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Women's Predicament in the Select Works of Easterine

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Women's Predicament in the Select Works of Easterine WOMEN’S PREDICAMENT IN THE SELECT WORKS OF EASTERINE KIRE, TEMSULA AO, INDIRA GOSWAMI AND MITRA PHUKAN: A FEMINIST READING A thesis submitted to NAGALAND UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENGLISH By WATIMONGLA PONGENER Ph.D. Regd. No. 510/2012 of 21.08.2012 Under the Supervision of Dr. JANO S. LIEGISE Associate Professor Department of English Nagaland University Kohima Campus, Meriema Kohima – 797001 2017 Nagaland University (A Central University established by the act of Parliament, 35/1989) Department of English Kohima Campus, Kohima-797001 3rd May 2017 SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this thesis entitled WOMEN’S PREDICAMENT IN THE SELECT WORKS OF EASTERINE KIRE, TEMSULA AO, INDIRA GOSWAMI AND MITRA PHUKAN: A FEMINIST READING is a bonafide record of research work done by Ms Watimongla Pongener, Regn 510/2012 of 21.08.2012, Department of English, Nagaland University, Kohima Campus, Meriema during 2012 - 2017. Submitted to the Nagaland University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English, this thesis has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or other title and the thesis represents independent and original work on the part of the candidate under my supervision. Ms Watimongla Pongener has completed her research work within the stipulated time. The 3rd of May, 2017 Kohima SUPERVISOR Dr. Jano S. Liegise Associate Professor Department of English Nagaland University Kohima Campus, Meriema Kohima-797001, Nagaland. CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I, Watimongla Pongener, hereby declare that the thesis entitled Women’s Predicament in the Select Works of Easterine Kire, Temsula Ao, Indira Goswami and Mitra Phukan: A Feminist Reading, is a bonafide record of research work done by me, under the guidance and supervision of Dr Jano S. Liegise, Associate Professor, Department of English, Nagaland University, Kohima Campus, Meriema, during the period of my research (2012-2017) and it has not been submitted, either in full or in part, to any other university or institution for the award of any degree, diploma or title. Place: Kohima Watimongla Pongener Date :(3rd May 2017) Research Scholar Countersigned Countersigned Dr Rosemary Dzuvichu Dr Jano S. Liegise Head Supervisor Department of English Associate Professor Nagaland University Department of English Kohima Campus, Meriema. Nagaland University Kohima Campus: Meriema ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work would not have been possible without the support, advice and encouragement of those who helped bring this work to fruition. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr Jano S. Liegise for steering and guiding me throughout the course of this work with gentle wisdom, valuable insights and infinite patience. I thank my colleage Dr Lanurenla of the English Department of Fazl Ali College, Mokokchung for the fruitful discussions and exchanges in the College for the last few years. I also owe my deepest gratitude to my husband Dr Imtiwati Jamir for his constant encouragement and support. Women who toil all their lives to ensure their families are cared and provided for, who are the rock on which the family bond is built and strengthened – among such women, one of them was my mother. I dedicate this work to the memory of my mother Rongpangdangla Imchen who made immense sacrifices in her life to ensure that her children could aspire to and realise their dreams. Date: 3rd May 2017 Watimongla Pongener CONTENTS Chapter I Feminism and the Northeast Women's predicament Introduction 1 Works Cited 40 Chapter II Easterine Kire: Shaping a Feminist Consciousness in a Man's World Introduction 42 1(a) A Naga Village Remembered - History Revisited 46 1(b) Daughters of Kelhoukevira 47 1(c) Survival 57 2(a) A Terrible Matriarchy - Wo(e)men's Stories 62 2(b) Daughters of Patriarchy 67 2(c) Navigating the Waters 80 Works Cited 86 Chapter III Female Strength in the Precarious World of Temsula Ao Introduction 88 1(a) Voices from a War Zone 92 1(b) The Jungle Major’s Wife 98 1(c) Khatila’s Audacity 100 2(a) Soaba: Silent, Silenced Subaltern 104 2(b) Woman: Struggling in the Shadows 107 2(c) Humanity in a Time of Evil 110 3(a) Libeni and Apenyo 112 3(b) Women's Predicament in War 116 4(a) Imnala’s Night of Turmoil 119 4(b) Moral Lens of Society 128 5(a) Three Women 132 5(b) Personal Stories, Private Agonies 134 5(c) Bonds of Love in Maternal Kinship 144 Works Cited 148 Chapter IV A Woman’s heart: Female Protagonists of Indira Goswami Introduction 149 1(a) Widows in a Sattra 153 1(b) Women and Caste 160 2(a) Saga of Oppressed Widowhood: Durga's Miseries 162 2(b) Defeated by Her Demons 168 3(a) Saru Gossainee: Desire and Frustration 172 3(b) Conflict between Strisvabhava and Stridharma 176 3(c) Religious