indirecl i{= rvhich prenrlcr tseijing,or "Northcrn Capitall'for the 6rsr copitalofScoul, becrre thc city how.vcr,rl'-.IBh I h( i'1lroiucr io f .f h' c,,rn-' city ncver rcally lost ' 't: tinre), whcrc it hasremained with lew interrup- oa Korea in 1394.Thc h's .rId nrilit.rrytechno ogy i|lroI.,t).rn. I l,i, led r . rr.c fhc Min6.atirll wl. comPo..dol ir\.lonrir.'rLe\in((. I-.rly m.rp

th€ emphasis has been on gambling and Westerners were therc to make money, but tourism, with the addition of investmentsby they also had the right of extraterritoriality, Nevada o.6mJ r FB oPcnld ts.2-t3{.1 Sambling interests and construdion which guaranteed them protection by ,.dditoEr 9 Ftu oPen.! ii 6€ t36os ofa number ofnew gaudycasinosaround the Westernlegal procedures. crddually. raxarion, Ad'doniPofuoP.rcd''19|| reconstructed harborfront rhat are starting to poli(e [orces.and other fe ure\ of municipal FOREIGNEAIEO AREAJ,I3'S I PanAnrur ud Goruis pdnatr (K4ntunsj (Rurhn) I'IANCHURIA pull in large numbers of gamblers,especially Sovernment were developed by the colonial rhe ouyeau riche from a booming China. countries controlling the treaty ports. China's . x.$,r@iNeTrdbdB(8ddrt) 5 Kais

l l l l l l l l I Figure11.4 ThebeautifuLty restored castte of Hikone,jn Shiqa Prefecture,central Honshu, is a classjcexample of an otd castte town fromJapan's Feudat past. (Photo by JackWittiams)

Figurc11.5 Thjs dramaticentnnce\4ay to the tlain stalion in 0sakareveats Lhemodernjty of and ihe sophi5ticationof its transpotation systen. YeL policies had the effect of consolidating settle- a rudimentary castle on a bluff near the sea jnfluence OsakasLitt struggtes to competewiih Tokyofor economicgrowlh and ments and encouragingcivilians to migrate to boul where lhe lmperrxl Prla.e srrnds in contempoGryJapan. (Photo by KamWing Chan) the more important castlecommunities roday.The site was a good one, howevcr, for The new castle towns, such as Osaka,were a malor city it had a natural harbor,hills idcally locared lfig. II.4). Bc.rusc ot rheir that could easilybe fortifi€d,and plenty of launched it on irs astounding 20th centurl', cconomic and adminisrrative fuoctions, thcy room on lhe Kdnlo Plainbehrrd for exprn populationwas well over I million, makinS growth trajectory. generally were located on level land near sion. Tokyo redlly got its srrrt. rhouBh,a Edo one ofthe largestc;ties in the world. its role importanl landscape features that gave the century later, when leyasu, the Toku8awa Edo'sgrowth was basedinitially on cities by castle towns an advantage for future urban ruler at that time, decidedto make Fldohis as a political center,tied to the other an cxpanding nerwork of roads. An early INTERNAL STRUCTURX OF I'owrh.'l hu\, O,akr emcrgedr( ihe prin(iprl c.tpirrl.P.rrr of rokyo still bearsthe imprint betw€enOsaka, as EAST ASIAN CITIES brsiness,6nancial, and maoufacturinSccntcr of the grand de'ign lhat leyasu .rnd his dichotomy was established cultural in TokuBnwi liprn Thc ciricsof rhrr period descendantslaid out. They planned the the busjnesscenter, and Tokyo, as the today in Jt is not easyto generalizeabout lhe internal were tied to8etber by a network of highways lmper;al encloiure.:r va\' irea of p.rhces. and political ccnter,that Jingersevcn the rivalry berweenthe two r6g. ll.5). wirn structure of cities iD East Asia. This is partly that stimulated trade and crty Srowth. The parks,and moatsin theveryheart of thecity. M€iii in 1868. becauscofth€ basicdivision bet$'eensocialist most famous of these eatly roads was thc Mrch of thc land on which cenlril Tokyo thc rcstordlionot Empcror emPeror's and non

nrodiryinglocai conditionspcculirr to ea.h \lJir rrreregior irto trvo dis iI. tly difh-t nt countr), and soci€ty.These forces include p.ithsof u,ban (and national)developrnent: (l) rapid industrializat;onfocused in cities, Ih. p.rrh^f rhe.o.i.r'i.l ciric' .f ChinJ.N',rlh conbincd rvith incrcasing inequalltres KoreJ..UrdMoIEoli.. vcr\r\ rh.rtof I rf ni n o betweenLLrbar and rural rcsidents,leadjDgto .i.rlr,tlfree- rrlllctr c:tie' of l,.p.rn,\,'.rrh high ratesof rLrr.rl'to-urL)anmigr.rlion, fates K,,rel,Triwflr, IInr.F Knr)g.ind M,(,,,. lhic uhich have norv tapered ofT in thc morc I'1.. rnc thc lurr. .lassi6..rLior.of.itiL\ of rl,c Llcvck)ledeconom,cs (li,prn, Sonth Korea, rcgioll ontil thc latc 1970s.rl lcast It rlso 'l.riw r), t)ut which arc csc:llrtingin Chinr rclcctedthe alignrlent of thc Cold war cr. rn (and Nlongolia)j (2) privatc owncrship of lhispartof thelvorld.In thclatc1970s,(ihina 'cJ 'rrrr prrpcrty and donrinanccof private invcsr- c )ri l\( t'n'r\',r', "r ltcl Ir..jrrhi,h n,cnt dccisionsrtfccnng land usei(l) varyiDg frec-nrarkct furccs incrcrsingly bcgrn to dr ive dcgrccsol governnrcntinvolvcmcnt in zoning theeconomyind dc(cflrrinclhc prth ol url)rrl and urban plarning,sonrc of it rucccsslulbut dcvclopmcnt- Only North Korcr remirins Figure11 6 The A Bomb Dome,officiatty the Hiroshimapeace x grcrt (iealof it ineff€ctivei(4) high stundards basictrllywcddcd to r rigid sociilislpirh, oDe plemoriat,js now on the Listof WortdHeriLage sjtes. IL survived of livirrg rnd consunrptionrud increasrng of thc lastholclouts ir thc world rs lhc grcat lhe nuctearexptosion that ravdgedLhe city on August6, 1q45, rclirn.c on thc privtrlc.rutornobilc(or nn)kr e\t .ri,rcnr !virhc,,rrrr'rIi'rn ... .,n.,1r' l.l and nowstands as a symbolof the needto etimrnarenucrear cyclc)tur transportatidr,in spitcoi oitcn vcry livc pnlh ol nrtrcn l

Figure11.8 ThisLandsat image of the TokyoBay region iitustrales the sp€w{of G€aterlokyo. whichcompletety surrounds the bayatong a [argetyhurnan-made coasttine. The Tokyo Bay Aqua Line,a combinationbridge-tunnet connecting Tokyo City (upper teft) wilh ChibaPrefedure (towerright), js fainttyvisibte (the white streak in the middteis the entranceto the tunnet)' (Landsatimage)

''underdevcloped' regrons(in d relativerense, Iong-standing rival, Osaka, a Phenomenon (i.e., urban €lsewherein lapan (68. ll 7). RapidSrowth d:'ll:/oeduipolar conce tntion from rhe late 1950!throuSh thc crrly 1970s prima

