LIFE 2.0:Living in a Digital World Written by Robert E
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LIFE 2.0: Living in a Digital World Written by Robert E. Slavin and Alli Hoge Ideas That Matter LIFE 2.0:Living in a Digital World Written by Robert E. Slavin and Alli Hoge Life 2.0: Living in a Digital World © 2014 Success for All Foundation. All rights reserved. ISBN: 9781941010044 Developers: Robert E. Slavin, Kate Conway, Richard Gifford, Alli Hoge, Wendy Fitchett Editors: Janet Wisner, Jodie Littleton Designers: Barbara Colquitt, Devon Bouldin Image Credits: © Computer History Museum (arpanet 4-node network, 1969, pg. 7) Creative Commons Attribution Share—Alike: MaltaGC (Anita Mk VIII calculator, pg. 3), Yes0song (Japanese keyboard layout, pg. 26), Yitscar/English Wikipedia (French keyboard layout, pg. 26), Zephyris/English Wikipedia (microchip, pg. 4) Shutterstock.com: 1000 Words, Ahmad Faizal Yahya, Alexmillos, Alhovik, Annette Shaff, Argus, ArtFamily, Aslysun, Bacs Botond, BestPhotoStudio, Bloomua, Christos Georghiou, Dragance137, echo3005, Elnur, Euko, Hasloo Group Production Studio, Igorlale, Jaimie Duplass, Kanand, Kentoh, Lim Yong Hian, Lisa F. Young, Lurin, M.Stasy, Michael D Brown, Michal Mrozek, Monkey Business Images, Qushe, Rob Marmion, Samuel Borges Photography, Sergey Nivens, sikarin supphatada, Smirnova Irina, Stelado, Sylvie Bouchard, Tomislav Konestabo, Umberto Shtanzman, YasnaTen, Zurijeta The mission of the Success for All Foundation is to develop and disseminate research-proven educational programs to ensure that all students, from all backgrounds, achieve at the highest academic levels. These programs were originally developed at Johns Hopkins University. 300 E. Joppa Road, Suite 500, Baltimore, MD 21286 PHONE: (800) 548-4998, ext. 2372 FAX: (410) 324-4444 E-MAIL: [email protected] WEBSITE: www.successforall.org Table of Contents Introduction ...............................................2 The History of Computers .......................... 3 The Incredible Internet ............................... 7 Digital Entertainment..................................9 Exploring the Web ....................................12 Digital Reality ...........................................15 Staying Safe Online .................................20 Technology in Schools .............................23 What’s in a computer? .............................25 Glossary .................................................28 Index ....................................................... 30 1 Introduction Not so many years ago, with others, you wrote again. Computers and other computers seemed like them a letter or called digital devices are part of science fiction. To do them on the telephone. nearly everyone’s daily life. difficult math, all you had was a sharp pencil. All of that has changed. How did this amazing If you were lucky, you This is Life 2.0. People change happen? How can might have owned a listen to music without people make the best use calculator, but those touching records, cassette of the digital revolution? weren’t popular until tapes, or CDs. They carry What are the dangers of the 1970s. To write, miniature computers in Life 2.0, and how can we you used a pen or a their pockets and purses. avoid them? What wonders typewriter. If you wanted They store information might be coming next? information, you looked in a cloud that transfers This book describes all it up in a book such as information from the these ideas and more. an encyclopedia. If you computer to their phone wanted to communicate and MP3 players and back 2 The first computer was huge! ENIAC filled an entire room and The History of Computers weighed thirty tons. For a long time, people have tried The creation of the first electronic to find ways to make it easier to computer was completed in 1946. add, subtract, multiply, and divide It was called the Electronic large numbers. The abacus was Numerical Integrator and invented 3,000 years ago and is Computer, or ENIAC for short. still used in China and some of The newspapers called it the “Giant its neighboring countries. Many Brain.” Scientists wanted to test other calculating machines were the computer’s smarts. They gave invented. They were all slow, but it an extremely complicated math better than the pencil! problem that would have taken a human 100 years to solve by hand. ENIAC solved it in two weeks! An abacus uses beads to help people keep track of numbers as they count. Electronic calculators debuted in the 1960s. They weighed between thirty and sixty pounds and cost thousands of dollars. Hand-held, or pocket, calculators were invented in the 1970s. 3 When the silicone chip was much faster than the best Desktop computers usually invented, computers became computers in the world have four main parts. The Fact much faster. Silicon chips could twenty years ago. actual computer comes in let computers work more a big case. It is connected rapidly without using a Computers come in many to a monitor (screen), lot of