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Towards Sustainable Agricultural Waste Management

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Towards Sustainable Agricultural Waste Management Towards sustainable agricultural waste management Publishing organisation Environment Agency Rio House Waterside Drive Aztec West Almondsbury Bristol BS32 4UD Tel: 01454 624400 Fax: 01454 624409 © Environment Agency 2001 ISBN: 1 857 05721 X All rights reserved. No part of this document may be produced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior per- mission of the Environment Agency. The views expressed in this document are not necessarily those of the Environment Agency. Its officers, servic- es or agents accept no liability whatsoever for any loss or damage arising from the interpretation or use of the information, or reliance on views contained herein. This project has been funded by Biffaward (under the Landfill Tax Credit Scheme) with a contribution from the Environment Agency Waste Regulation and Management Research Programme. It is one of a series of projects in Biffaward’s ‘Programme on Sustainable Resource Use’. The Environment Agency provided additional funding to extend a review of agricultural waste management practices in other EU Member States (R&D Technical Report P1-399/2). Dissemination status Internal: Released to Regions External: Public domain Statement of use The implementation of the EC Framework Directive on Waste will extend existing waste management controls to agricultural waste. To achieve sustainable waste management, significant changes will need to take place in the management of a range of non-natural waste streams. This report has been commissioned to inform the development of a future UK strategy and is of interest to a wide audience including the farming industry, reg- ulators, NGOs and the waste management industry. Research contractor This document was produced under R&D Project P1-399 by: Marcus Hodges Environment Ltd Sub-contractors: 28 Barnfield Road BDB Associates Exeter Westcountry Rivers Trust Devon EX1 1RX Tel: 01392 432950 Fax: 01392 495355 Environment Agency Project Manager The Environment Agency’s Project Manager for R&D Project P1-399 was: Mark Okuniewski, Head Office Contents Steering group members ii Acknowledgements iii Executive summary v 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Context 1 1.2 Aim and objectives 3 1.3 Scope 3 1.4 Approach 4 2. Current situation 5 2.1 The UK agricultural industry 5 2.2 Waste streams 7 2.3 Current practices 16 3. Drivers for change 23 3.1 Proposed legal controls 23 3.2 Other drivers 27 4. Options and barriers 29 4.1 Assessment of waste management options 29 4.2 Potential barriers 34 5. Experience in otherEU member states 35 5.1 Overview 36 5.2 Packaging waste recovery schemes 38 5.3 Plastic film recovery schemes 40 5.4 Use of municipal waste collection facilities 42 5.5 Incentives and awareness programmes 43 6. Recommended strategy for the UK 45 6.1 Leadership and vision 45 6.2 Underlying principles 47 6.3 Action planning and implementation 58 6.4 Monitoring progress 59 Appendices 60 Appendix A – Consultees Appendix B – Focus group members Appendix C – Waste estimates and calculation methodology Appendix D – Waste management principles Appendix E – Methodology for assessing waste management options Appendix F – Further information on the recovery of waste plastics Appendix G – Key agricultural statistics for EU Member States ANNEX – Sustainable management of organic materials R&D Technical Report P1-399/1 i Steering group members Tanya Olmeda-Hodge Country Land and Business Association (CLA) Ross Dyer Crop Protection Association (formerly the British Agrochemicals Association) Matthew Hughes Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR)* Denise Randall Trevor Staines Rob Robinson Environment Agency Mark Okuniewski Dave Foster Environmental Services Association (ESA) Andy Ainsworth Brian Hall Institute of Wastes Management (IWM) Chris Murphy Peter Toombs Local Government Association (LGA) Lizzy Carlyle Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF)* Fiona Reynolds Eileen Pullinger Alan Brewer MAFF Rural Development Service* Diane Mitchell National Farmers Union (NFU) Robert Wise United Kingdom Agricultural Supply Trade Association (UKASTA) Correspondents and additional invitees to meetings Peter Jones Biffa plc David Pendlebury British Polythene Industries, representing the Plastic and Industrial David Butler Films Association (PIFA) John Sale Keith Baker British Veterinary Association Priscilla Russell Consultant to DETR (observer) John Hammond MacFarlane Plastics (representing PIFA) Ian McKee Northern Ireland Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Donald McFarlane Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA). Malcolm Somerville Scottish Executive Andy Rees Wales