POLITECNICO DI MILANO School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering Master of Science In Architecture and Preservation

Master Project Thesis REVIVAL OF THE OLD CITY OF

Supervisor: Prof. Maria Cristina Colombo Student: Mariyam Yasmin Baagil - 833289 ABSTRACT

01 INDEX The Old City of Banten is a bordered area in the West of Island, recognized as a National Heritage Site of , where historical heritage in architectural and archeological forms 02 ABSTRACT are situated. It displays the legacies of what once was one of the most powerful kingdom in 03 INTRODUCTION the Archipelago of Indonesia, influential trading port in South-East Asia, and a bold evident of 10 CHAPTER 1 : CULTURAL HERITAGE CHALLENGES AND REVIVAL TOOLS cultural and religious values.

11 1.1 Challenges on the Cultural Heritage Despite its outstanding historical, architectural, and cultural values, it is not invulnerable to 12 1.2 Answering the Challenges challenges that appear to heritage. It is currently challenged to cope with the new 15 1.3 Tools of the Old City of Banten Revival Project environment development surrounding it. The tourism is no longer actively happen due to 16 CHAPTER 2: HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF INDONESIAN HERITAGE, THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN lack of proper management and community`s knowledge, which is followed by emergence of 17 2.1 : One of Indonesian International Trading Ports illegal settlement, vandalism, and alike. 21 2.2 The Rise of Banten Muslim State 24 2.3 The Sultanate of Banten: Powerful Kingdom of The Archipelago This revival project aims to overcome the issues and answer the challenges using layers of law 27 2.4 Banten Crisis and European Arrival and regulations, from International to local scope. The regulations and law become the 29 2.5 Banten Dynamic Recovery and Economy Power Expansion framework on how to revive the Old City, through an integrated strategic planning approach 32 2.6 Banten Civil War: The End of The Reign which covers the aspects of the city and its people. To restore the connection between the old 34 CHAPTER 3: THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN TODAY city and the people is the main aim of the revival project.

35 3.1 Geographical And Demographical Context Analysis The project thesis build up a careful strategic planning which acknowledge the issues and 42 3.2 Law Basis Under The Old City of Banten propose an intervention needed to achieve the goals of the project. The methods taken is the 56 3.3 The Old City of Banten Today beginning for The Old City of Banten to continue to thrive and be prepared for challenges that 68 CHAPTER 4: REVIVAL OF THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN might appear in the future. 69 4.1 Project Area

73 4.2 Site Survey 83 4.3 Analysis and Diagnosis 89 4.4 Project Vision

91 4.5 Project Goals and Actions Keywords: The Old City of Banten, Cultural Heritage, Law and Regulation, Local Community, 120 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 121 5.1 Project Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Integrated Strategic Planning, Tourism, To Connect The City and The People. 123 5.2 Conclusion 124 BIBLIOGRAPHY

01 02 Revival of The Old City of Banten Introduction

A. PRIMARY OBJECTIVES

Indonesia is a nation with a long history that made it what it is today. It roughly went through six stages of big historical phases. These phases, left the archipelago with a lot of valuable heritage, in various forms, spread all over its land. Being a developing country that Indonesia is, historical heritage is struggling to cope. This thesis project is taking one example of this phenomenon and aim to build a strategic planning to revive: The Old city of Banten.

The Old City of Banten was once a territory of one of the most powerful sultanates in Revival Of The Old City Of Banten Indonesia in 16th century. It was known to be among the most significant ports in the land of Java during the third historical phase, when ruled, until colonialism. It was also one of the most powerful kingdom that fought the colonialism. It was one of the most significant political and economy power in the land of Java in the archipelago, Introduction before the Republic of Indonesia was formed. Its reign ended during the encounter with the Dutch during colonialism. The historic site has remaining of several buildings, fortifications and ruins spread in over 10 ha area. It is now a recognized national Cultural Heritage Area, which is, “a geographical A. Primary Objectives space unit which has two or more cultural heritage site that is located near to each B. Research Questions other and/or show similarities on typical spatial characteristics” (Constitution of Republic of Indonesia, Number 11, year 2010). C. Research Method Despite the recognition and great potentialities that it has, The Old City of Banten is D. Project Approach currently in a poor state. Illegal housing, disorganized tourism activities, lack of public E. Expected Outcomes facilities and infrastructure are few of the issues that it is facing. The Old City of Banten is practically beaten by its new environment, and almost forgotten. Absence of proper organization and planning are believed to be the main causes to this condition.

The primary objective of this thesis project is to initiate a careful analysis leading to an elaborated planning to revive the historic site of the Old City of Banten. It aims to bring back the important past that this site carries, as part of the important historical trace of Indonesia. The approach will be integrated with different parties involved what would have the competence to sustain the goal: government, communities, tourist, and society in general.

03 04 Revival of The Old City of Banten Introduction

B. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1) Site/Context Analysis: to understand the physical/geographical facts, boundaries of the area, current state, infrastructure, traffic, network, issues of the site in The main research question is: various scale and layers. What kind of strategic planning that would successfully revive the Old City of Banten? 2) Demographic study of the place, to better understand the stakeholders that This main research question is then followed by further interrogation concerning the involve in this project. A strong example of an evident stakeholder is the current strategic planning. illegal settlers that heavily populate the historical site. As much as these settlers are illegal: they have been living there from generations, and they have been (1) What are the answers to the challenges that cultural heritage such as The Old dwelling their lives here. Therefore, a careful approach followed by study of the City of Banten is facing in today`s era; law, is needed in order to make all parties/stakeholders involved being given the (2) What makes The Old City of Banten become one of the most valuable cultural best outcome possible. heritage for Indonesia to revive; 3) Site visit: to understand the current state of the site.

(3) How is the current state of The Old City of Banten; 4) SWOT Analysis: to generate a structured and clear idea on the historical site (4) What further values to be applied and add up for The Old City of Banten to be current strengths and weaknesses with possible opportunities and threats, as considered UNESCO World Heritage List; knowledge to know before building up any planning on the site.

(5) How to apply an effective and sustainable strategic planning to revive the Old The step to take next would be to build an elaborated potential map to indicate the City of Banten. possible actions, type of actions, area where it shall be applied, on the site. This potential map will lead to a better and more defined map of the design of the strategic planning. C. RESEARCH METHOD

The method to be conducted would involve several kinds of approach. It would range D. PROJECT APPROACH from literature studies, site study/survey, and sets of analysis. The project would first The approach used for this project thesis is strategic planning. Strategic Planning is a take research on literature studies from UNESCO conferences and convention. This systematic process to define strategies or directions and decisions to pursue an would become the base of tools and understanding on how to put the importance of envisioned desired future, by translating visions into defined goals, objectives, and a Cultural and Historical Heritage and how to apply an act towards it. After having the breakdown of steps on how to achieve it (Mintzberg, 1996; WebFinance Inc, 2017). It is base in regard of heritage in general, then it will get deeper to the main object of the practically applicable to diverse types of sectors, which in this case is for a heritage project thesis, The Old City of Banten. A literature studies regarding its historical revival plan. background will take place. This will bring understanding on the important part it has as part of Indonesia long history, the complex and long history that made it an important For heritage management plan, an appropriate strategy, objectives, and actions need legacy from the past, and the understanding of its current context. This shall give a to be established together with implemented structure to manage and develop clear understanding of the outstanding value that this place has, the policies that cultural heritage in an effective and sustainable way, with attention towards how to involves in action therefore leading to an effective and sustainable strategic planning reach the equilibrium state where it could fulfill the needs of: cultural heritage, users, for The Old City of Banten. and governmental and or private/community bodies that are involved. Therefore, in strategic planning of heritage revival, consideration on different stakeholders is an Followed by in-depth site analysis: integral part in order to make the plan works. 1) Site/Context Analysis: to understand the physical/geographical facts, boundaries In a nutshell, a strategic planning must consist of three questions: “Where we are of the area, current state, infrastructure, traffic, network, issues of the site in today?”, “Where do we want to be?”, “How do we get there?” Furthermore, it shall be various scale and layers. highlighted that strategic planning is a circular process not linear, in that it can be formulated depending on resources and changes of context.

05 06 Revival of The Old City of Banten Introduction

Figure 1. The circular cycle of Strategic Planning. Figure 2. The logic of SWOT analysis in Strategic Planning.

There are five general steps involve in the strategic planning approach. 3) Strategic Framework

Strategic framework includes several key points: mission, vision, goals, and 1) Pre-Diagnosis objectives. Mission shall states the purpose, objects, and scope of the project, In this phase, one shall collect as much and as wide of information as possible with a clear and motivating approach, realistic and achievable idea, and regarding the topic addressed. It is an integral part in starting the strategic precise, unique and distinctive view. Vision, on the other hand, is a descriptive planning, for it becomes the base for the later steps. The pre-diagnosis would statement that specifies a much longer term achievement of the goal. It shall give idea regarding the subject in a bigger picture, before entering a more answer the “Where we want to be?” in 20 to 30 years, with steps needed to specified phase. safeguard the values of the heritage, and ensuring a positive contribution to sustainable development. 2) Analysis and Diagnosis After having the mission and vision of the project, the next step is to This step is where specified sets of analysis held leading to diagnosis. The breakdown sets of goals and objectives needed in order to fulfill the mission analysis includes the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and and vision. Goals are the measurable targets of major steps to take in order to Threats) and stakeholders’ analysis. The SWOT analysis examines the internal achieve the vision. Objectives, are a more specified actions to take, that is strengths and weaknesses, the opportunities to grow and improve, and the basically the underpinned, conveyed, and elaborated aspects of the vision. threats from external parties towards its state (Harrison, 2010) which we can already started to assess in the pre-diagnosis part. 4) Action Plan

Furthermore, stakeholders` analysis would give us better idea on what parties Action Plan is the step where we should indicate the series of actions required involved in the project, whether they are: the internal or external, affect or in order to achieve the objectives. This should be more specific, it can include: affected, with high or low interest, and has high or low power. After these time required for each action, resources needed, sequences of the actions, and analyses, a diagnosis would be built, which will give a clear idea on what so on. Action plan should set targets, outputs, and indicators regarding each of planning strategy best approached. its actions.

07 08 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 1. Cultural Heritage Challenges and Revival Tools

Figure 3. The systematic diagram of Strategic Planning. Chapter 1 5) Monitoring and Evaluation Plan This is the last step in a strategic planning where the first four aspects are being assessed through its progress and outcomes, in a long-term monitoring Cultural Heritage Challenges and evaluation plan. This plan shall indicate the calculable indicators to measure each objective’s level of success, together with parties that are and Revival Tools responsible

E. EXPECTED OUTCOMES

The expected outcomes of this thesis would be a well-rounded knowledge on how to answer challenges that are facing cultural historical heritage, taking the Old City of Banten as the case, with an elaborated planning of the revival of the old city. Through a careful analysis leading to an effective proposal, it shall overcome the issues it currently has and anticipated the future challenges that are going to come. In addition, an initiative to put the heritage site to be considered as UNESCO World Heritage List will also become part to complete the project. The products would be a set of action plans including a design intervention for the Old City of Banten that would successfully achieve the main objective of the strategic planning on reviving The Old City of Banten.

09 10 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 1. Cultural Heritage Challenges and Revival Tools

1.1 CHALLENGES ON THE CULTURAL HERITAGE The Old City of Banten is a cultural heritage site, where architectural and archeological heritage of the valuable and various layers of the past situated. UNESCO has made a clear understanding and approach towards the definition and Cultural heritage indeed have great potentialities, one of them being economic value of cultural heritage in its 25th General Conference in Paris, 1989. In the “Draft potential, through its tourism, and could act as a medium that ensures the continuity Medium-Term Plan (1990-1995)” of this conference, a major program for “Culture: of the common values for people and territory that its development should be an Past, Present and Future” was presented. It stated that cultural heritage is “… the important subject (UNESCO, 2014:7), and hence should go together with other entire corpus of material signs—either artistic or symbolic—handed on by the past to sectors. each culture and, therefore, to the whole of humankind.” Cultural heritage is perceived to, “… give each particular place its recognizable features and is the storehouse of However, cultural heritage are now under a lot of pressures. These pressures come human experience,” for it is as an integral part of the affirmation and enrichment of from various causes and in different forms, ones that are in control and out of control: cultural identities and as a legacy belonging to humankind. The broad sense of the natural disasters, growing population, industrialization, urbanization, war and conflicts, understanding of cultural heritage matters also being explicated, that it: should be poor management, unsustainable tourism, are some of the examples. Moreover, lack considered in time and space, includes human and natural environment, could be of attention, funding, experts, effective monitoring and enforcement also add up to the architectural complex or archeological sites, rural and countryside or urban settings, issue. technical or industrial, and industrial design or street furniture. This approach leads to preservation and presentation of cultural heritage as a centerpiece of any cultural policy (UNESCO, 1989:57). 1.2 ANSWERING THE CHALLENGES In the same report, UNESCO also stated that despite such importance being put onto the value of cultural heritage, its situation has deteriorated more than ever due to UNESCO 25TH GENERAL CONFERENCE, PARIS, 1989 various reasons. This phenomenon is no different in what is happening in the cultural heritage in Indonesia, as in the Old City of Banten. It is an inevitable reality that The challenges that cultural heritage has to face, bring public awareness to grant it the promoting heritage conservation has become a core issue especially in the rapidly value it deserves. This leads to a growing number of people showing interest in the growing urban areas of the developing countries, including Indonesia. cultural heritage, which eventually create a virtuous cycle. The increase number of interest, bringing new life and cultural development through their impact on economic Value, has always been the underlying reason of heritage conservation. It is an activity and tourism, promoting cultural heritage that create effective contribution unavoidable fact that conservation will take place where the stakeholders find it towards development. “Many Member States have been led to the same conclusion: beneficial, in regard to their own values. What it meant by value is, “a set of positive the need to provide substantially increased resources to preserve the cultural heritage characteristics or qualities perceived in cultural objects or sites by certain individuals or and to adopt the functions of the heritage so as to incorporate it in the human and groups.” Cultural heritage was once a matter of a small group of experts and specialist, natural environment and the living culture of the community.” (UNESCO, 1989) supported by certain parties who fund the projects. Therefore, the conservation will likely to only happen based on how valuable it is to the mentioned stakeholders. This is Hence, in order to overcome the challenges, a strong integration of the development certainly not the case of how cultural heritage today, where its concept has evolved as between the legacy of the past and the present, and eventually the future, should be well as the scope of the people involved (Torre, Mason, 2002). integrated and goes hand in hand. The core of cause on challenges toward cultural heritage comes from the people; but with awareness, the power of people could This evolution is a positive development towards cultural heritage, in that it certainly restore the value of cultural heritage sustainably. In the same UNESCO conference in brings better and higher sense of importance towards the matter of cultural heritage Paris (1989), it explained the objectives of the program on “Preservation and Revival of conservation. However, it also causes the approach to be much more complex where the Cultural Heritage”. There are four main objectives: “(1) Improved understanding of there are more considerations to be taken into account: what to conserve, how to the cultural heritage, especially the non-physical heritage, (2) more effective conserve, what are the priorities, how to handle conflicting interest, and alike. Values preservation, (3) better incorporation of the cultural heritage in present day cultural that evolve around the cultural heritage are varied in accordance to diverse point of life, creative activity and the economic and social world, (4) greater accessibility to the view. Therefore, a strong integration of various values with a solid base from different public”. parties should take place in order for the goal to be achieved.

11 12 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 1. Cultural Heritage Challenges and Revival Tools

Furthermore, a stronger relation of cultural heritage development to other sectors is 5) Build on culture to promote environmental sustainability crucial. Other sectors involved are: contemporary architecture, urbanization and town Safeguarding historic urban and rural areas together with their assosicated traditional planning, science and technology, protection of the environment, education and knowledge, skills and practices would reduce environmental footprints of the society, communication. This relation will bring a stronger inter-sectoral cooperation and hence will promote the ecologically sustainable patterns of production and sustainable coordination in respect of the cultural heritage (UNESCO, 1989). urban and architectural design solutions.

