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And Their Relationship with the Sharav and Mongolian Cyclones and Jet Streams Air Qual Atmos Health (2012) 5:413–424 DOI 10.1007/s11869-011-0134-7 Dust episodes in Hong Kong (South China) and their relationship with the Sharav and Mongolian cyclones and jet streams Y. C. Lee & Mark Wenig & Zhenxi Zhang & Nobuo Sugimoto & Dave Larko & Thomas Diehl Received: 7 October 2010 /Accepted: 20 January 2011 /Published online: 3 March 2011 # Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract The study presented in this paper analyses two African coast is clearly illustrated in the geopotential dust episodes in Hong Kong, one occurring in March height contours. Simulations by the chemistry transport 2006 and the other on 22 March 2010. The latter is the model GOCART provide a visible evidence of the worst dust episode on Hong Kong record. The focus is on transport as well as an estimate of contributions from the relationship between the dust episodes and the the Sahara to the aerosol concentration levels in Hong Sharav/Mongolian cyclones and jet streams. The 16 Kong. The transport simulations suggest that the dust is March 2006 episode is traceable to a continental-scale injected to the polar jet north of the Caspian Sea, while it Saharan dust outbreak of 5–9 March 2006 caused by the is transported eastward simultaneously by the more cold front of an East Mediterranean Sharav cyclone southerly subtropical jet. The major source of dust for arriving at north-west Africa on 5 March 2006. The Hong Kong is usually the Gobi desert. Despite the effect eastward movement of the cyclone along the North of remote sources, the 16 March 2006 dust episode was still mainly under the influence of the Mongolian cyclone cold fronts. In the recent episode of 22 March 2010, the influence of the Mongolian cyclone predominated as well. Y. C. Lee It appears that the concurrent influence of the Sharav and Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Centre, Mongolian cyclones on Hong Kong and East Asia is not a City University of Hong Kong, common occurrence. Besides transporting dusts from Hong Kong, China non-East Asian sources to Hong Kong and East Asia, : M. Wenig (*) Z. Zhang the strong subtropical jet on 21 March 2010 (i.e. 1 day School of Energy and Environment, prior to the major dust episode) is believed to have City University of Hong Kong, strengthened an easterly monsoon surge to South China Hong Kong, China e-mail: [email protected] causing the transport of voluminous dusts to Taiwan and Hong Kong the following day. N. Sugimoto Atmospheric Remote Sensing Section, Keywords Hong Kong dust episode . Sahara dust National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, outbreak . Sharav/Mongolian cyclones . Jet streams Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan D. Larko Introduction Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Impact of East Asian and non-East Asian deserts on Hong Kong and Southeast and North Asia T. Diehl University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, The impact of the East Asian deserts (Gobi and Taklamakan) MD, USA on Asia is very well documented whereas the literature on the 414 Air Qual Atmos Health (2012) 5:413–424 impact of non-East Asian dust sources on East Asia is quite Mongolian border. A cyclone forms in Mongolia under the limited. However, Saharan dust has been reported to be influence of cold continental air. Being downstream of the carried eastward to Korea and Japan (Park et al. 2005; Tanaka fronts of the cyclones, the Gobi and maybe also the et al. 2005; Lee et al. 2006). Lee et al. (2010)haveshown Taklamakan deserts are often swept by strong cyclonic that remote non-East Asian sources affect Hong Kong as winds, with vast quantities of dust uplifted. well, in as much as 96% of the dust events analysed for the period of 1996 to 2007, and were the sole dust sources on Cyclones and jet streams eight dusty days during this period. The most prevalent non- East Asian influence on Hong Kong was found to be the Cyclone activity has been found to correlate strongly with Thar, the Sahara and the Arabian deserts. the subtropical jet (Alpert and Ganor 1993) and, in severe Following up on an earlier investigation (Lee et al. weather events, possibly with an intrusion of a strong polar 2010), the current study focuses on the effect of meteoro- jet into North Africa (Alpert and Ziv 1989). Alpert and Ziv logical factors on the two dust episodes that occurred in (1989) believe the jet stream has a major role in producing Hong Kong during the 2006–2010 period. They are found a complex cyclonic circulation. Prezerakos et al. (2006) has to be associated with one or both of the cyclone systems in found that the cyclogenesis over the eastern Mediterranean spring in the eastern Mediterranean and Mongolia whereas is associated with a juxtaposition of a polar jet streak to the the subtropical and polar