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TRENDS in PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS Survey Report of Selected IEA Countries Between 1992 and 2011
TRENDS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS Survey report of selected IEA countries between 1992 and 2011 Report IEA-PVPS T1-21:2012 TRENDS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS Survey report of selected IEA countries between 1992 and 2011 Contents Introduction 2 1 Implementation of PV systems 3 2 The PV industry 24 3 Policy, regulatory and business framework for deployment 32 4 Summary of trends 39 PV technology note 44 Foreword This year’s 17th edition of the IEA PVPS international survey report on Trends in Photovoltaic (PV) Applications falls together with almost 20 years of global cooperation within the IEA PVPS The International Energy Agency (IEA), founded in 1974, Programme. The history of PV market deployment over this is an autonomous body within the framework of the decisive period for PV from its very first market developments to Organization for Economic Cooperation and the present large scale deployment, meanwhile accounting for Development (OECD). The IEA carries out a important shares of the newly installed capacity for electricity comprehensive programme of energy cooperation production, can uniquely be followed year by year in the series among its 28 member countries and with the of IEA PVPS trends reports. 2011 has been yet another year of unprecedented further market growth, continued massive participation of the European Commission. cost reduction and ongoing signs of industry and market consolidation. In total, about 28 GW of PV capacity were The IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme installed in the IEA PVPS countries during 2011 (2010: 14,2 GW), (IEA PVPS) is one of the collaborative research and thus again doubling the installed capacity of the year before; this development agreements within the IEA and was raised the total installed capacity in IEA PVPS countries close to established in 1993. -
Reality and Challenges of Solar Energy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
Napier International Conference on solar and wind energy 14/04/2021 Reality and challenges of solar energy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) Prof. Radwan Almasri Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qassim University [email protected] Outline ➢ Introduction ➢ Potential of Solar Energy in KSA ➢ Dust Accumulation ➢ National Renewable Energy Program ➢ Applications ▪ Electrical Systems ▪ Thermal Systems ▪ Thermal Solar Electricity Generation ➢ Case Studies ➢ Conclusion and Suggestions 2 Introduction ➢ KSA, in 2018, sold ≈ 290 TWh electricity, out of which share of renewable was 0.05 % . ➢ The electrical energy consumption per capita increase from 6.9 MWh to 9.6 MWh from 2007 to 2017 (8.434 MWh in 2019) ➢ In 2016, the KSA issued the "Vision 2030", a significant target is the addition of 9.5 GW of new renewable energy capacity. 3 Introduction Electrical energy sold by sectors in KSA, 2015 – 2019 4 Introduction Year(a) Name of PV power station Country Capacity MW 1980 Solar Village Saudi Arabia 0.35 1982 Lugo United States 1 1985 Carrisa Plain United States 5.6 2005 Bavaria Solarpark (Mühlhausen) Germany 6.3 2006 Erlasee Solar Park Germany 11.4 2008 Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park Spain 60 2010 Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant Canada 97 2012 Agua Caliente Solar Project United States 290 2014 Topaz Solar Farm(b) United States 550 2015 Longyangxia Dam Solar Park China 850 2016 Tengger Desert Solar Park China 1547 2019 Pavagada Solar Park India 2050 (a) year of final commissioning (b) capacity given in MWAC otherwise in MWDC 5 The largest PV power stations in the world Introduction Saudi Arabia’s Electricity & Cogeneration Regulatory Authority has approved a net metering scheme for solar PV systems from 1 kW to 2 MW for difference application. -
3.17 Indirect and Cumulative Effects
FHWA-AZ-EIS-19-01-D Draft Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement and Preliminary Section 4(f) Evaluation Section 3.17, Indirect and Cumulative Effects March 2019 Federal Aid No. 999-M(161)S ADOT Project No. 999 SW 0 M5180 01P This page intentionally left blank I-11 Corridor Draft Tier 1 EIS Section 3.17. Indirect and Cumulative Effects 1 3.17 Indirect and Cumulative Effects 2 This section identifies potential indirect and cumulative effects that would result from the 3 implementation of the Build Corridor Alternatives. 4 3.17.1 Regulatory Guidance 5 The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) states that indirect effects “are caused by the 6 action and are later in time or farther removed in distance, but are still reasonably foreseeable. 7 Indirect effects may include growth-inducing effects and other effects related to induced 8 changes in the pattern of land use, population density or growth rate, and related effects on air 9 and water and other natural systems, including ecosystems” (Code of Federal Regulations 10 Title 40, Sec. 1508.8[b]). Indirect effects are commonly categorized as effects that would not 11 occur “but for” the implementation of a project. Indirect effects also can be considered “ripple 12 effects” (Transportation Research Board 2002). 13 The CEQ states that cumulative effects result from the “incremental impact of an action when 14 added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of which 15 agency (federal or non-federal) or person undertakes such actions. Cumulative effects can 16 result from individually minor, but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of 17 time” (Code of Federal Regulations title 40, sec. -
