Plants in New Zealand Poisonous to Children

This pamphlet applies to all parts broken parts of the plant. The third list is of New Zealand and replaces the of plants with fruits that children may be separate lists for the North and tempted to eat but which are not poisonous and thus need not cause South Islands from 1999. Also concern. available is “Safety in Pre-School Centres”, a list of plants that are Scope of the list not recommended to be grown in pre-school centres. Many potentially poisonous plants are not listed because they are unlikely to be eaten by children, e.g., box (Buxus Introduction sempervirens)and its relations such as the Most books on poisonous plants in New now popular Allegheny spurge Zealand have been designed for farmers (Pachysandra terminalis) used for ground and have concentrated on those which cover. Also many plants in the forget-me- are poisonous to stock. Although the not family (Boraginaceae) which have information in these books may be harsh bristly leaves, and bracken or relevant, it is not always directly rarauhe (Pteridium esculentum), a applicable to people. Plant material that traditional Māori kai/food plant which may be eaten safely by animals and birds requires cooking to make it edible. Also there are other poisonous but tough- Cestrum elegans, cestrum may not necessarily be safe for humans. This checklist was prepared at the leaved membersof the erica or request of childcare workers who wanted rhododenron family that are not guidance on plants which might be mentioned in the list because they are not harmful if eaten by young children. The only unattractive to children but are often lists are not intended to be used for the uncommon, eg. calico bush (Kalmia identification of plants or as a guide for latifolia) and its close relations. Most weediness. In addition to the plants gardens in New Zealand contain listed, a very brief account of poisonous poisonous plants. Many plants in the fungi is included at the end of the list of following well-known families are plants that cause poisoning when taken poisonous or have poisonous parts: internally. (See the Further information daffodil, snowflake and snowdrop section at the end.) (Amaryllidaceae), oleander (Apocynaceae), arums (Araceae), ivy and The following lists contain only those five finger (Araliaceae), swan plant, plants which children may be tempted to (Asclepiadaceae), heathers and eat and touch and which are commonly rhododendrons (Ericaceae), lilies found in and around gardens, parks, and (Liliaceae), poppies (Papaveraceae), other recreation areas. The first list buttercups and clematis (Ranunculaceae), includes plants that cause harm when titoki (Sapindaceae), fox-gloves and eaten. For most species in this list, the snapdragons (Scrophulariaceae), and main thing is to keep young children potatoes and tobacco (Solanaceae). In from eating the fruits or berries when addition, many species in the large they are present on the plant. As a legume or pea family (Fabaceae) and the general rule, children should be rose and apple family (Rosaceae) are discouraged from eating any new plant poisonous to some extent. material unless guided by an adult. The second and much shorter list includes Effects of consumption plants that can cause skin irritation when At some stage of their life cycle many they are touched, and pre-school children cultivated garden plants and weeds have should be supervised when there is a chemical properties that can cause harm likelihood of contact with such plants. to some people. (The season and stage of However, many of these only react with skin when there is contact with sap from

Plants in New Zealand Poisonous to Children, Page 1  Landcare Research 2002 growth influence the amount of poisonous Non poisonous plants substances present in plants.) Do not panic if young A list of non-poisonous, and often edible, fruiting children play near such plants. Plants need not be plants follows the list of poisonous species. Most of destroyed just because they have poisonous these are among our most common garden trees and properties. Most of these plants are not tempting shrubs. Some plant families have no members in for children to eat, at least in potentially harmful New Zealand likely to cause poisoning. These safe amounts; or would pass through the digestive families include: iceplant (Aizoaceae), cabbages system without causing problems. Examples of the (Brassicaceae), chickweed (Caryophyllaceae), fat latter are the legumes kōwhai and laburnum whose hen (Chenopodiaceae), stonecrop (Crassulaceae), seeds are extremely hard but would only be toxic if mānuka (Myrtaceae), grasses (Poaceae), and ground up first and swallowed. In New Zealand it coprosma (Rubiaceae). In addition, the families to is inevitable that as children grow up they will be which our common catkin-bearing trees belong are exposed to plants with poisonous properties. To unlikely to produce symptoms of poisoning, keep things in perspective remember that fatalities although the leaves and catkins may taste bitter and are extremely rare and usually a child does not eat eating too many fruits of oaks and beech can cause enough of a poisonous plant to cause serious digestive upsets. These include alders, beeches, illness. birches, sweet chestnuts, oaks, poplars, walnuts, and willows. Not everyone who feels ill after eating leaves, flowers, or berries, has been poisoned; it may be simply a failure to digest them properly that causes Rare poisonous plants the stomach-ache. Many plants which are harmless Some plants that are well known overseas as being or only slightly toxic can cause stomach upsets if very poisonous are not dealt with because they are eaten in large quantities; even some edible but very rare in New Zealand and thus very unlikely to be acidic fruits can have this effect. Sometimes the encountered. As already stated, this is not an cause is fungi growing on fruit and vegetables that identification manual so it was felt that inclusion of have been kept too long, or in the wrong all such plants would make the list unnecessarily conditions. People react in different ways to eating cumbersome. Examples of such excluded plants are: poisonous plants, so some people may be relatively henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), poison ivy unaffected, while some others may become (Toxicodendron radicans) and Chinese lacquer tree seriously ill. (T. vernicifluum). An apparent exception is deadly nightshade (Atropa bella-donna) but this very rare

