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Hassuna Samarra Halaf
arch 1600. archaeologies of the near east joukowsky institute for archaeology and the ancient world spring 2008 Emerging social complexities in Mesopotamia: the Chalcolithic in the Near East. February 20, 2008 Neolithic in the Near East: early sites of socialization “neolithic revolution”: domestication of wheat, barley, sheep, goat: early settled communities (ca 10,000 to 6000 BC) Mudding the world: Clay, mud and the technologies of everyday life in the prehistoric Near East • Pottery: associated with settled life: storage, serving, prestige pots, decorated and undecorated. • Figurines: objects of everyday, magical and cultic use. Ubiquitous for prehistoric societies especially. In clay and in stone. • Mud-brick as architectural material: Leads to more structured architectural constructions, perhaps more rectilinear spaces. • Tokens, hallow clay balls, tablets and early writing technologies: related to development o trade, tools of urban administration, increasing social complexity. • Architectural models: whose function is not quite obvious to us. Maybe apotropaic, maybe for sale purposes? “All objects of pottery… figments of potter’s will, fictions of his memory and imagination.” J. L. Myres 1923, quoted in Wengrow 1998: 783. What is culture in “culture history” (1920s-1960s) ? Archaeological culture = a bounded and binding ethnic/cultural unit within a defined geography and temporal/spatial “horizons”, uniformly and unambigously represented in the material culture, manifested by artifactual assemblage. pots=people? • “Do cultures actually -
ARCL 0141 Mediterranean Prehistory
INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY ARCL 0141 Mediterranean Prehistory 2019-20, Term 1 - 15 CREDITS Deadlines for coursework: 11th November 2019, 13th January 2020 Coordinator: Dr. Borja Legarra Herrero [email protected] Office 106, tel. (0) 20 7679 1539 Please see the last page of this document for important information about submission and marking procedures, or links to the relevant webpages 1 OVERVIEW Introduction This course reunites the study and analysis of prehistoric societies around the Mediterranean basin into a coherent if diverse exploration. It takes a long-term perspective, ranging from the first modern human occupation in the region to the start of the 1st millennium BCE, and a broad spatial approach, searching for the overall trends and conditions that underlie local phenomena. Opening topics include the glacial Mediterranean and origins of seafaring, early Holocene Levantine-European farming, and Chalcolithic societies. The main body of the course is formed by the multiple transformations of the late 4th, 3rd and 2nd millennium BC, including the environmental ‘mediterraneanisation’ of the basin, the rise of the first complex societies in east and west Mediterranean and the formation of world-system relations at the east Mediterranean. A final session examines the transition to the Iron Age in the context of the emergence of pan-Mediterranean networks, and this also acts as a link to G202. This course is designed to interlock with G206, which explores Mediterranean dynamics from a diachronic and comparative perspective. Equally, it can be taken in conjunction with courses in the prehistory of specific regions, such as the Aegean, Italy, the Levant, Anatolia and Egypt, as well as Europe and Africa. -
Powerpoint Sunusu
Neolitik Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik (PPN/ AN) 10.000-6500 Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik A 10.000-8.800 Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik B 8.800-6500 Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik C 7000-6500 Çanak Çömlekli Neolitik (PN) 6500-5000 Bereketli Hilal. Figure 3. A: The Early Natufian habitations, primary and secondary burials, of the upper layers at Ain Mallaha. Note the special pit-house in the left upper corner. B: A cross section along the A-B line demonstrating the entire stratigraphy of Ain Mallaha. Note the dug-out pits (after Perrot and Ladiray157). Figure 4. The large Natufian house in Ain Mallaha with a proposed reconstruction of its upper structure. Note the series of postholes and the number of hearths that seem to have been used for communal activities (after Valla59). Figure 6. Natufian lithic, bone, and ground stone