Waste Policy Support Unit, Environment Agency Wales * Now the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) R&D Technical Report P1-399/1 ii Acknowledgements The Project Team would like to thank all those people who have provided support, information and advice during this project. Special thanks to: · Biffaward for funding the project; · the Environment Agency for contributing to the main project funding, providing additional funding to extend a review of agricultural waste management practices in other EU Member States, and for providing information and advice; · all members of the Steering Group for providing guidance, information and constructive comments (see list opposite); · the participants of the focus group meetings for contributing to the discussions and helping to identify the best way forward (see Appendix B); · all of the farmers who have spared time to provide practical information and opinion; · the many other people from a variety of organisations who have provided assistance (see Appendix A). R&D Technical Report P1-399/1 iii R&D Technical Report P1-399/1 iv Executive summary The planned extension of waste management controls to agricultural waste (required under the EC Framework Directive on Waste) has focused attention on the range of non-natural waste materials arising on farms and the need for significant change to achieve sustainable waste management. To help facilitate the development of an effective strategy, this report presents information on: · the current situation (scale and structure of the agricultural industry, types and quantities of wastes, and current practices); · drivers for change (the proposed legal controls and other drivers); · waste management options and barriers; · the experience in other EU Member States; · recommendations for a UK strategy. It is based on extensive consultation and literature review conducted between October 1999 and November 2000. The main focus is on the non-natural waste streams that are likely to be included in the definition of controlled waste. Most natural (organic) materials such as slurry and manure should not fall within this definition when used for agricultural benefit. However, the effective management of these materials, together with the increasing amount of organic waste imported onto farms from other sectors, is too important to ignore. A brief overview of key issues and recommendations concerning the management of organic materials is therefore provided in a separate annex of the report. Current situation The UK agricultural industry is diverse and changing rapidly amid ongoing economic difficulties (caused by a combination of factors including the strength of the pound, weak world markets, the BSE crisis and, more recently, the foot-and-mouth epidemic). Statistics for 1999 show that there are roughly 240,000 agricultural holdings in the UK (from small, remote hill farms in Wales to large arable enterprises in the east of England). The industry produces a range of non-natural wastes including, for example, packaging, plastic films, animal health products, machinery and building waste. The total quantity is estimated to be in the order of 0.5 million tonnes per year. However, it should be noted that there is still limited reliable data available for many waste streams, and the quantity of waste currently stockpiled on farms is unknown. Current practices for managing these wastes include on-farm burning, burial and stockpiling, and inclusion in the household waste collection. These practices reflect the long-term exclusion of agricultural waste from the controlled waste regime. Nevertheless, off-farm waste recovery has increased in recent years. For example, take- back of waste by machinery engineers and vets has become relatively common. Subsidised schemes for the recovery of silage plastics are operating in Wales, Scotland R&D Technical Report P1-399/1 v and Cumbria (transporting waste to British Polythene Industries’ reprocessing plant in Dumfries, Scotland). However, since the national scheme operated by the Farm Film Producers Group ceased in 1997, many farmers have been stockpiling plastics. Drivers for change The proposed extension of controls to agricultural waste will be the most immediate driver for change in practices (since many of the current practices, such as on-farm burial, will no longer be viable). Other drivers, however, are growing fast for example, farmers are facing increasing demands from retailers, and input manufacturers and distributors are facing growing producer responsibility obligations. Options and barriers Following a methodical assessment of the options for each waste stream, the overall conclusion is that a mixture of on- and off-farm waste management options will be needed in the short-term. The strengths and limitations of each option
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