Global Journal of Research in Engineering
Online ISSN : 2249-4596 Print ISSN : 0975-5861 Photovoltaic Power Stations Kinetic Induktance Charges Evaluation of Residual Stress Design and Simulation Patterns VOLUME 14 ISSUE 5 VERSION 1.0 Global Journal of Researches in Engineering: J General Engineering Global Journal of Researches in Engineering: J General Engineering Volume 14 Issue 5 (Ver. 1.0) Open Association of Research Society © Global Journal of Global Journals Inc. Researches in Engineering. (A Delaware USA Incorporation with “Good Standing”; Reg. Number: 0423089) Sponsors: Open Association of Research Society 2014. Open Scientific Standards All rights reserved. Publisher’s Headquarters office This is a special issue published in version 1.0 of “Global Journal of Researches in Global Journals Headquarters Engineering.” By Global Journals Inc. All articles are open access articles distributed 301st Edgewater Place Suite, 100 Edgewater Dr.-Pl, under “Global Journal of Researches in Wakefield MASSACHUSETTS, Pin: 01880, Engineering” United States of America Reading License, which permits restricted use. Entire contents are copyright by of “Global USA Toll Free: +001-888-839-7392 Journal of Researches in Engineering” unless USA Toll Free Fax: +001-888-839-7392 otherwise noted on specific articles. No part of this publication may be reproduced Offset Typesetting or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including Global Journals Incorporated photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written 2nd, Lansdowne, Lansdowne Rd., Croydon-Surrey, permission. Pin: CR9 2ER, United Kingdom The opinions and statements made in this book are those of the authors concerned. Packaging & Continental Dispatching Ultraculture has not verified and neither confirms nor denies any of the foregoing and Global Journals no warranty or fitness is implied. -
Channel Adjustments in Response to the Operation of Large Dams: the Upper Reach of the Lower Yellow River
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 1-1-2012 Channel adjustments in response to the operation of large dams: the upper reach of the lower Yellow River Yuanxu Ma Chinese Academy of Sciences He Qing Huang Chinese Academy of Sciences Gerald C. Nanson University of Wollongong, [email protected] Yongi Li Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research China Wenyi Yao Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, China Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/scipapers Part of the Life Sciences Commons, Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Ma, Yuanxu; Huang, He Qing; Nanson, Gerald C.; Li, Yongi; and Yao, Wenyi: Channel adjustments in response to the operation of large dams: the upper reach of the lower Yellow River 2012, 35-48. https://ro.uow.edu.au/scipapers/4279 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Channel adjustments in response to the operation of large dams: the upper reach of the lower Yellow River Abstract The Yellow River in China carries an extremely large sediment load. River channel-form and lateral shifting in a dynamic, partly meandering and partly braided reach of the lower Yellow River, have been significantly influenced by construction of Sanmenxia Dam in 1960, Liujiaxia Dam in 1968, Longyangxia Dam in 1985 and Xiaolangdi Dam in 1997. Using observations from Huayuankou Station, 128 km downstream of Xiaolangdi Dam, this study examines changes in the river before and after construction of the dams. -
Photovoltaic Power Stations (PVPS) by Mohamed A
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering: J General Engineering Volume 14 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2014 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4596 & Print ISSN: 0975-5861 Photovoltaic Power Stations (PVPS) By Mohamed A. Darwish, Hassan K. Abdulrahim & Adel O. Sharif Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Qatar Abstract- Qatar declared that by 2020 solar energy would produce at least 2% of its total generated electric power (EP). The known solar power plants EP at utility scale level are concentrating solar power (using parabolic trough collectors, linear Fresnel collector, and solar tower), photovoltaic (PV), and integrated solar combined cycle using fossil fuel (natural gas) besides solar collectors. EP generation by PV is reliable, clean, well proven, and matured technology, with 25 years warranties on solar panels. PV is the direct conversion of solar radiation (sunlight) into direct electric current by semiconductors that exhibit PV