jet streams clearly have a role to subtropical jet causing cross vertical circulations. Taghavi play especially as transport systems. and Asadi (2007) suggest that major dust and/or sand storms can be produced over the Middle East when the Mid-latitude cyclone systems in spring subtropical jet stream moves up from the south and a polar jet moves down from Europe. The transport of Saharan dust to the East Mediterranean A strong waveguide is believed to exist in the Mediter- occurs predominantly in spring (Kubilay et al. 2000)asa ranean–Sahara region and influence the East Asian winter result of mid-latitude cyclones (or cold depressions) which climate through the Rossby wave guide effect of the are particularly active in the Mediterranean in this season. subtropical jet stream (Watanabe 2004; Hong et al. 2009) These Sharav cyclones or spring depressions, large travel- and wave activity forced in the Mediterranean–Sahara ling systems with low-pressure centres, are the most region could propagate to East Asia. This waveguide is frequent type of Mediterranean cyclones. Occasionally, oriented almost zonally and coincides with the subtropical they may lead to large-scale dust outbreaks in the Sahara jet (Hsu and Lin 1992) while Chang (1999) suggests that in desert (Bou Karam et al. 2009). This usually begins with a winter, the primary waveguide follows the subtropical jet deep north–south-oriented upper level trough emanating over southern Asia into the Pacific. from the Icelandic Low, transporting cold air from high The East Asian winter monsoon is known to be latitudes into North Africa (Meloni et al. 2008). In spring, strengthened by a strong subtropical jet (also known as the temperature difference between the North African the East Asian jet) in Asia which is linked to an continent and the Mediterranean Sea is largest due to the intensification of the weather and climate systems in Asia temperature increase over the continent relative to the cold and over the Pacific (Yang et al. 2002) involving Mediterranean Sea (Bou Karam, et al. 2009). As a result, a cyclogenesis, frontogenesis, blocking, storm track activity cyclone develops in north-west Africa along the front and the development of other atmospheric disturbances between the cold northern air and the warm African air. (Yang et al. 2002). When the subtropical jet strengthens, it After formation, it moves eastward, together with the upper is accompanied by an adjustment of the large-scale air troughs, along the thermal gradient just south of the circulation system over Asia and the Pacific. This increases North African coast (Moulin et al. 1998) at a speed the north–south pressure gradient in the Asia-Pacific typically faster than 10 ms−1 (Alpert and Ziv 1989). region, thereby favouring a southeastward intrusion of the Dust transport towards the eastern Mediterranean and the cold air from Siberia. The East Asian winter monsoon Middle East in spring has long been documented (Ganor, (Yang et al. 2002) is intensified as a result. 1994; Kubilay et al. 2000; Engelstaedter et al. 2006). Tanaka et al. (2005) has reported on a strong cyclone in the eastern Mediterranean Sea on 19 March 2003 resulting in a Data and analysis severe dust storm over the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula and suggested that transcontinental dust transport Backward trajectories has occurred. As for the Asian mid-latitude cyclone, a trough is The HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Inte- usually detected near Lake Baikal, which is close to the grated Trajectory) model (version 4.9) of the US National Air Qual Atmos Health (2012) 5:413–424 415 Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is used (Sugimoto et al. 2008) at Tsukuba, Japan (36.05 N, 140.12 E, to identify origin of air masses to Hong Kong and other 30 mASL) providing vertical profiles of the backscattering destinations in Asia. Air parcel backward trajectories to intensity and depolarization ratio of aerosol particles. Hong Kong and other cities at 00 UTC are computed at Relatively large, nonspherical desert dust particles can be 0.5 km intervals for altitudes up to 6.5 km. The National identified by their strong depolarization. Centres for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis The second lidar data set we used contains aerosol and data are used as model input (Draxler and Rolph 2003; cloud data from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Draxler and Hess 2004). Polarization onboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations satellite (CALIPSO). Satellite images Since they are available from June 2006 only, no analysis can be performed for the episode of March 2006. The The distribution of aerosols is observed in NASA’s daily CALIPSO lidar measures both vertical and horizontal aerosol index images from the Ozone Monitoring Instru- distribution of cloud and aerosol layers.
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