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Tenor Analysis on Some World's Influencing Women

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TENOR ANALYSIS ON SOME WORLD’S INFLUENCING WOMEN SPEECHES A THESIS BY AYU SUGIANTO REG. NO. 080705039 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2012 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR'S DECLARATION I AM AYU SUGIANTO DECLARES THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCES IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON'S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION. Signed : Date : 2nd September 2012 v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION NAME : AYU SUGIANTO TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF TENOR ON SOME WORLD’S INFLUENCING WOMEN SPEECHES QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA. Signed : Date : 2nd September 2012 vi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillah. First of all, the praise and grateful for Allah, the almighty, the sustainer that blessing and give the writer strength and chance to accomplish this thesis. First and foremost, I want to thank my supervisor and my co-supervisor, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A Ph. D and Dra. Hj. Nilzami Raswief, M. Hum for the guidance, support, advice and constructive comments during the writing of this writer. My sincere gratitude also goes to the head and the secretary of English Department, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S and Dr. Nurlela, M. Hum and all of the lecturers and the staffs of English Department for the facilities and opportunities given to me during my study in this university. My special thanks are expressed for my beloved parents, Suriani and Sugianto. Thank you for giving a birth for me and make me alive until now. For my little brothers and sister, Egi, Ari and Putri, thank you for your absence in my life. I love you all so much. Also I want to give a special thanks for my best friends, Silau, Njuu, Yosi, Rina, Ari, Aqis, Dewi, Sandra, Pame and Tami. Thank you for your support, attention and your jokes that always makes me enthusiasm, laugh and smile everyday. I do vii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA really appreciate every moments we have. Thanks for your friendship. I love you girls. I also want to thank my 2008 friends. We are awesome and amazing. I proud to be the part of you and big thanks for my beloved sisters in 2009, Petra, Omi, Chyma, Mora, Yova and Melisa. Thanks for your support and helps girls. I love you. And thanks for everyone that supporting me in this thesis. Medan, September 2012 Ayu Sugianto viii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT Skripsi ini berjudul “Tenor Analysis on Some World’s Influencing Women Speeches”. Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah untuk memberikan gambaran bagaimana cara berbicara ataupun menyampaikan suatu pidato secara baik dan benar sehingga pesan yang ingin kita sampaikan dapat terealisasikan dan tersampaikan dengan baik dalam kaitannya dengan analisis tenor dalam konteks situasi. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini berasal dari internet dengan berbagai situs yang berbeda dan dalam menganalisa data-data dalam skripsi ini, penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dimana skripsi ini hanya menemukan kemudian menjelaskan dan tidak melibatkan metode perhitungan statistika. Penelitian ini kiranya juga dapat merangsang ketertarikan para pembaca untuk lebih mendalami teori dalam bidang linguistik, khususnya teori sistem fungsional linguistik. Kata kunci : konteks situasi, tenor ix UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHOR’S DECLARATION.........................................................................v COPYRIGHT DECLARATION .....................................................................vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................vii ABSTRACT....................................................................................................ix TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study................................................................1 1.2 Problems of the Study.....................................................................9 1.3 Objectives of the Study...................................................................9 1.4 Scope of the Study..........................................................................10 1.5 Significance of the Study................................................................10 1.6 Method of the Study........................................................................10 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Text and Social Context.................................................................11 2.1.1 Context of Situation (Register)............................................11 2.1.2 Context of Culture (Genre)..................................................20 2.1.3 Ideology...............................................................................21 2.2 Public Speaking..................................................................21 2.2.1 The Definition of Public Speaking............................21 2.2.2 The Elements of Public Speaking..............................22 2.2.3 The Purposes of Public Speaking..............................24 2.2.4 Making Effective Speaking.......................................25 x UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Design...............................................................26 3.2 Sources of Data.................................................................26 3.3 Technique of Collecting Data...........................................27 3.4 Technique of Analyzing Data...........................................27 CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH FINDINGS 4.1 Data Analysis.................................................................28 4.2 Research Findings...........................................................39 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion.....................................................................43 5.2 Suggestion......................................................................44 REFERENCES..............................................................................................45 APPENDIXES i. Biography of Condoleezza Rice ii. Biography of Hillary Clinton iii. Hillary Clinton text as prepared for delivery to the Democratic National Convention iv. Condoleezza Rice text at the American University in Cairo. v. Hillary Clinton text in Newseum, Washington, D.C. vi. Condoleezza Rice text at Washington, D.C xi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Language has a very important function for every human being in this world, that is to express their thought, intention, feelings and so on in the form of oral and written communication or gestures. Many factors influence the use of language, and one of them is a social factor. The social factor that involves is called register, genre and ideology. Register or context of situation is one of language varieties. Register " is the set of meanings, the configuration of semantic patterns, that are typically drawn upon under the specific conditions, along with the words and structures that are used in the realization of these meanings" (Halliday, 1978:23). Register analysis is concerned with the variables of field, tenor, and mode. In considering these three variables, Halliday is making a claim that-of all the things going on in a situation at a time of language use-only these three variables have a direct and significant impact on the type of language that will be produced. Field refers to "what is happening, to the nature of the social action that is taking place," mode concerns "what it is that the participants [of a transaction] are expecting language to do for them in that situation," and tenor has to do with who are taking part in the transaction as well as the "nature of the participants, their status and roles” (Hasan and Halliday, 1 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1985:12). These three register variables delineate the relationships between language function and language form. In other words, a register is constituted by "the linguistic features which are typically associated with a configuration of situational features—with particular values of the field, mode and tenor" (Halliday, 1976:22). For example, the tenor of a text, which concerns the relationship between the addresser and the addressee, can "be analysed in terms of basic distinctions such as polite-colloquial-intimate, on a scale of categories which range from formal to informal.” Genre or context of culture is "a set of communicative events, the members of which share some set of communicative purposes". Genre can be thought of as the general framework that gives purpose to interactions of particular types, adaptable to the many specific contexts of situation that they get used in" (Eggins, 1994:32). It provides "a precise index and catalogue of the relevant social
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