plant in New Zealand is only mentioned in the main Plants with edible and poisonous list because of confusion with the common black properties nightshade. Of course if one goes to a place where Not all poisonous plants taste unpleasant, so bitter there is a large collection of plants such as a botanic taste is not an indicator of the presence of a poison. garden, arboretum or some nurseries, many more It is well known that some plants which are very plants with at least some degree of toxicity in their poisonous when raw can be palatable when tissues must be expected. cooked. Two of the best examples are the traditional Māori kai/food plants, karaka and taro. Taro belongs to the arum family which contains Warning: If you suspect a child has other edible plants that are used elsewhere, ingested parts of a poisonous plant, especially in the Pacific islands, but no member of immediately contact the National the family can be eaten raw. Certain plants that are widely eaten in small amounts because they are Poisons Information Centre Urgent considered to be beneficial to health and well- 24 Hour Phoneline on being, such as comfrey, are unsafe to eat in large 0800 POISON (0800-764766). amounts. Even such well-known plants as potato and rhubarb have notably toxic properties, and all For non-urgent information, call green parts of the potato (including tubers which 03-479 1200. have been exposed to light) are poisonous. Similarly, only the stalk of the rhubarb leaf should If the child is displaying serious be eaten. Be careful not to eat food that has come in contact with any part of a very poisonous plant, symptoms of poisoning, treat as an such as using a poisonous plant as a barbecue stick, emergency and dial 111 for an because this can also be harmful. ambulance.

Plants in New Zealand Poisonous to Children, Page 2  Landcare Research 2002

1. Internal Poisons – poisonous if eaten black berries can be twice the size of those of black nightshade. Angel's trumpet (Brugmansia candida). Named for its large pendulous white flowers, this large, Blueberry lily [see tūrutu] well-known shrub is related to the thorn apple. It is a dangerous plant, as all parts are poisonous. A Boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum). The orange-red frost-tender plant mainly found in lowland areas berries are probably poisonous. Note that the green towards the coast. spines on boxthorn are often not noticed until the bushes are touched. Mainly occurs wild along the Apple of Peru (Nicandra physalodes). An annual coast, and in some gardens. plant related to the edible-fruited cape gooseberry, but with bell-shaped blue flowers. Most parts are Broom (Cytisus scoparius). The seeds are likely to be mildly poisonous. poisonous, especially if chewed and crushed before swallowing. The poisons are similar to those in its Apple of Sodom (Solanum linnaeanum). This relation, the laburnum, but broom seems to be less shrub is so prickly that it does not invite close harmful. Spanish broom (Spartium junceum) has attention but its fairly large mottled berry (green larger flowers and is commonly grown in some and white when immature, yellow at maturity) has areas although it has not naturalised extensively like been reported as poisoning children. the common broom. The seeds of the two species are similar and probably have similar poisonous Arum lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica). All parts are properties. poisonous, but take particular care that children do not eat the attractive spikes of yellow-orange Bushman's poison (Acokanthera oppositifolia). berries. Likewise nearly all other members of this Although only fairly common and almost confined family have similar poisonous properties in all their to warm regions north of the Volcanic Plateau, this parts. The toxins present mainly affect the South African shrub is included because it is most alimentary system from the mouth downwards. likely to be grown in the Auckland area. Bushman’s Even a tiny part ingested can cause burning in the poison is one of the most poisonous plants in New mouth and throat as well as stomach pains and Zealand. All parts are toxic, especially the shoots vomiting, the onset of these symptoms occurring and roots. The fruit is like a small blue-black plum. dramatically and beginning within a minute or so. It belongs in the oleander family of which most members are dangerous. Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis). The small bright red berries produced by mature female plants Castor oil plant (Ricinus communis). The in summer are mildly poisonous. attractively mottled seeds are the usual parts eaten, sometimes with serious effects. The New Zealand Bitter almond (Prunus dulcis). The kernels are plants usually have purple leaves. poisonous. Note: bitter almonds (with white flowers, pink at the base) are not as common as the Celery-leaved buttercup (Ranunculus sceleratus). ordinary edible form of Prunus dulcis known as This is one of the most toxic species of buttercup. almond or sweet almond (all pink flowers). It grows in wet places such as in ditches, along streams and around ponds and lakes. The parts most Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara). The small likely to be put into the mouth are the glossy purple flowers and shining scarlet berries are divided leaves which resemble those of celery. poisonous. Only likely to be found in the south Contact with mouth and lips can produce blistering, island and southern districts of the north island. but fortunately the bitter burning sensation usually prevents material being swallowed. Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum). This plant is only moderately toxic and the ripe black berries, Cestrums (Cestrum species). There are several which are similar to black currants, are scarcely or species of these popular ornamental garden shrubs, not poisonous at all. Note: this is the plant most with flower colours ranging from scarlet and rose to people mistakenly call deadly nightshade. The true white or orange. Fruit colours are white, black, or deadly nightshade (Atropa bella-donna) can live up sometimes red. All parts are very poisonous. Does to its common name, but is fortunately very rare not grow in colder areas. and only recorded in Christchurch. True deadly nightshade has a relatively large bell-shaped, Cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus). The small brownish-purple flower, as opposed to the white black fruits have kernels which are poisonous. star-like flowers of black nightshade, and its glossy Chilean jasmine (Mandevilla suaveolens). A