Balanced, integrated and sustainable management process, are the three key factors 6) Strengthen resilience to disasters and combat climate change through culture for the conservation of historic city, such as The Old City of Banten. Clear vision and Communities’ resilience both in the sense of identity and place, would be enhanced innovative policies from the main stakeholders are vital in order for this strategy to when an appropriate conservation of historic environment: cultural landscape and the work. It should be executed based on the values that need to be protected as well as relevant traditional knowledge, values and practices being synergized with other strong integration with regular planning and development at the city and metropolitan scientific knowledge and promoted. scales (Bandarin and Van Oers, 2012:176). 7) Value, safeguard and transmit culture to future generations UNESCO: THE HANGZHOU DECLARATION, 2013 The fact that heritage, a critical asset for our well-being and the future generations, is now being lost at an alarming rate due to combined effects of: urbanization, In 2013, a new approach towards sustainable development was initiated through the development pressures, globalization, conflicts, and climate change phenomenon, Hangzhou Declaration, “Placing Culture at the Heart of Sustainable Development should be accepted and comprehended. Hence, it is a crucial act to fully integrate the Policies.” With UNESCO through the occasion of International Congress, “Culture: Key matter into national policies and programs through the development and educational to Sustainable Development,” there is one main goal that they aim to achieve that is to sectors, in order to protect and promote it while giving it a central role to the societies. suggest several actions to be integrated to what would be the future policy of sustainable development. There are nine actions mentioned: 8) Harness culture as a resource for achieving sustainable urban development and management 1) Integrate culture within all development policies and programs “A vibrant cultural life and the quality of urban historic environments are keys for Development is composed by: culture and local context. Therefore, culture should be achieving sustainable cities.” Cultural heritage should be in harmony with their natural placed in the same level of importance as: human rights, equality and sustainability. It settings, and this shall be supported by local governments` culture-aware programs should be integrated to the definition of sustainable development and well-being, and policies. It should enhance the representation and participation of the therefore become an integral part of development policies and programs. communities, maximize the use of cultural infrastructure to utilize the communities` need, and promote culture-led redevelopment of urban areas and public spaces: 2) Mobilize culture and mutual understanding to foster peace and reconciliation which will preserve the social fabric, improve economic returns and increase In such globalization era, it should be a common understanding that intercultural competitiveness. Heritage-based urban revitalization and sustainable tourism should dialogue and recognition of respect towards cultural diversity is crucial in order to have be promoted as well, as powerful sub-sectors that not only generate fortune, but more inclusive, stable and resilient societies. This shall be achieved through educational, than that it will generate employment, local development stimulation, and creativity. communicational, and artisctic approaches together with dedicated national councils. 9) Capitalize on culture to foster innovative and sustainable models of cooperation 3) Ensure cultural rights for all to promote inclusive social development Cultural rights, access to cultural goods and services, free participation in cultural life, Public-private partnership should be explored, for it can provide alternative and freedom of artistic expression together with a rights-based approach to culture and sustainable models for cooperation in support of culture. It will require development respect for cultural diversity are critical and should be promoted by national and at national level, of appropriate legal, fiscal, institutional, policy, and administrative regional policies and legal frameworks. enabling environment to foster global and innovative funding and cooperation mechanism at national and international scope. 4) Leverage culture for poverty reduction and inclusive economic development Culture`s potential on being a source of creative industries through innovation and creativity especially for small and medium-sized enterprises, trades, and investments should be harnessed and accessible to all groups within society. It should be achieved through activities that sustainably protecting, safeguarding and promoting heritage.

13 14 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 2.Historical Context of Indonesian Heritage: The Old City Of Banten

1.3 TOOLS OF THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN REVIVAL PROJECT

Sets of tools to revive the Old City of Banten are built upon the previous references mentioned in previous sub-chapter. With regards to the UNESCO Conferences, there are three main tools that are perceived to be most effective to be used in the strategic planning of the revival of the Old City of Banten. It includes:

1) Strong integration of the development between the legacy of the past and the present

As explicated in the UNESCO Conference in Paris (1989), a strong relation between cultural and historical heritage and other developments, could build a stronger inter- sectoral cooperation. This strong integration would place heritage importance in the same level as other sectors: it becomes one of the gears in a system of development that would support the whole machine to work at its best performance, instead of being an isolated component to be put out of the context.

2) Harness culture as a resource for achieving sustainable urban development and management Chapter 2 Continuing from the previous point, by harnessing culture as one of the aspect to achieve sustainable development and management of a city, it will become integral part of the city`s development. Consequently, it will naturally show it importance, and Historical Context of its value will rise.

3) Raising the value of heritage for stakeholders involved in order to create Indonesian Heritage: sustainable plan of revival The Old City Of Banten As mentioned before, value has become one of the main underlying causes of heritage conservation, in that conservation will take place and happen sustainably when stakeholders find it valuable for their motives. Hence, by raising the value of cultural and historical heritage, towards all parties involved that include the people, political power, and financial power, a plan of survival would last.

Figure 4. The Old City of Banten Revival Project tools based on the UNESCO 25th Conference in Paris, 1989 and The Hangzhou Declaration, 2013

15 16 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 2.Historical Context of Indonesian Heritage: The Old City Of Banten

The Old City of Banten is a nationally recognized heritage site of Indonesia, where Indonesia approximately went through five stages of big historical phase: ancient era, historical and cultural relics in a form of artifacts, ruins of palace and forts, religious and Buddhism era, followed by the rise of Islam, that did not go too long places, port, plaza, and several others, situated as the remaining of what once was one before Colonialism intervened, and then became the Independent Indonesia as we of the most powerful kingdoms in the archipelago, the Sultanate of Banten. know it today. Through clear evidences exist, it is believed that Indonesia has already had region`s participation of international trade since 1 BCE. In this chapter, a thorough study of Banten history and its context, take place. It leads to a clear understanding on how the Old City of Banten emerged, and become one of As shown in the diagram X, the international trading network happened to three the most important national heritage assets today. different continents. The Europe networking happened through the Roman Emperors that is believed to have been receiving cloves from Maluku, Eastern Indonesia, and 2.1 BANTEN GIRANG: ONE OF INDONESIAN INTERNATIONAL TRADING PORTS Sandalwoods from NTT, delivered through India. Other than India, Indonesia was also The history and development of a nation cannot go in separate ways to its tied-up with China trading route from Java Island. Java also believed to have had a geographical fact. Indonesia, being the largest archipelago country with its 17504 relation with Africa`s Eastern country, Madagascar, which is evident by the fact that islands (Indonesian Central Bureau Of Statistics, 2014), made the country`s growth, there are parts of Madagascar that adapt one of the language from Indonesia. mainly revolve around its waterways. It is almost safe to say that, Indonesian evolution By the 4th century of CE, Indonesian international trading had its milestone, where the happens mostly through its seaways and river ways, as it become the routes where demand of importing goods has expanded and reached more than just China and India, religion, languages, ideologies, and even genes, moved (Brown, 2000). The Old City of but also into the Arab world. This expansion of the trade routes was not only a matter Banten, which used to be called as Banten Girang, was one of the main ports of this of passing goods, but more than that; it was the way of information and ideas going in waterways system of the archipelago. and out as well: religious, philosophies, and cultural attributes.

Figure 5. Indonesian Trading Network in 1 BCE. (Brown, A Short History of Indonesia, 2000) Figure 6. Foreign Merchants (Left to right: Keling, Unknown, Malay, Peguanese, Persian, Arab). (Guillot, The Sultanate of Banten, 1990)

17 18 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 2.Historical Context of Indonesian Heritage: The Old City Of Banten

It is believed that through the approach of trade networking, Hinduism and Buddhism Banten presumably was part of the great maritime of Empire, which had total entered the archipelago in the 5th century of CE. The Indians and Chinese traders are control over the Straits of Sunda between Java and Sumatera. The Sundanese kingdom believed to have come and settled while transmitting their cultural ideas to the locals. itself, Pajajaran, was established in 14th century and had Banten (recognized as Banten Both religions were mainly represented in the main city of the two most dominant Girang at the time) and Kalapa (known as well as Jayakarta and Batavia, now referred islands in the 7th Century: Mataram kingdom (Java) and Srivijaya Kingdom (Sumatera). to as , the capital of Indonesia) became its two main ports (Guillot, 1990). Mataram Kingdom produced one of the most important temples: temple, the largest Buddhist temple in the world listed as UNESCO World Heritage since 1991.

Figure 7. Location of important kingdoms of Buddhism and Hinduism. (Brown, A Short History of Indonesia, 2000)

Figure 9. Srivijaya Empire great maritime influence. (Guillot, The Sultanate of Banten, 1990)

Figure 8. Borobudur Temple (left) and Prambanan Temple (right), two of the great legacies of the Mataram Kingdom, currently listed as UNESCO World Heritage. Figure 10. The site of Banten Girang, Banten pre-Islam. (Guillot, The Sultanate of Banten, 1990)

19 20 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 2.Historical Context of Indonesian Heritage: The Old City Of Banten

2.2 THE RISE OF BANTEN MUSLIM STATE In 1527, Portuguese finally arrived to the Banten area to build the fortress. At this point, Sunan Gunung Jati from Demak, a native Pasai of North Sumatera, has already In 1511 the Portuguese landed in the archipelago, in Malaka specifically, and did some arrived with his mission to spread the word of Islam. With the troops that were sent documentation on the archipelago important areas including Banten. They came with from Demak, Sunan Gunung Jati successfully dominated the two main Sundanese pepper as their main interest. It was mostly grown strongly in the straits of Sudna, ports: Banten Girang and Kalapa. They officially took control over Banten and made it a where Pajajaran Kingdom ruled. Despite the strength of owning the highly-desired Muslim State. Sunan Gunung Jati then named his son, Hasanudin, as the first king of pepper, Pajajaran Kingdom power was weaken over time. This weakness was seen as an the Sultanate of Banten. opportunity by the already-established Muslim Kingdom in Demak (in the central Java) to take over Banten and build another Sultanate in Banten. The east-west trade networking had begun to raise during the 13th century, from China and Europe, the two main markets of Indonesian goods. The demand for Indonesian Being the anti-Muslim that Portuguese once were, they made an agreement with the Maluku`s and spices kept on increasing significantly, leading to a previous Banten (Banten Girang) ruler to prevent it to happen. Banten at this point was competition between merchants that resulted the rising of smaller ports throughout not introduced to Islam, and refused the idea of the religion, let alone becoming one of the archipelago. This peak of trade triumph made further changes to the societies. This the Muslim States. The negotiations between the two parties begun in 1521 resulted a was also the momentum where the next big historical milestone happened: Europe and treaty that gave Portuguese an obligation to protect Banten from Sultanate of Demak Islam. and in return, Portuguese was given unlimited access to the pepper. Similar to the routes of Hinduism and Buddhism, Islam entered the archipelago through

trade. During the peak of international trading in 13th Century, it was the Muslims from south Asia and who take Indonesian spices to Europe. They introduced the religion to the locals.

Figure 11. Mount Pulosari, the place where Hasanudin, the crown prince of Demak Figure 12. Beginning in Indonesia. (Brown, A Short History of Indonesia, Sultanate, sought refuge several times before launching attack to take over Banten Girang 2000) in 1527. (Guillot, The Sultanate of Banten, 1990)

21 22 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 2.Historical Context of Indonesian Heritage: The Old City Of Banten

The dissemination of the religion happened from the west to east. Mid-fourteenth 2.3 THE SULTANATE OF BANTEN: POWERFUL KINGDOM OF THE ARCHIPELAGO century became an important mark when Islam entered Aceh and started to spread to Following the success of taking over the ports and pepper trade in Banten, the other major coastal areas` important ports: Gresik then went far east to Ternate in Hasanudin initiated an establishment of a new capital as a symbol of a new era. The 1460, followed by Demak in 1480, and then it went to Banten in 1525, before heading location chosen was on the coast of the mouth of Ci-Banten River, upper north east of east again to Buton in 1580, and in 1605. By early , Islam had the Banten Girang—which was the main port at the time. The new site became the been introduced to almost all major coastal areas of the archipelago. This was the royal city of the Sultanate of Banten, which is now the legacy that is referred to as the beginning of the Sultanate Banten. Old City of Banten. The history of Sultanate Banten intertwined strongly with the arrival of the European. The Muslim trader who brought Islam to the archipelago, while selling Indonesian goods to the west, indirectly contributed to the eventual colonization of European to the archipelago.

The main powers of Europe back then, particularly Spain and , were not pleased to the fact that their Indonesian spices are managed by the Muslims trader from Middle East. This was the motive for Portugal to finally decide to have a sail towards Asia. They took over Malaka in 1511 and aimed to make it their commerce camp for Malaka was what they know as the Asian traders` market. They turned this journey into an initiative to monopolize trading and a momentum to spread their faith, Catholicism.

Portuguese were the first European entered the archipelago, before English, Spanish, and Dutch followed their ways, respectively. The motives were generally similar to Portuguese initial aim when sailing through the ocean to Indonesia that is to monopolize the trading in the archipelago. The Dutch—recorded as the country that colonialized Indonesia the longest, for a good three and a half century—however, believed to be the most dominant European to occupy the archipelago through its strategic economic strategy. It first arrived in the Indies around 1590s.

They found the voyages being very profitable at first, and eventually decided to establish a trading organization called the VOC (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie) or the United . VOC is believed to be the most dominant, powerful, and strong organization of trading in Asia (Gaastra, 2003). Organizations alike were built by the Portuguese and English as well, but none made it as successful as the Dutch. There are several factors that might have made VOC being as dominant as it was, which will be revealed further, and Banten was one of the components to it.

Figure 13. The bay of Banten. (Guillot, The Sultanate of Banten, 1990)

23 24 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 2.Historical Context of Indonesian Heritage: The Old City Of Banten

It was built in a delta, with a strong sense of Javanese traditional plan of town. It was Banten empire was sufficiently powerful that Maulana Yusuf decided it was the right formed by two arms of rivers, with two main streets (north-south, and wast-west) that timing for the sultanate to conquer Pakuwan—the capital of Pajajaran Kingdom. The divide the street into quarters. The royal palace was built in the south side, surrounded success made Banten practically ruled almost the whole Sundanese Java, and part of by the residences, with the Great on the west. South Sumatera. Not only its political power was getting stronger, its economy was also flourishing, that Banten was believed to be one of the largest trading cities of the After a dynamic political condition in Demak, the former royal house, Banten is left South-East Asia. free of obligations and continues to prosper. Portuguese, despite its anti-Muslim sentiment, continue to bring more trade relation with Banten through Malaka. Couple of instability occurred in Banten mainly revolved around the sovereignty Portuguese made Banten its “”, the representative of commercial hub. During transfer. However, Banten overcame these challenges and continued to grow. Its the events, Banten created major agriculture policy to improve food production, primary source of wealth is undoubtedly its pepper. But its geographical location also together with some crucial developments of: irrigation canals, dams, and new villages. become very beneficial, where merchants also turned it into some sort of emporium These developments followed by the outcome of great economic development, lead where goods are bought and sold. Banten was indeed holding so much wealth and to an increase in urban population. Maulana Yusuf (1570-1580), the son of Sultan power at this moment. The Dutch compared Banten to their Amsterdam, in that it was Hasanudin, encircled the royal city with brick ramparts, and built a huge mosque that dominated by commercial activities, which they found very pleasing during their is still stand strong until today in the modern Old City of Banten. arrival, as illustrated in a map in 1596.

Figure 15. Banten in 1596 as illustrated by the Dutch. (Guillot, The Sultanate of Banten, 1990)

Sultan Maulana Muhammad, a young 25 years old king of Banten, might have got intoxicated by such power and wealth at such young age, that he thought it would be a good strategy to plan an attack to expand his kingdom. He aimed for Srivijaya, by leading an expedition to the capital of in 1596. The journey was cut short Figure 14. The mosque of the Sultanate. (Guillot, The Sultanate of Banten, 1990) when the young king got killed by a cannon ball, leading to an immediate cessation and Banten army was forced to go back home. This was the first time ever that Banten expansion failed.