Box 11.1 Tokvo Consumers

As a marketpLace,Tokyo has distinctive attributes that distinguishit fromother Japanese cities. Fi6t, the sheersize and the average[eve[ of househotdincome: on both counts, Tokyodefrnjtety hotds the edqe,and year by yeersince the 1970s,the marginin Tokyo's fuvorhas widened. se€ond, Tokyo has for morethan a centurycombined EasL and West, past and present,wjth a styteand vewe that hassharpened the sophisticaLjonof consumers. Beyondthat, Tokyo'sconsumers are unusuatty wiLLing to pushthe boundariesof fashjon, to erpandthe rangeof wantsby seizingon a product,and to initiatethe buzzthat starts a trendor launchesa newfad. For ctothing. accessories, and etectronjc consumer products, Tokyois the meccafor shoppersLooking for the tatestfashions and technotogies and, by the sametoken, for producerswaiting to try out their latestolferings. Harajuku, Shibuya, and Aoyamaare where Tokyo's young and wett-heeled consumers congregate, sarnpte the newest fashionsin ctothingand accessorjes,and passjudgment. For inslance, Shibuya station, wheresix differenttrain linesmeet. caters to 2.2 mittionpassengers per day and has mor€ than 900retaiL stor€s within the trainstation itseLf, with ctoseto 600restaurants and bars just outsidethe hain station. Tenper€enl of atl eLectronicssales and a risjngvotume of salesof videogames and soft- warein Japanoccur in Akihabara,which has come to be knownas "Etedric Town." The strenqthofthis djsfrictties in jts wideprodud offerings, rangjng frorn the newestfinished prodlct to lhe smatlestparts imaginable, such as transistors and even vacuum tubes. Untjl Fjgure11.9 TheGinza is the swankiestand most expensive shopping arca in Tokyo.Major 1995,more than 50% of allpersonal computers sotd in Japanwere through Akihabara. This departmentstores and hundreds of boutiquescompete For attention and the contentsof sprawtingetectrcnics bazaar js wherea vast arrayof produdsand components jostle for shoppers'wattetsin this affluentJapanese society, the richestin Asia.(Photo by Jack WitLiamt attentionand whete the pioneeringshoppers-the ones who are wjtting to experimentwith new productsand to pay premiumpric€s-ptay a dedsiverote. Producersneed these population is concentrated in barely 4oloof household in what ivas thcn Edo (ashostages intensjvetycompetitive and demandingmarkets, which give them rapid and vatuabte lhe nationi hnd rrei. The cilys populilion in cffed/. is a means of maintrining rhe jnnovation feedback.Akihabara, for exampte,is a !rta[ part of the systemfor etectronic dcnsilyis l6 rimesthrr of Ihecountry. whil- powerof theTokugawa Shogunate. The obei products.such as digital cameGsand now videogames, whjch are the tjfebtoodof the ever quantitativc uses, Tokyo sanceto Tokyo remains,albeil in a new form Japaneseelectronjcs industry, has a drsproportionateshare, whether of Tokyo City itselfhrs ir.reasedin popula workers, factories, headquartcrs of nrrjor Iion only slighlly,while the 2J (enrrJl (;ty Sourcei Shahid Yusuf and Kaotu Nabeshime,Post-lndurtriol Eost r'sio Cihes (Stanford Unive6iw Prcss corporalion\nnd 6nancialin\tillrlions. insli- wards hav€actually decl;ned.B/ contrast, the and WortdBank, 2006),37-38. tutions of higher education, industrial three key 5urroundingprefectures (Sailama. productronl exports, or college stLrdents.As Chih.r. Krnagawa) Bdined si8nifi(Jnlly. the national capital, Tokyo has all the major evidenceof thesprrwl into satellitetowns and nruch growth of ncw industricsto replaccits mainhin cmploymentand ccntr:rl-ciryvitaliry. government.rlhrnctions. All 4/ prefectural citics Becauseland has becomeso scarceand former smokestack industries, such as steel For people eager to be in thc mainstream of gov€rnments havebranch offices in Tokyo, in cxpensive in Tokyo. virrually the entire and 'hipbuilding.and os.rkr businessescon- modern lapan, living in or near Tokyo is order to maintain effective liaison with the perimeter of Tokyo Bay now consisrs of tinue to relocate to Tokyo. This combination narionalgovernmenr. One observerIikened reclaimedland (fi8. | 1.8). 'fokyo encourages out-migration and deprcsses truly is a primatc city; its dominance the situation to that of the Tokugawa era of westerninfluenccs played sorne role in the personrl consumption. NaSoyi hr\ fared wirhin J:rpinis awesome{hox I I l). Tokyo: the l8th century, when the provincial feuda prewar development of Tokyo. However, somewhat bettcr than Osaka by managing to roughly one quarter share of I0pan\ lotal lords lrere required to maintain a second Ihe devn.rnlioDof lhe lo2l errlhquakeand CHAPTER 1I: CITIES OF EAST ASIA ReprcsentativeCities

Box 11.2 Defining the Chinese City

Itlaintandchina has probably the mostcompticated and confusing system of urbanand city definitionsjn the worLdowing to its hukousystem (see box 11.3),which often exctudes migrantswrthout local rulo, in the localpoputation counts of the crty,and to its \aayof designatingurban areas, as exptained betow This comptexity js compoundedby the rapidity of changein the country.A Chinesecity or municjpaLity(srD is a poLiticat-adrninistrative o unit, usuaLtycovering an areamuch [arger than the urban(i.e., urbanized) area as we know E-*^ it. Manytarge Chinese cities todayhave urbanized cores (high-density buiLt-up areas), @2"*B cLir okEk6 (uaan 'id ddrrut suroundedby numeroustowns and largestretches of runL (predominanttyagricutturat) I%-c cir DLdc (lrbri .Er only) [and.These cjties are so largein areathat theyare aptly calted'legions," and in somecase, "provjnces"-jnf"ct, fourof themare officiaLty provinciat-status "cities." The mosL extrene ABC R.alon Clty Dlltri

This figure cannotbe taken as the poputationof the "metropolitanarea" or "ulban Shan8hli,2@o 1641 6,140 l'tls 3,924 ll45 aggtomeration,"howevet as it is oftenmistakenty tabeted by the Lessjnformed. The same Sh sh:i,2005 tl1a 6,141 l77l 5,300 1584 situationabo apptiesto Beijing,Shanghaj, and many other [arge cities. Beijin8,2ooo rl57 17,020 ll51 6,183 9,88 Forstuding city devetopment,we needto detimita city wjth a meaningfutgeographi- Beijin82005 1533 16,'lll 1666 l2,lg7 t134 caI boundary.ALmost atl citiesof anysize contain a continuousbuitt-up area (urban core), 9 94 7,tl{ g 52 3,719 7 55 andmany alio havenearby residentiaI or industriaIsuburbs. In addition,many cities, espe- Gu:nszhou,2ooo ciatLyin deveLopedcountries, have an extensivedaity commutjng zone ctosety retated func- ChonrqinS,2th0 l05l 13,601 969 l4,E1a 617 tionatlyto the urbancore. Howevet the currentgeographicaI extent of the administrative boundariesof [argerChinpse ciLies goes fur beyondthis famitiarpattern by inctudingrunL Figurc11.10 ConceptualDiagram of the Componentsof a (Kam countjes,some with densefarminq populations. LargeCity in China. WingChan) Threecommon poputation indicators of four of the largestcities in China(based on official censusand surveydata) are shownin the accompanyrngtab(e and diagram (fi9. 11.10).Anong these "city popuLation"indicaLors, C, which tabutates the populalion in the urbanizedareas of atLthe districtsof the citv js the ctosestto Lheconcept of "urban

the urgent need for quick rebLrildingprecluded resemble Los Angeles, except with a higher roncentnc ring pattern inrermixedwith ele differences tueling this residential pattern, widcspreadadoption ofWestern urbrn plan- population density (and vastly superior mentsofthe multinLrclcicrnodct Thecityalso excepl for rhose 'elating lo (he minority ning ideas. World War ll bombing had the public transport). Crowth has been concen has elemcnts of the American style "dough ,um{rni, (unrouchables.a (ocirl legary of sameeffect. In spiteof arnbitiousplans drawn trated around key subc€nters, such as nut" model, becauseofspiraling land costsin lapani feudrlprsL that stubbornly lingers on), up immediately after the war, few wcre Shinjuku (now the city governmcnt herd- rhe 1980s and dele ion by middle.class and the Korean minoriry who tend to live in implemented. The result vras a tendency for quartcrs) and Shibuya, and along thc key peopleseeking aiTordible srbrrrban housing. their orvn ghetto€s. the city to grow haphaz€rdlyin a manner that transport arteries (rail and expressway) They commute(o lhe central.ily lo work in fapant "bubble" economy burst starting in resulted in conSestion, a disorgaDized cily radiatjng ourward frorn the old historic core lhc dryrimc,bur return to lhe suburbl in the the early 1990s,wh€n both residential and Iayoul.dnd lhe la.:kof r clcarcentral business of the Imperirl Palace(Chiyoda Districl) .vening Unlike in U.S.ci(rcs, howevFr, Ihere commercial land pricespeaked at200-30070 of dislri.t (CBD). in many ways,Tokyo crme to (fi8. ll.9r. Hence. the (ily h.rs a distin(r rre no serious r0cral/socroe.onomicclxss what they were in the early 1980s.Land prices CHAPTER t1: CITIES OF EAST ASIA Rept?sentahve Citics