Plants in New Zealand Poisonous to Children, Page 3  Landcare Research 2002 climbing plant with fragrant white flowers which is English name “dumb cane” relates back to a time usually grown on house walls or trellises. Like when African slaves in the West Indies were many other members of the oleander family, tortured with the juice from this plant. Mandevilla has poisonous white latex in all parts. A number of other plants in this family have The long pods are bean-like, but the seeds inside become more widely grown in recent years as are small and winged. Mainly grown in warmer indoor and patio pot plants, especially in warmer areas. parts of the North Island. They are all poisonous and have similar properties to the arum lily. Comfrey (Symphytum officinale and its hybrid S. ¯uplandicum). Although the leaves are used as Elderberry or elder (Sambucus nigra). The large a general tonic, if used in quantity they can be clusters of little black juicy berries can be made into harmful over a prolonged period. jam or wine, but they easily can cause stomach upsets if too many are eaten raw. It mainly grows Corsican hellebore (Helleborus lividus subsp. from the Volcanic Plateau southwards. corsicus). A commonly cultivated evergreen herb, all parts of which are poisonous. Elephant's ear (Alocasia brisbanensis). It is related to taro (Colocasia esculenta) and is a member of the Cotoneasters (Cotoneaster species). The pretty red poisonous arum family. Elephant’s ear is a fairly berries, which nearly all species have, seem to be commonly cultivated ornamental plant in warmer mildly poisonous, but have never caused serious parts of the North Island and in the Nelson area, as harm. Because they are so abundant in gardens and well as being wild to a limited extent in a few North public places, children may often eat a few berries Island places. Although it can be cooked and eaten without parents being aware. like the related taro, elephant’s ear seems to be more toxic as shown by the tubers or rhizomes Cruel plant [see moth plant] taking much longer for the toxic compounds to be broken down. This is the plant known as kape or Daffodils and jonquils (Narcissus species). These ’ape to Pacific Islanders because of an almost well-known spring flowering bulbs contain indistinguishable relation in the Pacific Islands poisonous properties and neither flowers nor bulbs (Alocasia macrorrhizos) that is cultivated for food. should be eaten. Although it is unlikely that enough would be taken to cause illness, they English holly [see holly] regularly feature in overseas works on poisonous plants, along with snowdrops (Galanthus species) Fatsia (Fatsia japonica). The berries of this and snowflakes (Leucojum species) and cases of ornamental large-leaved evergreen shrub closely poisoning in humans are known. Similar properties resemble those of its relation, ivy. Although details are present in their South African relatives such as of the toxicity of Fatsia are unavailable, assume species of Nerine, Crinum and Amaryllis. The last that it is similar to ivy. is listed separately because one species, belladonna lily (Amaryllis belladonna) is such a common Five finger or whauwhaupaku (Pseudopanax garden plant. arboreus). This very common plant is likely to be poisonous to some degree because it belongs to the Daphnes (Daphne species). All species are ivy family, however no records of poisoning are poisonous. A few have attractive red berries. available. It has blackcurrant sized berries.

Datura [see thorn apple] Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea). All parts of this widespread weed and garden plant are very Deadly nightshade [see black nightshade] poisonous.

Delphiniums (Delphinium species). All parts are Gloriosa lily (Gloriosa superba). All parts of this poisonous. [See the closely related larkspurs.] beautiful climbing plant are poisonous. The tuberous roots are especially dangerous and most Dumb canes (Dieffenbachia species). Very reported cases of human poisoning have been common house and patio plants with large deep caused by eating these. green leaves variously spotted or streaked with white or cream. The sap is very poisonous as with Hairy nightshade (Solanum physalifolium). This other members of the arum lily family. plant has mottled green and white fruits which Dieffenbachia species are often called “mother in should be treated as poisonous. It is increasingly law’s tongue” in New Zealand but this name found in vegetable gardens, mainly in the Bay of porperly applies to an unrelated plant. The usual Plenty, but is spreading elsewhere.

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can be eaten, the latter being the part prized by Hellebores (Helleborus species). These plants are Māori people. This traditional food was only safe to often grown close to houses and all parts are very eat after a long and complicated process. The trees poisonous. [see winter rose and Corsican mainly grow in warmer coastal areas, at least as far hellebore.] south as Banks Peninsula.

Hemlock (Conium maculatum). One of our most Kōwhai (Sophora microphylla and S. tetraptera). poisonous plants; all parts should be avoided, The yellow seeds are very poisonous if eaten, but especially young plants and seeds. The unpleasant only if they are ground or crushed before smell and purple markings on the stem easily swallowing. Otherwise, they pass through the distinguish this from parsley. digestive system and cause no harm.

Holly or English holly (Ilex aquifolium). The Laburnum (Laburnum anagyroides). The black scarlet berries should not be eaten because, like seeds are very poisonous if they are chewed or most parts of the tree, they are poisonous. This crushed before swallowing, as with kōwhai. It well-known tree is mainly grown in colder areas mainly grows in the southern half of the North from the Volcanic Plateau southwards. Island and in the South Island.