25 26 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 2.Historical Context of Indonesian Heritage: The Old City Of Banten

2.4 BANTEN CRISIS AND EUROPEAN ARRIVAL center for not only politic, economy, and commerce importance, but also religion and culture (Poesponegoro, 2011 in UI 2016). The event of Sultan Maulana Muhammad death marked a turning point for . The sudden death, with his infant son who couldn`t bear the responsibility The rivalry between Dutch and Portuguese in aiming to lead the monopoly trading of being the king yet, resulted Banten to have yet another potentiality of civil war caused an inevitable conflict which happened in the bay of Banten. Portuguese lost between the two major parties who aimed for the throne. It is also got worsen by the the battle and forced to leave Banten, which happened for the next forty years. The fact that few months after Maulana Muhammad`s death, the European arrived in defeat of Portuguese very much affected Banten as well. Not only it lost its long Banten and disrupted life of the city. trading partner that weakens its economy, it is also situated in a weaker political situation where English and Dutch scandalously attack its sovereignty. The Dutch, with its organization of VOC under the rule of Pieter Booth, chose Ambon as their base and successfully dominated the spices trade in Maluku. However, seeing that Portuguese were still handling the main strategic route of the Asian trading network, Pieter decided to move its base to a more significant coastal area (Kardiyat, 2007).

Figure 17. An illustration on the naval battle between Portuguese and Dutch. (Guillot, The Sultanate of Banten, 1990)

Figure 16. The death of Sultan Maulana Muhammad causes instability and tense between two most powerful parties. The illustration shows the leaders of the two, the Regent and Under the new rule of Prince Ranamanggala, Banten aimed to take back its power. He the Great Kadi. (Guillot, The Sultanate of Banten, 1990) initiated a bold new policy to take back all the trading authority and weakening the merchants` power. This was completely against the idea of monopoly trading that English and Dutch were aiming when they arrived. Hence, this was answered by the Banten was the primary selection to replace Ambon. It had replaced Malaka`s Dutch by leaving Banten bay, took over Batavia (which was part of Banten) and made it importance as the hub in Chinese trading in late 16th century, after Portuguese took its new trading post, while blockaded Banten`s harbor from any trading activities from over Malaka. It acted nearly as the capital of international trading, and became the- Batavia. This created a critical economy outcome for Banten.

27 28 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 2.Historical Context of Indonesian Heritage: The Old City Of Banten

2.5 BANTEN DYNAMIC RECOVERY AND ECONOMY POWER EXPANSION

Prince Ranamanggala`s policy was perceived to be inflexible and was not a good strategy for the good of Banten. Hence a new policy was instigated. Relationship between Batavia and Banten was slowly restored, for it was seen to be the most beneficial move for both parties. There are two reasons for this: (1) Banten needed to refresh its economy and Batavia would be the right partner to reach this goal, and (2) Banten remained the most productive pepper trader which Batavia would take advantage of. On top of that, Mataram Kingdom at the time, under Sultan Agung, determined to take control of the whole island of Java, which includes Banten and Batavia. Hence the reunification of both parties would strengthen them from being taken control by Mataram.

In 1628, English settled back in to Banten. English became the economy, political, and security support of power for Banten against their common rival, the Dutch in Batavia. However, they remained in a stable relation: English-Banten and Batavia-Dutch almost acted as shield to each other against the major common threat: Mataram. These stabilities lead to a new start of Banten. It underwent development from 1629 to 1631. In 1640, peace was completely restored between Banten and Batavia. This opened up economy opportunities, where Batavia opened up the blockade and allowed Chinese trader to operate through Banten, freely again.

Prince Surya, or better known as Sultan Ageng of Banten, started his reign of a once again, prosperous, united and respected Sultanate of Banten. This happened for not too long until; the Anglo-Dutch war broke out. The war that happened in Europe made a great effect even up to the archipelago when The Dutch took its war to the Indies. They instructed Batavia ta attack Banten, which at the time allied with English. It created so much damage to Banten that, even after the peace treaty between the Anglo-Dutch was signed, they did not stop. Together with other states that was wearied by such damage that external issue could bring into the archipelago, Banten with Aceh, Johor, Mataram, and Makassar united and attacked Batavia. Figure 18. An illustration prosperous Banten in 1635. (Guillot, The Sultanate of Banten, 1990) According to the Chronicle of Banten, Banten held victory of the attack. This was a great milestone for its military but eventually distressed the merchants. Banten`s harbor under Batavia blockade became a great pressure for merchants to undergo their economy. Hence, from 1656 onwards, Chinese merchants and the English, tried to intervene in order to reach a peace treaty between the two states. In 1659, a peace treaty was signed.

29 30 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 2.Historical Context of Indonesian Heritage: The Old City Of Banten

The restored peace was almost equal to restoration of the power over the land, for 2.6 BANTEN CIVIL WAR: THE END OF THE REIGN Banten. The long and dynamic ups and downs of Banten history finally reach the point Banten were only grown stronger when it took control over from Mataram, where Banten had successfully held his ground and showed its power to both its allies made it become the most dominant kingdom in the island. However, it did not happen and rivals. Through a good relation with Makassar, Banten spread its wings of for too long. Batavia, who were once Banten ally against Mataram power turned its international trading to the Philipines, which was trading partner with Makassar. way and allied with Mataram. Frustrated with such defeat, Sultan Ageng, left his Furthermore, Sultan Ageng`s Ministed of Foreign Trade did an important initiative on kingdom to live away for a while and commend his place to his son, Sultan Haji. Sultan creating fleet of trading ships. Through this initiative, Banten was capable to compete Haji, unlike his predecessor, attempted to find peace with the Dutch in Batavia. This with the Western Companies in dominating the international trading of the Indian idea was strongly against what Sultan Ageng and his government believe. Before Sultan Ocean. Banten was once again became the leading emporium of the trading, in an Ageng knew it, Sultan Haji was already initiated a peace treaty with the Dutch in even greater scale. Batavia.

Sultan Ageng made his way back to the kingdom, in favor of taking back the king`s position as a favor from his people. Sultan Haji decided to ask the Dutch in Batavia to intervene against his very own father. To help the prince who was jailed in his own castle, the Dutch sent a fleet of ships and got him released. This fight led to years of civil war between Sultan Haji and his father, Sultan Ageng.

Figure 19. An illustration of the Danish diplomatic delegation in Banten harbor in 16735. (Guillot, The Sultanate of Banten, 1990)

The prosperous economy put Banten into a powerful kingdom. Respectful relations were established between Banten`s Sultan Ageng with the rulers of England, France, Figure 20. An artist`s Illustration of the Banten in 18th Century. (Guillot, The Sultanate of , Goa, Arabia, China, Japan, Siam, Cambodia and other neighboring states. Banten, 1990)

31 32 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 3. The Old City of Banten Today

Sultan Ageng with his troops attacked the Dutch in Batavia. After a year of battle, he was forced to capitulate and held prisoner until he died in 1692. Sultan Haji was left with the throne of Banten Kingdom, together with a great cost to pay towards the Dutch for their favor in winning his civil war. Banten was severely damaged to begin with. Sultan Haji had to follow all the requests asked by the Dutch for his political power and practically economy and security power were relied on Batavia. Hence, he had no other options to grant the Dutch: (1) demand on deport all foreigners off of Banten including English, (2) request on ruling the monopoly trade of Banten`s core of economy, the pepper, (3) to maintain the city, including the palace itself. The Dutch even decided to build a fortification, fort Speelwijk, at the entrance of Banten`s harbor. Banten completely left powerless and genuflected to the Dutch authority through Batavia.

In the first part of 19th century, Banten existence as an independent state has no more supported by any cause. It was merely a satellite of Batavia, no power in any sector that once was so strong and powerful, left. The Dutch installed a new administration post in a city near Banten, . Since then, Banten was left ruined (Guillot, 1990). Chapter 3

The Old City of Banten Today

33 34 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 3. The Old City of Banten Today

After the fall of the Sultanate of Banten reign, Banten which once were one of the From the scope of Indonesia, the nation often referred as the largest archipelago strongest political and economy power of the archipelago, left into ruins. The country. It is ranked the 4th most populated country (258 million according to Internet archipelago has now evolved with the modern and independent Indonesia, with some World Stats) under China, India, and the United States. It is also known as the largest of its ruins to reminisce the glorious days. The border of the Sultanate has now laid on Muslim population in the world. Despite being the largest Muslim populated country, different parts of administrative area with several villages being developed in it, which Indonesia is a secular democratic country, with various ethnicities and religious living is registered as a national heritage site called The Old City of Banten. In this chapter, a peacefully together. breakdown of the current state of the Old City of Banten in different terms will be explained to give a clear current context and state of the land.

SPREAD OF RELIGION IN INDONESIA 3.1 GEOGRAPHICAL AND DEMOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT ANALYSIS

The Old City of Banten is one of the National cultural heritages of The Republic of Indonesia. Indonesia is the largest archipelago country in the world, located in the Asia continent. It bordered with Indian Ocean in the west; North Pacific Ocean in the East; Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei in its North, and Austalia continent on its South.

PERCENTAGE LEGEND:

Figure 21. Indonesia, the largest archipelago country in the world, in world map context Figure 22. Religion spread in Indonesia. There are five recognized religion in Indonesia: Islam, Protestant, Catholic, Hindu, and Buddha.

35 36 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 3. The Old City of Banten Today

The ethnicities varied from the indigenous and settlers from different countries. The Indonesian base of law are Pancasila (originated from Sanskrit, “panca” meaning five, indigenous communities come from different parts of each islands of the country, as and “sila” meaning principles) and the Constitution of 1945. In the first principle of the for the comer is mostly Chinese and Arab as a result of a strongly tied past history. five from Pancasila, it stated “Belief in the one and only god,” this explains why religion Each ethnicities has their own language, however the language of Indonesia is the is one of the core basis for the daily life of Indonesians. main language that is nationally used and unite the whole nation. Since the day of its The origin of these religious, as explained in the previous chapter, came from the long declaration of independence in 17th of August 1945, the Republic of Indonesia has history of the archipelago and arrived through the network of trading that not only “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika” (meaning: Unity in Diversity) as its main motto. bring goods but ideas, philosophies, values, and even religions. The spread of religion in the country, hence, very much affected by the history of trading. West of Indonesia, INDONESIA RANK IN WORLD POPULATION being the part that has most trading relation with India, Middle East, and Persian trader, being the most Muslim populated area of the country, including Banten.

Islam, despite being the later religion disseminated after Buddha and Hindu, shown a strong and bold integration with the local communities. It took almost 90% of the whole population of 250 million people in Indonesia. This makes Indonesia being the largest Muslim population country in the world, despite not being the country where the religion first delivered.

The Sultanate Banten was also one of the kingdoms that took part in spreading the religion in the area where it once ruled. This is the reason why the Sultanate Banten heritage site or the Old City of Banten is greatly part of a religious tourism industry. Just like Borobudur temple being a sacral legacy for the Buddhist followers, the site of the Old City of Banten, especially its pilgrimage and the mosque are some of the most important religion legacy for the Muslims.

The Old City of Banten is located in one of the six in Java island of Indonesia. Indonesia is listed as the biggest archipelago country, and Java Island has now become ETHNICITY the most populated island in the world with 124 million people inside its 129.000 sqm. LEGEND (Joshua Calder, 2005). The itself is named after the sultanate, Province of Banten, inaugurated since 17th October 2000.

Figure 23. Demographic facts of Indonesia.

Figure 24. Banten Province in Java Island where the Old City of Banten situated.

37 38 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 3. The Old City of Banten Today

Province of Banten is one of the newest provinces in Indonesia. It is now in the middle of development planning in diverse sectors to enhance their economy. One of the sectors that are being developed aggressively is its tourism. This is a positive MAP OF THE PROVINCE OF BANTEN: movement that brings great advantage for cultural heritage such as The Old City of ADMINISTRATIONAL BORDERS Banten to become a prominent cultural tourism spot. LOCATION OF CITY OF SERANG The ruins of Sultanate Banten or what is officially named as The Old City of Banten is now become part of the city of Serang, capital of Banten Province. Being the capital of Banten, Serang become the location of the administrative center of the province. Furthermore, it remains being the satellite of Batavia, which now has transformed into DKI Jakarta, the capital of the nation. Jakarta is ranked as the 11th most populated urban area in the world (Joshua Calder, 2005). This means that the economy of the city is one of the most influential in the country. Jakarta is the gate of economic relations in the country.

Figure 25. Serang City in Banten Province where the Old City of Banten situated.

Figure 26. Serang City location in Banten Province where the Old City of Banten situated. Banten province is bordered with DKI Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, and Province. It also situated next to province, only separated by the Java Sea.

39 40 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 3. The Old City of Banten Today

3.2 LAW BASIS UNDER THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN

SERANG CITY 2010-2030: The archipelago where all the dynamic history that has been discussed in the previous CONTEXT OF THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN chapter took place has now become an independent nation called the Republic of Indonesia. It became independent since August 17th 1945. The sultanate of Banten surely has become one of the most important kingdoms of the archipelago`s long history. Banten had a great role in fighting the colonials, and have already owned a great marine and international trading post since its era begun. Its legacy will forever be cherished and act as an inspiration to the today`s modern Indonesia. Hence, the heritage of the Sultanate of Banten surely is one of the heritages that should be managed and preserved properly for the coming generation to learn their history from.

After having the analysis of the overall area, the project will get in deeper to the specified area where the revival planning will take place. Being a nationally recognized heritage site, any means of actions or interventions should be based on the regulations and laws that protect it. The Old City of Banten also has more than one Outstanding Universal Value crioterion of UNESCO`s guidelines regarding the implementation of Wolrd Heritage List, making it eligibly considered as an international legacy of cultural heritage. Hence, prior to further analysis approach, a base of proper understanding regarding the site and regulations under it, shall take place.

The law under the Old City of Banten is composed in different degrees of the law, from the international to local scope.

INTERNATIONAL: UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization or UNESCO, is an international body of organization whose one of main mission is to have identification, protection, and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world. For a cultural or/and natural heritage to be considered a World`s owned heritage, an outstanding value to humanity shall be applied, or what is called Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). (UNESCO, World Heritage Information Kit, 2009)

A specific understanding for each kind of heritage also applies under the regulation of UNESCO. UNESCO published “Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention” in July 8th 2015 to facilitate the implementation of the Figure 27. Serang City has six districts. The Old City of Banten Area cover the west area of “Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.” In Kasemen district, which is located in the north of Serang, bordered with Banten Bay. The Old the guidelines, it gives brief and clear description of what it means by “World City of Banten is located 12km towards north from the city center of Serang. It is part of the sub-region of Kasemen in the Banten bay. Under the policy of the city of Serang government, Heritage.” There are Natural and Cultural Heritage under the World Heritage. It is then a bordered area of the Old City of Banten is defined. The diagram below shows the border of divided into several kinds, in accordance to its own type where the legacies spread around the land, and is officially called as The Old City of Banten.

41 42 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 3. The Old City of Banten Today

Cultural Heritage (UNESCO, 2015): To be considered the Wolrd Heritage, the object shall fulfill at least one criteia of what is considered the Outstanding Universal Value. There are ten criterions in total. - Monuments: architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and i. represent a masterpiece of human creative genius; combinations of features, which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the point ii. exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a of view of history, art or science; cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, - Groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design; their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of iii. bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of history, art or science; civilization which is living or which has disappeared; - Sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and of man, and areas iv. be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological including archaeological sites which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history; historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological points of view. v. be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea- Natural Heritage (UNESCO, 2015): use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with - Natural features consisting of physical and biological formations or groups of such the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of formations, which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the aesthetic or irreversible change; scientific point of view; vi. be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or - Geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas which with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of Outstanding (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in Universal Value from the point of view of science or conservation; conjunction with other criteria);

- Natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas of Outstanding Universal Value vii. contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty. aesthetic importance;

Based on these understanding, The Old City of Banten is categorized as the Site of viii. be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including Cultural Heritage. Some of UNESCO`s main aim by categorizing a cultural or natural the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of heritage as a World Heritage, is to recognized a heritage beyond geographical or landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features; administrative boundaries, in that it is owned by international community. Heritage is ix. be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and the legacy of the past, what we live today and we pass on to the future. (UNESCO, biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, World Heritage Information Kit, 2009) coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals; Some of the mission of UNESCO`s World Heritage: x. contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ - Encourage countries to sign the World Heritage Convention conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of science or conservation. - Encourage State Parties to the Convention to nominate sites within their national territory for inclusion on the World Heritage List The Old City of Banten, which once was one of the most important port in South-East Asia, a kingdom that fights colonialism, left the site with fortifications, architectural - Encourage State Parties to establish management plans and set up reporting pieces, and archeological ruins of 16th century, shows that it possess the quality that: systems on the state conservation of their World Heritage Sites (i) represents the masterpiece of human creative genius. - Provide emergency assistance for the World Heritage sites in danger.