slid precipitously downward, returning to early physicalexpansion oI lhe adminisrrariveared. 1980slevels or lower by the early 2000s.The natural population growth, and n€t bonom of the real estatebust appearsto have migration. Durjng the 1960s and 1970s, been reached,at leastfor Tolryo miBrdtronro lhe city wr\ srrirtly resul.red. Indeed.because of its primc imporrrnceir Beijitlg: The LessFatbidden City the restored national capital, miBration to Beiiing wds the mosl srricrlyconrrolled Beil'ng. 'he 8'eir "Norlheflr Capil.rl for among all China's cities. Only the rvell- centuries,was a horizontal,.ompactcity of educated and those nceded ior the jobs rnrgnificent .rr.hitecture irnd .rrr istic rreisur es createdby the centralgovcrnmcnt could nrove of Chinat past grandeur when thc "New to Bejjing; for the rest, it remaincd rhc Lhina heganin lc4o, nlthoughrhe In.rgni6- "forbiddcn city." cenccofthe old c;ty had sufferedgreatly from Functionally, Beijing was also tr nsformed general neglect during the cennrry of foreign into a lrcdtur citl rs it hccamc onc of inlrusinn,civrl \,J]'. rrd "revolutionaryrccon- China's key industrral centers,whil€ retaining struction' since the 1840s.Cent€red on the its ongoing function as center ofgovernmeDt, fnrmcr Forbiddencity tlmpcrirr Pdlacer,.ullure, rd cduc,rtion.Othcr fLrn(|ron\su(h Beijing was renowned for its sophisticatcd ,rs (onrmcice drd ser\icc: wcrc grc,rrl, crrlturc,rndrcfincd society The Leaulitul crrrtailed in the .omrnand type econonry Figurc11.11 TraditjonaL,singte-tamity cotltyard housesin a huto'g, or aLtey, I I the Beijing di.rlecr M.rnd.,rin hcc,rmc gearedto cenrralpl.rtlning.rnd 6vc-yc,rr pli ns, oiotd Beijing. lvlanyol these housestoday hold seleral famjUesThese houses (prrtonglrrrnt r).rio'ralst'oke'r language rfter muih lilc lhose of the thcn SovicrUnior. are disappearinqrapidty to makeroom fo! high-risdapartmenis and offces' the collapseof the dynastyin l9l I.'Ihc city's BcijinShc(anre even more 'trongly thc powcr (Photoby KamWing Chan) only rcrl firncrionwrs rs p"liticalJnd .ulural cerrierof China, analogousto Moscow ccnler nf ,r vxsl nrlior). Tbcrc w:r( lrtl.. The changesinnictcd on BeiinSs urban of industryand a small population. landscapewere enormousin the Maoist era multiple families,but often without the n€ces Vuseumi rhe parallel with the displav was In l9d9 rhc riry wr(

i Citiet CHAPTER II: CITIES OF EAST ASIA Reprcsentatile

Figure11.13 Theopening of a Starbucksright in the hearto[ the PataceMuseum became a symboLof gLobalizationand china's openinqto the outsidewortd. CriLics, howev€r, considered the Figure11.12 TheMonument of PeoptdsHeroes in Tiananmen coffeeshop at that locationa symboIoF voiacious American Squarein Beijinglooms behind a paradinggroup of PLAsotdiers on capitatismtrampting over Chinese cutture. The store was closed, a chittymorning in December1989. shortty aftpr the infumous repLacedby a Chinese-ownedteahouse in 2007.Currently, therc are crackdownof the student{eddemocracy movement that €onvutsed over250 Starbucks franchises in China,the bestmarket outside the throughchina. The square is in the heartof Beijingand is symbotic unitedStates. (Photo by kamWing Chan) : of so muchthat is sociatistChina (Photo by Kamwing chan)

pala.es lcmples' an'l areawirh modern rrchileLtureand crumbling city gates were kept as relics of collection ol former provided food, mainly vegetables, for the shopping housing collc.tions expensiveshops, and Wangfujing, an old another era. A subway system lies under the other slru(tures,many cili€s.Some satellile lowns a(commodated th. ("feudal") past. The retail stiip that received a major facelift in SecondRing Road.Removal of the walls totally of art from the imPerial spilloverof induslries.wirhoul a land market. political, but the net result shattered the original form of Beiring and motive was largely nrany self-containedwork-unit neighbor- 1999. I preservation.The Palac€ Crowing per capita inrome also tueledI forever altered rts architectural character. was indeed historic hoodsdominaled rhc land*ape of larSecilie:, worldt top in the 1990s.With a real estate To be fair, the government was faced with Museum remains one of the which expanded in concentric zones.Beijing housing boom (fi8. I l.l3). (fi8. market beginninS to function, a enormous problems, especiallyin providing culturaltreasures wasno exception 11.t4). Sreater Maoist era were were demand for floor space has intensified use housing and meeting basic human needs. China's large cities in the The new poli(ies in lhe late 1970s center\and (over of urban land. Grealerseparatjon of work Historic preservation tends to take a backseat both produ(tion{manufactuiing) meant to some of the arorementioned nod€sofan economic weaknessesand to transformChineqe cities place aid housing has become increasingly to more urgent Practical needs in almost adminjstrative Planning on nalional' regional' and Those feasible for a portion of the labor forc€. In every country Moreover, the Sovernment s)slem that focused through a series of market reforms. functions of business rhe lare lq80s, suburbanization began on a kept the Forbidden City (Plus some other local self-reliance The reforms havebrought rising Jm uence,especial- were weak. Mosl cities lried to provirr(es and cities noliceable scale. ForeiEn investment now national treasures, such as the magnificent and commerce Iy in the ea.tern coartal industri'l boom focusesno!only on exPort processingbutalso Temple of Heaven and the fascinating build retatively comprehensive reflected in the urban consumption in much less division of lhis has on retail, insurance, finance, and producer Summer Palace in nortbwest Beijing) and structures, resultinS of rhe 1980s €nd afier. ln Beijin8, would be found in a serviceswhich in(rersed lhe functional diffel worked toward restoration of its former labor and exchangesthan resultedin thousand' olnewsiores and restiu- (adiacent entiatioh ofcitycenters andsuburbs linked by grandeur, transforming the huBe enclosurc market economy. The Periurban rants. Beting now has major commercial/ by the municipalities busy highways. into lhe Pala(e Museum lCu ConS)- a rural) areas controlled financial districts, such as Xidan, a CHAPTERrr: CITIESOF EASTASIA RepresentativeCities

Box 11.3 Cities with Invisibte Watts

Thedevetopment strategy pursued by Chinadurjng the l'4aoistera (1949-1976) was based on sLricttycontrottjng rurat-to-urban migratjon. The major means for doingthis wasthe hufuu(househotd registrahon) syslem, set up in 1958.Under this system,aL[ citizens were f.lid-l98Os iD mid.r9t0! ctassifiedas eitherurban or ruratresidents. ljrban resjdents had state-guaranteedfood grains,jobs, housing,and accessto an artayof subsidizedweLfare and sociaLservices (known the i/ol?nce bo l system).Rural residents had very few of thoseand had to rety Plannedrcrk unl6 uone as -tre^:;ffi* on themsetvesor theircoLlectives. These obvious disparities generated strong incentives for ruraLresidents to miqateto urbanareas. However, for the greatmajority of the ruratpop- ulation,the optionof migratjngto the citieswas not avajlabLeThe government used strong administrativemeasures to stemmigration to the citjes.By [aw, anyone seeking to moveto a Dtacediffercnt from where hjs or herhousehotd was registered had to get approvalfrom the ,uko! authorities(typical.ty the pubticsecurity bureau), but approvaIwas rareLy granted. In €ssence,the hrkousystem functioned as an internaLpassport system, simiLar to the Shiin€d beveen inslitutons ptopiskosystem used in the formerSoviet ljnion andthe ho khousystem in Vietnam. r and [email protected] Atthoughotd city wattsin chinahad targety been demotished by the Late1950s, the power oi this newtyerected migration barrier has been tikened to "invisibte"ciW watts. Sincethe late1970s, development oF markets and the demandfor cheaplabor for sweat shopproduchons for the gtobaImarker have led to easinqof somemigratory controts. RuraL miglantsarc now altowed to woft in citjesin low-endjobs shunned by urbanresidents, but theyare not e[qjbtefor basicurban sociaI servjces and education programs. It is estimated that in 2005 about 150 mjttionpeopLe were in this category(the so_cattedfloating poputation.i.e., migrantworkers), most of whomare jn the cities.This two-tjer system of Fjgure11.14 Modetof the Cjry in the People'sRepubLic of China.Sourcei Adapted urbanciLizenship and the unequaltreatment of the migrantpoputation have drawn much from WangYa-pjng, Ufton Povefty,Housing and Socto!Chonge in Cbrnd(New York: concernfrom inside and outside China. Routtedge,2004), 44.

