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Göbekli Tepe (Turkey) No 1572 Additional information requested and received from the State Party Göbekli Tepe A letter was sent by ICOMOS to the State Party on (Turkey) 21 September 2017 requesting additional information on the ownership, protection and management of the site, No 1572 facilities and infrastructures for visitors, development projects and financial resources. An answer was received on 6 November 2017, and the information provided has been included in this document. Official name as proposed by the State Party An ICOMOS Interim Report was sent to the State Party Göbekli Tepe on 22 December 2017, and the additional information in response to this report was received on Location 26 February 2018 and has been included in the relevant Şanlıurfa Province sections of this report. District of Haliliye Turkey Date of ICOMOS approval of this report 14 March 2018 Brief description Göbekli Tepe lies some 15 km north-east of the modern day town of Şanlıurfa. Round-oval and rectangular monumental megalithic structures, interpreted as 2 The property enclosures, were built by groups of hunter-gatherers in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period, between 9600 and Description 8200 BC. Distinctive T-shaped pillars with rich carved Göbekli Tepe, in the Germuş Mountains of south-east imagery provide an insight into the world view and belief Anatolia, lies some 15 km north-east of the modern-day systems of prehistoric populations living in Upper town of Şanlıurfa and 2.5 km east of the village of Mesopotamia some 11,500 years ago. Örencik. The site covers an area of 126 ha, and consists of a natural limestone plateau on which stands an Category of property artificial hill (tell). It is located in Upper Mesopotamia, In terms of categories of cultural sites, as defined in between the upper and middle reaches of the rivers Article 1 of the World Heritage Convention of 1972, this Tigris and Euphrates, in the foothills of the Taurus is a site. Mountains, in a region which saw the emergence of the oldest farming communities in the world. 1 Basic data The tell consists of megalithic stone structures, together with numerous other non-monumental buildings, erected by groups of hunter-gatherers in the Pre-Pottery Included in the Tentative List Neolithic period (10th-9th millennia BCE). The 15 April 2011 monumental structures are interpreted, according to the nomination dossier, as enclosures forming part of a International Assistance from the World Heritage supra-regional Neolithic ritual centre. The monuments Fund for preparing the Nomination were probably used in connection with public rituals, None possibly of a funerary nature, and feasting. While excavations initially were understandably focused on Date received by the World Heritage Centre these structures, recent excavations are also providing 31 January 2017 evidence of what might be termed “domestic structures” of lesser architectural complexity in close proximity to Background the monumental buildings. This is a new nomination. The first phase of Göbekli Tepe (Layer III) dates from the Consultations 10th millennium BCE and is assigned to the Early Pre- ICOMOS consulted its International Scientific Committee Pottery Neolithic (PPNA). The excavations of the on Archaeological Heritage Management (ICAHM) and deposits of this period have enabled the identification of several independent experts. monumental architecture with round-oval enclosures between 10 and 30 metres wide, surrounded by Technical Evaluation Mission monolithic pillars carved in a distinctive T-shape. The An ICOMOS technical evaluation mission visited the site pillars are connected by walls and benches. The pillars from 2 to 6 October 2017. are between 3 and 5 metres high, and their number varies between 10 and 12. There are two central monoliths which are taller (up to 5.5 metres). The animals depicted at Göbekli Tepe are all wild. Significant space is given over to the most dangerous animals 263 (aurochs, boars, bears and panthers portrayed in seems to have taken place, and the buildings appear to aggressive stances, snakes, arthropods) and to have been completely emptied before backfilling took scavengers (large birds of prey). Amongst the imagery, place. the presence of the human species is discreet, but tends to increase in later phases of the site. In some parts of the tell, later (PPNB) architecture – with rectangular and much smaller rooms – has been It appears that the monumental enclosures of Layer III constructed on top of the older monumental structures. were then intentionally backfilled, according to the These rooms were not built on top of the area of the nomination dossier. The sediment that forms the backfill PPNA rooms; instead, this area was separated from material consists of limestone rubble and flakes of flint. later developments by a terrace wall, thus leading to the The fills also contain numerous animal bones, probably development of a hollow surrounded by higher lying the result of large feasts according to the nomination mounds. Following the end of the PPNB with its later dossier. megalithic