43 44 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 3. The Old City of Banten Today

Furthermore, The Old City of Banten being the important port that it was, became the NATIONAL: INDONESIAN CONSTITUTION OF 1945 entrance and center of dissemination of philosophy, ideas, religions. It in fact is one of The Old City of Banten is a recognized national heritage site in Indonesia. Several layers the main point where Islam enters the archipelago, and eventually South East Asia, of regulations are applied to the site. Indonesia as a nation, dedicate Constitution that if being traced back was part of a larger network to different continents. Hence, it Number 11 Year 2010 as a national regulation for Cultural Heritage. is (iv) associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance.

By fulfilling the two criterions, The Old City of Banten is considered a World Heritage Site. Taking UNESCO World Heritage, The Old City of Banten shall be identified, protected, and preserved. The identification shall be done by the country of Indonesia, to have The Old City of Banten inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage. Followed by an action of Protection and Preservation.

UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIC INDONESIA NOMOR 11 TAHUN 2010

TENTANG CAGAR BUDAYA DENGAN RAHMAT TUHAN YANG MAHA ESA

PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA,

In translation:

CONSTITUTION OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA NUMBER 11 YEAR 2010 REGARDING CULTURAL HERITAGE BY THE GRACE OF GOD THE ALMIGHT, PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA,

45 46 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 3. The Old City of Banten Today

In the beginning, it explicates the definition of cultural heritage and a general After the introduction section, it leads us to the second section which is the first understanding of actions towards it, as written in translation below. chapter where the general regulations are stated. It begins with the understanding of Cultural Heritage itself.

Chapter I Considering: Article 1 a. That cultural heritage is nation`s cultural wealth in a form of idea and behavior of human that have significant meaning for the understanding and development General Regulations of history, science, and cultures of the life as society, nation, and state, therefore 1. Cultural Heritage is cultural legacies with material forms that can be an object, needs to be conserved and managed properly through the means of protection, building, structure, site, or region, possibly in land or/and in water, that needs to development, and utilization in order to promote national culture and the be conserved for its significant values towards history, science, education, prosperity of the people; religion, and/or culture through a process of determination. b. That to preserve cultural heritage, the nation is responsible in managing its protection, development and utilization; The Old City of Banten, which is considered a wide region or area, which possess more c. That cultural heritage in a form of object, building, structure, sites, and region than two heritage entities, is considered as the Cultural Heritage Region/Area, as stated needs to be managed by the government and local government, also by in point number 6: increasing society`s role to protect, develop, and utilize the cultural heritage; 6. Cultural Heritage Region is a geographical space unit which has two or more d. That with the presence of alteration in the paradigm of cultural heritage cultural heritage site that is located near to each other and/or show similarities preservation, a balance of ideologies, academics, ecologies, and economics on typical spatial characteristics. aspects is needed in order for it to elevate the prosperity of the people; e. That Constitution Number 5 Year 1992 about Object of Cultural Heritage is no Furthermore, in the next points, it explicates that despite the ownership and longer relevant to today`s society development, expectation, and law necessity authorization of national cultural heritage, which can be private parties, local therefore needs to be replaced; (this was the law used prior to Constitution government, and national government, a social function is mandatory followed by a Number 11 Year 2010) proper movement of preservation. For The Old City of Banten, it is under the local government of Province of Banten and the City of Serang. f. That in accordance to consideration letter “a”, “b”, “c”, “d”, “e”, a formation of Constitution on Cultural Heritage is required; The regulations of Article 1 of Chapter I explain further the definitions of each action possible towards the cultural heritage, including:

21. Management: An integrated effort to protect, develop, and utilize the Cultural In the introduction of the Constitution Number 11 Year 2010 about Cultural Heritage, Heritage through regulatory policies on planning, implementation, and there are few things to be highlighted. First is that, main actions towards cultural supervision to make the most of it for the people`s prosperity. heritage includes: protection, development, and utilization. Furthermore, these actions shall integrate the people, and eventually for the people. The importance of cultural 22. Preservation: A dynamic effort to defend the existence of Cultural Heritage and heritage goes hand in hand on the prosperity of the people, ideologically, economically, its value through protection, development, and utilization. educationally, and ecologically. 23. Protection: An effort to prevent and overcome damages, destructions, or obliteration of Cultural Heritage through the action of rescue, security, zoning, maintenance, and restoration of the Cultural Heritage.

24. Rescue: An effort to avoid and/or to overcome the Cultural Heritage from damages, destructions, or obliteration.

47 48 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 3. The Old City of Banten Today

21. Security: An effort to safeguard and avoid the Cultural Heritage from any threat Furthermore, in the next article, it explains the purpose of preservation: and/or disruption. Article 3 22. Zoning: Determining spatial borders of the Cultural Heritage Site and Region in “Preservation of Cultural Heritage aims to: accordance to the need. (a) Preserve nation`s cultural heritage and the heritage of humankind; 23. Maintanance: An effort to maintain and care of the physical condition of the Cultural Heritage in order to remain sustainable. (b) Improve the dignity and value of the nation through Cultural Heritage;

24. Restoration: An effort to return the physical condition of an Object of Cultural (c) Strengthening the national identity; Heritage, Building of Cultural Heritage, and Structure of Cultural Heritage that is (d) Improve the prosperity of the people; damaged, in accordance to the authenticity of material, shape, layout, and/or processing techniques, to prolong the existence of the cultural heritage. (e) Promote nation`s cultural heritage towards the international community. 25. Development: Upgrading the potentials of value, information, and promotion of Cultural Heritage and its utilization through research, revitalization and adaptation in a sustainable manner and not contradict with the preservation Until this point we can take core conceptions of the constitution on: what actions, the purposes. actors involved, and purpose of the actions.

31. Revitalization: Action of development that aim to regrow important values of The actions, which involve protection, development, and utilization, are being Cultural Heritage through adjustment of spatial functions that does not explained in depth in further articles. In chapter 7, “PRESERVATION”, each action is contradict with principles of preservation and society`s cultural values. being broken down in details. These actions and their definitions are the base of strategic planning on the revival project of The Old City of Banten. 32. Adaptation: An effort to develop Cultural Heritage for activities that is appropriate with the current need of the people, through limited changes that CHAPTER VII will not cause any deterioration of value or damages towards the part that PRESERVATION carries important value. PART II: PROTECTION 33. Utilization: Utilize (make practical and efficient use of) the Cultural Heritage and make the most out of it for the people prosperity while maintaining its Article 63 sustainability. Society shall contribute in the action of protecting Cultural Heritage.

These actions are ones that are recognized by the constitutions, which has specified Article 64 meaning for each that being breakdown in the later articles. In the second article, that is the chapter of “Principles, Objectives, and Scope,” it highlights that: Protection of Cultural Heritage shall pay attention to its utilization towards social, educational, science, religious, cultural, and tourism needs. Chapter II PART III: ZONING PRINCIPLES, OBJECTIVES, AND SCOPE Article 72 Article 2 (1) Protection of Heritage performed through establishing the boundaries of the “Preservation of Cultural Heritage shall be based on: (a) Pancasila (the 5 foundations region through a Zoning system. of ideology of the Republic of Indonesia); (b) Ideology of Unity in Diversity; (c) national ideology; (d) justice; (e) order and certainty of law; (f) expediency; (g) sustainability; (h) (3) Zoning system towards Cultural Heritage shall be conducted with aim for: participation; (i) transparency and accountability.” recreation, education, appreciation, and religious.

49 50 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 3. The Old City of Banten Today

Article 73 PARAGRAPH III: REVITALIZATION

(1) Zoning systems regulate the spatial functions of Cultural Heritage, vertically and Article 80 horizontally. (1) Revitalization of Cultural Heritage Site potentials shall pay attention to spatial (2) Vertical zoning can be done towards the natural environment of Cultural Heritage functions, layout, social functions, and/or landscape of authentic cultural value. both in land or water. Article 81 (3) Zoning system includes: (a) Core Zone, (b) Buffer Zone, (c) Development Zone, (1) Any parties are prohibited to change spatial function of Cultural Heritage Site, and (d) Supporting Zone. except with permission.

(4) Determination for the area, layout, and zones functions, shall be based on Article 82 research that emphasis on opportunities to improve people`s prosperity. (1) Revitalization of Cultural Heritage has to provide benefits to improve the people`s quality of life and maintain local cultural characteristics. The constitution then further explain the definition of each zone, which will practically become the base on how to make a correct approach towards The Old City of Banten. PARAGRAPH IV: ADAPTATION Core Zone is the main area of protection to keep the most important part of the cultural heritage, with Buffer Zone as an area that protects the core zone. (1) Adaptation towards Cultural Heritage in order to fit in today`s society need can Development Zone is the zone dedicated to the development of cultural heritage for be carried out, while preserving it: recreational purposes, natural environment conservation area, cultural landscape, and (a) The original characteristics and/or the façade of Cultural Heritage. general recreational activities. The last zone is the Supporting Zone that is designated for facilities and infrastructure as well as for commercial and general recreational (b) The original characteristics of cultural landscape and/or land surface of Cultural activities (Universitas Indonesia, 2016). Heritage.

The second action after protection is the development, which is explained further in PART IV: UTILIZATION the same chapter, on the third part. Development has several parts to it, which includes: Article 85

PART III: DEVELOPMENT (1) Government, local government, and the people are allowed to utilize Cultural Heritage for the benefit of religion, social, education, science, technology, culture, PARAGRAPH I: GENERAL and tourism. (1) Development of Cultural Heritage shall be carried out with regards to the principles of usefulness, safety, maintenance, authenticity, and values that are The description of the three main actions of Protection, Development, and Utilization, attached to it. are the foundation of later actions to take part on the project. All these three are under the idea of preserving the Cultural Heritage. The national Constitution Number 11 Year 2010 also then supported by the Genera Minister Regulation on PARAGRAPH II: RESEARCH “Region/District Preservation Law” Number 18 Year 2010 about “Guidelines on In article 79, it explains that Research is part of development where information Region/District Revitalization.” It stated that, the forms of preserving a Region/District gathering, analysis, and explanation are required. These actions will become the base Cultural Heritage are: of further steps to take on development action. a. Management of Region/District Cultural Heritage,

b. Region/District revitalization,

c. Management of Region/District Cultural Heritage with high risk of disaster.

51 52 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 3. The Old City of Banten Today

Furthermore, the backgrounds of Region/District revitalization are: PROVINCIAL: LAW OF THE PROVINCE OF BANTEN a. Decrease of vitality/productivity on the Region/District`s economy, The province of Banten dedicates one of its Banten Provincial Regulation Number 2 Year 2011 about Spatial Planning of Banten Province Year 2010-2030, stating the b. Degradation of Region/District environment quality, Region/District of The Old City of Banten as the Provincial Strategic Region from the c. Damage of the Urban Heritage, point of Social and Cultural importance. According to it, the region area of The Old City of Banten includes: (1) Building and/or environmental heritage of the site of The Old d. Emergence of slums and illegal settlements. City of Banten, (2) Speelwijk Fortifications, and (3) Tomb of the Sultanate of Banten.

In regard to actions towards Cultural Heritage, in the same Provincial Regulation, Article 7 clauses 1 it mentions about development of Cultural Heritage. It describes specifically on the matter of tourism where it says: “Tourism development shall become the strategic sector for the province, through preserving its characteristics and optimizing the potentials of nature and culture sustainably.”

MUNICIPALITY: LAW OF THE CITY OF SERANG

In the Local Regulation Number 6 Year 2011 about Spatial Planning of Serang City Year 2010-2030, similar to Banten Provincial Regulation, it declares that The Old City of Banten is a region/district of heritage. Furthermore, in the Local Regulation Number 14 Year 2014, it specifically mentioned The Old City of Banten as: Local Strategic District of Tourism.

Following the Banten Provincial Regulation, the Serang City regulations build up a more specific list of what is included inside the border of The Old City of Banten.

(1) Mosque of Agung Banten

(2) Surosowan Palace

Figure 28. The national law force under The Old City of Banten, in regard to the Constitution (3) Kaibon Palace of Republic of Indonesia. (4) Speelwijk Fortification

(5) Pecinan Tinggi Mosque

(6) Avalokittesvhara, and

(7) Karangantu Port.

53 54 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 3. The Old City of Banten Today

In the Tourism Development Master Plan of the City of Serang Article 11 Clauses 3(c), 3.3 THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN TODAY it identifies The Old City of Banten and its surrounding as the tourism destination for religious, archeological, cultural, and special interest fields. ADMINISTRATIVE BORDER OF THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN

SERANG CITY 2010-2030:SPATIAL PLANNING

LEGEND: THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN BORDER

PROVINCE ROAD

WATER BODIES LOCAL ROAD

HERITAGE SITES

Figure 30. Map showing the border of The Old City of Banten and spread of the relics.

The official border of The Old City of Banten falls in three different villages inside the LEGEND: CITY OF SERANG BORDER Kasemen Sub-district of the city of Serang. It covers a massive span of area where the SERVICES AREA DISTRICT BORDER TRADING AREA relics of the Sultanate Banten and Banten Girang from the past, spread around. MAIN ROAD NETWORK MILITARY AREA INDUSTRIAL AREA MAIN WATER NETWORK It consists of nine recognizable relics from the past. The original border of the

HERITAGE SITE LOW DENSITY POPULATION Sultanate of Banten used to be where the swamp land in north now located. AGRICULTURAL LAND MEDIUM DENSITY POPULATION FOREST LAND HIGH DENSITY POPULATION The heritage area has a strong network system, where provincial road and inter-city railway system take place. This explains why the northern area where the physical Figure 29. The City Spatial Planning of the city of Serang shows that The Old City of Banten is heritage located, is where the trace of most network system are. the heritage site that is indeed planned to be further developed as a tourism sector of the city.

55 56 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 3. The Old City of Banten Today

LAND USE ANALYSIS OF THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN DEMOGRAPHY ANALYSIS OF THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN

LEGEND: HERITAGE SITES

POND

WETLANDS (AGRICULTURAL) RESIDENTIAL

DENSED POPULATION SETTLEMENTS

Figure 31. Map showing the land use of The Old City of Banten

The land of the bordered area of The Old City of Banten is mostly Agricultural land. It is mostly functioned as rice field. It is run by the people who settled in the area. The Figure 32. Map showing the density of population spread in The Old City of Banten settlements are mostly concentrated in the area where the Sultanate of Banten The population concentrated mostly in northern area where: historical heritage situated: northern area, where canals located. These canals were once the source of situated, together with network system. This overlap situation causes most economy living, for life mostly happen around the water. It leads to network system also activities takes place in this part of the district. developed around this area. The Old City of Banten is situated in the Kasemen sub-region inside the city of Serang, There is a close physical relation between the current civilization of the city with the Banten Province. The sub-region is named 2nd most populated in the city with 87.800 legacies of the Old City of Banten. people. Inside this population, majority of the people are at the productive adult age (25-64 years old) and children (0-14 years old). Furthermore, almost 100% of the people are Muslims.