Horse chestnuts (Aesculus species). The seeds, Lantana (Lantana camara). It is more common for commonly called conkers, are mildly poisonous. children to be affected by eating the small blue- These should not be confused with the edible, but black berries, although stock have been poisoned unrelated, sweet chestnut. It is mainly grown in too. In New Zealand there are several forms with colder areas from the Volcanic Plateau southwards. different coloured flowers and differing degrees of toxicity, but to be on the safe side none of them Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule). All parts of should be eaten. A commonly cultivated shrub in this common garden plant are very poisonous. It warmer areas but which also grows wild north of has coloured sap like many other types of poppy Auckland. but is much more harmful than the other common species found in New Zealand. Larkspurs (Consolida species). These ornamental annuals are closely related to delphiniums, and all Inkweed (Phytolacca octandra). All parts of this parts are poisonous. Although larkspurs and plant should be treated as being poisonous, but it is delphiniums have no fleshy fruits, they are so the erect spikes of poisonous black berries which poisonous that even the pretty flowers could cause children might find attractive. Rarely found in the illness if eaten. Commonest in colder areas. southern half of the South Island. Lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis). All parts Italian arum (Arum italicum). All parts are very are poisonous if eaten, but the orange berries poisonous, including the orange berries. are most likely to attract young children. Although uncommon, it is presently available in nurseries in Ivy (Hedera helix). Most parts are poisonous, the North Island. including the black berries. Lily of the valley shrubs (Pieris species). Like Japanese spindle tree (Euonymus japonicus). This most members of the heather family, these plants commonly cultivated evergreen shrub has attractive are poisonous. The little white flowers should not but poisonous pink spindle berries and orange-red be eaten. coated seeds. Unlike the spindle tree the Japanese spindle tree is evergreen and produces fruit mainly Lupins (Lupinus species). All the species in warmer areas. commonly grown have poisonous seeds which, if crushed or chewed before being swallowed, result Jerusalem cherry (Solanum diflorum and S. in the release of toxins. pseudocapsicum). For practical purposes these very similar species can be regarded as one. Their Monkshood (Aconitum species, especially orange-red berries are very poisonous. Aconitum napellus). All parts of these herbaceous perennials are very poisonous. It is even dangerous Karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus). The attractive for children to play with the attractive hooded orange fruits are poisonous. However, the situation delphinium-like flowers because it seems that toxic is not straightforward because the fleshy outer part substances can be absorbed through the skin, of the fruit can be eaten raw but the kernel especially delicate areas such as around the mouth. containing the seed has to be detoxified before it Monkshood grows in all parts of the North Island,

Plants in New Zealand Poisonous to Children, Page 5  Landcare Research 2002 and generally through the South Island, especially conspicuous. A common street tree in the Auckland seen in colder areas, but is rarer than delphiniums. and Bay of Plenty areas.

Morning glories (Ipomoea species). The seeds of Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima). This plant is a some species contain very powerful hallucinogenic spurge, all species of which are poisonous. The drugs. As with other hard seeds, the effects are milky sap can burn the delicate lining of the mouth. only evident if they are crushed or chewed before It is often grown as a pot plant for the Christmas being swallowed. trade and in the warm northern part of the North Island it is a typical garden shrub. See other Moth plant or cruel plant (Araujia sericifera). Euphorbia species under spurges. The white latex in all parts of this plant is poisonous, so the green choko-like fruits of this Poroporo (Solanum laciniatum or S. aviculare). climber should not be put in the mouth. Mainly The poisonous green or yellow berries should not grows in warmer areas where it is sometimes be eaten, although when orange and fully ripe they naturalised. are scarcely toxic when fresh, and not at all when cooked. The two species of poroporo are very Ngaio (Myoporum species). These very poisonous similar and are only easily distinguished by the plants mainly grow near the sea, either wild or in flowers. For practical purposes the two species can cultivation. They are easily identified by the be regarded as one. numerous pale leaf spots seen when held to the light, and by the purple berries. Both the native Potato (Solanum tuberosum). The parts most likely ngaio (M. laetum) and Australian ngaio (M. to poison children are the green or whitish berries insulare) should be regarded as equally harmful. produced on some varieties. Potato tubers which are green from light exposure are also poisonous. Nightshades (some Solanum species). Species of Solanum should be treated with great caution since Privets (Ligustrum species). All species have they all contain poisonous compounds to some poisonous black, blue-black or dark purplish extent, particularly in any green parts. The main berries, which might be eaten by children. Tree species of concern for children are: poroporo, privet (L. lucidum), privet (L. ovalifolium), and potato, bittersweet, Jerusalem cherry and hairy, most abundantly, Chinese privet (L. sinense), are woolly and black nightshades. the usual species from the Waikato and Bay of Plenty northwards. In colder areas southwards the Oleander (Nerium oleander). All parts are main species are the last two, as well as the extremely poisonous. Fortunately, the bitter taste abundantly fruiting deciduous common privet, L. deters children from swallowing it. Does not thrive vulgare, in the South Island. in cold inland areas of both islands. Rhododendron species and varieties. The tree-like, Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Although pink-flowered Rhododendron arboreum hybrids, not as poisonous as Iceland poppy, the opium common over most of New Zealand, have compounds in this plant make it one to be avoided, poisonous flowers, and honey made from them is particularly by children. also toxic. However, all rhododendrons should be regarded as poisonous. Peach (Prunus persica). The kernels are poisonous but the very hard corrugated stone around them is Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum). The leaf blades not easily broken, so they are unlikely to be eaten are poisonous on this common vegetable plant. by children. Snowberry bush (Symphoricarpos albus). The Pepper tree (Schinus molle). The strings of little white marble-sized berries of this deciduous garden pink berries hanging on this attractive ornamental shrub are poisonous and are particularly tree seem to be moderately poisonous, particularly conspicuous after the leaves fall. Mainly grown in the seed. Note: the native pepper bush or colder parts of the country, especially in the South kawakawa (Macropiper excelsum) has non- Island. Note: It is not to be confused with the native poisonous, but peppery-tasting, orange, fleshy snowberry (Gaultheria depressa), a prostrate fruiting spikes. Neither species thrives in cold evergreen shrub with similar, but edible, berries. inland areas of both islands. Spindle Tree (Euonymus europaeus). The pink Persian lilac or white cedar (Melia azedarach). fruits with their orange seeds are attractive but Persian lilac is deciduous and when the leaves fall poisonous, as are all parts of the tree. It is the the bunches of poisonous yellow fruits are very spindle berries that are most likely to be eaten.