assemblage: 1, Helwan lunate; 2, lunate; 3,triangle; 4 and 5, microburins (products of a special snapping technique); 6, truncated bladelet; 7, borer; 8, burin; 9, Helwan sickle blade; 10, abruptly retouched sickle blade; 11, pick;12 and 13, bone points; 14, decorated broken sickle haft; 15–19, bone pendants; 20, decorated bone spatula; 21, pestle; 22, mortar; 23, deep mortar made of basalt; 24, Harif point. Note that the ground stone tools have different scales than do the lithics and bone objects. Jericho Tell es-Sultan View of the tower from the east showing both openings (Kenyon & Holland 1981 vol. 3/2 pl. 9). Note the plaster just above the lower opening. Wall of PPNB bricks at Jericho Three of the seven heads discovered in I953. -
The Neolithic of the Balikh Valley, Northern Syria : a First Assessment
PAt.ÉORIENT, vol. 15/1 19X9 THE NEOLITHIC OF THE BALIKH VALLEY, NORTHERN SYRIA : A FIRST ASSESSMENT P.M.M.G. AKKERMANS ABSTRACT. - This article discusses in short the evidence for Neolithic occupation in the Balikh valley of northern Syria. Recent excavations and surveys in the region have yielded a wealth of new data, allowing a more detailed insight into cultural developments m this little known part of Syria. RESUME - Cet article présente un aperçu des recherches rra-ntrs sur le Néolithique dans la vallée du Balikh (Syrie du Nord) Fouilles et prospections ont livré de nouvelles données qui permettent d'améliorer notre vision île Involution lullurellc de cette région encore mal connue de la Syrie. INTRODUCTION been uncovered (7), but it is expected that future work at the site will yield a continuous sequence of occupation from the 7th into the 6th millennium B.C. In Syrian archaeology, the Balikh valley has A survey undertaken in 1983 gave evidence of a gone unexplored for a long time. In 1938, Mallowan large number of prehistoric sites and suggested a visited the valley and, within a six-week campaign, continuous occupation of the Balikh valley at least laid out trenches at five sites (1). At two of these from the late 8th or early 7th millennium on- mounds, viz. tells Aswad and Ibn es-Shehab, Neoli- wards (8). thic remains were found although at the latter site unfortunately in a disturbed context. Over 30 years This paper intends to give a tentative outline of later, in 1970, Mallowan's Tell Aswad was reexca- Neolithic developments in the Balikh valley vated by J. -
Ethier, J., Banffy, E., Vuković, J. B., Leshtakov, K., Bacvarov, K., Roffet-Salque, M., Evershed, R., & Ivanova, M
Ethier, J., Banffy, E., Vuković, J. B., Leshtakov, K., Bacvarov, K., Roffet-Salque, M., Evershed, R., & Ivanova, M. (2017). Earliest expansion of animal husbandry beyond the Mediterranean zone in the sixth millennium BC. Scientific Reports, 7, [7146]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07427-x Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record License (if available): CC BY Link to published version (if available): 10.1038/s41598-017-07427-x Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via Nature at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-07427-x. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ Earliest expansion of animal husbandry beyond the Mediterranean zone in the sixth millennium BC Jonathan Ethier, Eszter Bánffy, Jasna Vuković, Krassimir Leshtakov, Krum Bacvarov, Mélanie Roffet-Salque, Richard P. Evershed, Maria Ivanova* Supplementary information Description of sites and stratigraphic contexts of pottery samples Bulgaria Yabalkovo Yabalkovo is located in the valley of Maritsa, southeast Bulgaria. The investigations at the site were part of a rescue operation due to infrastructure projects. In the years 2000-2012 more than 25 000 square meters were under exploration. In contrast to the typical tell sites from Upper Thrace, Yabalkovo is described as a “flat” settlement with a vast inhabited area which, according to the scatter of archaeological materials, was estimated to cover c. -
Early Neolithic Wine of Georgia in the South Caucasus PNAS PLUS
