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Biodiversidad De Equinodermos De Corn Island

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Biodiversidad De Equinodermos De Corn Island Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua UNAN-León Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología Departamento de Biología Determinación de la biodiversidad de equinodermos (Echinodermata) en aguas someras de Corn Island, Nicaragua. TESIS MONOGRAFICA PARA OPTAR AL TITULO DE: LICENCIADO EN BIOLOGIA Autores: Shaungnessy Roshelle Quinn Lampson Osmar Benito Sandino Tutor: MSc. César Hernández Solís Asesor: PhD. Francisco Alonso Solís Marín Biodiversidad de equinodermos de Corn Island DEDICATORIA A Dios por darme la fuerza de llevar a cabo este trabajo, y cumplir con una meta más en la vida. A mis padres, hermana y hermanos por todo su apoyo incondicional, pero en especial a mi querida madre “Shorly Rachelle Lampson Downs” que ha sido mi guía durante toda la vida, y un gran ejemplo a seguir, por apoyarme en los buenos y malos momentos de mi vida, por todo la comprensión y confianza que me ha dado. A Osmar Sandino por confiar en mí y por todo su apoyo durante estos dos años. Shaungnessy Quinn ii Biodiversidad de equinodermos de Corn Island DEDICATORIA A Dios, Mi tía, Mi madre. Mi novia Shaungnessy. Osmar Sandino iii Biodiversidad de equinodermos de Corn Island AGRADECIMIENTOS A PhD. Francisco Solís-Marín, Investigador ICML-UNAM, México. A MSc. César Hernández Solís, Docente Departamento de Biología UNAN-León. A PhD. Juan José Alvarado, Investigador de CIMAR, Costa Rica. MSc. Julio Arriaga, Investigador ICML-UNAM, México. PhD. Jorge Huete-Pérez, Director del Centro de Biología Molecular (CBM-UCA), Managua, Nicaragua. Lic. Shorly Lampson Downs, Directora INAHD, Corn Island, Nicaragua. Lic. María Eugenia Galo, Propietaria Laboratorio Clínico Galo, Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Lic. Arlene Hodgson, Directora BICU, Corn Island, Nicaragua. Lic. Enoc Rivas, Docente de la BICU, Bluefields, Nicaragua. Lic. Milton Webster, Docente de la BICU, Bluefields, Nicaragua. Sr. Mauricio Morgan, Gerente PASENIC, Corn Island, Nicaragua. Sr. Wilber Chavarría, Comisariato CAF, Corn Island, Nicaragua. Sr. Javier Robelo, Gerente Jack Jelly Fisheries, Corn Island, Nicaragua. Sr. Cleaveland Webster, Alcalde de Corn Island, Nicaragua. Sr. Harry Martínez, Propietario Acopio Martinez, Corn Island, Nicaragua. Sr. Lino Martínez, Estación DNP-PETRONIC, Corn Island, Nicaragua. Ing. Edgard Chamorro, Inspector de Pesca Corn Island, Nicaragua. Ing. Renaldy Bernutti, Inspector de Pesca, Oficina Central, Managua, Nicaragua. iv Biodiversidad de equinodermos de Corn Island Lic. José Maria Vides, Propietario Nautilus Dive Center, Corn Island, Nicaragua. Lic. Orlando Jarquín, Egresado de la Carrera de Biología UNAN-León, Nicaragua. MSc. Ana de Jesús Zavala, Docente de CSIG-UNAN-León, Nicaragua. MSc. Oscar González, Investigador Departamento de Biología UNAN-León, Nicaragua. PhD. Verónica Díaz, Directora Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Dpto. de Biología, UNAN-León, Nicaragua. MSc. Lourdes Callejas, Docente del Departamento de Biología, UNAN-León, Nicaragua. PhD. María Encarnación Juárez, Docente CSIG-UNAN-León, Nicaragua. Br. Eduardo Mendoza, Egresado de la Carrera de Biología UNAN-León, Nicaragua. Sr. Nicky Downs, pescador local de Corn Island, Nicaragua. Ing. Markus Veleba, Universidad de Salzburg, Austria. Br. Daniela Padilla Solís, Egresada de la Carrera de Biología UNAN-León, Nicaragua. Br. José Trinidad, Egresado de la Carrera de Biología UNAN-León, Nicaragua. v Biodiversidad de equinodermos de Corn Island TABLA DE CONTENIDO TITULO..................................................................................................................... i DEDICATORIA ......................................................................................................... ii DEDICATORIA ........................................................................................................ iii AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................. iv RESUMEN .............................................................................................................. xi I. INTRODUCCION .................................................................................................. 1 II. ANTECEDENTES................................................................................................ 4 III. OBJETIVOS ....................................................................................................... 6 Objetivo general ................................................................................................... 6 Objetivos específicos ........................................................................................... 6 IV. LITERATURA REVISADA .................................................................................. 7 Generalidades de los equinodermos:................................................................... 7 Clase Crinoidea ................................................................................................. 11 Clase Asteroidea ................................................................................................ 12 Clase Ophiuroidea ............................................................................................. 13 Clase Echinoidea ............................................................................................... 14 Clase Holothuroidea ........................................................................................... 15 Taxonomía ......................................................................................................... 17 V. MATERIALES Y METODOS ............................................................................. 28 V.I Población, muestra y tipo de muestreo ......................................................... 28 V.II Diseño experimental y recolección de datos ............................................... 29 V.II.I Acerca de la zona de muestreo: ............................................................ 29 V.II.II Trabajo previo a los muestreos ............................................................. 31 V.II.III Trabajo de Campo ................................................................................ 31 V.II.IV Manejo e Identificación taxonómica. .................................................... 36 Identificación de las especies ......................................................................... 37 Preservación de los especímenes recolectados ............................................. 37 V.III Descripción de las especies y diseño de claves taxonómicas .................... 39 V.IV Cartografía ................................................................................................. 42 VI. RESULTADOS ................................................................................................. 43 vi Biodiversidad de equinodermos de Corn Island VI.I Sinopsis taxonómica .................................................................................... 43 VI.II Claves dicotómicas para las especies de equinodermos de Corn Island ... 47 VI.III Descripción de las especies ...................................................................... 63 CLASE ASTEROIDEA ....................................................................................... 63 Astropecten duplicatus.................................................................................... 63 Linckia guildingi .............................................................................................. 65 Oreaster reticulatus ........................................................................................ 68 CLASE OPHIUROIDEA ..................................................................................... 71 Ophiomyxa flaccida ........................................................................................ 71 Ophiothrix angulata ......................................................................................... 74 Ophiothrix oerstedii ......................................................................................... 77 Ophiothrix suensoni ........................................................................................ 80 Ophiothrix lineata ............................................................................................ 83 Ophionereis reticulata ..................................................................................... 86 Ophiocoma echinata ....................................................................................... 89 Ophiocoma pumila .......................................................................................... 92 Ophiocoma wendtii ......................................................................................... 95 Ophioderma appressa .................................................................................... 98 Ophioderma brevispina ................................................................................. 101 Ophioderma cinerea ..................................................................................... 104 Ophioderma guttata ...................................................................................... 107 Ophioderma phoenium ................................................................................. 110 Ophioderma rubicunda ................................................................................. 112 Ophiolepis impressa ..................................................................................... 115 CLASE ECHINOIDEA ...................................................................................... 118 Eucidaris tribuloides .....................................................................................
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