fo rtlra(t indus(ry,Beijingt government outward expansionwill intensilTalong witn hrl est,rhlishcdmore than n do?endevelop China's integration with the world, especially lime,hith rherclaxation in m;Sralionconirols Villagel' Living conditions in these migrant ment zones, mostly in the ufban frinSe For as it is now a member of the World Tradc sinceihe mid-ls80s,Beijing now hasa large villagesprovide a stark contrast with those of example, Zbongguancun, set up in the Organization (WTO). Beiiing, as the home of miSrant ("floating") population of about wealthier neighborhoods. In the inner city, Haidian District close to China's top many major multinational 6rms, will continue a-s million.These mostly rural migrantsfill laid ofl workersfrom brnkrupl sta(eenrerPris- universitiesin the northweslpaft of (he (ily, to be a major player in the globalization of many low-levcl jobs shunned by the locals es are Bradually forming Berjrngknew urban is China\ "Silicon Valley:' Beijing's growth the Chin€se €conomy. However, rhese migrdnts are not given legal POOr. is increasinSly linked to the southeast The rise in personalincomealso parallel€d a residencystatus (h1/kou)in the city and are In thelarly 1980s,the Sovernmentbecame w;th Tiinjin. in inlerndrionalport city wirh noti(erbleincrcrse jn incomediqparities and ofien denied accesslo many urbrn services serious about planning for the aestheticsof provincial-level status, and to the east with social differentiation.In the outskirts north of (box ll.lj. Most (ome from the counlrysid. Beiing's future, trying to brjng air and water Tangshan, a major center of hea\ry industry Beijing. expensive,derached. Western-styl. and are poor. Several migrant communities pollutionunder (ome control.and Sivingthe and coal mining, to form one of China's bungalow houseshave begun ro dpperr. carer- have sprunS up in Beijing'soutskjrts, such as citya more human feel.The l990Asian Games emerging conurbations. This process of ingto expatriatesand the new rich.At the same "Zheiiang vilage" (fi8. ll.ls) and "xiniiang providedthe srimulus tor mu. h beautifi(ation CHAPTER Il: CITIES OF EAST ASIA RepresentativeCines

Figure11.15 Lunchtimein the "ZhejiangVittage" on the outskirts of Eeijing,a majorgament whotesating center run by mjqrants fromZhejiang Province in eastChjna. (Photo by lhm WingChan)

I &iEa,-. I oach.-..,v ellort .rnd for improvemen(q in urban bc(rusc of its unique colonial herilaBeand ilkastruclure, such as ettendinS severalmajor becausein many ways it is the "New York of expresswaysacross the cityand conn€cting the China'-the ccnrerof changeand new tron centralcitywith theairport. Another round of tiersin social.l|rd economic behrvior. Shang- even larger-scaleconstruction was carried oul hai still is the largest and perhaps the most as Beijing prepared to host the Olympic cosmopolitan city in China (along with Summer Games in 2008 Many residents perhaps Guangzhou) and has one of the hopedthe Olympicr would rransformBeijing hiSheststandards of liv'ng. into a truly world class crty. But there were Of all Chinat cities,Shanghai also offers a Figure11.16 TheShanghai Region. Soutcer Adapted from Gu Chaotin, Yu Taofang, and Karn dlso concerns thal lhis massiverecon\lruclion good erample ofthe pastChinese socialisl city, Wingchan, "Extended Metropotitan Regions: New Feature of chineselletropolitan Development could have a negative impact on ihe poor, as becauseofits specialrole within socialistChina in the Ageof Gtobatizatjon,"Plonner 78. no. 3 (2000):16-20. old houseswere torn down and farmers' Iand in both urbanplannint and nationale.onom- expropriated to make way for the w€ll-to-do ic development.Shan8hai city itself is part of and for showcasesto the outside world. The rhe Shlnghaiddministralive region, (ompris- 2008Olympic Camesdefinitely put rhespol- ing 14 city districts and I county cov€ring a reform era, revenuesfor lhe Chinese govern- tition limited for industry, but Prices of light on Beijing (and China as a whole) huge areaof 2,400 squaremiles (6,300sq km) ment relied heavily on taxeson state-own€d manufactur€d Soods were often set high in with a combined toral population of over enterprises(SOEs); Shanghai, being thePrime Shanghai'sfavor Between 1953and 1978,the 17.8million (in 2005)and an urban popula- cenlerofSOES, was a major ofSo\- economic growlh of Shangha i averagedabout Shanghai : Chi na's Fufi rre? Senerator tion of 15.8million in this region (fig. 11.16). ernment revenues,This revenuecash cow was 97op€r year,far above the national average.In Shanghaiis consideredby many to be China's Shanghaicame the (losestto r true pro- heavily favoredby the centml government and tc78,this region a(counled lor 8o/oofChinas most interesting and vibrant ciry. This is ducer" city in the socialist era. Prior to the was Ihereforeprote.led. Not only was compe- GDP and l8% of its exports. CHAPTER l1: CITIES OF EAST ASIA ReprcsentativeCitiet

Figure11.17 Sincethe earty 1990s,shanghai's new CBDhas arisen acrossthe river in Pudong,centered on the fuLuristicW observationtower around which rnodernhigh-rise buitdings have sprungup. Pudongand Shanghaj are depicted by the government to be the "Head of the Dlagon"in developmentof the ChangJianq VaLteyand the rest ol China.(Photo by Jack Witliams)

Figure11.18 In this cornerof the People'sPark, Shanghai, As with mdny(itie< in the Maoi,t erd(wirh soulh, lhis rime ar the ;nvilarionol rl,r Saturdaynorning js hmefor the "marriagemarker," when parents the exceptionof BeiiinS).little war reinvested Chinerc.Although sh.rnBhairvas designaled hetpthejr adutt chitdren, most of whomlive overseas, look for in Shanshaiin rermsof newconst ruct ion and as one of the 14 "open cities" (for foreign prospectivespouses. (Photo by KamWing Chan) 'lhe upgradingof fdcilities. downlown areJ. investment) in 1984, was really parhcularty around the Bund, or riverfront rhe initial region developed ln cooperation dis(rict, where the major Wesrerncolonial wirh foreign(in(luding Hong Kong) capit.rl. The new development plan establisheda investori, Taiwanese businesseshave been setrlers buill trading houres, banks, Thu\, in rhe lq80s Shanghailagged behind packaSeof preferential policies, very similar some of the most important in Pudong. consulates,and hotels,had the look of a 1930s Gucngdongin altractinStorei8n (apital and ro those in China's five export orient€d shanehai is now home ro \everdl Lhousand Hollywood movie sel.ln l9Ji the Park Holel in economic growth; its share of the nationt special economic zones (SEZS),to woo Taiwanebe companies, with an estimat€d was built on Nanjing Road, a major commer exports declined sharply, to only 7% in 1990 foreign capital. Thesepolicies included Iower 200,000-300,000 Taiwaneseresiding nearby. cial artery. That hotel remained the city's (compared to 20% for CLrangdong). The taxes,lease rights on land, and retention of A "Little " has emerged in the tallest building for 49 years,until 1982,when portion of national GDP accounted for by revenues.The Pudongplan empha\izedhiSh- Zhangjiang High-Tech Park in PudonS high rises were again constructed. It was the Shan8haiilro slippedro only 4olo.The riry's tech industries and nnancial servicesrather with thetull backingof theLentral Soverr,- relative negle