Early Neolithic wine of Georgia in the South Caucasus PNAS PLUS Patrick McGoverna,1, Mindia Jalabadzeb, Stephen Batiukc, Michael P. Callahand, Karen E. Smithd, Gretchen R. Halla, Eliso Kvavadzeb, David Maghradzee, Nana Rusishvilib, Laurent Boubyf, Osvaldo Faillag, Gabriele Colag, Luigi Marianig,h, Elisabetta Boarettoi, Roberto Bacilierij, Patrice Thisj, Nathan Walesk, and David Lordkipanidzeb,1 aBiomolecular Archaeology Project, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA 19104; bGeorgian National Museum, Tbilisi 0159, Georgia; cDepartment of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada MSS 1A1; dDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725; eScientific Research Center of Agriculture, Tbilisi 0159, Georgia; fInstitut des Sciences de l’Evolution, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; gDepartment of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; hLombardy Museum of Agricultural History, 26866 Sant’Angelo Lodigiano, Italy; iDangoor Research Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (D-REAMS) Laboratory, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; jInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique–Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement–Centre International d’Études Supérieures en Sciences Agronomiques, UMR Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes, 1334, 34398 Montpellier, France; and kCentre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark Contributed by David Lordkipanidze, October 7, 2017 (sent for review August 22, 2017; reviewed by A. Nigel Goring-Morris and Roald Hoffmann) Chemical analyses of ancient organic compounds absorbed into the human selection and accidental crosses or introgression between the pottery fabrics from sites in Georgia in the South Caucasus region, incoming domesticated vine and native wild vines. -
The Emergence of Cultural Identities and Territorial Policies in the Longue Durée: a View from the Zagros Piedmont
The emergence of cultural identities and territorial policies in the LONGUE DURÉE: A view from the Zagros Piedmont R. Vallet, J.S. Baldi, M. Zingarello, M. Sauvage, H. Naccaro, C. Paladre, F. Bridey, C. Padovani, K. Rasheed, K. Raeuf and Q. Halkawt Abstract. Since 2015, fieldwork in the Western Qara Dagh (Sulaymānīyah governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan) is opening up new perspectives on the dynamics of interaction between late prehistoric Southern and Northern Mesopotamia. Two sites, Girdi Qala and Logardan, are being investigated with a special focus on three main historical phenomena between 6th and 3rd millennia BC. A first major event is represented by the diffusion of the Ubaid horizon, which appears to occur as a very early process of acculturation between Halaf and Ubaid cultural entities. Then, the so-called Uruk “oikumene” is attested in the Qara Dagh, three centuries earlier than previously documented in Northern Mesopotamia, at the very beginning of the 4th millennium BC. Later, around the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, the emergence of the so-called “Early Dynastic states” is documented at Logardan by the rebuilding of a monumental citadel. Architectural and ceramic data allow us to reassess these three major cultural dynamics, each of which implies specific modalities of interaction between the North and the South. This variable range of relationships shows that simplistic dichotomies between Northern and Southern people or “cultures” are misleading and ineffective. Indeed, as of the Late Prehistory, northern and southern communities have never evolved separately. Résumé. Depuis 2015, la mission pluridisciplinaire du Qara Dagh occidental (gouvernorat de Sulaymānīyah, Kurdistan iraquien) ouvre de nouvelles perspectives sur les dynamiques d’interaction entre la Mésopotamie du Nord et du Sud. -
Monumental Landscapes of the Holocene Humid
HOL0010.1177/0959683620950449The HoloceneGroucutt et al. 950449research-article2020 Research Paper The Holocene 1 –13 Monumental landscapes of the Holocene © The Author(s) 2020 Article reuse guidelines: humid period in Northern Arabia: sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683620950449 10.1177/0959683620950449 The mustatil phenomenon journals.sagepub.com/home/hol Huw S Groucutt,1,2,3 Paul S Breeze,4 Maria Guagnin,2 Mathew Stewart,1,2,3 Nick Drake,4 Ceri Shipton,5,6 Badr Zahrani,7 Abdulaziz Al Omarfi,7 Abdullah M Alsharekh8 and Michael D Petraglia2,9,10 Abstract Between 10 and six thousand years ago the Arabian Peninsula saw the most recent of the ‘Green Arabia’ periods, when increased rainfall transformed this generally arid region. The transition to the Neolithic in Arabia occurred during this