57 58 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 3. The Old City of Banten Today

PUBLIC SERVICES ANALYSIS OF THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN NETWORK ANALYSIS OF THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN

LEGEND: LEGEND: HERITAGE SITES MOSQUE THE BORDER OF THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN

RESIDENTIAL HOSPITAL PROVINCIAL ROAD

DENSED POPULATION SETTLEMENTS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION WATER BODIES HERITAGE SITES

RAILWAY LOCAL ROAD Figure 33. Map showing the public services situated in The Old City of Banten Figure 34. Map showing the network system in The Old City of Banten The established settlements, which unfortunately considered illegal in accordance to the current law of the heritage site like The Old City of Banten, has been happening As briefly mentioned before, networks of the area are most active in the part where long enough for it to be fully equipped with main public services. the heritage legacies situated. It is safe to say that the heritage site has become one of the important indicators in the sustainability of the communities` economy. The Some of the main public services are the educational institution for different levels, networks inside include: railroad, railway station, roads, and canals. The roads include religious places, and health institutions. As the settlements is more densely located in several types: province road that connects the area with other province, including the the northern part of the city, it is also where the public services mostly takes place. capital city, and local roads which connect the area with other sub districts, villages, and goes around the area.

The established network system indeed is an advantage for it opens up opportunities for the place to be visited not only by locals, but also people from outside.

59 60 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 3. The Old City of Banten Today

EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC VIEW OF THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN IMPORTANCE OF WATER ELEMENT

Figure 35. Exploded map of The Being a port city that Banten was, and is until today, make water an important part of Old City of Banten to show the the people`s life. The Old City of Banten north area used to bordered with the Java perspective of its context. sea. Through a natural process, part of it has now turned into a swamp land.

However, the river and canal are still running until today, although not as intensely use The built area and as it was before. Its function now also shifted to a recreational use, where the people heritage sites can use it for relax and picnic time. HERITAGE SITES

BUILT AREA

The network system

BORDER OF THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN MAIN PROVINCIAL ROAD

LOCAL ROAD

Figure 36. The water body around Speelwijk Fortification

The green area and water bodies

AGRICULTURAL GREEN

RAW GREEN SPACES

SWAMP

WATER BODIES

Listed Heritage Sites: 1. AGUNG BANTEN MOSQUE 4. SPEELWIJK FORTIFICATIONS 7. KARANGANTU PORT

2. SUROSOWAN PALACE 5. PECINAN TINGGI MOSQUE 8. GEDONG IJO 3. KAIBON PALACE 6. AVALOKITTESVHARA VIHARA 9. TASIK ARDI

The exploded map show the vast area that the old city covers, and spread of the heritage sites. It also highlights that some part has more: population density, dynamic of green area typologies, network system overlap, and relation to water bodies. Figure 37. The water body around canal of The Old City of Banten..

61 62 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 3. The Old City of Banten Today

Figure 39. Kids swimming in the Surosowan used-to-be king`s bath.

Figure 38. The water body around Kaibon Palace. These water bodies runs all over the Old City especially where the palaces and fort are located. This is related to its past function of these sites. The fort was built in the bay area right next to the sea to become the viewing point for security reasons, towards the sea. As for the palaces, the water bodies situated around it as a mean of protection and transportation.

SETTLEMENTS AND THE LEGACIES OF THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN

The settlements inside The Old City of Banten has been happening for long enough, Figure 40. Example of vandalism in the archeological site of the old city. with very little knowledge regarding the value of the heritage sites inside it. This coexistent is indeed something to celebrate, however this lacking of knowledge resulting a possible harm towards the site.

This issue can be seen from how the heritage site is being treated by the community: as a kids playing area or place to locate their animals. These uses are not the problem, but it leads to further harmful unintentional vandalism actions. All around the site, it is evident that people do some graffiti, use the bath area of the palace as a spontaneous swimming pool, stepping into the archeological site which are not supposed to be stepped on, and actions alike.

These actions are results of nescience, rather than an intentional vandalism. Therefore, through a proper counseling, a reverse of situation is possible. Where the community can become the keeper of the heritage site, instead of ones that causes harm to it. Figure 41. Neglected animals live in the archeological site.

63 64 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 3. The Old City of Banten Today

INFRASTRUCTURE AND FACILITIES OF THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN TOURISM IN THE OLD CITY OF BANTEN TODAY Despite being a nationally recognized heritage city, it has been never gone through a Inside the bordered area of The Old City of Banten, there are nine recognized heritage city planning to arrange the city, neither a system for the people to do a proper scattered around the land. It is spread over 2.2 km radius of the land. It includes tourism activities in the archeological site. This leads to the site, not only being mosque, fortifications, port, palaces, and vihara, as shown in the diagram of figure 44. disorganized, but also creates a sense of exclusion towards the site where people has no intention to visit, let alone celebrate the existence of this heritage site.

Figure 42. The road typology of The Old City of Banten, absence of pedestrian pathways.

Listed Heritage Sites: 1. AGUNG BANTEN MOSQUE 4. SPEELWIJK FORTIFICATIONS 7. KARANGANTU PORT

2. SUROSOWAN PALACE 5. PECINAN TINGGI MOSQUE 8. GEDONG IJO 3. KAIBON PALACE 6. AVALOKITTESVHARA VIHARA 9. TASIK ARDI Figure 44. The spread of heritage sites in The Old City of Banten.

In today`s Banten, the only places that are still actively functioning is the mosque, vihara, and port, as a common public use. They are running because it is something that the people uses regularly. Out of all, the mosque is the most actively use one. In the mosque area, situated the graveyard of the Sultanates. This graveyard is an important religious point for the people, where there are 500 visitors coming to do the pilgrimage, daily. The mosque also is still being used for the five times prayers, by the population who are 100% Muslims in this sub-district.

Other than the religious spaces and port, The Old City of Banten tourism is almost Figure 43. The road typology around the archeological site of The Old City of Banten. completely off. This is indeed a great disadvantage, seeing the potentialities it has.

65 66 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

Chapter 4

Figure 45. Clip of people inside the Agung Banten Mosque. Revival of The Old City of Banten

Figure 46. Clip of people canal activities in the Karangantu Port.

67 68 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

4.1 PROJECT AREA

The Old City of Banten covers more than 2.2 km radius area. Despite being a unified bordered city, different parts of the city play different role to the system as a whole. As explained, there heritage that are still actively functioning to today, and ones that are fully neglected. This diverse of roles from different relics creates a different dynamic for different parts of the Old City of Banten.

Therefore, in this Revival project, a project area is defined based on the area with most potentialities to develop the most than the rest. Several considerations for the assessments are: Network and Land Use.

NETWORK POTENTIALITIES

The first factor to be taken into account is the network facts. It will be the main foundation on how the accessibility of the site, leading to how easily or difficult for people to approach and enter the area.

The Old City of Banten is intersected by important main province roads, especially in its north side, recalling the importance of canal and relation to the sea from the past of The Old City of Banten, as mentioned in network analysis. The river that is still preserved until today, which is situated in line with the province road, is also still become one of the main mean of water network for the people. Life of the inner LEGEND: community in this area still happening near the water, although in a different way than RAILWAY it was back then. Furthermore, railway line that creates inter-city access towards The PROVINCIAL ROAD Old City of Banten also runs in the same line with the last two accesses. WATER BODIES

The intersection and location of the main network axis of the area, show a strong HERITAGE SITES potentials on mainly the northern part of the area. This includes four main spots of the POTENTIAL AREAS heritage site, as shown below. Where we can group the main area into four: the Kaibon Palace area which is situated next to the river, and is on the edge of the Figure 47. Potential Map in regard to Network system. province road with short distance to the railway station; Surosowan Palace and Agung Banten Mosque that is surrounded by district road that intersects with the province road and is also on a walking distance from the railway station; Speelwijk Fort and LAND USE OPPORTUNITY Avalokitesvhara Vihara that is right next to the province road and has direct relation to water bodies; and Karangantu Port, the port of the past and present Banten in the The next aspect that could determine project area and its major potentialities is the main river. surrounding land use. As mentioned in the demographic analysis, the settlements are mostly happen in the northern area, because it naturally emerges where networks These four main sports are the beginning of the potential map area for the project concentrated. This leads to the mentioned area on previous section having area, where we can already determine that network-wise, they are indeed has most advantages—and disadvantages, on being in the center of where the people—main potential. Whereas, Tasik Ardi and Gedong Ijo are situated relatively far away from actors of the project, situated. On the other hand, some sites has a different situation either roads, as well as Pecinan Tinggi Mosque which has challenge on accessibility where to some extent, they are segregated from the settlements—almost excluded. concerning its location.

69 70 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

In the diagram below, red represent land use where the settlements are, and yellow PROJECT AREA represent the wet land of agricultural and pond. It shows that Kaibon Palace, The analysis resulting the project area as shown bellow. Surosowan Palace, Agung Banten Mosque, Speelwijk Fort, and Avalokitesvhara Vihara are situated in a fairly balance density settlements of people, followed with some wet lands on some parts of it.

Karangantu Port, being the main port since the past time, is situated in a highly congested settlements area. This situation is less of an advantage considering the possible change in people`s settlements where the intervention takes place.

An ideal site for the first stage of this revival project is one which cover a balance amount of yellow and red. When yellow dominates, meaning less community will be involved, hence less effective. When red dominates too trongly, a potential dynamic of people response to the revival project is an inevitable risk.

LEGEND: Heritage Sites: LEGEND: NETWORK 1. Kaibon Palace POND & RICE FIELD (UNEXPOSED AREA) HERITAGE SITE CORE ZONE 2. Surosowan Palace POPULATION DENSITY LEVEL WATER BODIES 3. Mosque of Agung Banten HERITAGE SITES OPEN GREEN AREA 4. Speelwijk Fortification POTENTIAL AREAS SETTLEMENTS 5. Avalokitesvhara Vihara SWAMP AREA Figure 48. Potential Map in regard to Land Use system. Figure 49. Project Area.

71 72 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

4.2 SITE SURVEY The entrance of the Kaibon palace is still standing strong until today, and parts of the palace as well. Kaibon palace is openly accessible in terms of the level to the ground. 1. KAIBON PALACE / KERATON KAIBON This creates the palace open and green area becoming community`s picnic area in the Keraton is a palace where the sultan of a sultanate would stay and live. Kaibon (derived afternoon, where a beautiufl landscape also situated. from “Ke-ibu-an” meaning a place of mother) Palace is located in the southern part of Cibanten River. It was once a home to a sultan named Syaifudin who ruled in 1809, died in 1915. Its official function as the palace of local rulers happened until the first regent of Banten was inaugurated under Dutch permit, to replace the sultanate system in Banten that was abolished in 1816.

Figure 50. Panoramic View of the Palace.

The ruins of Kaibon Palace is at a good state. Architecture style, certain forms and the system of the building is still very much recognizable to this day. It has an archaic architectural style through its entrance (bentar) and wall of the palace.

In the ancient conception Javanese architecture style, a religious or secularism style of a building is usually clearly shown. Kaibon palace, in accordance to its gate and yard Figure 52. Beautiful landscape around Kaibon Palace. system shows a profan (similar to profane, meaning: not relevant to any religion or religious purposes; opposite of sacral) characteristic. However, in the second yard This ease of access with lack of management also resulting some disadvantages where where the gate has a form instead of bentar, showing a sacral inappropriate actions take place, including neglected animals living in the site, kids characteristic. Hence we can indicate a combination of two different styles inside this playing football inside tha palace`s ruins, or people using the fences for different uses. palace.

Figure 51. Ruins of Kaibon palace are in good state. (Left) Bentar/entrance of Kaibon Palace. Figure 53. Inappropriate uses of the heritage site by the community. (Right) Paduraksa entrance of Kaibon Palace.

73 74 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

2. SUROSOWAN PALACE / KERATON SUROSOWAN

Keraton Surosowan was the palace of the Banten Sultanate, which was bordered by a solid wall inside an approximately 4 hectare land. According to the chronicle of Banten, this palace was built by its first king, Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin (1526-1570), which then being refined through an establishment of a fortification by the second Sultan, Maulana Yusuf (1570-1580). The materials of the fortification were specifically made out of bricks and coral.

The palace has gone through a lot throughout its existence. Few demolitions took place that altered its form. The first destruction happened when Sultan Haji, who became allies with the Dutch, fought his father who also was the current sultan of Banten, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, in 1680s. Sultan Haji and the Dutch won the civil war and had the Surosowan Palace burned to the ground. He then asked help from fellow Dutch architect, Hendrik Laurenzns Cardeel, to rebuild the palace from scratch. He also had the fortification of the palace transformed into a stronger and bolder looking Figure 55. The Old Map of Surosowan Palace. bastion. Bastion can be found in each corner of the palace. Bastion is a building that juts out of The next destruction which also were the worst to ever happen to the palace, occured the angles of fortifications. Surosowan fortification is known to have four bastions. in 1813. The governor general of the at the time, Herman Daendels, There are an additional of two Roundel Bastion that is rounded form of bastion in the attacked the palace after the Sultan of Banten at the time, which was also the last, center of longest wall south and north wall of the fort. Sultan Rafiuddin, rejected to obey the Dutch. This attack completely demolish the palace, until none of the building remain in a complete form. At this point, the palace was never being rebuild and the people left the remains neglected.

From an archeological research, it is believed that several design changes has occured during the time of the Sultanate of Banten reign. It is clearly shown through the changes of the foundation, walls, and layers of the structure. Figure 56. Types of Bastion.

Today, the ruins is left untouched and layered by soil. Archeological team is currently undergoing operation to reveal more of what is left underneath.

Figure 54. Panoramic View of the Palace.

In regard to the old map of the palace, it is believed that there were 2 gates/entrances of the palace: one in the norther which is facing the plaza, and one in the east which head to the main canal for the sultan to get to his boat. But the only gate that remain in the ruins is only the northern one, which is still being used as the entrance to Surosowan palace. Figure 57. View of the Surosowan Palace. (Left) Left side and (Right) right side of Southern round bastion.

75 76 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

Tourism activity is almost completely inactive. However, educational activities visiting 3. MASJID AGUNG BANTEN (AGUNG BANTEN MOSQUE) the site still happens every once in a while. Similar to Kaibon Palace, a spontanous, The Agung Banten Mosque was the center of dissemination of Islam in Banten. The inapprodpriate activities done by the locals also is happening in the Surosowan Palace. function was not limited to the use of prayer, but also as the royals of Sultanates burial: Sultan Maulana Hasanudin (and wife), Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa (and wife), Sultan Maulana Muhammad, Sultan Zainul Abidin, Sultan Haji, and other families of the royals. The mosque is composed by several building components. Tiyamah space is one of them. It was an additional building designed by a Dutch architect, Hendrik Lucasz Cardeel resulting a European style looking building. This space was specifically established as a room for discussion, which was an important social culture in the muslim community. Other important element of the mosque is its minaret. It was initially designed by a Mongolian architect, Cek Ban Cut, in the era of Sultan Maulana Figure 58. Two kinds of activities: (Left) Educational tourism, (Right) spontaneous Yusuf. It is believed that it has already stood tall in front of the mosque before 1570s. swimming activities at the area which once was the king`s bath place. However, the same Dutch architect allegedly had rebuilt it during the era of Sultan Haji.

Figure 59. Two kinds of entrances: (Left) Proper and legal entrance, (Right) spontaneous and illegal entrance made by the locals using stair.

Figure 61. View of the Mosque.

Despite being very actively used, the mosque area still is in an disorganized manner especially the shops configuration and paths around the mosque.

Figure 60. Vandalism that happens around the relics.

The surrounding of the palace are mostly settlements and small shops. However, most of the shops are shops selling goods or food which have no relation to the palace in front of it. A scheme to adapt shops that would have more relation to the palace and the history of The Old City of Banten would be a big step to build up a conducive environment of the site. It will allow the economy to keep happening, while promoting Figure 62. Disorganized paths and shops around the Agung Banten Mosque. the cultural heritage existence.