Sanctity versus Sanctimony 180 3(d) Shattered Dreams 183 4(a) Giribala: The Rebel 188 4(b) A Loveless Marriage 192 4(c) Passion and Pains of Young Widowhood 195 4(d) Giribala’s ‘Heinous’ Defiance 198 4(e) Victimization from ‘Sin of Puberty’ 203 5 Eliman’s Calamitous Dilemma 211 6 Struggling Against Odds 218 Works Cited 225 Endnotes 227 Chapter V Patterns of Predicaments: Mitra Phukan’s Fictional Art Introduction 228 1(a) Friction between Social Responsibility and Inner Hopes 232 1(b) Complexity of Frustrations 239 1(c) Women and the Curse of Childlessness 243 1(d) A Woman’s Silent Pain and Anxieties 249 1(e) Towards Feminist Analysis of Rukmini 253 1(f) Social Expectations versus Authentic Identity 260 2(a) Resolving the Angst and Anxieties 268 2(b) Getting Out of a Rut 273 2(c) Predicament in Joy 275 2(d) Ironies of Life and Death 285 2(e) Denouement 293 Works Cited 299 Chapter VI Conclusion The Woman’s Story Continues 300 Works Cited 310 Select Bibliography 311 1 Chapter I Feminism and the Northeast Women's predicament Introduction The human race consists of men and women who have struggled, evolved and survived through millennia. In the history of humankind, man's struggle, achievements and intellectual contribution has been acknowledged and recorded consistently. The question here is - in the records of the story of the human race, where is the woman's story, the woman's history and her contribution to the advancement of her kind. In looking at the past, since antiquity right up to the contemporary situation, it is clear that the story of one half of the human race has not been adequately told. There is a marked imbalance in the representation of the story of womankind. Women in almost all civilizations, across cultures and through centuries since patriarchal times have been considered the subordinate sex from the belief that women are inferior to men. Their secondary status in relation to men under patriarchally-designed laws and structures has created for them a position that perpetuates their subjugation and oppression. Women's bodies are policed, their actions are controlled and their voices have been suppressed or in some cases kept silent under male-designed rules. As one half of the human race, women are an integral part of human civilization yet throughout human history, the woman's place in almost all societies is not considered equal to that of men. They have been denied social powers and rights equal to that which men enjoy, denied an equal share in the benefits that development and progress have given to humankind. This begs the question - without women's 2 contribution, would human civilization has come this far? Why does the idea exist that women are not equal to men? Would human society or the human race have survived or been perpetuated without the involvement and contribution of womenkind? History and reality reveal clearly that women of different races, ethnicities and cultures belonging to varying socio-economic classes share a common experience of subordination under men who in various ways have dominated, regulated, controlled, prevailed, ruled and governed society and women. Language too is permeated with male authority. Men enjoy - mastership, lordship, chieftainship or kingship; while dictatorships from the past to the present are male. Women have been victimized through this subordination. For millennia, the process of subordination has existed due to the socialization of roles of men and women along gender lines. Due to a variety of factors and forces determined by morphological and physiological differences between men and women, women are characterized as the female sex. Their distinct behaviours, mental and emotional characteristics, roles developed and socially constructed, distinguishes them as the female gender. Feminists draw a distinction between the terms sex and gender. Sex refers to biological differences in the reproductive organs and genes of humans which categorises them as male or female. Gender is considered a social and cultural construct referring to psychological, emotional and behavioural traits that differentiate and categorise the feminine from the masculine. Gender is a socially constructed, culturally specific, politically ascribed, historically changing reality. Examining social and cultural constructs about sex and gender reveals how in almost every domain where patriarchy reigns, women is the ‘Other’. From the social 3 ethos regarding the status and role of women, the differential socialization process of how males and females are treated and accorded status, their essential biological differences, behaviours that are labelled as feminine and masculine which differ from culture to culture, such factors among others tend to gender being socially constructed. In their historical and material reality, particularly in male-dominated cultures, women are accorded a lower status; They are regarded as innately inferior to males.
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