Needs Assessment for Service Providers and Trafficking Victims
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The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Needs Assessment for Service Providers and Trafficking Victims Author(s): Heather J. Clawson Ph.D. ; Kevonne M. Small J.D. ; Ellen S. Go ; Bradley W. Myles Document No.: 202469 Date Received: October 2003 Award Number: OJP-99-C-010 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. NEEDS ASSESSMENT for Service Providers and Trafficking Victims Report prepared by Caliber Associates, Inc. for the U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice NEEDS ASSESSMENT for Service Providers and Trafficking Victims Prepared by: 10530 Rosehaven Street, Suite 400 Fairfax, Virginia 22030 (703) 385-3200 Prepared for: National Institute of Justice 810 7th Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20531 Authors: Heather J. Clawson, Ph.D. Principal Investigator Kevonne M. Small, J.D. Research Associate Ellen S. Go Research Associate Bradley W. Myles Research Assistant This document was prepared by Caliber Associates Inc., Fairfax, VA, under contract number OJP-99-C-010 from the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), U.S. Department of Justice. The findings and recommendations presented in this report are those of the authors and do not represent the official positions or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice or National Institute of Justice. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Needs Assessment for Service Providers and Trafficking Victims project was a project that began in October 2001 between the National Institute of Justice and Caliber Associates. This report represents the joint effort of many individuals whose contributions we gratefully acknowledge. We would like to thank from the National Institute of Justice, International Center, Marvene O’Rourke, Jay Albanese, and Jim Finckenauer for their vision and collective influence throughout the project. From Caliber Associates we would like to thank Dan Felker for oversight, Christine Leicht for providing analytic support, Ryan Mahon, and Nicki Bush who assisted with data collection, and Kris Oduro and Abolfazl Bahadori from Publication Design and Production. We are grateful to the many service providers who took time to share their experiences for inclusion in this report. This report would not have been possible without their contributions. I INTRODUCTION hile there is a significant amount of The following is a report of the findings from the information regarding the magnitude, National Needs Assessment of Service Providers and W causes and practices of trafficking, little Trafficking Victims. It begins with a review of current information exists on the needs of trafficking victims literature on the issue of trafficking, continues with a and the service providers working to meet those needs. description of the research design and methodology of In fact, no studies have been conducted on a national the needs assessment and presentation of the findings. scale to systematically assess the needs of victims and those service providers working with them. With the passage of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, it is increasingly important to better understand the needs of trafficking victims and service providers. In response, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) commissioned assistance from Caliber Associates, Inc. (Caliber) under a task order contract to conduct a National Needs Assessment of Service Providers and Trafficking Victims that would provide the Office of Justice Programs and the field at large with information needed to develop more effective programs to service trafficking victims and ensure existing and new programs are both responsive and effective in meeting the needs of trafficking victims. Specifically, the needs assessment was designed to answer the following questions: n What services currently exist for trafficking victims? n How responsive are these services to victims? Are they meeting their needs? n What are barriers to providing services to trafficking victims? Barriers to accessing services? n What assistance/support do service providers need to effectively serve trafficking victims? I. INTRODUCTION NEEDS ASSESSMENT FOR SERVICE PROVIDERS AND TRAFFICKING VICTIMS 1 BACKGROUND & II UNDERSTANDING 1. HUMAN TRAFFICKING DEFINED Upon arrival in a new location, instead of finding the opportunities they were promised, trafficked The United States Congress defines trafficking in individuals suffer egregious human rights abuses, such persons as all acts involved in the transport, harboring, as being held in slavery-like conditions and forced into or sale of persons within national or across international prostitution, domestic service, or forced labor where borders through coercion, force, kidnapping, deception, they may be held in bondage, raped, beaten, and/or or fraud, for purposes of placing persons in situations starved.8 In these extreme living conditions, trafficking of forced labor or services, such as forced prostitution, victims suffer severe physical, psychological, and domestic servitude, debt bondage, or other slavery-like emotional health consequences as they are subjected to practices.1 Whether or not an activity falls under this a range of behaviors that may include physical violence, definition of trafficking depends on two factors: the type sexual assault, emotional abuse, mind-control, and of work victims are forced to do and the use of coercion, torture.9 force, kidnapping, deception, or fraud to secure that forced work. Trafficking in persons is the world’s fastest growing criminal enterprise, with profits that rival the The crime of trafficking in persons affects virtually illegal drugs and arms trades.10 The Vienna-based every country in the world.2 This trade in humans International Centre for Migration Policy Development occurs on a global scale, but due to its covert and estimates that overall profits from trafficking in underground nature, the international magnitude persons were as much as $7 billion in 1995.11 More of the problem is difficult to ascertain. A recent recent estimates suggest that overall profits from United States (U.S.) Government estimate suggests the crime have increased to the current range of $9 that approximately 800,000 to 900,000 persons are billion.12 The crime receives its name because the trafficked across international borders each year.3 perpetrators often move or ‘traffic’ victims from their Traffickers often prey on impoverished individuals who home communities to other areas - either domestically are frequently unemployed or underemployed and who within the country of origin or to foreign countries - to may lack access to social safety nets, such as women make money from their forced labor.13 Victims are and children from certain countries and cultures.4 often brought to areas where the demand is highest Trafficking victims are deceived and duped through and most consistent, such as large cities, vacation and false promises of economic opportunities that await tourist areas, or near military bases.14 Also, in many them in more affluent destination countries, such as the cases, the trafficker charges the unknowing victim an U.S. Hence, patterns and routes of trafficking often flow exorbitant smuggling fee or “employment” fee. These from less developed countries to neighboring countries fees range anywhere from hundreds to thousands of or industrialized nations with higher standards of dollars.15 When the victim cannot pay this fee up front, living.5 Victims are most commonly lured from third the trafficker locks the victim in a vicious cycle of debt world countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, Africa, and bondage or indentured servitude that prevents victims Latin America that display consistently high rates of from ever paying off the original fee.16 Traffickers poverty, violence, and corruption.6 Economic and capitalize on victims’ indebtedness and isolation and political instability, government corruption, illiteracy, combine the use of threats, intimidation, violence, civil unrest, low food production, high infant mortality and manipulation to control victims, break their will, rates, and internal armed conflict within a country confine them in captivity, and force them to engage in all represent various indicators or “push” factors that sex acts or to labor under slave-like conditions.17 Types increase the likelihood that a country will become a of trafficking include forced begging, bonded labor, source of trafficking victims.7 forced prostitution, servile marriage, false adoption, II. BACKGROUND & UNDERSTANDING NEEDS ASSESSMENT FOR SERVICE PROVIDERS AND TRAFFICKING VICTIMS 2 domestic servitude, and work in sweatshops. In commercial exploitation is a growing national problem addition, trafficking may also feed into the industries that annually increases in scope and magnitude. of agricultural labor, food processing, pornography, sex tourism and entertainment, construction, organ While some trafficking victims do enter the United harvesting, and restaurant work. States through legal means, many trafficking victims are transported across America’s borders in a variety The networks of international organized crime are of ways,