figures11.19 and 11.20 Thesetwo phoiosdramaticalty ittustnfe the transformationof Shanghaisince the endof the Maoistera. In the mid-1970s, NanjingRoad, a keycommerciaI artery oF otd Shanghai'slnternational Settlement,slumbered in sociaListstagnahon. By the endof the 1990s,much of NanjingRoad had been turned jnto a gl.ittering,throbbing pedestrian mat[ devotedlo fiigh massconsumption and the free-marketeconomy. {Photos by JackWiltiams)

people,including many millionsof migrants tulurirric. wilh fli(kering neon lil 8lars-and- Figure11.20 steel skyscrapers,including a ry observation , , and , and newer tower lhat has becomean i(on for Pudong and county-level cities,such as Kunshan,liangyin, the NewChina.lt is quitea contrastto the neo Zhan&iiigang, and Xiaorhan, are maior the HonS Kong SPecia classicalBund on the other side of the river induslrialcitres in the urbansys(em. Shdn8hai the new international airport in Pudong, China and became RegioD(HKSAR). This was an Today many of the worldt big corporations definitelyhas reacquired some of its prerevo overheated real €state development, serious Administrative revere pollution extrrordinaryhistoric evenl. mrrkint lhe end have set up offices or plants in Shanghai.One Iu(ionarySlamour fboy ll.4l. Sh.ps and traffi( contestion. and the colonial era in Asia and lhe rise of survey in the late I990s even showed that architecturein some seclionshave a ver) Perhapsmost important, Shanghaistill lacksa of power Hong Kongwas one of the last shanghai had ouldislancedBeiiing among cosmopolitan feeland again there is a sizeable well-estabhshedlegal system that can truly China's prorecl Liri?cn<'rights and rein in omcials rwo (olonialenclrves left in all of Asia by the Chinas top university Sraduatesas the most expatriate community. The Sovernment 20rh century.The olher colony.Md(au. popular city in China in which to make a career' hopes lhat Shanghaiwill becom€ the"Head of from ,buses of their po\qers. These are late that could be directed at all of like$,is€was returned to China by Portugal in In the bigger scheme,Shanghai is Part ol a the Dragon"-an economic powerhouse that criticisms December1999 and be(amethe Ma(au SAR. hrger, dfnamic, and rprrwlinB Chang iiang will stimulate developm€nt of the whote China today,for that matter. Hence,as China enteredthe new (enlury,its della region compoted of a do/en closcly ChangJiang valley ( the body"of thc dragon) humiliatingexperience with loreigncoJonial linked citiesand surrounding(ounties This and the whole nation. Critics, ho$'evet point HongKonS. Businessas UsuaLaftel 1997? ism nnally ended after almost 160years. region, stretching from Hangzhouand to a host of problems:rerious interjurisdic- The 1997 event committed China to in rhesoutheast lo Suzhouand Nanjingin the rional rivalries amonS local Sovernmentl At the stroke of midnight on ,une 30, 1997, guarant;e Hong KonS 50 years of compl€te northwest, conlrin< aboul 70-80 million inadequate port facilities, unwise location of Hong Kong was oflicially handed over to CHAPTER l1: CITIES OF EAST ASIA ReprcseflktieeCities

to Canada (especially Vancouver and too-several billion dollars a year in foreiSn Box11.4 ShanghaiImpressions Toronto), Australia,and rhe Uniled stdtes. exchangeearned from the PRC'Sexports to Other observers believed that the inherent Hong Kongand from inveslmenrsin banking KamWing Chan (December 17, 2005) assetsof Hong Kong, which had fueled its and commerce.Moreover. a struggling. isola extraordinary economic rise, would seeHong tionist,so(irl;sr China saw pracLicaladuan- js jn Shanghaj enchanting,though quite cotd (2'C). This morning I wokeup a warmbig bed Kong through the stressesof political transfer. taSein keepjnglhe door open a crackto lhe in the ctassyPark HoteL to sevenwjndows ot gtistening modernand uttra-moderoskyscrap- Sofir,lhe optimistsseem Senerally vindi.aled, outsideworld, and alsoin not being respon- years ers with a rising sun behind. What a different Shanghaifrom what I knew nine agol at lcast on the economic ftont. sible for solving Hong Kong's then staggering It was atso intense.I arrived quite late last njght and missedmy dinner After checking Back in 1949,when Shanghaiand the rest problems. Banker's Row in Central District into the hotet, I decidedto get somefood. In a nearbybasement food court, I easityfound of China fell to the communists,few thought crme to symboliTethe 6nancialpowerhouse my Favorjtebeef noodLesoup and dainty Shanghaiwontons. Thjs was a type of food court that Hong Kong could long survive under that HonS Kong had become,with the Bank gurger I had never seen before-with only chain restaurants.The l'1cD's, King, PizzaHut, British rule. Th€ UN €mbargo on China of China, the HonS Kong Shanghai Banking and Yonghe(a noodtechain from Taiwan)atl werefighting fiercetyface-to-face for a share during lhe Koredn wdr effertivelycut off mosr Corporation (HSBC), and the Chartered of the pie in a tiny basementin this gLobaLcity. Behind atl Lhis (figurativety) and me of Hong Kong\ entrep6tlrade wilh Chind. Bank of Creat Britain Iined up side by side. (titeratty), there were a bunch of 6-7 year otds (u/hereare they from?) running around.0n The poputation soaredfrom half a million in The firsl lwo ire regardedtoday as among rhe ctoser [ook, they were snapping and gobbtjng up unfinjshednoodtes and tood left on the l94b Io morp thrn 2 million by 1q50.with mort imporranLar.hite(tural structuresof tabtes. one ev€n approachedme for the beef in the soup white I was sfilt \rorkjng on itl retugeeslleeing the raging(ivil war ,rndcom- lh€ 20th (enlury and in someways dre sym They were obvioustyhungry, but they aLsoseemed to enjoy themsetvesdoing this, alrnost munist tak€over rn China. Huge squatter bols ol Hong Kong\ emergenceas a true tikeptaying a game.They nn and gjggted-is that happyor sad? settlementsappeared, and the economywas in world ciiy. pedes- when I got out of Lhefood couri, I reatizedthat I was atreadyon china's busiest sharnbles.The Briti'h, in collaborarionwilh one qfthe top tourist meccasin the world, p.m, trianjzedshopping street, Nanjing Road. Even though it wasatready ctose to 10 thjs ChiDese entrepreneurs, including many Hong K6ng is, by any standards,, stunninS get ptace was stiLtfutl of peopte; many shopswere stitt open. I decidedto take a waLkand wealthyindus(rirlisrs who had fled shanghr sighr.wherher one isarriving for the 6rs ime a feel for the town. Therewere many stim women,even in their wjnter coak, scarves,hats, and othcr parts ofChina,began to turn Hong or rhehundredth t69. ll.2l). The skylineis (they quite chic, of course.I took some pictures of a tew and boots must be in vogue), Kongs economyaround. l heydid ir bv devel- (pe(la(ular.especirlly dt night,with its Blirrer- iLtuminatedotd western, mostty neoclassicaLbujtdjngs, but soon found mysetfcaught in a oping products, "Made in Hong Kong," for ing, ultrrmodern high rise build;n8spacled struggte,having to continuoustyfight off soticjtationsby different kinds of strangers three eyport. lt wa\ a speclacularly(uc(essful side by j;ide along the shoreline and up the flirting women "wanting to rnakefriends," four rather persistent"tour guides," and three transformation.wirh investmentpourinS in hillside(.Thereis so much moneyto be made a busy ptacel Wjth so many yeaa of China beggarsin a span of onty 20 minutes. What from lapan, the United States,Europe, and the in Hond KonB rhal every in(h of spaceis experience,I thought I coutd mingte in a chinese street crowd; apparentty,I coutdn't. I overs€asChinese, Cheap, hardworking labor extremely valuableand must be used ro ma-r thjnk I had the rjght cotor, btack, lor myjacket, but I Looked(I was?) a bit otder Lhanthe was available.Sit€ limitations were overcom€ imum advantage.Tbe authorities have used perhaps averagecrowd on lhis street-I had Left my Kangothat in the hotel room. 0r any by massive landfill projects, and freshwater remarkrbleingenuity in derigningrhe road unattached man stroLLingalone on a Fridaynight is an obvjoustarget and food were purchased from adjacent \y\rem and other ferturesot lhe built envi Guangdong Province. ronment, especiallyon crowded Hong Kong During the Cold War period ot the 1950s lstdnd.Kowloon, on the mrinland side.har and 1960(.Hong Kong.ommandeda unique relarivelymore Iand,but evenlhere the inlri autonomy in its internat affairs and capitalist "socirlist norms) and the full capitalirt geopoliticalposirion. One ol theparadoxes of cacy of the urban design is impressive.After q6tem. China would have control only over system in Hong Kong. ln lhe yearsbefore the Hong Kong was that China continued to the international airport moved to Chek l-aP Hong Kongt defcnse and foreign relations. handover,Ihebigsest concern was whdl would permit this arch symbol o[ unrepentant Kok on the north shore of Lantau Island in Since 1997, Hong Kong has been under the happen after 1997. Indeed, in the decad€ Western capitalism and colonialism to exist lq97 I now widelyregarded as one of thefinest model known a< one (ounlry, llvo systems. preceding the transition, these concerns and lhriveon whrr wasrighlly Lhineseterri- airporrsin rheworld). building height limita The latter refers to the"socialist" systemin the triggered an exodus of about half a million tory. The Chinese did this partly because tions in Kowloon were ended. Ttre Kowloon PRC (even though it has deviated from many Hon8 Konger\. mostly wealthv proles"ionals, Hong Kong made lot. of money for them, side is now taking on the Manhattan-like CHAPTER I I: CITIES OF EAST ASIA RepresehtatiteCities