period of climatic amelioration. Various forms of stone structures are abundant in northern Arabia, and it has been speculated that some of these dated to the Neolithic, but there has been little research on their character and chronology. Here we report a study of 104 ‘mustatil’ stone structures from the southern margins of the Nefud Desert in northern Arabia. We provide the first chronometric age estimate for this type of structure – a radiocarbon date of ca. 5000 BC – and describe their landscape positions, architecture and associated material culture and faunal remains. The structure we have dated is the oldest large-scale stone structure known from the Arabian Peninsula. The mustatil phenomenon represents a remarkable development of monumental architecture, as hundreds of these structures were built in northwest Arabia. -
Some Important Aspects of Technology and Craft Production in the Indus Civilization with Specific Reference to Gujarat
Some Important Aspects of Technology and Craft Production in the Indus Civilization with Specific Reference to Gujarat Kuldeep K. Bhan This paper will briefly review the archaeological record of some of the aspects of the craft production in the Indus Tradition from the point of technology, as reflected in manufacturing cycles, possible workshops / activity areas, stock piling and dumping areas so far identified in the available archaeological record of Gujarat. The data presented here is mostly derived from three recently excavated Indus sites by the Department of Archeology and Ancient History, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda in combination with the data obtained through ethnoarchaeological studies carried on the stone bead making at Khambhat, Gujarat by Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Massimo Vidale and myself. With the adaption of rigorous excavations with emphasis on the recovery methods along with ethnoarchaeological studies a lot of fresh useful information regarding the various Indus crafts is beginning to get revealed. The study of the crafts and especially Indus Civilization crafts is growing field of investigation, though some South Asian archeologists still prefer to them as ‘miscellaneous small finds’. This fresh data thus obtained is the highlights of this paper. Keywords: Indus Civilization, Technology, Craft Production, Gujarat, Shell working, Beads, Faience. In this paper, I will be discussing some important aspects various industries, but I will confine myself to certain of the current research on craft production in the selected crafts like stone bead making, shell working Harappan phase of the Indus Tradition that corresponds and faience making, with specific reference to the (c. 2600 to 1900 BC) to the Integration Era (as defined in recent data recovered from the Harappan sites of Kenoyer 1991a). -
Circulation of Raw Materials, Final Products Or
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert CIRCULATION OF RAW MATERIALS, FINAL PRODUCTS OR IDEAS IN THE NEOLITHIC COMMUNITIES OF SOUTHERN ITALY: THE CONTRIBUTION OF ARCHAEOMETRIC ANALYSES TO THE STUDY OF POTTERY, FLINT AND OBSIDIAN. Italo M. Muntoni* Abstract: This paper offers a brief overview of Neolithic exchange in southern Italy during the Early to Late Neolithic (from 6200 to 4000 BC). There have been a number of archaeometric studies which have focussed on certain ‘core’ materials: pottery, flint and obsidian. Different materials traded by the same communities seem to follow various circulation model(s) for raw materials, final products or ideas. Some positive insights can therefore be gained into the inter- and in - tra-group organization of the many Neolithic communities, who shared so many other common behavioural features. Keywords: Southern Italy, pottery, obsidian, flint, archaeometry. Riassunto: Si presenta una breve panoramica sulla circolazione nel Neolitico dell’Italia meridionale dalle sue fasi iniziali a quelle finali (da ca. 6.200 a 4.000 BC). In questi anni numerosi studi archeometrici si sono concentrati su alcune classi di materiali (ceramica, selce ed ossidiana) per determinarne la provenienza. Materiali differenti scambiati dalle stesse comunità sembrano se - guire distinti modelli di circolazione di materie prime, prodotti finiti o idee. Il confronto tra questi diversi aspetti sembra sugge - rire diverse modalità di organizzazione intra e inter gruppo delle comunità del Neolitico. Parole chiave: Italia meridionale, ceramica, ossidiana, selce, archeometria. Introduction Between the end of the 7 th and the beginning of the 4 th regions are still unknown. -
