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Assessment of Water Quality of Tigris River by Using Water Quality Index (CCME WQI)

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Assessment of Water Quality of Tigris River by Using Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) Journal of Al-Nahrain University Vol.15 (1), March, 2012, pp.119-126 Science Assessment of Water Quality of Tigris River by using Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) Zahraa Zahraw Al-Janabi*, Abdul-Rahman-Al-Kubaisi* and Abdul-Hameed M. Jwad Al-Obaidy** *Department of Biology, College of Science for Women, Baghdad University. **Center of Environmental Research, University of Technology. E-mail :*[email protected]., **[email protected]. Abstract The present work describes the application of Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) for the 3 stations located along with Tigris River in Baghdad city, Iraq. The field work was conducted during the period from February to December 2010. CCME WQI was applied using eleven water quality parameter (pH value, Total Dissolved Solids, Calcium, Total Alkalinity, Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, Turbidity, Lead Chromium, Iron). Based on the results obtained from the index, the water quality of Tigris River ranged between 37-42 which indicate that river has the worst quality due to effect of various urban pollutant sources. This work confirms the need to take a serious action for monitoring the river for proper management. Keyword: Assessment, Water Quality Index, CCME WQI, Tigris River, Baghdad-Iraq. Introduction invisible adaptations of aquatic ecosystems to Water is vital to the existence of all living these changes may not always be readily organisms, but this valued resource is detected until a dramatic shift in ecosystem increasingly being threatened as human condition occurs [13]. populations grow and demand more water of Typically, water quality is determined by high quality for domestic purposes and comparing the physical and chemical economic activities. Water abstraction for characteristics of a water sample with water domestic use, agricultural production, quality guidelines or standards. Drinking water industrial production, power generation, quality guidelines and standards are designed mining, and forestry practices can lead to to enable the provision of clean and safe water deterioration in water quality and quantity that for human consumption, thereby protecting impact not only the aquatic ecosystem (i.e., the human health. These are usually based on assemblage of organisms living and interacting scientifically assessed acceptable levels of together within an aquatic environment), but toxicity to either humans or aquatic organisms also the availability of safe water for human [27- 18- 24]. consumption [28]. One of the simplest methods to assess The quality of water required to maintain water quality conditions is by using water ecosystem health is largely a function of quality indices [31]. It is a tool that provides natural background conditions. Some aquatic meaningful summaries of water quality data ecosystems are able to resist large changes in that are useful to both technical and non - water quality without any detectable effects on technical individuals interested in water ecosystem composition and function, whereas quality results. It is important to note that the other ecosystems are sensitive to small CCME WQI is not a substitute for detailed changes in the physical and chemical makeup analysis of water quality data and should not of the body of water and this can lead to be used as a sole tool for management of water degradation of ecosystem services and loss of bodies. It was simply developed to provide a biological diversity. The degradation of broad overview of environmental performance physical and chemical water quality due to [19]. human influences is often gradual, and 119 Zahraa Zahraw Al-Janabi Any number of water quality measurements scores (near 100), whereas sites that routinely can serve, and have already been used, as have measurements that exceed benchmarks indicators of water quality. However, there is have low CWQI scores (near 0). The CCME no single measure that can describe overall WQI was developed with the intent of water quality for any one body of water, let alone at a global level. As such, a composite providing a tool for simplifying the reporting index that quantifies the extent to which a of water quality data [15]. It is a tool that number of water quality measures deviate provides meaningful summaries of water from normal, expected or ‘ideal’ quality data that are useful to technical and concentrations may be more appropriate for policy individuals as well as the general public summarizing water quality conditions across a interested in water quality results. As a range of inland water types and over time. summary tool, it provides a broad overview of Although there is no globally accepted composite index of water quality, some water quality data and is not intended to be a countries and regions have used, or are using, substitute for detailed analysis