Figure11.21 This view of Hong KongIsLand, taken from Kowtoonacross the harbot dramaticatty€onveys the modernjtyand wealth of modernHong Kong. The CentraIPtaza blitding towers over the wavelike profiteof the Conventjon Center,where th€ handoverto Chinatook pLacein 1997. (Photo by KarnWing Chan)

proEle of Hong Kong Island. Th€re se€msno as Shatin and Tuen Mun, werc built almost Fjgure11.22 Hong Kongand the PearlRiver Detta. Sourc€i Adapted from varioussources. limit to the (on5trLrclionboom rnd demand totally from scratch. for new buildingsand orhersrruclures. HonS Unril the late 1980s,rhe economy lhar had Kong remains incredibly dynamic. fueledthe rreationof this machine with tlrr HonS Kong now form a highly integrated Immediately after handovef, the Asian Lesseye-catching to the av€ragetourist,but goal of making money, as much and as fast as region, one of the world's major global export financial crisis of )997-199a pushed Hong themselves impressive social accomplislr po"sible was heavily based cenrers,with Hong Kongrewing as the'ihop Kong into a recessionthat continued past dle ments, are Hong Kong's public housing and goods manufacturing and exports, especially fiont and lhe dehaas the"fa

this weakness has shown in several Taipei:A Regio al Centerin admini

place. have moved to lh( personnel). Seoul is the political, cultural, rrransplanledwith adminislratorsand leSisla- twice the size of , the main heary as affluent trppies high-cla.sresidenlia educational, and economic heart of modern tors from Nanjing). The provincial capital industrial center in the south. No longer norrhern suburbs.to 'national nerghborhoodsin Tienmu and Neihu. or south Korea.rhe nervecenler lor thepower d€alt with aSriculture and similar island touteda( the (apital.wiih rheSrrd- Io some ful state that South Korea has become (local) affairs. This artificial dichotomy, ual dissolutionof the provincialgovernment sourhwardtoward Hsintien.Taipei. ertent, reflectselements of the conc€ntric Although Seoul does not rank with Tokyo designed to preservethe fiction that the ROC In central Taiwan in the 1990s,Taipei remains model. In or New York as a true global city, it is moving government was the legalgovernment of all of overwhelminglythe cenler of inlernational zone model and the multinucl€ic \ome reipe(rs. Taipei lool,r like seoul on ; in rhardirection, and it certainlyhas become China, held until the early 1990s,when the trade and investment and includes a large broad. mu(h more cosmopoliran in lhe past government finally publicly admitted it had expatriate (ommuniry. Cullure. enrerlain- smrller s(ile, wirh modern buildings; hiShslandrrd o' l0 years,wirh lhe democratiTdtionrnd glob- nojurisdiction over the mainland. The impact ment, and tourism are all focused on Taipei trec-linedboulevardsr and a Iiving.Subs(dntial clednup and improvemenls alirationot South Koreaas well as Taiwrn L, on Taipei over the decadeswas great,resulting lapanese especially like to visit Taiwan, (rme with Ihc 1990sds the politi.al \ysleo. someway\, rhe new internalionalairPort. one in a large bureaucracy and the construction of because of its colonial heritag€; the city's wrr democratized,the environmenlbecame of the worldt finest,which recentlyopened ai national capital level buildings in the city. culture hrs a distinctlylapanese flavor to it an imporlanl (oncern.and urbrn develop- Inchon, *est of Seoul, symbolizes the full Huge tracts of land form€rly occupied by the (sorne people regard the lapanese food in ment becrme an open topic for inPut corning of age of Seoul as a major player in Japanesewere taken over by the government Taipei as even bctter than that in ]apan). The Public An excellentmr(r rapid rran\ir systemhelps tbe global economy. after 1945, and the single party authoritarian metropolitanregion also i. one ol the i'land s crush..ompos.r Tbe rise of Seoul to becomeone of rhe political system under the KuomintanB key induslrialaredsr mo\t of lhe manufactur- ro €aselhe lranlporrarion hordes of motorcyclesand increasing larSestcities in lhe world ir surprisirrg,ifonlv (KMT) allowed the government to develop ing is now (on(entraredin a numberof satel- of numben ol private automobiles.As witt From a locational viewpoint. The city's site, the city in whatever way it desired,largelyfree lite cities, to the west and south of the capital cilie( dround the world. pdrkinSL i monu- midway along the we't (on\l plairr oi the of open public debate. This even included The old port of ,once the key link mental problem for all drivers. KorerDpeninsula. where most people Lve, was renaming many sireets in Taipei after wer- with Japan,serves as the port oudet for the originallya logi

URBAN PROBLEMS AND iron rice bowl welfarc system to the relative THEIR SOLUTIONS neglect of rural areas; the enforcement of srri conrrolsover inlernalmigration wilhin The relativcly clear-cut dichotomy between the country through the lakoa (household the socialist path ofChina, ,and registration) system;and strict monitoring of Mongoliarnd thenonso(idlist prth of lhe rest peopler livesin the (iriesth'ou8h neiBhbor- of Fdsr Asia rhar charaLteriTedlhe reSion hood .ommittees all in combination witl' through the 1970s is no longer valid- China olher polic:esproduced an arti6cial,unwork has been abandoning orthodox socialism,lor ab'e urban and |ldliondl sysrer rhat \.ru< all practi.al purpo(es,since the l.le lo70\. clearlyfailing by lhe mid-1q70(.when Mdo though one party rule remains. North Korea died. The systemhad to change occasionallyhints tbat it migl)t be tempted to do soal'o. Uut thenslip' bJck inro ir' Sra'rnil The Rehtfl Era (1978-): Opettn\ China suslrcron oi lhe oursideworld {box ll.5). Figurc 11.24 SeouLconstructed an impressjvesubway system for the olympic MonSolia, like Russia,abandoned not only a Srartingin the late 1970s,Ch,na! Ieaders Gamesin 1988. EachstaLion is different in ih architectureand artistic socialistsystem but also single party rule and hcgan to mrl,e .ignificanl(hanges in poli(y decoration.This is the handsomeKangnam statjon. (Photo courtesy SeouL city is now struggling to join tbe world, too. The acro$ rhe board, rhindoning or severely oovernment) colonial er.r is norv complctely over in the dilulrngsome of thekey policies ol the Maoi't region As r resultofall lhe"e.han8es, urbrn cra. includingsome of tho