77 78 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

4. SPEELWIJK FORTIFICATIONS As shown the in the diagram, few hundred meters away to the east, situated the graveyard of the Dutch colonialist. Some of the figure whose bodies are buried in this Speelwijk is a fortification that Sultan Haji owed for the Dutch after they helped him to graveyard are: Commander Hugo Pieter Faure (1717 – 1763); a tax officials Jacob Wits; fight against his father for the throne in 1682`s civil war. They requested monopoly of the wife of lieutenant Jan Van Doorn (1747-1769), Catharina van Doorn; and Maria trading in Banten and fort to reinforce their power. The fortification was built in 1685 Susana Acher, who was the wife of a tax officials, Thomas Schipers. In 1911, under the and named by the General of Banten. It was occupied by almost 400 troops of VOC command of Governor General A. W. F. Iden Borg, the ruins of Speelwijk fort together back then. According to the history, it is believed that the fort was built on top of a with this graveyard were restored. former fort from the sultanate Banten in the era of Sultan Banten Abu Nasr Abdul Qohhar (1672 – 1687). Inside the ruins of the fort, we can still witness some protection corridors with some rooms that all are made of stone walls. There are some openings at the right top of the It is located in the Pamarican Village, north-west of the mosque of Agung Banten walls, which is believed to be the spot where the troops used to do the attack with complex, where the border of Banten bay once was. It is situated facing the their weaponry. Avalokitesvara Vihara, separated only by a small shallow river. This fortification is one of the clearest sign of what is left from the Dutch colonialism in Banten.

Figure 64. Weaponry hole and watchtower once used by the Dutch.

The complex area of Speelwijk is similar to Kaibon and Surosowan Palace, abandoned and left unused. However, the structure of the fort itself is still standing in a good shape and fairly strong. Human activities are still going on, similar to previous sites, involving spontaneous activities.

Figure 63. Old Map of the Speelwijk Fortification. (Stavorinus 1769)

Speelwijk fortification is built with a typology of fort in the 17th century. The Dutch seemed to have an intention of making this fort as one of the sign of its power over Banten. It was built with careful calculation, assuring it could withstand any attempt of attack from the native, which was not equipped with advanced weaponry as the Dutch did. The establishment of Speelwijk fort was also the beginning of Dutch monopoly over the trading in the archipelago. Figure 65. Spontaneous entrance using stairs, and fort`s yard used as football field.

79 80 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

5. AVALOKITESVHARA VIHARA

Vihara is a pagoda or temple, specifically used for Buddhist to worship. Avalokitesvhara Vihara is known to be the oldest Buddhist temple in Indonesia. Its development was initiated by Sunan Gunung Jati in 1542. The location was initially in Dermayon Village, built next to the Agung Banten Mosque. However, in 1774, the temple was relocated 1 km towards the north, to the Pamarican Village (where it is located now), which back then was the territory of a Chinese lieutenant (in 1825). The reason of this relocation is unknown until today.

Figure 66. Spontaneous entrance using stairs, and fort`s yard used as football field.

Despite being abandoned, the Speelwijk fort surrounding is naturally beautiful, and is a great potential to the area. The northern area which once were the seashore, now turned into river, and field of pond with tropical trees. This surely can enhance the whole area spaces qualities when being treated in a proper approach.

Figure 68. Avalokitesvhara in the past.

Figure 67. View from the fort overlooking the river that once was the seashore.

Figure 69. Avalokitesvhara today. In the east of the temple, it is closely bordered to the Speelwijk fort, with only shallow canal separating the two. In the northern part, it is bordered by the bushes and swamp. To the west, we can see complex of local community`s housings.

81 82 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

4.3 ANALYSIS AND DIAGNOSIS 2. WEAKNESSES

SWOT ANALYSIS - Local communities segregation The settlers live side by side with the heritage site without having the sense of 1. STRENGTHS awareness towards it. This lack of understanding results an unintentional yet harmful - Demographic fact gesture of ignorance towards the heritage site. The Old City of Banten, being a legacy of one of the most powerful Islamic Sultanates - Absence of knowledge of the nation, located in a region where almost 100% of the people are Muslims. This The importance of The Old City of Banten and its legacy is still very far from being a brings better level of awareness regarding the importance of the site through a proper common knowledge from Indonesian, which becomes the reason it is neglected. counseling. - Poor infrastructure - Cultural and Historical Values The infrastructure is insufficient, especially the pedestrian pathways, which could The Old City of Banten is not only the legacy from one of the most powerful kingdoms become the best access for people to visit the site. in the archipelago, but also was: one of the leading trading port in South East Asia, and was one of the power that tried to fight back colonials, hence made it one of the - Geographical fact: Heat legacy with strong historical and cultural values for the nation. The Old City of Banten is located in the coastal area, which naturally have a very humid - Current state of the heritage air with very high temperature. This is a challenge to answer in order to revive the old city for people to walk and visit the legacies inside this Old City. Most of the heritage in a form of: buildings, ruins of palaces, forts, and religious places, are still standing in a decent state, where one can visually appreciate the sight, - Unorganized settlement and inconvenient environment therefore easier for people in general (who are not archeological or historical Some of the settlers create is known to target the visitors, which is now are the enthusiast) to perceive it. mosque visitors, for money begging or selling overpriced goods. A better organization - Strategic location is needed to answer this challenge. The site individually are surrounded by transportation access, some (Surosowan Palace - Lack of promotion and Agung Banten Mosque) are even accessible by daily public transportation. Despite being a nationally recognized heritage site, there is almost no promotion Therefore ease the people to access the site. whatsoever regarding the site. This makes it difficult for the people to have knowledge - Existence of religious places in the heritage site complex regarding the heritage itself.

Being in a country that recognizes different religion, with people who are still highly 3. OPPORTUNITIES value of religion, having Vihara and Mosque surely is one of the strength of The Old - Demographic fact City of Banten. Indonesia being the most populous Muslim nation creates great opportunity of - One of the symbol of the Province of Banten tourism potentials to The Old City of Banten. It is regarded as one of the most important symbol of the Province. - Geographical fact - Unique Landmark Being in the capital city of the Banten province, Serang, and is located in one of the Being a massive ancient relics in the middle of today`s development surely made The satellite city to the capital of Indonesia, DKI Jakarta, bring great potential in getting Old City of Banten complex area being one of the most distinctive landmark that more tourist for The Old City of Banten as a cultural heritage. effortlessly attract attention of its surrounding. - Recognized National Heritage - Educational and religious tourism Being one of the recognized national heritages create an access for a greater Despite not being actively used touristically, the educational and religious activities are awareness from not only local but national scope of importance. going active and keep the legacy alive.

83 84 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

- Demographic fact could become one of the gears to run this revival project as the internal stakeholder Indonesia being the most populous Muslim nation creates great opportunity of that could operate economy such as: souvenir seller, tourist guide, heritage safeguard, tourism potentials to The Old City of Banten. and alike. - Geographical fact - UNESCO World Heritage List Being in the capital city of the Banten province, Serang, and is located in one of the The Old City of Banten have fulfilled two of the criterion required to be considered satellite city to the capital of Indonesia, DKI Jakarta, bring great potential in getting eligible in becoming one of the UNESCO World Heritage List, hence this is an more tourist for The Old City of Banten as a cultural heritage. opportunity of elevating the importance of this heritage site in a long-term planning. - Recognized National Heritage 4. THREATS Being one of the recognized national heritages create an access for a greater - Located in a highly populous community awareness from not only local but national scope of importance. Situated in a highly populous community is always a threat for a heritage site, because - Government and Law recognition the exposure of open community creates threats of vandalism actions and alike, which can be prevented through better management. The Old City of Banten being listed as one of the national heritage site and being restricted to be protected surely give more importance to the site; hence allow a - Illegal settlers better handling by the government as an important stakeholder. As explained before, settlers have been settling in the area which is considered a core - Strategic Axis zone for the heritage site. However, they have been living there through generations. Hence, a careful planning is crucial in order to prevent severe damage in long-run, in Being in the area that has province road and highway allows better network for tourist case the illegal settler would object to cooperate. from different cities to visit the site. - Community`s nescience - Public Transportation The community unknowingness or ignorance in some cases could lead to a real threat Like the previous point, this also will allow a better connection between cities hence harming the relics. more opening for outside tourist to visit. - Vandalism - Icon of Banten This is also part of the previous point, where vandalism usually done by the inner Having the name of the province and being the icon of the province will give a community. They actually have no mean to become threats towards the heritage, but constant and effortless promotion to the cultural heritage. lack of education and regulation to manage the interaction between the two resulted - Centralized site vandalism. The areas to be developed are situated in a fairly centralized manner, ease the - Poor infrastructure and maintenance management and accessibility of the site in walking distances. - Beautiful Environment The heritage site is situated in a beautiful environment with water elements, different types of trees, ponds, and seashore that can be further developed to enhance the complex` settings. - Inside community Illegal settlers surely have been one of the evident challenges. However, these illegal settlers have been settling in this area for a long time, and built up economy and social cycle around the area, made this community could also appear as an opportunity when being managed correctly. With a proper approach and decent education, they-

85 86 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS

STAKEHOLDERS DESCRIPTION OF INTEREST Government of Banten Promoting the province and cities under their reign. Enhance tourism, hence economy of the region. Achievement for the region in national scope. Ministry of Tourism, Culture, Promoting one of nation`s province cultural and and Education historical heritage, boost tourism from diverse aspect: recreational, educational, religious, and historical. Achievement for national heritage sector, since the subject is a recognized national heritage. UNESCO As an international platform that promote the cause. Design Consultant and Profitability of being the parties who execute the Development Company revival action. Researcher and Cultural Fulfilling the cause they are fighting for, even for future Heritage Expert plan of revival or excavation planning. Tourist As the external users, to celebrate and appreciate the heritage, while using it as an attraction, family trip destination, with good environment, accessibility, decent infrastructure, and with educational benefit. Local Community As the internal community, who supposedly an illegal settlers, after the revival project, their living environment will surely be enhanced, with better infrastructure, hygiene, opportunities, elevating their life standards. Retail Good opportunities of shopping environment and profitability. Figure 48. List of stakeholders involved in the project.

IMPLEMENT STAKEHOLDERS STAKEHOLDERS POWER INTEREST Government of Banten High Medium Ministry of Tourism, Culture, and Education High Medium UNESCO Medium Medium Design Consultant and Development Company Low High Figure 47. SWOT Analysis diagram of The Old City of Banten. Researcher and Cultural Heritage Expert Medium High Figure 49. List of implement stakeholders involved in the project.

IMPACT STAKEHOLDERS STAKEHOLDERS POWER INTEREST Tourist Low Medium Local Community Medium High Retail Low High Figure 50. List of impact stakeholders involved in the project.

87 88 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

4.4 PROJECT VISION: BETTER CITY PLANNING STRATEGIES TO RESTORE THE OLD CITY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES CONNECTION TO THE PEOPLE Taking the vision and mission as the base, with consideration of there are three main In a revival project that involve an old city in a modern context, survey, strategic goals to be achieved for the revival project. These goals are also considered the three assessments, and proposals are a fundamental aspects of an integrated conservations. The three main goals then followed by sets of objectives which are the detailed It is not anymore relevant to see heritage site as a separated relics from the past, and approach, as the base where real action will take place. act as an object that lice separately from day-to-day life. That being said, these relics shall be involved in the city planning as an element as relevant as the infrastructure, GOAL 1: Integrate the inner community as part of the revival planning transport systems, land use, and aspects alike. Furthermore, the key aspects of a successful revival project is how well these city aspects, mentioned before, integrated Objective: as a unified system. All these aspecst are the bases on how the project will successfully 1. Community counseling sustain itself (Siravo, 2015). The community is a strong part of this project, because they are one of the biggest threat, but at the same time is a crucial potential of the implement stakeholders. As Acknowledging the potential, and neglected opportunities that The Old City of Banten the design project of the revival takes place, a community counseling is indeed has, is the first step to build up the idea of what is the vision towards it. The significant. This objective, will become part of the revival project timeline, where it Constitutions of Indonesia which regulate treatments towards Heritage has one of its should be done, prior to any design intervention takes place. main focus on how cultural heritage shall be properly preserved, to be able to carry the values that it has for the people, for the nation. This main aim is being broken- GOAL 2: Enhancement of The Old City of Banten physical state down towards several acts, which involve protection, development, and utilization. Objectives: Each of this has its own understanding and approach. In the major parts, it takes 1. Restore the border of heritage sites in The Old City of Banten people or the community as the main core attention as for who the benefit of preservation shall go to. It uses local community as the tool of a sustainable The settlers settled in areas where it is free, and it is growing until today. To prevent preservation plan. further self-damaging development, a proper border of the core area of the heritage inside The Old City of Banten is crucial. This will also give a more solid gesture to the To combine the integrated city planning system approach, with strong participation of people regarding the importance of the heritage site area. A replacement of some the local community is the main vision of this project. settlements will takes place, but with proper counseling and approach, the community shall be cooperative to the revival project. The revival project aim to see these three aspects: physical state, community, and heritage recognition, as matters that could only work when treated in an integrated 2. Recover primary infrastructure of The Old City of Banten area way. When a better physical state is introduced to the heritage, together with A better arrangements of road, with more consideration of comfort and safety for the counseling inner community as part who runs system, better access for the people will people is one of the major thing to recover in the primary infrastructure of The Old rise, resulting people to celebrate and recognize better the cultural heritage. City of Banten. GOAL 3: Restore the recognition of The Old City of Banten from the people In The Old City of Banten, poor connection is one of the biggest challenge, despite situated in a strongly strategic network axis. Hence the first step of aim of this project Objectives: is to restore this basic needs of reconnecting the Old City with the people. This first 1. Introduction secondary infrastructure to enhance quality for visitors step then followed by proposing more functions for the complex to become a more After the primary infrastructure recovery, an introduction of better and more attractive point for the people. attractive infrastructure and facilities will be needed to attract outside community. MISSION This will include mapping possible locations for shops, public spaces, public parks, and alike. The mission of this project is to restore the Old Banten in the Modern Banten, through 2. Introduction of an attraction activities for the visitors involvement and integration of key parties that would sustain the revival: series of Taking the previous point to the next level, a proper themed-attraction could be a way enhancement strategies regarding heritage site`s physical state, community to give more publicity to the site. This can be in a form of: a trail of The Old City of participation and recognition, followed by a long-term revival planning. Banten, water-related activities, and alike.

89 90 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

4.5 PROJECT GOALS AND ACTIONS ACTIONS:

GOAL 1: Integrate the inner community as part of the revival planning EDUCATING

One of the core purpose of restoring or reviving a heritage relates closely to the value Historical Knowledge of The Old City of Banten of humanity. Heritage is perceived as one of the matter that unites the whole humanity by being an irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration. It considered as an Historical value of The Old City of Banten indicator of our identity, that belong to the whole humanity. (UNESCO, 2008) Current state of The Old City of Banten

This core understanding on heritage and humanity leads to the idea, any action involve Potentialities of The Old City of Banten in aiming to sustain heritage, shall have a human rights-based approach. Various types of heritage site, including The Old City of Banten, happens to be situated in a land What can harm The Old City of Banten where a local community has settled and grown. Regardless of whether it is legal or One of the most famous saying in the Indonesian local culture is, “Tak kenal maka tak no, the people shall have as much rights as the site to be protected and sustained. sayang,” meaning that you won`t be able to show care to something you have not yet However, The Old City of Banten is one of the generic case of heritage site, where the been introduced. This educating approach is aiming to introduce the site to the people locals happen to be emotionally and mentally detached to the heritage, resulting the who has been living near to it, yet has not yet educated on how to show care towards people being one of the cause of harm for the site. From mere vandalism, to houses it. This educating approach shall involve not only the adults, but should also be being built dangerously close to the ancient site. Actions of replacements of some integrate to the children extra course where possible. settlements are inevitable. Therefore, prior to any action, a proper community counseling is crucial. CONSOLIDATING There are two ways that the community is an integral stakeholders to the revival of The Old City of Banten. As one that implements and one that got the impact. In a long- Monthly event celebrating The Old City of Banten run, community will be the inner circle of the heritage site who protects and sustain Proposing a tourism action that involves the locals and The Old City of Banten the site, by becoming an integrated community who carries the value of the heritage. In a short-term, they will be the one that has to be moved from certain part of the city Arranging a historical trip to The Old City of Banten core sites in order to build up the heritage site core zone. Before inviting people inward to celebrate The Old City of Banten, this shall be done to In both cases, inner community`s understanding and knowledge is crucial, in order to the locals first. This can be done through regular celebration of the site, by monthly make the project works. Therefore, a prior counseling is needed. A placement of 0-12 event, using The Old City of Banten importance, to promote the lifestyle of the locals months of counseling program is required. that live in the site, tourism action, and historical trip for the locals.