electricity or heat. shapes and sizes. There keyboard, and mouse. By moving a mouse, Each new computer is are desktops, laptops, and Desktop computers are a person can select and move items on faster than the last. Today tablets. There are even too big and heavy to move a computer screen. an ordinary home computer telephone computers around easily. They plug into The mouse got its can process information called smartphones. an electric outlet and sit on name because of desks or tables. its shape and the “tail” that connected it to the computer. However, many of today’s mice are now cordless. Silicon chip 4 A laptop computer has the or backpacks when they instead. A touchpad is a same parts as a desktop are closed. Laptops don’t small surface that is sensitive Fact computer, but all the parts always have to be plugged to the touch. Moving your are contained in one single into an outlet. They can finger over the touchpad tells unit. Laptops are lightweight also run on rechargeable the cursor where to move and can be moved from batteries. A mouse can be on the computer screen. The first laptop was place to place. Laptops can plugged into a laptop, but the size of a sheet of notebook paper. easily be stored in bags most laptops have touchpads Sometimes people refer to laptops as notebooks. Today laptops come in many different sizes. 5 The tablet is even smaller that appear on the screen have a computer chip in and much more. In 2001, than the laptop. Tablets have when the user wants to them. With a smartphone, the first smartphone was touchscreens. Instead type. Some users also buy a user can make and receive sold in the United States. of using a mouse to select separate keyboards for phone calls, send text Today more than half of all information on the screen, their tablets. Smartphones messages, connect to the adults in the United States you can touch the screen are mobile telephones that Internet, watch movies, own a smartphone. with your finger to tell it what to do. Tablets also have hidden keyboards 6 The Incredible Internet Fact A major change in the use of ARPANET that connected In 1991, the World Wide computers happened with the thirty-seven computers. Web went live. The very invention of the Internet. firstwebsite was all text. ARPANET stands The Internet connects Through ARPANET, It wasn’t until 1992 that for the Advanced millions of computers to scientists learned a lot a picture appeared on a Research Projects each other and to all sorts about how computers share website. Many website Agency Network. of information. The Internet information. Eventually, the addresses begin with the No wonder they got its start in the 1960s. The Internet as we know it was letters “www.” Can you shortened its name! U.S. government wanted to born. The Internet is shared guess what these letters create new technology by the world. It is not owned stand for? for sharing information, so or controlled by any person, they created a network called country, or company. A sketch of part of the ARPANET, the first information network Today, the number of connections of thirty-seven computers. on the World Wide Web are vast and ever-growing. 7 By 1995, people could access the Internet and the World Wide Web from home. Within six years, half the homes in Fact the United States had access to the Internet. Today that number is much greater. Millions of people get connected to the Internet every year. Today, one in three people have access to the Internet. Percent of World Year Users Population 1995 16 million 0.4% 2000 361 million 5.8% 2005 1 billion 15.7% 2009 1.8 billion 26.6% 2010 1.9 billion 28.8% 2011 2.2 billion 32.7% 2012 2.4 billion 34.4% (source: www.internetworldstats.com) 8 Digital Entertainment Technology isn’t just play music and videos, store Gaming Digital games You can even play against limited to computers and and read books, and connect are a huge part of our lives. someone in a completely smartphones. Many other gamers around the world. You can play games on different country! Games devices use the same or Let’s take a look at some computers, video gaming have many different similar forms of technology. of the many ways that we devices, and even on purposes. Some games are Devices use technology to use technology for fun. your phone. You can strictly for entertainment. compete against Others help us learn new yourself or information or practice someone on the skills we have learned same device. in school. 9 Books People can now Music In 1994, In the past, people carried Fact read e-books on their something happened that portable music players that digital devices. E-books can changed music forever. could play only one CD or be downloaded and read People had access to MP3s. tape at a time. Today’s MP3 on computers, smartphones, Now if you wanted to share players allow listeners to or e-readers. Some music, you didn’t have to store hundreds of songs Music lovers downloaded more e-books are free, and others hand someone a record, on a single small device.