Evolution of Rosaceae Fruit Types Based on Nuclear Phylogeny in the Context of Geological Times and Genome Duplication Yezi Xiang,1,† Chien-Hsun Huang,1,† Yi Hu,2 Jun Wen,3 Shisheng Li,4 Tingshuang Yi,5 Hongyi Chen,4 Jun Xiang,*,4 and Hong Ma*,1 1State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Center of Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China 2Department of Biology, the Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 3The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 4Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Huanggang Normal College,Huanggang,Hubei,China 5Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China †These authors contributed equally to this work. *Corresponding authors: E-mails:
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[email protected] Associate editor: Hongzhi Kong Abstract Fruits are the defining feature of angiosperms, likely have contributed to angiosperm successes by protecting and dis- persing seeds, and provide foods to humans and other animals, with many morphological types and important ecological and agricultural implications. Rosaceae is a family with 3000 species and an extraordinary spectrum of distinct fruits, including fleshy peach, apple, and strawberry prized by their consumers, as well as dry achenetum and follicetum with features facilitating seed dispersal, excellent for studying fruit evolution.