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Mainly seen south of the Volcanic Plateau in poisonous. It is a member of the oleander family colder areas. that is mainly grown in warm northern areas.

Spurges (Euphorbia species). All species are Tūrutu or blueberry lily (Dianella nigra). This poisonous [see also 3. skin irritants]. The milky sap native plant in the flax family has attractive violet can burn the delicate lining of the mouth [see also berries reported as being poisonous. Australian the unrelated swan plants]. Beware especially of species are sometimes grown, especially in caper spurge (E. lathyris) which should not be Auckland, and their berries may also be poisonous. confused with the unrelated true edible capers Tūrutu grows mainly in parts of the North Island (Capparis spinosa). Note: not all plants with milky and western and southern parts of the South Island. sap are poisonous, for example, the unrelated dandelions (Taraxacum species) which are Tutsan (Hypericum androsaemum). This small harmless. shrub is often seen in bush remnants and plantations. Although not as poisonous as some Stinking iris (Iris foetidissima). Many irises are other Hypericum species, such as the well-known poisonous but the main parts likely to be eaten in St. John’s Wort (H. perforatum), the black berries this species are the prominent orange seeds that are should not be eaten. displayed when the fruits open, a feature lacking in other irises. Tutu (Coriaria species). All species are very poisonous. The fleshy black berries should be Swan plants (Gomphocarpus fruticosus and G. avoided, because the seeds inside them are physocarpus). These two shrubby plants are so poisonous. It grows in bush remnants and margins, similar that they can be regarded as the same for all in scrub, and often in places modified by humans, practical purposes. Like all members of the like plantations. The usual lowland species is C. asclepias family the tissues are full of poisonous arborea, and in mountains this species grows with white milky latex, so even the bladder-like fruits the smaller C. sarmentosa. should not be eaten. White cedar [see Persian lilac] Taro (Colocasia esculenta). All parts of this popular Polynesian food crop are poisonous, so the Winter rose (Helleborus niger). This plant is often root and leaves must be cooked properly before grown close to houses in private gardens, and all being eaten. Even if eaten when only partly parts are poisonous. cooked, it will burn the throat. It is a member of the poisonous arum lily family. Wisteria (Wisteria species, usually W. sinensis). This beautiful climber is grown around many Thornapple or datura (Datura stramonium). The houses for its hanging clusters of mauve, or less black seeds are sometimes eaten and contain a commonly, white flowers. The pods and seeds of powerful, dangerous drug, as do other parts of the this legume are poisonous, but fortunately they are plant. This weed has white trumpet flowers and not nearly as common as the flowers. appears in gardens and waste places in summer. The name thorn apple is sometimes wrongly Woolly nightshade (Solanum mauritianum). This applied to angel's trumpet, which belongs to the very familiar shrub or small tree has little globular same section of the nightshade family, although it dull yellow berries. These are probably not as looks quite different. poisonous as in many other Solanum species, but they should not be eaten. Tītoki (Alectryon excelsus). The round black seeds in their scarlet cup are a familiar sight in many Yew (Taxus baccata). Although nearly all parts are areas, but especially in the Auckland region and poisonous, only the soft red berry with its poisonous northwards, and this striking colour contrast green seed is likely to be eaten by children. appeals to all ages. Tītoki is included because of its attractive fruits and the uncertainty as to whether or 2. Poisonous Fungi not they are toxic. It is sensible to avoid it because many members of the soap tree family are Poisonous Fungi poisonous. There are many fungi in New Zealand and the majority are not poisonous except to certain allergic Tropical periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus, people, but because they are often difficult to commonly known as Vinca rosea). An annual with identify one should avoid eating any unknown pink or white flowers. Although an important fungus. In all cases it is the reproductive structure medicinal plant, tropical periwinkle is very that we call the toadstool or mushroom that may be