23 Contextualising Neolithic Cyrpus: Preliminary
23 CONTEXTUALISING NEOLITHIC CYRPUS: PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS INTO CONNECTIONS BETWEEN CYPRUS AND THE NEAR EAST IN THE LATER NEOLITHIC Joanne Clarke Introduction that was both internally homogeneous and lacking in any It is widely held that connections between Cyprus and the clear evidence of links with contemporary mainland cultures Levant ceased around 7000 BC when the expansive world (Clarke 2003, 212). My view then was that “the absence of the Pre-pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) contracted and of any evidence for external influences [in the Ceramic dislocated into a number of smaller ‘worlds’ during the later Neolithic period] appears to have been socially prescribed Neolithic period (all dates referred to in this paper are cal rather than any real absence of contact” (Clarke 2003, 215). BC). In northern Syria and upper Mesopotamia, a dynamic As circumstantial evidence for contact between Cyprus and and continuously changing, east/west sphere of influence the mainland subsequent to the PPNB continues to accrue can be documented through the post-PPNB/ Halaf /Ubaid (Clarke 2007; see also Erikh-Rose 2004; McCartney 2007) traditions of the 7th to 5th millennia. Likewise, in the south it seems appropriate to return to the question of how Cyprus a largely disconnected, east/west sphere of influence existed, negotiated its relationships with the outside world and beginning with the Yarmoukian around 6200 BC and con- whether human agency, in the form of social identity, was tinuing into the Wadi Rabah and Chalcolithic traditions of the only factor shaping interaction. the 6th and 5th millennia. Between these two geographically delineated spheres of influence is the less well documented region of the central Levant, comprising the Syrian and Connections: What Connections? Lebanese coastal zone, the Ansariyah, Zawiyah, Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains, the Homs Gap and the Beqa’a In order for connections between Cyprus and the Levant valley (Fig. -
Substantial and Significant Pits in the Mesolithic of Britain and Adjacent Regions
Substantial and significant pits in the Mesolithic of Britain and adjacent regions Joshua Pollard [email protected] Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK) Abstract This paper describes a series of substantial pits of Mesolithic date, notable for their complex fill and recutting sequences, association with burnt and transformed materials, occasional linear arrangement, and connection to the observation of celestial phenomena. While likely tied into regular rounds of movement, it is argued they represent reserved and sacred places where special activities were undertaken which connected cosmic forces. Keywords Mesolithic, pits, alignments, cosmology 1. Mesolithic ‘monuments’ and landscape markers A remarkable record of monument building is associated with earliest (Neolithic) farming communities of Atlantic and Northern Europe, comprising a range of earthen and megalithic tombs, enclosures and menhirs (Scarre 2002; Bradley 2007; Cummings 2008). In contrast, ceremonial architecture belonging to post-glacial (Mesolithic) hunter-gatherers within these regions is slight, or, regionally, non-existent. Cummings and Harris rightly observe that ‘the monuments constructed in the Neolithic are, without question, something very new’ (2014:832). Notwithstanding these very real differences in the record for the two periods, evidence for Mesolithic monumentality has been posited, and deployed to shape narratives of the period which move beyond a long-standing focus on matters economic (eg Pollard 1990; Cummings 2000; Allen & Gardiner 2002; Blinkhorn & Little in press). At best, any definition of what constitutes a ‘monument’ or something ‘monumental’ will be loosely defined, but the terms evoke physical constructs, either humanly-made or natural, that possess size and durability, serve to commemorate or memorialise, and which may afford settings/spaces through which the living can intercede with ancestral and/or supernatural domains (Bradley 1993; Scarre 2011).