Box 11.5 The Isolation of Perioheral Cities Lhasa,the capitatcity ot Tibet,is sjmitarin manyways to Urumqi,altholgh much smatter (under300,000 in the urbanarea). If not for Chineserule, Lhasawoutd be evenmole Isotationcan be a hugehandicap for citjes,but isotatjonis a retativeconcept in that it can geographicattyisotated as one of the world'shighest cities (nearty 12,000 ft in etevation). arisefrom eitherphysical or humangeography. Four cities in EastAsia-, Utan Alsoan ancjentcity andthe centerol Tibet'sunique Buddhist cutture under the DataiLama jn in 8ator, ljrumqi, Lhasa-ptayimportant rotes in their respectiveregions, yet reatLyare (nosin exite India),Lhasa was thrust into the modernwortd wjth China'stakeover the isotated-periphealgeographicatly and in termsof theirtinkages with therest of thewortd. 1950sand became the focal point of China'sefforts ro containTibetan separabsm, dGwing Pyongyangis perhapsthe biggeslanomaty of the lour Thegovernment of Northl(orea muchinternahonal attention in the process(fig. 11.25).Ljke Urumqi, Lhasa is lapidty rutesthis austere.rectusive nation of some22 mittionfrom the capjtalcjty of Pyongyang. becomingessentiatly a Chinesecity, with the HanChjnese poputatjon steadiLy increasing primate Withan estimated3.5 miLtionin its metropoLitanregion, Pyongyang is thrcetimes larger, andChinese urban forms dispta€ing much that wastraditional and Tibetan. Atso a js in ctassicprimacl fashion, than the nexttwo largestcities, and . This is city, Lhasa severalhmes largerlhan second-ptaceShigatse (at 80,000).Without hardtya surprise,gjven the centrattyplanned, StatinisL system that continuesto hangon, Xinjiang'snaturat resources, and with a smatterpopulation, Tibet remains one of China's [on9after the Sovietunion, l'laoist Chjna, and communist l'longolia saw the hght.LeveLed poorestregions. and Lhasa's economy is largeLydependent on tourismand services, subsi- peripheratregions (and to the groundduring the KoreanWar (1950-1953), Pyongyang was LotaLly rebuitt in the true djzedby the Betinggovernment in its determinationto ensurethat powerful socjatistcity modet,with broadbouLevards and massivegovernment buildinqs. a superfi- thejrkey cities) tjke Xinjiang and Tibet r€main firmty within the PRc.one demon- ciattymodern showcase of sociatjstdogma, but a cirythat getsterribte reviews from the few strationof thjs effortwas the openingin 2006of the first Gitwaytinking Tibet with the as foreignerswho have managed to visit. Pyongyangis tittte morc than a grandiosemonument restof China(via Oinghai province to Lhenorth). Tibetan natjonatisb view the raitway LooLto to the whimsof NorthXorea's autocratic ruLers. The city maybe geog€phicalLysjred in the onemore tenlacte of Beijjng'sgrip. Beijing, in turn,sees the railwayas an essentiaL heartof EastAsia, but it mightas !!ettbe in the middteof Siberia. furtherbring Tibet into the modernworld and irrevocabty into the PRC. By contrast,l"longoUa's capitat city of UtanBator (Utaanbataar), atthough much smalter at about 800,000peopte, is the centerof a countrynow doing everythingpossib{e to integratewith the o0tride wodd.The mainprobtems are t'longofiattiny popuLation (2.9miLtion), spraw[ng [and area, and geographicat isotation. lJtan Bator is alsoa primate city, manytimes larger than numbertwo city, (about 71,000). As Mongotiasheds its socialistpast and democntizes,lhe coontryis npidty urbanizjngand tMng to find atternativesto the processingof anjmaIproducts for its smatLeconomy. Tourism is growing, but industryis neverlikety to be sjgnjficanthere. It wjttbe difficuttto over€omethe coun- try'sgeographjca{ timitations; hence. Utan Bator wilt tiketyremain targety a minorrcgional center. Urumqijs atsoa regional(but not a nationat)capitat, for the XinjiangAutonomous Regionin China.An ancjentcjty, Urumqihas become a boomingmetropotis of over 2 nittion, wjth a targetyHan Chinese poputation, as the centerof China'sadministration anddevetopment of Xinjiang.As such, Urumqi in recentdecades has increasinqty taken on the characterand physicatappearance of a ChineseciLy, very simjtarto thosefound Lhroughoutthe eastern,more poputous part of the country.Atthough geographicalty the mostisotated of thesefour perjphera{cities, Urumqi is actuaLtyvery much in louchwith Figure11.25 TheTibetan capitat of Lhasajs dominatedby the PotataPatace, prodigious growth the outsjdewortd, targetybecause of China's economic in recent nowa WortdHeriLage Site but no lonqerthe homeof Tibett traditionaLruler, decades.The city is the focal pointof [arge-scaletourism, industriatizatjon, and devetop- the DalajLama. (Photo by GeorgePomeroy) mentoF the reqion'soil and otherresources. Urumqj js aGothe centerof effortsby the thesefour cities, in theirhistorical as wetL as recent devetopment, itLustrate that Chinesegovernrnent to containseparatist tendencies among Xinjiang's targety l4udim pop- In sum. by natureor by governrnenL,and that overcomjngjsolaiion is no ulation(especjalty among the Uigu4.Hence, the city'sgeopotticaL importance may wetl isotationcan be imposed exceedits econonicrote. easytask. 518 CHAPTER I1: CITIES OF EAST ASIA UrbanProblems dndThei Solution'

Figure11.27 ltligrantworkers shine shoes on a streetin ,a city in centnt China.l'ligraft workersare found jn atLof China's major cities. perfoming alLmanner ofjobs in a desperatesearch for emptoymentand income,symptomatic of Chjna'sseve(e need forjob creationjn the economy.(Photo by KamWing Chan)

Figure11.26 l4odernhigh-rise buildings in Shanghaiserve as a HonBKong \hcnzhenloday mrke' a striking the result of a delberate policy by the Chinese backdropfor bannersadvertising the appearanceof a RussianbaLtet sighrwher viewedrrom one of lhe vanta8e governrnent,which foilowed Deng XiaopinS's troupe, white a sjgn for l,4axim'sRestaurant (a popuLarrcstaulant points in Hong Kongt New Territories. Most famoos dictum, "To get rich is gloriousl' In chainin EastAsia) pokes up in the foreground-dramaticsymbots oFthe land along the Hong Kong side is unde- addirion.the gouernmenl has relrred controls att of Chjna'sgtobatization and modernization.(Photo by kam WjnsChan) vclopcdfarn-lcnd nr narurepreserves, whilc ir manylrrers Wilh decolle(liviTdrionand lhe immediately on thc other side nses 5 sprawl- relurn ro privale smallholding'lunder the ing Manhattanlike urban landscapc. Hou.eholdResponsibility Syslem), aSri(uhure cities" in 1984. At dre end of the 1980s, crcation of the new city of Shenzhcn,iust The negativ€ side of Chinat New Open showed significint illcrerses in lrbor Hainan Island became both a ncw province across the border from HonS Kong. A smatl Door era has been to increase imbalances productivity, with greatly improved living and the 6fth SEZ, while Shanghait Pudong village at the border-crossing point became, between rural and urban areas, between srandardi;nlhecountry(ideAI the.amerime. disrrict joined the crtegory of "open" zones. within one decade,a city of scvcral million, provinces and diffcrent regions,and berween lhough. miny rur,rl worlers be