Plants in New Zealand Poisonous to Children, Page 7  Landcare Research 2002 eaten. The term mushroom is usually restricted to 3. External poisons - skin irritants the edible species of Agaricus that are commonly sold or collected growing in grassland. The word Individual reactions to external poisons vary toadstool refers to any other fungus with a cap and enormously. Some people are immune while others stem (this may be long to very short) and thus are so susceptible that even gentle handling can includes both poisonous and non-poisonous produce an adverse reaction. species. The poisonous properties of some fungi, especially of native species, have not been properly Agapanthus (Agapanthus species). The slimy sap investigated, and many of the fungi whose can affect some people's skins, although generally properties are better known are introduced species only adults seem to be susceptible. that grow in association with introduced temperate trees. The four fungi named in the list are all Amaryllids (Amaryllis species, especially A. common, at least in some areas of both main belladonna, and including Hippeastrum species). islands, and also usually grow under or near They have the same sap features as agapanthus. introduced trees in gardens, parks, reserves and similar places. Garden primulas (Primula species, especially P. malacoides and P. obconica). Some people are Death cap (Amanita phalloides). One of the most susceptible to these plants and contact can cause poisonous fungi known. Although widespread in intense skin irritation. The common garden weed, New Zealand, it is much less common than its scarlet pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis), belongs to better-known relation the fly agaric, A. muscaria the primula family and has occasionally caused [see below]. Death cap usually grows beneath oak dermatitis when handled. trees, and may be increasing at present, as the fly agaric seems to be. Death cap has a yellowish or Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum). A greenish-white cap, so is immediately recognisable powerful skin irritant that affects susceptible people from the more conspicuous fly agaric. Both fungi more noticeably in sunny weather. Found mainly in have white gills and a volva (membrane) at the eastern South Island. base of the stem at ground level, this being a prominent white cup in the death cap. Note: edible Ivy (Hedera helix). Sometimes causes skin irritation mushrooms (Agaricus species) do not have a volva when handled. and the gills are pale pink to deep pink or pinkish brown. Japanese wax-tree [see wax-tree]

Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria). This conspicuous Nettles or stinging nettles (Urtica species). Three red or orange-red toadstool with a cap that is species are likely to be encountered - the first two speckled with white warty lumps is very poisonous are introduced and the third is native. Nettle or if eaten. It is found where birches, oaks, pines, and annual nettle (U. urens) is a common weed of native beech grow. (See also death cap above) gardens and waste places, especially where animals congregate. Perennial nettle (U. dioica) is much less Magic mushrooms (Psilocybe species). There are common, but may grow in partly shaded places in several species of these small poisonous toadstools the vicinity of buildings. The notorious giant native with a conical brownish or yellow-brown cap and tree nettle or ongaonga (U. ferox) does not occur rather dark gills. The stem is very slender, pale naturally in Auckland, although it is present north yellow and at least in some species shows a bluish of the Waikato, as well as many areas to the south stain when bruised. Magic mushrooms gow on including the South Island. The stings can cause a rotting wood or in soil rich in humus. Note that the numbing effect which lasts several days. common name refers to their hallucinogenic properties, these being inseparable from the poisonous ones. Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa). May cause rashes in Roll rim (Paxillus involutus). This toadstool is susceptible people when leaves are rubbed against immediately distinguished by its brown cap with the skin. the margin rolled under, whilst the greenish or brown gills are produced down the upper part of Rue (Ruta graveolus). This small, very unpleasantly the stem and the latter lacks a volva (membrane). scented shrub is grown by people interested in The poisonous roll rim often grows with fly agaric herbs. It can cause skin irritation and even blistering in colder parts of the country, especially under when handled. birch (Betula pendula) trees. Smoke bushes (Cotinus species). Contact with sap in stems, shoots, and leaves can cause inflamma-

Plants in New Zealand Poisonous to Children, Page 8  Landcare Research 2002 tion and irritation for susceptible people. Closely related to Toxicodendron species, but not nearly as English oak [see oak] poisonous as them. Firethorns (Pyracantha species). They have red, Spurges (Euphorbia species). The white sap can orange, or yellow berries and fierce spines, the irritate skin; especially beware of caper spurge (E. latter being the only feature to worry about. lathyris). This plant has nothing to do with true edible capers. Flowering currant (Ribes sanguineum). The little black or blue-black berries are harmless. It is Stinging nettles [see nettles] mainly grown in colder areas from the Volcanic Plateau southwards, and is often wild in some parts Sumacs [see wax-tree] of the South Island.

Varnish tree [see wax-tree] Fuchsias (Fuchsia species). The soft berries of both native and introduced garden fuchsias are harmless Wax-tree, Japanese wax tree or varnish tree and mostly edible. (Toxicodendron succedanea). Susceptible people suffer blistering and skin inflammation with great Hawthorns (Crataegus species). Several species irritation, that can result in temporary are grown, mostly with red or yellow-orange fruits, hospitalisation, although other people are immune. which can be used for jellies. Some other members of the family to which this plant belongs are notorious for causing severe skin Holm oak [see oak] irritation like the wax tree. Fortunately they rarely grow in New Zealand, eg. poison ivy (T. radicans), Honeysuckles (Lonicera species, especially from North America and Chinese lacquer tree (T. Japanese honeysuckle (L. japonica) and vernicifluum) that like the wax tree is from China honeysuckle (L. ¯americana)). These popular and long cultivated in Japan. Note: the species of climbers have fragrant flowers, which in L. Toxicodendron have often been included in the japonica are followed by shining black berries. large genus Rhus, but the Rhus species rarely cause Other honeysuckles have orange or red berries. trouble, eg. in many parts of New Zealand staghorn None are poisonous although if numbers are eaten sumac (Rhus typhina) is commonly grown. The stomach upsets may result. family has many tropical members, some of which can cause severe skin disorders, but ripe fruits and Japanese quince [see japonica] seeds of mangoes and cashew nuts are quite safe to handle although the trees upon which they grow Japonica or Japanese quince (Chaenomeles are not. speciosa). Like ordinary quince the fruits can be eaten, despite their forbidding dull-green appearance. Many people are needlessly afraid of 4. Common non-poisonous berried plants them.