structures, human activities at the site appear to come to an end. In some parts of the tell, buildings from a later phase have been constructed on top of the PPNA monumental It was not until the Roman era, some 8,000 years later, architecture. This layer (Layer II) dates from the that limestone was quarried on the south-eastern 9th millennium BCE and has been assigned to Pre- plateau. Two possible (and probably Islamic) graves are Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB). The smaller, usually considerably later. Only the fertile brown topsoil covering rectangular, rooms are characteristic of this phase. They the entire mound testifies to later agricultural land-use. often have lime plaster (terrazzo) floors. In this later period, the number and height of the T-shaped pillars in Since the onset of excavations in 1995, the conservation the rooms are reduced. and preservation of uncovered prehistoric structures have been a permanent concern and an essential The uppermost deposits (Layer I) consist of surface soil component of the archaeological research. Covered with resulting from erosion processes and a plough horizon backfill for approximately the last 10,000 years, the which bear witness to the use of this fertile soil for stone walls and T-shaped limestone pillars are well agricultural activities in recent centuries. preserved. Only in those areas where the archaeological material was close to the surface has some slight Only a few buildings have been excavated. They have damage been observed, probably as a result of been designated A to H in order of discovery. The agricultural activities. geophysical surveys indicate that at least twenty or so other buildings exist on the site. 3 Outstanding Universal Value, integrity On the limestone plateau, a system of channels and and authenticity cisterns has been documented, although it has not been determined with certainty that these structures are Comparative analysis contemporaneous with the Neolithic architecture nearby. The State Party makes comparisons with other Prehistoric quarries have also been identified. Several properties having similar cultural characteristics that are negative shapes and even a couple of unfinished and not inscribed either on the World Heritage List or on the abandoned pillars still in situ attest to these quarrying Tentative Lists. Other properties mentioned in the activities. Another structure cut down into the bedrock of comparative analysis are attributable to the Pre-Pottery the south-western plateau has been identified as the Neolithic and situated in Southeast Anatolia, such as remains of a circular enclosure. Jerf el Ahmar, Nevali Çori and Çayönü. This region is the most important in the Middle East in terms of bearing History and development witness to the birth of the Neolithic. As the highest point in the surrounding landscape, the nominated property most likely already served as a In the additional information, the State Party sets out in gathering point for hunter-gatherer groups living in the detail the points of comparison, which consist mainly of region in the preceding Palaeolithic period. The ways of life, architecture (megalithic buildings with T- accumulation of the tell seems to have started before the pillars) and imagery (present both on the monumental construction of the first Neolithic structures in the buildings and the objects). The State Party claims that th 10 millennium BC (PPNA). It is as yet unclear however the nominated property offers by far the most whether the earliest monumental buildings were semi- monumental architecture and the richest imagery, and subterranean, i.e. if their foundations were sunk into bears witness to the most ancient monumental pillar existing and hence older deposits. According to the constructions. nomination dossier, the buildings were then abandoned and backfilled with large quantities of limestone rubble, ICOMOS notes, however, that the other properties are knapped flints, and worked ground-stone, as well as presented as if they were contemporary with the animal and (in smaller amounts) human bone material. It nominated property, when in fact some of them date is not possible to determine exactly in what period they from 1500 years after the main period of settlement of were abandoned, since constant rebuilding and repair Göbekli Tepe. 264 Other comparisons are made with properties inscribed unprecedented insights into the worldview and on the World Heritage List, particularly the Neolithic site belief systems of prehistoric populations living in of Çatalhöyük. In architectural terms, the excavation at Upper Mesopotamia some 11,500 years ago, a Çatalhöyük has uncovered constructions – mainly from time which represents one of the most the 7th millennium BC onwards – bearing witness to momentous transitions in human history, with a activities that are both domestic and ritual, without it change in the way of life from hunter-gatherer being possible to distinguish non-ritual from specific subsistence to farming, also referred to as ritual spaces. As for comparisons between the motifs at Neolithisation.
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