effect. The PV can be applied to large scale power plants called photovoltaic power station or solar parks. A solar park is connected to the grid, and thus supplies its bulk produced EP to this grid. Transfer solar energy directly to EP is achieved without using moving parts means very low maintenance and operation requirements. Once a solar park is installed (with relatively high cost compared to conventional power plat such as combined cycle), the operating costs with no fuel supply are extremely low compared to conventional power plants. This paper presents the technology and economics of the PV power station. It outlines the main components of the PV power plants including the solar PV modules, module mounting and tracking systems, inverters (or converters), and step-up transformers. -
Solar Is Driving a Global Shift in Electricity Markets
SOLAR IS DRIVING A GLOBAL SHIFT IN ELECTRICITY MARKETS Rapid Cost Deflation and Broad Gains in Scale May 2018 Tim Buckley, Director of Energy Finance Studies, Australasia ([email protected]) and Kashish Shah, Research Associate ([email protected]) Table of Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... 2 1. World’s Largest Operational Utility-Scale Solar Projects ........................................... 4 1.1 World’s Largest Utility-Scale Solar Projects Under Construction ............................ 8 1.2 India’s Largest Utility-Scale Solar Projects Under Development .......................... 13 2. World’s Largest Concentrated Solar Power Projects ............................................... 18 3. Floating Solar Projects ................................................................................................ 23 4. Rooftop Solar Projects ................................................................................................ 27 5. Solar PV With Storage ................................................................................................. 31 6. Corporate PPAs .......................................................................................................... 39 7. Top Renewable Energy Utilities ................................................................................. 44 8. Top Solar Module Manufacturers .............................................................................. 49 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... -
Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in Figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011
37 Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011 FAO WATER Irrigation in Southern REPORTS and Eastern Asia in figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011 37 Edited by Karen FRENKEN FAO Land and Water Division FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2012 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-107282-0 All rights reserved. FAO encourages reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials, and all queries concerning rights and licences, should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] or to the Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy. -
BC-TES-TMP-2443.Pdf (5.514Mb)
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL “PEDRO RUIZ GALLO” Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica TESIS Para Optar el Título Profesional de INGENIERO MECÁNICO ELECTRICISTA “UTILIZACIÓN DE LA ENERGÍA EÓLICA Y SOLAR COMO FUENTE PARA EL SUMINISTRO DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA AL CASERÍO ALTO PONGOYA EN CHIMBAN PROVINCIA DE CHOTA DEPARTAMENTO DE CAJAMARCA” Presentado Por: Bach. KEVIN ARNOLD TARRILLO VÁSQUEZ Asesor: Msc. Ing. JONY VILLALOBOS CABRERA LAMBAYEQUE – PERÚ Enero del 2019 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL “PEDRO RUIZ GALLO” Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica TESIS Para Optar el Título Profesional de INGENIERO MECÁNICO ELECTRICISTA “UTILIZACIÓN DE LA ENERGÍA EÓLICA Y SOLAR COMO FUENTE PARA EL SUMINISTRO DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA ALELECTRICISTA CASERÍO ALTO PONGOYA EN CHIMBAN PROVINCIA DE CHOTA DEPARTAMENTO DE CAJAMARCA” Presentado Por: Bach. KEVIN ARNOLD TARRILLO VÁSQUEZ Aprobado por el Jurado Examinador PRESIDENTE: Dr. DANIEL CARRANZA MONTENEGRO. SECRETARIO: ING. CARLOS JAVIER COTRINA SAAVEDRA. MIEMBRO: ING. TEOBALDO EDGAR JULCA OROZCO. ASESOR: M.Sc. JONY VILLALOBOS CABRERA. LAMBAYEQUE – PERÚ Enero del 2019 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL “PEDRO RUIZ GALLO” Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica TESIS TITULO “UTILIZACIÓN DE LA ENERGÍA EÓLICA Y SOLAR COMO FUENTE PARA EL SUMINISTRO DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA AL CASERÍO ALTO PONGOYA EN CHIMBAN PROVINCIA DE CHOTA DEPARTAMENTO DE CAJAMARCA” CONTENIDOS CAPITULO I: PROBLEMA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN. CAPITULO II: MARCO TEÓRICO. CAPITULO III: MARCO METODOLÓGICO. CAPITULO IV: PROPUESTA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN. CAPITULO V: ANÁLISIS E INTERPRETACIÓN DE LOS RESULTADOS. CAPITULO VI: CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES. AUTOR: Bach. KEVIN ARNOLD TARRILLO VÁSQUEZ --------------------------------- --------------------------------------- PRESIDENTE SECRETARIO ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------- MIEMBRO ASESOR LAMBAYEQUE – PERÚ Enero del 2019 DEDICATORIA Dedico éste Proyecto de Tesis a: Dios ya que gracias a Él he llegado a concluir una de mis metas la cual es concluir con mi carrera. -