Barberries (Berberis species). These have Laurustinus [see viburnums] variously coloured berries according to the species. All barberries are thorny and the spines can Lilly pilly [see monkey apple] penetrate the skin, snap off and lead to infection but the berries are not poisonous. Monkey apple or lilly pilly (Acmena smithii). The little round mauve or white berries of this common garden and street tree are a familiar sight in the Brush cherry (Syzygium australe). The oblong north and are harmless. It is a member of the non- crimson or purplish fruits of this small tree are poisonous mānuka or myrtle family. commonly seen in northern urban areas and are quite harmless. Myrtle (Myrtus communis). Has black, aromatic berries. Coprosmas (Coprosma species). There are many native species, usually with orange or red berries. Oak or English oak (Quercus robur), and holm oak (Q. Ilex). These are the usual species grown in Elaeagnus (Elaeagnus ¯reflexa). The scaly northern New Zealand and they fruit prolifically. A orange berries of this large rambling shrub, or stomach-ache may result from eating too many hedge plant, are edible and were used for preserves acorns, but the fruits - in particular the mature in the past. acorns - are almost harmless, being regarded as

Plants in New Zealand Poisonous to Children, Page 9  Landcare Research 2002

“famine food” in Europe in former times. Likewise Warning: If you suspect a child has beech mast, the name applied to the seeds of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) is mentioned in ingested parts of a poisonous plant, European books on poisonous plants along with immediately contact the National oak acorns, but ingestion of its seeds is much more Poisons Information Centre Urgent unlilkely. Again there would be either no ill effects or these would be very minor. 24 Hour Phoneline on 0800 POISON (0800-764766). Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia). Rowan trees are mainly seen in colder parts from the Volcanic For non-urgent information, call Plateau where they are common in the Rotorua and 03-479 1200. Taupo areas southwards through the South Island. The orange-red berries are produced in abundance. If the child is displaying serious symptoms of poisoning, treat as an Strawberry dogwood (Dendrobenthamia capitata). A small tree with large strawberry-like emergency and dial 111 for an fruits. Often common except in the southern half of ambulance. the South Island.

Disclaimer of Liability for Health-Related Advice Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo). The red and This information is not intended to be comprehensive yellow fruits of this well known plant are or to provide medical advice to you. While all care has sometimes eaten. been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information, no responsibility is accepted for any actions taken in Viburnums (Viburnum species). V. davidii has reliance on it. Specific advice on medical issues should deep blue berries and V. japonicum has bright be sought from a health professional. crimson ones. Other species are grown, particularly further south, especially laurustinus (V. tinus) with blue-black berries and guelder rose (V. opulus) with red-orange ones. Although viburnum fruits often smell unpleasant, they do not seem to be poisonous. However, they can cause stomach upsets if many are eaten.

Written by W.R. Sykes, June 1991, Revised October 2002

Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 2002 This information may be copied and distributed to others without limitation, provided Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd and the source of the information is acknowledged. Under no circumstances may a charge be made for this information without the expressed permission of Landcare Research.

Conium maculatum, hemlock

Plants in New Zealand Poisonous to Children, Page 10  Landcare Research 2002

Further information: Plant Identification Note: This handout is only obtainable in printed These lists of poisonous and non-poisonous plants form with the poster below, but is available online are meant to be used solely as a guide to their actual at the Manaaki Whenua Press web site also listed or possible toxicity. Thus they are not intended to below. be a manual for identification because there are no illustrations or detailed descriptions.

The brief notes about many of the plants listed are just for confirming the identity of those mostly common well-known plants. Further information can be obtained for nearly all these species mentioned by consulting the Flora of New Zealand series: volumes I to V.

Banned Plants The lists do not contain any statements about weediness although amongst both the poisonous and non-poisonous plants mentioned there are a number of invasive species for which sale and distribution is restricted (or forbidden). Be that as it may, the criterion for inclusion is the belief that children are likely to or may well be tempted to have contact in some form (internally or externally) with these plants. The lists have been compiled as a result of researching New Zealand and overseas literature on poisonous plants, as well as from observations provided by many people. For those wanting more information about weediness status the following websites may be helpful:

Poster details Sites with lists of weeds Plants in New Zealand Poisonous to People [laminated colour poster, including a www.rnzih.org.nz/pages/weednameslist.htm copy of this handout (not available separately), incl P&P]...... $15.00 www.envbop.govt.nz/green/weeds.htm