Counseling, by definition, is an action of giving advice or recommending a course of action. The stakeholders that will take the action which in The Old City of Banten case INTEGRATIG ECONOMY ACTS is the government, shall counsel the stakeholders that will get the impact, which is the people. Proposing business idea for the people to promote their economy as well as The Old City of Banten. It involves: Allocating area of the land for economy activities for the locals. 1. Educating the people regarding The Old City of Banten The Old City of Banten revival project will further on refurbish the area, where local 2. Consolidating the locals to have better connection to The Old City of Banten shops and souvenir would emerge. This can be a win-win approach by having the 3. Proposing an integrated economy activity between the people and The Old City of locals act as the one who serve the people who come and visit the site. Therefore, not Banten only it will run the system, but it will make the most of all parties involved.

91 92 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

GOAL 2: Enhancement of The Old City of Banten physical state Primary infrastructure (Goal 2, Action 2), secondary infrastructure (Goal 3, Action 1), and tertiary infrastructure (Goal 3, Action 2), are an integrated system of intervention The current physical state of The Old City of Banten is insufficient to host a safe in the physical condition of the city. Learning from history of cities, a successful city environment for the heritage site, nor a healthy lifestyle for the people. There are development is always possible through a well-planned interconnectivity of the city. several characteristics of a good cities which can be seen as an indicator of The elements that are involved in these three infrastructure: streets, plazas, and assessment. It includes, “A good city”: (1) to walk in and stay for a while, (2) for social designed public spaces, have great contribution in defining cultural, social, economic, and cultural exchanges, (3) for talking, watching, and experiencing, (4) lively, diverse, and political functions of the city (Closs, 2013). and safe to move around (City of Adelaide, 2002). These characteristics are some of the bases indicators to assess which phsyical state of The Old City of Banten that shall There are several stages of actions to achieve goal 2 and 3. It includes: (1) Defining be enhanced. Project area, where a scope of area inside the bordered old city is focused to become the first step of intervention in the revival project. After the defined area proven to Furthermore, the heritage site currently does not have a proper zoning system, as work and run as planned, further strategy of a larger scope can be planned. This step is explained in the Constitution of Republic of Indonesia, Number 11 Year 2010 already done in the beginning of the chapter. (2) Project Area Current State, analyzing Regarding Cultural Heritage, Article 73. The enhancement of The Old City of Banten the current state of the project area. (3) Defining Potential Map, determining the area physical state shall also restore the zoning system. It involves the: (1) Core Zone, (2) with potentials that can bring the most out of the intervention applied. (4) Potential Buffer Zone, (3) Development Zone, and (4) Supporting Zone. Area Existing Use, defining existing uses of the potential area where intervention shall With these considerations, there are two main actions involve in goal 2: take place. (5) Zoning System, zoning the project area`s potential map in accordance to the Constitution of Republic of Indonesia, Number 11 Year 2010 Regarding Cultural 1. Restoring the border of heritage sites in The Old City of Banten Heritage, Article 73. (6) General Concept Plan, applying intervention in general strategy system, covering the whole area based on different aspects of the city. (7) Detail 2. Recovering primary infrastructure of The Old City of Banten area Concept Plan, a detailed and breakdown of the general concept plan. (8) Masterplan, a proposal of design intervention in the area, with all the system of pedestrian, network, green and open public spaces, attractions, and aspects alike being implemented. GOAL 3: Restore the recognition of The Old City of Banten from the people

After the primary and basic needs of the site fulfilled, a secondary or even tertiary ACTIONS: standard can be achieved. This also relates to the Development and Supporting zone in article 73 as mentioned before. In this case, in order to have The Old City of Banten DEFINING PROJECT AREA being a recognized heritage site, more than merely hosting ancient archeological site, an attraction shall be introduced. This attractions are applied in the 2 actions of: Heritage Site Location

1. Introduction secondary infrastructure to enhance quality for visitors Network Opportunities

2. Introduction of an attraction activities (tertiary infrastructure) for the visitors Land Use Opportunities

Goal 2 and Goal 3, involves actions that mostly involves in the physical condition of The first action is to define the project area. The Old City of Banten covers a quite large The Old City of Banten revival project. An integrated action of the intervention is area of land. Although it is a united bordered city, it involves in different parts of the crucial in order to make the best outcome of the actions. Hence, the two goals are city with diverse roles. To make the revival project able to bring the best outcome, a developed in an incorporate and unify approach. specified project area, where the intervention shall takes place, is defined. There are three main criteria in defining the project area: heritage site location, network opportunities, and land use opportunities.

93 94 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

PROJECT AREA CURRENT STATE DETAIL CONCEPT PLAN Breakdown of the General Concept Plan, to give better idea what kind of specific Project Area with information of current situation intervention implemented to the area. Sections of Project Area current state Primary Strategies: Analyzing defined project area's current state before heading to further strategies. Core Zoning System

Buffer Zoning System DEFINING POTENTIAL MAP House Replacements (Removal and Addition) Specified Area with most potential in the Project Area. Public Transportation Network Defining each area of the bordered potential area Private Transportation Network

Potential Map is a more specified of the project area, where an actual intervention Parking Area Provision with certain aims shall be applied. This involves which road, open spaces, water bodies, land, or houses to be intervened. Secondary/Tertiary Strategies : Development Zoning System POTENTIAL AREA EXISTING USE Supporting Zoning System

Specifying each potential areas` current function OLD BANTEN TRAIL: Proposed Tourist attraction for the old city

By specifying the current use of potential area, a better idea of how to further OLD BANTEN LAKE: Proposed restoring Old Banten border and tourist attraction intervene the area will be clearer and better. The current use might even define how Green and Open Public Spaces the next action shall take place. Water-related Public Spaces (Canal and Lake)

ZONING SYSTEM MASTERPLAN Zoning the area in regard to Constitution of Republic of Indonesia, Number 11 Year 2010 Regarding Cultural Heritage, Article 73 General Concept Plan covers the system of intervention in a generic and more of strategic way. It is then being more detailed in the Masterplan.

GENERAL CONCEPT PLAN Masterplan After having the potential map area, together with the zoning system, a system of Sections intervention then applied in a form of general concept plan. It involves the placement Zoomed Area of: Images as Representation Network System

Pedestrian Path System & Entry Points

Waterfront System

Green and Open Public Spaces System

95 96 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

PROJECT AREA CURRENT STATE

SECTION CC’: SPEELWIJK FORTIFICATION AND VIHARA AVALOKITESVARA

SETTLEMENTS WITH ABANDONED GREEN AREA SITE: ROAD CANAL AREA GREEN OPEN SITE: GREEN OPEN SPACE AROUND THE FORT CANAL AREA SWAMP AREA VIHARA WITH SETTLEMENTS SPACE AROUND SPEELWIJK THE FORT FORTIFICATIONS

Used to be the edge of The Old City of Banten

SECTION BB’: SUROSOWAN PALACE AND AGUNG BANTEN MOSQUE

SETTLEMENTS AND CANAL AREA SETTLEMENTS SITE: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF THE ROAD AND SETTLEMENTS SITE: ROAD AND SETTLEMENTS ROAD AND ROAD SUROSOWAN PALACE AGUNG BANTEN MOSQUE

SECTION AA’: KAIBON PALACE

SETTLEMENTS AND CANAL AREA SITE: GREEN OPEN SETTLEMENTS CANAL AREA SETTLEMENTS AND ROAD KAIBON PALACE SPACE AROUND ROAD THE SITE

As shown in plans and sections of each site, there are some generic issue: 1. Dangerous distance to settlements 2. Improper use of core green spaces

LEGEND: 3. Absence of safety border, leading to unintentional vandalism

NETWORK SYSTEM

HERITAGE SITE CORE ZONE This is also followed by several potentials which can be found in each sites:

WATER BODIES 1. Safe distance, making it possible to establish pedestrian walkway

OPEN GREEN AREA 2. Potential of abandoned green and open spaces 3. Existance of water bodies (canal) and green area in each heritage site are. SETTLEMENTS

SWAMP AREA

0 0.3km

97 98 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

POTENTIAL MAP STARTING-ENDING POINT Train Station Considered to be one of the main gate for people to arrive and enter the area of The Old City of Banten, Train Station is one of the starting point in defining the potential area of the project. Port The potential area circular-like system then concluded by the port which is located at the end of the bay, near the train station. Not only it acts as part of the system to connect, but it also an element of remembrance to The Old City of Banten`s origin being a port city in the past.

HERITAGE SITE

1 Kaibon Palace Towards the south, a long path leading to the nearest heritage site to the train station is also defined to be a potential area. It includes not only the core area of the site, but also the surrounding context of it.

2 Surosowan Palace This is the second heritage site, which also surrounded by open green spaces that currently is not in use.

3 Agung Banten Mosque Surosowan Palace situated right next to the Agung Banten Mosque, which happens to have a large area of abandoned green space that has great potential to be developed.

4 Vihara Avalokitesvhara In the far north part of the old city, Vihara Avalokitesvhara is situated next to the swamp area, surrounded by temporary settlements that currrently built too close to the heritage site.

5 Speelwijk Fort Speelwijk marked the area where the end of The Old City of Banten used to be. It is next to what once was the boundary from land to Banten bay. The bay has now moved towards the north, and the rest turned into swamp. This swamp area, with a strip of land next to it, is a massive potential in not only as a possible public space, but also in recalling the past boundaries of the city`s element of water.

OPEN/GREEN SPACES

Abandoned green open space (between Kaibon Palace-Surosowan Palace)

Abandoned green open space (between Agung Banten Mosque and Speelwijk Fort)

Abandoned green open space (along the swamp area)

LEGEND: Pathway system POTENTIAL AREA An pathway system with a circular structure of network is established through the potential WATER BODIES map analysis. Along with a possible waterfront paths in the northern part of the project area. WALKING DISTANCE (MINUTES)

WALKING DISTANCE (METER)

0 0.3km

99 100 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

POTENTIAL AREA EXISTING USE POTENTIAL AREA EXISTING FUNCTION HERITAGE SITE Includes the five main sites in the project area: (1) Kaibon Palace, (2) Surosowan Palace, (3) Agung Banten Mosque, (4) Vihara Avalokitesvara, (5) Speelwijk Fortifications. Currently, only Agung Banten Mosque that is still actively being used, for religious practice purposes. The other 4, are standing in the land with barely any active interaction with the people.

OPEN SPACES SURROUND THE HERITAGE SITE This area is the untouched green spaces that currently is considered limited, as a buffer zone of the site. Speelwijk Fort, Surosowan Palace and Kaibon Palace are the sites that is equipped with this area.

ROAD Among the potential area, the road, which becomes the main mean of physical connection, is one of the most important element of the project.

LOCAL`S SHOP (TEMPORARY PLATFORMS) Local`s shops are already a thing in The Old City of Banten area. However, they are mostly a spontanous platform with lack of management in regard to what the object of selling and how it is being installed. This type of local shops can mainly be found in the Surosowan Palace area.

ABANDONED GREEN/OPEN SPACES The Old City of Banten has several large abandones green and open spaces. This can be found in almost all of the heritage sites core area, and along the main pathways network. At this moment the state of these areas are abandones, when intervend correctly these can be turned into several kinds of open public spaces: public park, city forest, play and family area, promenade, waterfront park, and alike.

PUBLIC SERVICE BUILDINGS Includes The train station and existing Museum.

SETTLEMENTS Some settlements that happen to be situated dangerously near to the core of main sites, will have a replacement action. The replacement area will be mapped in accordance to the amount of area taken.

LEGEND: SWAMP AREA (NORTH WATER BODIES) HERITAGE SITE The swamp area is a quite problematic area. Not only it creates a bad quality of space, it also give OPEN SPACES SURROUND THE HERITAGE SITE possibility for illegal settlements to emerge. Hence, an action to exchange the function is one of the ROAD most effciient approach. The swamp area also mark where the Banten bay started back then. An LOCAL`S SHOP (TEMPORARY PLATFORMS) exchange of function from swamp area, to a clean water body of a lake will be taken, in order to resolve ABANDONED GREEN/OPEN SPACES future threats, and also to recall the water border element of the city. PUBLIC SERVICE BUILDINGS SETTLEMENTS

0 0.3km

101 102 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

POTENTIAL AREA ZONING SYSTEM – BASED ON CONSTITUTION OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA, NUMBER 11 YEAR 2010 REGARDING CULTURAL HERITAGE ARTICLE 73 ZONE I: CORE ZONE The main core area to be protected. Where the heritage site situated.

ZONE II: BUFFER ZONE The closest surrounding of the core zone. To filter any encounter towards the heritage site. In Vihara Avalokitesvara, its buffer zone is compacted by settlements, which in this case shall be replaced.

ZONE III: DEVELOPMENT ZONE The zone dedicated to the development of cultural heritage for recreational purposes, natural environment conservation area, cultural landscape, and general recreational activities. This includes the open green spaces in the radius next to core and buffer zone.

ZONE IV: SUPPORTING ZONE The zone that is designated for facilities and infrastructure as well as for commercial and general recreational activities. It includes the road of pathways system and any other supportive elements of the site.

LEGEND:

1. CORE ZONE

2. BUFFER ZONE

3. DEVELOPMENT ZONE

4. SUPPORTING ZONE

0 0.3km

103 104 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

GENERAL CONCEPT PLAN INTERVENTION SYSTEM: NETWORK The network system includes the way of connection between The Old city of Banten, outwards. It can be through private vehicles, or public. The main public transportation that act as a gate to The Old City of Banten is the railway. The private vehicles-way is done through provincial road, that connects The Old City of Banten to other sub district and other cities/provinces. Parking area is proposed in 3 main spots of the project area: train station, around the center of the project area.

MAIN ROAD - VEHICULAR

SECONDARY ROAD – CONNECTING TO THE MAIN/PROVINCIAL/PRIMARY ROAD

PARKING AREA

RAILWAY

RAILWAY STATION

PEDESTRIAN The small radius of the connection system of the project, give bettew opportunity for the people to experience the old city by foot. Hence, a Trail system is proposed. “The Old City of Banten Trail” is one of the long term goal of this project. This is started by building up an integrated pedestrian pathways system around the area.

PEDESTRIAN PATHS/ TRAIL SYSTEM POINT OF ENTRY

GREEN/ OPEN SPACES Green and open spaces development in the revival project has several aims: 1. Enhance space quality 2. Buffer area of the core heritage site 3. Humanize the life of locals around the heritage site With these aims as consideration, a mapped of different types of open and green public spaces is established. It includes the green and open spaces around the water bodies, which is already a strong element in The Old City of Banten.

CORE ZONE GREEN AREA

BUFFER AND DEVELOPMENT ZONE GREEN AREA

WATER BODIES

WATERFRONT PARK

0 0.3km

105 106 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

DETAIL CONCEPT PLAN PRIMARY STRATEGIES CORE ZONING SYSTEM

This area is the defined zone where the core area of the heritage site lay. For all the five sites, a natural environment happens to surround the site, which gives a trace where the core zone shall be built. However, in Vihara Avalokitesvara, settlements emerged in the green area around the vihara, leading to a required some houses replacements.

BUFFER ZONING SYSTEM

Buffer zone is the second layer of protection, after the core zone. Using the similar approach—of using current trace of the land footprints, leading to the development of areas around the core area. The traces varies from: canal (existing water bodies), street/road and open/green spaces.

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: RAILWAY Train is the main mean of public transportation that connects people from outside towards inside of The Old City of Banten. The train station and railway happens to be situated in the inner area of the site, giving an advantage of accessibility for the people from outside.