Sustainable Energy – Without the Hot Air
Sustainable Energy – without the hot air David J.C. MacKay Draft 2.9.0 – August 28, 2008 Department of Physics University of Cambridge http://www.withouthotair.com/ ii Back-cover blurb Sustainable energy — without the hot air Category: Science. How can we replace fossil fuels? How can we ensure security of energy supply? How can we solve climate change? We’re often told that “huge amounts of renewable power are available” – wind, wave, tide, and so forth. But our current power consumption is also huge! To understand our sustainable energy crisis, we need to know how the one “huge” compares with the other. We need numbers, not adjectives. In this book, David MacKay, Professor in Physics at Cambridge Univer- sity, shows how to estimate the numbers, and what those numbers depend on. As a case study, the presentation focuses on the United Kingdom, ask- ing first “could Britain live on sustainable energy resources alone?” and second “how can Britain make a realistic post-fossil-fuel energy plan that The author, July 2008. adds up?” Photo by David Stern. These numbers bring home the size of the changes that society must undergo if sustainable living is to be achieved. Don’t be afraid of this book’s emphasis on numbers. It’s all basic stuff, accessible to high school students, policy-makers and the thinking pub- lic. To have a meaningful discussion about sustainable energy, we need numbers. This is Draft 2.9.0 (August 28, 2008). You are looking at the low- resolution edition (i.e., some images are low-resolution to save bandwidth). -
Andres Meesak Päikeseelekter TE2018.Pdf
Päikeseenergeetika Eestis aprill 2018 Andres Meesak Eesti Päikeseelektri Assotsiatsioon Motivaatorid taastuvenergia lahenduste kasutuselevõtuks • Regulatiivsed – ma pean – (hoonete energiatõhususe nõuded, nõue piirata KHG emissiooni, ...) • Majanduslikud – see on mulle kasulik – (sääst igakuistelt energiakuludelt) • Maailmavaatelised – ma tahan säästa keskkonda Juba aastaid näitavad Eurobaromeetri uuringud (2008., 2009., 2011. ja 2014. aasta küsitlusvoorud), et eestlased on eurooplaste seas üks kliimamuutusi kõige vähem tähtsustavaid rahvaid. Justkui elaksime siin Euroopa perifeerias metsade varjus vanajumala selja taga puutumatuna globaalselt üha kriitilisemaks muutuvast magevee probleemist, põudadest, sagenevatest kuumalainetest ja üleujutustest. Kati Orru, Tartu Ülikooli keskkonnasotsioloog EPL 10.12.2015 Euroopa Liidu Hoonete energiatõhususe direktiiv (2010/31/EL): 01.01.2019 kõik riigi poolt kasutatavad uusehitised 01.01.2021 KÕIK uusehitised KAS LIGINULL VÕI NULLENERGIA HOONED Alates 2021 lisandub aastas ~ 25MW tootmisvõimsust uusehitiste näol, mis toodavad aastas ~ 20-25 GWh elektrit Euroopa Liidu Hoonete energiatõhususe direktiiv (2010/31/EL): Päikeseenergeetika Eestis 2018 Päikeseenergeetika Eestis 2017 - Installeeritud koguvõimsus ca. 19MW - Installeeritud 2017 ca. 7MW +50% +27% +45% +51% +59% +60% - Kokku tootjaid ca. 1100 - Suurimad jaamad 1MW (Kärdla, Kareda) - Valdavalt kuni 15kW erapaigaldised - Fortum Eesti kavandab Tartusse Raadile 50MW võimsusega jaama Aasta keskmine juurdekasv 48% ETEK Taastuvenergia aastaraamat 2017 -
Photovoltaics Outlook for Minnesota
Photovoltaics Outlook for Minnesota Saving dollars, not polar bears Steve Campbell [email protected] University of Minnesota Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Outline • Why solar? • Solar technologies and how they work • Utility versus distributed generation • On the horizon Types of Solar Power Photovoltaics Concentrated Solar Power The Lede We are rapidly approaching an era when the choice to install solar energy will be primarily driven by cost, even without subsidies. One can expect to see significant distributed and utility-scale deployment over the next decade. Large-scale energy storage is an unsolved problem. There’s Power and There’s Power • A solar installation is rated in the power it would produce in watts at a standard level of illumination: AM1.5. • To compare different technologies, one uses the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) must take into account many factors – Availability – Operating costs – Depreciation Cost of Electricity in the US • Grid Parity depends of location – Hawaii – West Texas – Parts of CA depending on usage Trends for PV Modules • Price drops as efficiency and manufacturing improve • They will be free in three more years 04/03/13 Solar Cell Module Spot prices High ($/Wp) Low($/Wp) Si Module 0.99 0.55 Thin Film Module 0.94 0.52 Jelle et al. Solar Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 100, 69-96 (2012). The Result of Falling Costs PV production doubles every ~ 2.5 years At the current rate, we will have 1 TW of capacity in 10 years and ~4 TW in 20 years. The later would be about 15% of the total energy supply.