of its tand Box 11.6 EnvironmentalHazards Chinais currentlythe mostvulnerabte state in ihe region.The sheer enormity rnassand DoDULation, combined wjth its breathtahngeconomic groMh, has made its envj- for example,is in criticalLyshort Thecities of EasrAsia face environnental hazards from two fronts-probLemscaused by ronmentatimpact gargantuan in scopeand severity. Water, is struggtingto meetits huge humansand those caused by nature.Human environmental problems are the resuttof the supptyin most.ofthe northand west,and the country worseby terribtepoLtution of avaitabLe region'shuge poputation and economicsuccess. Rapid urbanization and industria6zation demandsfor pot;btewater in coningdecades, made Theair in Chinatcjties is amongthe worst inevjtabtytead to increasedconcentrations of humansin crowdedurban settjngs consum- waterin rivers,[akes, and underqround aquifurs just js of massiveindustriali2ation and whote- ing everincreasingquantities of goodsand seMces. The r€sutt is escaLatingshains on air, in the wortd, as the country in the midsl vastenergy needs in the coming watet andland resources, and thus on the overa(lqua{ity of Life,even as lhe materialstan- heartedadoption of automobites.lAeeting Lhe countrfs resourcesas wellas those of the rest dardsof livjngrise. One can see this paradoxaround the world,of course. decadeswitl put huqestrains on China'sown energy WithinEastfuia. thus, devetopment success spread in the post-WortdWar II erafrom Japan, of the world. costot devetopment,starting in whereit aL[started in the 1950s,through the "Liftte Tige6" of SouthKorca, Taiwan, and Hong Japanwas the firstto takenotjce of the environmental wealthand a growingenvironmentaL (ong/l'4acauin the 1960sand 1970s, and finaLty on into Chinain the 1980sand 1990s. That the 1960sand 1970s.Thanks to its abundant prcgressback to an environmentatty hdatwave of sLrccess,howevet brought with it tikea cancersome of the world'sworst envi- consciousness,it has startedto makesjgnificant the "LittLeTiqers" have foltowed in ronmenLaLpottution. The expanding cjtjes becarne centers of €xtreneair and\4ater pottution. responsibte,"green" country. With about a 20'yeartag, progress,Fotlowed by South Korea Hong Kong Ruralareas became debased by the caretessdisposal of toxicwastes by industryand by lhe Japan'sfootsteps. Taiwan has made the most its proximityto China.Indeed. the rest mountainsof garbagecreated by uftandwetLeR. Increasing poputation pressure put enormous is just beginningits efforts,made more difficutt by China'sbad envjronment, especially from air strajnson preciousLand, causing dangerous deforestation, improper use of dopetands,wastjog of EastAsia cannot avoid being impacted by region.Air pottutiontruty is not confinedby national of [andon frivotousactivities such as golf cou6es, suburban sprawl thal gobbtedup vatuabte pottutionthat drifu eastwardover the growing to greenhousegases means that the rest farmtand,and pottution of coastalfishjng areas by urbanand industriat sewage. The abuses boundaries.Likewise, China's contribution is hostageto China'seventual success wenton andon. The presence of highmass-consumption societies in densetypopuLated areas of EastAsia (not to mentionthe reslof the wortd) impad makesfor a lethalcombinahon, especra[y in the f?ceof numerousnatural hazads. liluch of (orhiture) in gainingcontroL of its environmentaI seatevel rises, then tasLAsia is doomed, maritimeEast Asia lies in a hightyadive earthquake zone, and the urban centers and economies If gtobatwarrning does result in significant anda goodshare oFits popuLation are concentrated in muchoF the regionare vutneEbte. Thjs maritime realm also lies within the typhoonbeLt of becauseso much of its moderneconomy Theother ehvironmentaL probtems facing cities fuia, sothat the destructivewinds and torential rains and flooding associated with typhoons in tow-tyjngport cities that wittbe drowned a catamjtY. periodicattywreak havoc, espeoatty on the region'surban areas. wilt becomemoot issuesin the event of such

and drubness of the Mdoist population'of miSrrnr workers,eslimaled al (distinguished from cities) over the past a place to Iive. The Sovernmenl hopes lo

Impd((jng virtrra lly everyone.rich or poor.rs rkylines tbecaure of earrhqu,rkehazdrds), the critical stat€ of the environment. Reput- have.ucrumbed to the rrend toward high edly,a majority of the 10 most polluted ma- rise construction, such as in the cluster jor cities in the world are foLrndin China of 50 plus-story.buildingscenlered rround today(boxll6) the (iry 8ovcrnment .omplex in Tokyo: Shinjuku Disrricr.or lhe rres hiSh-ri\epro- file in the port ofYokohama. cities, Other Pathsit EastAsia Japanesc and now incrcasinglyothcr citics in the As with big cit;es around the world, the reBion.Jl\o m.rkcrn.rximunr use of undcr. irduslfl.rl cit;csof Frsl Asiaare expericncing ground space, $'ith enornlous, complex profound problems of overcrowd;n8, polltr- undergrorrndnrill. inrcrcannccrc,ll,y .ul tion, t.affic congeshon,.rimc,nnd shortages of affordable housing and other services.Yet Movenrcnrnrtwrrrd ftom thc (crrrr.rl. it, nr^

however, none have been substantially suc- so scarce and expensive, the small Korean as lhey are lor Tokyo. and for many of the and to d;ffuse some of the urbanization cesstul in reducing the drawint power of homes cluster together lik€ beeson the steep, same reasonsrmone/. politics,history, cul- Tarwan, foi instance, has developed its own Tokyo. Neither has the decline ofregions such rocky hillsides. Elsewhere, especially south ture). Indeed, South Korea'sh;gh court ruled sleek version of lapan's "bullet" traini it as the Kansai been stopped, in spite of efforts of the Han River, huge apartment complexes rhe felocationunronstitutional. The debat( srartedoperation in late2006 and hascut the such as the opening of the new Kansai Inter- march to the horizon in a monotonous pre- tfavel time between Taipei and Kaohsiung to national Airport on an artificial island off rhe cision of ldyout. Propertyvalues soared in about90 minutes.The rivalrybetween Taip., coastof OsaLain 1990,in an effort to give the 1980s as redevelopment contributed to and Kaohsiungis ofien fierce.Hislori(ally. Tatpei: Toward Bala n ced Tokyo's Narita some competition. In 2001 the Iarge-scalereal estatespeculation, a problem ihese two cities have been controlled by the RegionalDevelopment government launched a major effort at common in East Asia (and now raSinBin lwo main comp€tin8prrries, the KMT dnd revitalization of the Kansai, wirh limired China). The property bubble burst in the Taipei has made diamati. progress in the DPP,which have rheir power base ln th€ resultsso far, early 1990swith a gradual decline in prices, rccenlyears in solvrngsomeofitsurban prob- Norlh and lhe South,respechvely. The cur- Nonetheless, the dream persists If lapan \purred turther by the Asian financialcrisis lems.Completion of a massrapid trJnsitsyv reDt central 8ov€rnment Policy under the had not suffered serious economic stagnation of 1997-1998 Thar crisis hit South Korea lern ond (lcppcd-up enior(emenrof lriflic DPP ;s rimcd al lowering lhc rclativepro over the past decade or more, the prospects hard and actually contributed to a decrease ruleshave brought order to whnl was once portion ofpopulation airdeconomic a.tivity jn for real change would be better today. Now, Seoult total population from irs peak one ofthe worstcities in Asia for traffic chaos in the Norrhern Regiun and spreidinB rr fedrinSlhat Tolqo might be rupplanredas of 12 mjllion in 1999 to th€ present roughly Pollutiontespecially,rir pollution) has becn more evenlydmong lhe other rhreeregions. Asias premier businesscenter by some other l0 million. The economy has since r€covered drr(ti(rlly cul lhrough various progrdm. fhe Cenrral Re8iontaround Tai.hung) hrs city, su€h as HonS Kong or Singapore, the much of its vigor. While housingisstill expensiv€,it is becominS acruallyseen lhe mosl rapidgrowrh in recent government has stepped up efforts to revital Seoul would probably be even larger and relatrvelymore affordable.Overall, the city is years. There is even a fledgling movement izethe capital. In sum,the inabiliiy ofJapan- more conSestedthan it is today ifthe Sovern- cleaner and is decidedJy a better place in afoot to shift the island's capital functions with its enormous wealth and relative social ment had not adopteda policyof promorinS which to liv€ or raisea family.Although many irom Taipeito Kdohsiungfor the samerea- homogeneity to solve this regionai irnbal- urban/industrial Srowth elsewherein the peoplehave movcd Io lhe suburbs,a large sons promoted in Iapan and South Korea. ance problem does not sugSesta high proba country. In spite of thc attraction of Seoul 'e

. "There is huSe potential demand for SUGGESTEDREADINGS Wu, Itrlong, Iiangxu,and AnthonyGar On Yeh. Yusul shahid, and Kaoru Ndbeshime. 2000. Po\r. urban redevelopment." 2007. UtLan Developnent in Post-Reform Indust nl tda,4rta atip' slanford: $anfo'c 'lapane(e . city plnrnir)g shows LItle Ai'ndt. t^ren,.1nd Thun,asG. l?iwskr,ed\. 24nP Chi,n: Stote,Market, and Sprce London,New Univeriity Prets and Wo'ld Bank. A book or ' visionregrrding a IrfinSenvironnrcr), Chiros Grcnt kotto'ttic Tt slonwtion. Catn- York: Routledge.A detailedlook ar various te

WorldRegional Urban Development

FOURTHEDITION

EDITEDBY STANLEYD. BRUNN,MAUREEN HAYS-MITCHELL, rNoDoNALD J. ZIEGLER

CARTOGRAPHY8Y ELTENR. WHITE

ROWM N & l-r1Ir-rll:lELl)PUBLISHllRS, lN(;. I-dDhdnr. lnNldcr . Nc\vY)rk.Toronlo. Plynu'lh. UK