Available from: Sites with weed warnings and information

Manaaki Whenua Press www.landcare.org.nz/biodiversity/biodb_index.htm PO Box 40, Lincoln 8152 NEW ZEALAND www.maf.govt.nz/biosecurity/pests-diseases/plants/

Ph 03-325 6700 Fax 03-325 2127 www.protectnz.org.nz

Email [email protected] For more information contact your local regional Web www.mwpress.co.nz council or find their website at

This handout, and the Safety in Preschool Centres www.localgovt.co.nz sheet, are also available on our web site at: www.LandcareResearch.co.nz/publications/infosheets/

Plants in New Zealand Poisonous to Children, Page 11  Landcare Research 2002

Scientific names index (*non-poisonous species)

Aconitum species - monkshood L. lucidum - [see privets] Aesculus species - horse chestnuts L. ovalifolium - [see privets] *Acmena smithii - monkey apple, lilly pilly L. sinense - [see privets] Acokanthera oppositifolia - bushman's poison *Lonicera species - honeysuckles Agapanthus species - agapanthus Lupinus species - lupins Agaricus species - edible mushrooms Lycium ferocissimum - boxthorn Alectryon excelsus - titoki *Macropiper excelsum - pepper bush [see pepper tree] Alocasia species - elephant's ear Mandevilla suaveolens - Chilean jasmine Amanita muscaria - fly agaric Melia azederach - Persian lilac, white cedar A. phalloides - death cap Myoporum species - ngaio Amaryllis species - amaryllids *Myrtus communis - myrtle Anagallis arvensis - [see garden primulas] Nerium oleander - oleander Araujia sericifera - moth plant, cruel plant Nicandra physalodes - apple of Peru *Arbutus unedo - strawberry tree Papaver nudicaule - Iceland poppy Arum italicum - Italian arum P. somniferum - opium poppy Asparagus officinalis - asparagus Pastinaca sativa - parsnip Atropa bella-donna - [see black nightshade] Phytolacca octandra - inkweed *Berberis species - barberries Pieris species - lily of the valley shrubs Brugmansia candida - angel's trumpet Primula species - garden primulas Prunus dulcis - almond, bitter almond & sweet almond Catharanthus roseus - tropical periwinkle P. laurocerasus - cherry laurel Cestrum species - cestrums P. persica - peach *Chaenomeles speciosa - japonica, Japanese quince Pseudopanax arboreus - five finger Colocasia esculenta - taro * Pyracantha species – firethorns Conium maculatum - hemlock *Quercus ilex – holm oak [see oak] Consolida species - larkspurs *Q. robur - oak, English oak Convallaria majalis - lily of the valley Ranunculus sceleratus - celery-leaved buttercup *Coprosma species - coprosmas Rheum rhababarum - rhubarb Coriaria species - tutu Rhododendron species & varieties - rhododendrons Corynocarpus laevigatus - karaka R. arboreum - [see rhododendrons] Cotinus species - smoke bushes Rhus. typhina - [see wax-tree] Cotoneaster species - cotoneasters *Ribes sanguineum - flowering currant *Crataegus species - hawthorns Ricinus communis - castor oil plant Cytisus scoparius - broom Sambucus nigra - elderberry, elder Daphne species - daphnes Schinus molle - pepper tree Datura stramonium - thornapple, datura Solanum species – inc. species commonly called nightshades Delphinium species - delphiniums S. aviculare - poroporo *Dendrobenthamia capitata - strawberry dogwood S. dulcamara - bittersweet Dianella nigra - tūrutu, blueberry lily S. laciniatum - poroporo Dieffenbachia species - dumb canes S. linnaeanum - apple of Sodom Digitalis purpurea - foxglove S. mauritianum - woolly nightshade *Elaeagnus ¯reflexa - elaeagnus S. nigrum - black nightshade Euonymus europaeus - spindle tree S. physalifolium - hairy nightshade E. japonicus - Japanese spindle berry S. pseudocapsicum - Jerusalem cherry Euphorbia species - spurges S. tuberosum - potato E. pulcherrima - poinsettia Sophora species - kōwhai Fatsia japonica - fatsia *Sorbus aucuparia - rowan *Fuchsia species - fuchsias Symphoricarpos albus – snowberry bush Heracleum mantegazzianum - giant hogweed Synphytum officinale - comfrey Gloriosa superba - gloriosa lily S. ¯uplandicum - comfrey Gomphocarpus species - swan plants *Syzygium australe - brush cherry Hedera helix - ivy *Taraxacum species - [see under spurges] Helleborus species - hellebores Taxus baccata - yew H. lividus subsp. corsicus - Corsican hellebore Toxicodendron radicans – poison ivy [see wax tree] H. niger - winter rose T. succedaneum – wax tree. Japanese wax tree, varnish tree Hippeastrum species - [see amaryllids] T. vernicifluum – Chinese lacquer tree [see wax tree] Hypericum androsaemum - tutsan Urtica species - nettles, stinging nettles Hypericum perforatum - St John’s wort [see tutsan] *Viburnum species - viburnums Ilex aquifolium - holly, English holly Vinca rosea - [see tropical periwinkle] Ipomoea species - morning glories Wisteria species - wisteria Iris foetidissima - stinking iris Zantedeschia aethiopica - arum lily Laburnum anagyroides – laburnum Lantana camara - lantana Ligustrum species - privets

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