of water quality aggregated water quality data in the data. The application of the CCME WQI development of water quality indices. Most requires Water Quality Guidelines (WQGs) or water quality indices rely on normalizing, or Water Quality Objectives (WQOs). The model standardizing, data parameter by parameter essentially consists of three measures of according to expected concentrations and variance from selected WQGs or WQOs some interpretation of ‘good’ versus ‘bad’ concentrations [30]. (scope, frequency, amplitude) that combine to The Canadian Water Quality Index produce a value between 0 and 100 that compares observations to a benchmark, where represents the overall water quality. The use of the benchmark may be a water quality appropriate WQGs or WQOs in the CCME standard or site specific background WQI is critical to the computation of concentration [15-17-26]. The CWQI representative and accurate water quality quantifies for one station, over a predate- indices [23]. Indices simplify and reduce the rmined period of time (typically one year), the required raw and primary date for describing number of parameters that exceed a water quality and its spatial variation can show benchmark, the number of records in a dataset the particular water quality problems within a that exceed a benchmark, and the magnitude river body, allowing for many managerial exceed of the benchmark. The index is flexible decisions to be made. In a simple definition in terms of the bench- marks that are used for about indices it can be said that indices are calculation, and depends on the information proper and simple tools to determine required from the index: that is, guidelines for conditions of water quality and, like any other the protection of aquatic life may be used tool, this requires knowledge about principles (when available) if the index is being and basic concepts of water and related issues calculated to quantify ecological health of the [20]. Due to the lack of expert study and water, or drinking water quality guide-lines inspection of the water quality of most rivers may be used if the interest in the index of Iraq. is in drinking water safety. Alternatively, Material and Methods information describing natural back-ground Study Area The study area included 3 conditions for a station or region may be used stations on Tigris River Within Baghdad city, as benchmarks when trying to quantify the first was located at North of Baghdad in deviation from natural conditions. Sites at Sader Al-Qanat area, and the second at middle which water quality measurements never or part in Al-Aoadia area, whereas the third rarely exceed the benchmark have high CWQI station located at South part in Al-Zafrania area (Fig.(1)). The river divides the city into a 120 Journal of Al-Nahrain University Vol.15 (1), March, 2012, pp.119-126 Science two sides, the right (Karkh) and left (Risafa) -Calculation of the CCME WQI section with a flow direction from north to The CCME WQI model consists of south [9]. three measures of variance from selected water quality objectives (scope, frequency, amplitude). These three measures of variance combine to produce a value between 0 and 100 (with 1 being the poorest and 100 indicating the best water quality) that rep- resents the overall water quality. Within this range, designations have been set to classify water quality as poor, marginal, fair, good or excellent. These same designations were adopted for the indices developed here [22]. Table (1) CCME WQI categorization schema [22]. Rank WQI Value Excellent 95-100 Good 80-94 Fig.(1) Bagdad City Showing Sampling Fair 65-79 Station Marginal 45-64 Poor 0-44 The rainfall is seasonal varying from 40 to 100 mm annually, occurring mainly from November to April with 50% or more Table (2) occurring between January and March. The Standard Values . temperature change between winter and summer is as great as between day and night. Parameter Iraq WHO CCME July and August are the hottest months with 6.5- pH (mg/l) 6.5-8.5 8.5 the temperature in the shade as high as 50° [4]. 8.5 -Sampling TDS (mg/l) 1000 500 500 Subsurface water samples were collected Calcium (mg/l) 50 100 - from the middle and two banks of the Tigris Total Alkalinity - 100 - river during February to December 2010 from (mg/l) each station by using clean polyethylene Ammonia(mg/l) - 0.2 1.37 bottles. Samples were analyzed for chemical Nitrate (mg/l) 50 50 48.2 and physical properties immediately after Nitrite (mg/l) 3 3 - collection. Turbidity(NTU) 5 5 5 The CWQI calculated by select a set of Chromium (mg/l) 0.05 0.05 0.05 eleven parameters based on both importance and availability of data. these eleven parameter Iron (mg/l) 0.3 0.3 0.3 are pH value, Total Dissolved Solids, Calcium, Lead (mg/l) 0.01 0.01 0.01 Alkalinity, Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, Turbidity, Chromium, Iron, Lead. CCME The detailed formulation of the WQI, as WQIs were computed for the three sites in the described in the Canadian WQI 1.0–Technical Tigris River using sets of standard values Report [9], is as follows: (table 2) [26-21-16].
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