PRIVATE TRANSPORTATION: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ROAD

The Old City of Banten is crossed by some main provincial road, making it easily accessibly by private vehicle, which is a more popular mean of transportation for the culture of the community. The provincial road (primary) is supported by a decent local road (secondary) for the people to get directly to the heritage site areas. However, a planned system of: where people park and start the journey inside the old city is required, in order to bring the order that is currently absent.

PARKING SYSTEM

The parking system situated in 3 main spots: train station, and 2 in the center. Consideration of having it in the train station, hence people can park where the trail system of The Old City of Banten shall start. Two in the center, that is near the Mosque, based on the consideration of the magnitude of people coming on daily basis for pilgrimage. It is located next to the trail system, making it easy for people to follow the trail path despite starting it from the center.

REPLACED SETTLEMENTS

AREA OF SETTLEENTS RELOCATION

Despite being removed from an area of core and buffer zone for heritage site safety reason, the house will be relocate to a nearby land. An action of preparing the exact amount of houses, with decent and fulfilling standard of development shall be done prior to replacing the houses for the revival project.

0 0.3km

107 108 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

DETAIL CONCEPT PLAN SECONDARY STRATEGIES SUPPORTING AND DEVELOPMENT ZONE By definition, the Development Zone and Supporting Zone categories are different. Development zone is more of the development of cultural heritage value, whereas supporting zone is the general facilities and infrastructure. In The Old City of Banten, the two definition can be overlapped and defined in the same approach. The Cultural Heritage Value development zone in the proposal are:

TRAIL OF THE OLD BANTEN

A continuous pathway system with “OLD BANTEN TRAIL” theme, that is categorized by a defined shaded path that uses wooden materials. The aim of this trail is to promote a walking system that connects the 5 heritage site, which people can visit and enjoy seeing, by a planned, designed and proper pedestrian paths.

CANAL PARK AND OLD BANTEN LAKE

In the existing state of The Old Banten, 3 out of 5 heritage sites, are surrounded by water bodies in a form of canal. An idea to turn them into a canal park, as a design buffer zone as well as development zone where it can serve the community as an open public space. In the north area, where the trace of the old banten border back in the past, is currently a massive area of swamp that gives negative qualities to the area: dirty, humid, unhealthy and dark atmosphere. This swamp area also is a future threat where illegal settlements might emerge further. Hence, the intervention is to restore the old border, by building up an artificial water body of lake, as the “Old Banten Lake”. This area will also open up possibilities of different water and waterfront activities for the people.

OLD BANTEN PROMENADE

Next to the new Old Banten Lake, located the promenade, where various community activities can be held, and serves a better quality and more variation of public space for the people. It is also connected to the Old Banten trail system, making it an integrated routes.

GREEN AND OPEN PUBLIC PARK/SPACE

Several abandoned green spaces are located in The Old City of Banten area. Ones that are situated in the Old Banten Trail system, is proposed to be turned into a new Public Green/Open Spaces/Park. These area also will become the place where economy activities for the locals shall be situated.

0 0.3km

109 110 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

MASTERPLAN MASTERPLAN SECTIONS

SECTION CC’: SPEELWIJK FORTIFICATION AND VIHARA AVALOKITESVARA

REVITALIZED CORE ZONE OF ROAD CANAL CORE ZONE OF SPEELWIJK CANAL PARK OLD BANTEN PROMENADE OLD BANTEN LAKE GREEN SPACE VIHARA AVALOKITESVARA PARK FORTIFICATION

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AS BUFFER ZONE OF THE CORE SITES

INTERVENTION: REVITALIZED GREEN&OPEN PUBLIC SPACE, OLD BANTEN-THEMED PUBLIC SPACES.

C C’ SECTION BB’: SUROSOWAN PALACE AND AGUNG BANTEN MOSQUE

SETTLEMENTS CANAL PARK ROAD CORE ZONE OF ENTRANCE REVITALIZED GREEN & OPEN PUBLIC SPACE ROAD CORE ZONE OF AGUNG BANTEN ROAD REVITALIZED GREEN & AND ROAD SURSOWAN PALACE POST MOSQUE OPEN PUBLIC SPACE

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AS BUFFER ZONE OF THE CORE SITES NATURAL BUFFER ZONE OF THE CORE SITES

INTERVENTION: REVITALIZED GREEN&OPEN PUBLIC SPACE.

B’

SECTION AA’: KAIBON PALACE

REVITALIZED GREEN & OPEN PUBLIC SPACE CANAL PARK CORE ZONE OF ROAD CANAL PARK ROAD SETTLEMENTS B KAIBON PALACE

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AS BUFFER ZONE OF THE CORE SITES

INTERVENTION: REVITALIZED GREEN&OPEN PUBLIC SPACE.

A’ LEGEND: Existing: Intervention: Area or elements kept from the existing. Water bodies: Canal Park, Revitalized Old Banten Lake Changes occurred only subtraction (of agricultural land) and addition (of housing Grass: Element of the Green/Open Public Space to enhance the space quality replacements). Path: OLD BANTEN TRAIL pathways, a circular system that connects the Old City system Agricultural Land Public Park: An open and green Public space for the community; picnic, play, gathering. Primary Road System A Kiosk: Shops to be run by locals, serving people who visits the Old City of Banten Secondary Road System Settlements Trees of the Park, to humanizes the space quality. Heritage Site Trees of the “Old Banten Trail”, to control heat and bring comfort quality of space for people to walk. 0 0.3km

111 112 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

ZOOMED AREA REPRESENTATIONS (REFERENCES)

KAIBON PALACE As the strategy has been build, in this part, references of different projects shows a representation on how and what kind of space quality is desired for each part of the intervention area. PUBLIC PARK

Şışhane Park, Turkey by SANALarc As an in between park of the trail, this public park shall be an interactive park with play of landscape, that would invite people to interact with the space. Also with possibility of selling and buying activities with locals. CANAL PARK

Umeå Campus Park, Sweden / Thorbjörn Andersson + Sweco Architects

Cultuurpark Westergasfabriek, Netherlands / Gustafson Porter + Bowman

113 114 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

ZOOMED AREA REPRESENTATIONS (REFERENCES)

SUROSOWAN PALACE AND AGUNG BANTEN MOSQUE In this area, the main public spaces are the new square in between the Surosowan Palace and Agung Banten Mosque, which similar to Kaibon, also equipped with Canal Park area. However, for this one, canal area is strongly use for shop functions. PUBLIC PARK

UNSW Alumni Park Competition Entry / ASPECT Studios ASPECT Studios representation on the proposal of park for the University of South Wales, captured the approach that could be the most efficient one for revitalizing green area of the Surosowan and Agung Banten Mosque Public park area. A simple platform, with good amount of shading, allowing people to build their own activities without much of direction, since this is aimed to become a public open and flexible open spaces for both locals and people visiting.

CANAL PARK

Jack Evans Boat Harbour, Australia / ASPECT Studios A simple, shaded, playful yet liberating kind of public park, allowing people to initiate their activities, whether it is for play, relaxation, community gathering, or a mere walk in the park.

115 116 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 4. Revival of The Old City of Banten

ZOOMED AREA REPRESENTATIONS (REFERENCES)

SPEELWIJK FORTIFICATIONS AND VIHARA AVALOKITESVARA This area has most recreational potentials, with different kinds of possible public open spaces attraction. Along the newly restored lake, there is a promenade. Followed by a design pier, that can also be functioned as an interactive platform for the people towards the lake. Below are some of the references that capture the representation of the space.

PROMENADE

Umeå Campus Park, Sweden / Thorbjörn Andersson + Am Kaiserstrand Bathhouse, Austria / Sweco Architects Lang+Schwaerzler

PIER/WATERFRONT PUBLIC SPACE

Umeå Campus Park, Sweden / Thorbjörn Andersson + Am Kaiserstrand Bathhouse, Austria / Sweco Architects Lang+Schwaerzler

Square des Frères-Charon, Canada / Affleck + de la Riva Am Kaiserstrand Bathhouse, Austria / Architects Lang+Schwaerzler

117 118 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 5. Conclusion

Chapter 5

Conclusion

119 120 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 5. Conclusion

5.1 PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN

ACTIONS MEASURES TIMELINE 2018 2020 2022 Educating Community shall go first before anything else. After being

1. EDUCATING given clear understanding, then an expectation to have the community cooperatively integrate to the project can be achieved. 1. To integrate 2. CONSOLIDATING Followed by consolidating and economy integration, once the Core GOAL I GOAL inner community 3. INTEGRATING ECONOMY Zone, Buffer Zone, Primary Infrastructure and partly of Secondary infrastructure has started. Where the area for community to take part.

1. DEFINING CORE ZONE Defining Core and Buffer Zone shall be done once replaced 1. To restore the 2. DEFINING BUFFER ZONE

settlements-development has started. Once the place for people to border of heritage 3. REPLACED SETTLEMENETS- DEVELOPMENT move in is ready, a border can be built.

site

GOAL II GOAL 4. HOUSE REPLACEMENTS

2. To recover 1. IMPROVING TRAIN STATION Primary Infrastructure of train station and parking area provision are primary crucial part of the project, and actually needed even with the current 2. PROVIDING PARKING AREA infrastructure state of the site. Hence shall be done from the start of the project.

Enhancement of pedestrian pathways basic need (defined path, and 1. To recover and 1. PROVIDING/ENHANCING PEDESTRIAN possibly shades) should be done together with the train and parking proposed PATHWAYS (QUALITIES) aspects, for despite being a secondary infrastructure, it strictly secondary integrate with the primary infrastructure. Followed by enhancement infrastructure 2. PROVIDING/ENHANCING OPEN AND GREEN

PUBLIC SPACES/PARK (QUALITIES) and provision of open and green public spaces.

GOAL III GOAL REVIVAL OF OLD OF BANTEN THE CITY REVIVAL 2. To recover and 1. RESTORING WATER BORDER: ARTIFICAL LAKE OF proposed tertiary OLD BANTEN Artificial lake development can be started from half way of the first infrastructure and year, considering it will take a long process to be done. Along with this 2. PROPOSING THEMED-TRAIL, “OLD BANTEN facilities action, once it is sufficient for the people to enjoy, the OLD BANTEN TRAIL” TRAIL and OLD BANTEN PROMENADE, as a tertiary (more of tourist 3. PROVIDING A PROMENADE ALONG OLD BANTEN attraction) can be implemented as well. LAKE

: As a work in progress, where improvements can always be implemented.

1. PROJECT AREA EXPANSION 2. PROPOSAL TO BE LISTED UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE (After Having fulfilled two of the criterion, The Old City of Banten, after revival project which would enhance its state and When the project area`s state of recognition, should be proposed as UNESCO World Heritage. This would promote the heritage`s well-being potential zone has developed and scope of recognition, to sustain stronger facing possible future challenges.

successfully, an expansion TERM (>2022) TERM GOAL - shall be the next stage to the

project. LONG

121 122 Revival of The Old City of Banten Chapter 5. Conclusion

5.2 CONCLUSION

The Old City of Banten, a nationally recognized Heritage Site of Indonesia, indeed is one of the treasure of the country. It carries a great past history that shall be celebrated by the people of today. Its current state build an invisible fence for the people to celebrate and interact better with it. Current social challenges of illegal settlements and vandalism are to name few of the issue that it currently is facing.

Using UNESCO 25th General Coference in Paris (1989) and Hangzhou Declaration (2013), the revival project takes 3 main approach to answer the challenges that the old city is currently facing: (1) Integrated Development, (2) Use Culture as Resources of Sustainable Urban Development, (3) Raising Heritage Value towards Stakeholders involved.

These approaches gives the initial approach on how to treat a Cultural Heritage that is facing modern day challenges, in order for it to be able to sustain itself. It is clear that integrating the existence of The Old City of Banten to the people, is crucial, in order for the people to not only recognize, but also able to celebrate it as part of their every day's life. Bibliography

To recognize the importance and values that this site has is the first step to take. A long and dynamic historical background of the site shall be voiced more and better for the people to be conscious of it. Introducing it is the first step, then proposing a better environment and space qualities shall follow, in order for the people to be able physically relating to it.

The Old City of Banten is situated in a land with great opportunities of development: with its water bodies, green spaces, and network system. The revival project approach these opportunities through a minimum intervention in a specified project area which possess most of the potentials, to bring out the most of any interventions implemented.

The National law and regulations under The Old City of Banten has also specified what types of approach and actions that is desired for such heritage city. It involves three main actions: (1) Protection, (2) Development, (3) Utilization. These three actions are the framework of the strategic planning implemented in the revival project. Restoring the zoning system, and recovering primary, secondary and tertiary infrastructure and facilities system are the breakdown of efforts to be done in accordance to it.

These schemes shall be able to prepare The Old City of Banten to flourish better, through the connection that it has built better with the people, creating a stronger identity as a national, even international heritage site. Once it arrives to this state, a longer-term with larger area to cover, of a revival plan, shall be able to take place, and enable The Old City of Banten continue to thrive.

123 124 Revival of The Old City of Banten Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah Kota Serang, (2016). Kajian Perencanaan UN HABITAT (2013). Streets as Public Spaces and Drivers of Urban Prosperity. Nairobi, Revitalisasi dan Adaptasi Kawasan Banten Lama. Banten, Indonesia. Kenya.

Badan Pusat Statistik, (2015). Luas Daerah dan Jumlah Pulau Menurut Provinsi, 2002- United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO), (2012). 2005. Available in: https://www.bps.go.id/linkTabelStatis/view/id/1366 Cultural Heritage: Tangible and Intangible Values. Brussels, Belgium.

Bandarin, F., Oers, R.V., (2015). Reconnecting the City: The Historic Urban Landscape United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO), (1989). Approach and the Future of Urban Heritage. General Conference 25th Session: Draft Medium Term Plan (19901995). Paris, France.

Brown, C. (2000). A short History of Indonesia, The Unlikely Nation?. Singapore. United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO). Convention Concerning The Protection of The World Cultural and Natural Heritage: Adopted by The City of Adelaide, (2002). Public Spaces and Public Life. Adelaide, Australia. General Conference at Its Seventeenth Session Paris, 16 November 1972. Colombo, M. C., (2016). Cultural Heritage Conventions And Other Instruments. Course United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO), (2015). in Urban Preservation Law Historical Preservation Laws. Politecnico di Milano. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Mantova, Italy. Paris, France. Jokilehto, J. (2005). Definition of Cultural Heritage: References to Documents in History. United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO), (2013). Gaastra, F. S., (n.d.). Organisasi VOC. Available in: https://sejarah- The Hangzhou Declaration Placing Culture at the Heart of Sustainable Development nusantara.anri.go.id/media/userdefined/pdf/brillvocinventaris_gaastraid.pdf. Policies Adopted. Hangzhou, China.

Guillot, C., (1990). The Sultanate of Banten. Jakarta, Indonesia. United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO), (2005). Fifteenth General Assembly of States Parties to The Convention Concerning The Heritage Property Management Services, (2011). What is Strategic Planning?. Protection of The World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Paris, France. Available in: http://www.heritageproperty.com/what-is-strategic-planning/. United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO), (2013). Indonesian Constitutions. Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2010 New Life for Historic Cities. Paris, France. Tentang Cagar Budaya. Indonesia. United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO), (2017). Mintzberg, H., (1994). The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning. Available in: Bureau of Strategic Planning. Available in: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/bureau-of- https://hbr.org/1994/01/the-fall-and-rise-of-strategic-planning. strategic-planning/.

Pierantoni, L. (2016). Safeguarding the beauty to placing culture at the heart of Universitas Indonesia, (2016). Laporan Akhir Kajian Perencanaan Revitalisasi dan sustainable development: an International Debate. Course in Historic Preservation Adaptasi Kawasan Banten Lama. Depok, Indonesia. Planning. Politecnico di Milano. Mantova, Italy. Wiharyanto, A. K., (2007). Pergantian Kekuasaan di Indonesia Tahun 1800. Pierantoni, L. (2016). Strategic Planning. Course in Historic Preservation Planning. Politecnico di Milano. Mantova, Italy.

ThoughtCo., (2014). The Srivijaya Empire. Available in: https://www.thoughtco.com/g00/the-srivijaya-empire- 195524?i10c.referrer=

125 126