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CHAPTER 17 History's Impact Video Program Watch the Video to Understand the Impact of Oil CHAPTER 1945–Present Africa and the Middle East After World War II, many countries in Africa and the Middle East struggled for independence from European rule. After they gained that independence, they faced other challenges created by political, religious, and economic issues. Theme Throughout history the political geography of many of the world’s regions has changed because of con- flicts and imperialism. In this chapter you will learn how the political geography of Africa and the Middle East has changed since World War II. TIME LINE 1948 1963 1978 The State of Israel Kenya achieves Egypt and Israel sign a peace CHAPTER is established. independence from agreement known as the EVENTS Great Britain. Camp David Accords. 1945 1965 WORLD 1945 Following World 1968 1975 EVENTS War II the United Nations Martin Luther King Jr. The North Vietnamese take is established. is assassinated. Saigon, reuniting Vietnam. 536 CHAPTER 17 History's Impact video program Watch the video to understand the impact of oil. Reading like a Historian After spending 27 years in prison for his activi- ties against South Africa’s apartheid government, 1994 2005 Nelson Mandela was released in 1990 and became Nelson Mandela is Iraq holds democratic South Africa’s president four years later. In this photo, elected president of elections. Mandela visits a school in Johannesburg. South Africa. Analyzing Visuals How does this photograph 1985 2005 show Nelson Mandela’s importance as a leader to black South Africans? 1982 Great Britain and 1997 Hong 1999 The United States Argentina go to war over Kong reverts to and NATO stop “ethnic See Skills Handbook, p. H26 the Falkland Islands. Chinese control. cleansing” in Kosovo. AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST 537 GEOGRAPHY Starting Points Interactive AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST, 1950 563,&: Since the end of World War II, 41"/*4) ¡& .030$$0 56/*4 $:1364 4:3*" *3"/ nations in the .FEJUFSSBOFBO4FB -&#"/0/ .030$$0 *3"2 Middle East have *43"&- experienced con- $BOBSZ *'/* +03%"/ *TMBOET ,68"*5 flicts over land 1 -*#:" F "-(&3*" ST and resources. UFNQPSBSZ6,'SBODF JB 3 #")3"*/ O( BENJOJTUSBUJPO &(:15 F V 41"/*4) E MG 4"6%* 4")"3" 2"5"3 4 F "3"#*" B 536$*"- 0."/ 0."/ ¡/ &3*53&" UFNQPSBSZ6, :&.&/ BENJOJTUSBUJPO '3&/$)8&45"'3*$" "%&/ (".#*" "/(-0 1305&$503"5& &(:15*"/ 10356(6&4& (6*/&" 46%"/ '3&/$)40."-*-"/% /*(&3*" #3*5*4) '3&/$) 40."-*-"/% 4*&33" (0-% &26"503*"- &5)*01*" -&0/& $0"45 "'3*$" 40."-*" 50(0 -*#&3*" 4"050.& ¡8 ¡8 6("/%" "/%13*/$*1& ¡&RVBUPS 36"/%" ,&/:" 41"/*4) 636/%* (6*/&" USVTUFFTIJQ In the early #&-(*"/ $0/(0 5"/("/:*," 1900s Belgians ;"/;*#"3 "5-"/5*$ mined the Congo */%*"/ for its precious 0$&"/ $0.0304 0$&"/ metals and min- "/(0-" /035)&3/ /:"4"-"/% eral wealth. 3)0%&4*" 4065)&3/ ."%"("4$"3 3)0%&4*" .JMFT &VSPQFBOQPTTFTTJPOT #&$)6"/"-"/% ,JMPNFUFST #SJUJTI One of the earliest .0;".#*26& African nations to .JMMFSDZMJOESJDBMQSPKFDUJPO 'SFODI gain¡ independence, 4QBOJTI South Africa, was ¡& ¡& 1PSUVHVFTF 4065) 48";*-"/% granted indepen- "'3*$" #FMHJBO dence by Great Brit- #"4650-"/% *UBMJBO ain in 1910. *OEFQFOEFOU At the end of World 1. Analyze What challenges do you think War II European powers still controlled much Africans faced living under European Listen to History of Africa. Great Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, colonial rule? Go online to listen to an Belgium, and Italy all had African colonies. Forces 2. Predict How do you think African explanation of the starting of change were brewing, however, and most countries gained independence from points for this chapter. African colonies would become independent European colonial governments? nations in the coming years. go.hrw.com Keyword: SHL AFR 538 CHAPTER 17 SECTION African Nations Gain Independence Take notes BEFORE YOU READ on African MAIN IDEA READING FOCUS KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE independence move- ments. After World War II, almost 1. What ideas and actions led Kwame Nkrumah all countries in Africa gained to independence for British Jomo Kenyatta British and independence from ruling and French colonies? Mau Mau French European powers. apartheid Portuguese 2. Why did Portuguese and Bel- and Belgian gian colonies have difficulty achieving independence? South Africa 3. What effect did apartheid have on the lives of black South Africans? From PRISONER to PRIME MINISTER Kwame Nkrumah speaks to a crowd of supporters. How did a jailed radical become did not win. Instead, the Convention People’s Party won a leader of an African nation? In majority of the seats. 1951 Kwame Nkrumah sat in jail in the The British governor of the Gold Coast now faced a Gold Coast, a British colony, serving a three-year jail sen- dilemma. He could ignore the election results and keep tence for subversive activities. Nkrumah was the head of the Nkrumah in jail, or he could release Nkrumah and ask him Convention People’s Party (CPP), and the British saw him as to form a government. On November 12, 1951, the gover- a dangerous radical. nor released Nkrumah from prison and asked him to form At the same time, the British were holding elections in a government, which he did. In 1952 Nkrumah became the Gold Coast. Assuming that these elections would be the the prime minister of the Gold Coast, and when the first step toward self-government in the colony, the British country achieved independence from Britain in 1957, he hoped moderates would win the elections. The moderates became the prime minister of the new nation—Ghana. AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST 539 British and French Colonies transformed the CPP into a major politi- cal party with considerable popular support. After 1945 European colonial powers began a Faced with this kind of pressure, the British process of decolonization—the withdrawal of eventually agreed to allow national elections colonial powers from their colonies and areas in the Gold Coast in 1951. The CPP swept the of influence. Great Britain and France led the national elections. way by gradually leaving their colonies and In part because Nkrumah continued to granting them independence. press for independence, Britain granted the Gold Coast full self-government in 1957. After World War II the British col- Ghana Nkrumah became the first prime minister of ony of the Gold Coast in West Africa was the the new nation, which he named Ghana. first British colony to achieve independence. To gain independence, some African leaders Kenya In Kenya in the 1950s, the path to in the Gold Coast established a convention to independence did not go as smoothly as it did demand greater participation in government. in Ghana. The ownership of land and the pos- The goal of the convention was to cooperate sibility of independence led to conflict between with the British and gain influence as peace- white Kenyan farmers and the native Kikuyu fully as possible. people. The farmers feared independence However, a less cooperative nationalist would cause them to lose large tracts of valu- movement was brewing in the Gold Coast. In able cash crops, such as coffee, which they grew 1947 Kwame Nkrumah became the leader of the in the Kenyan highlands. The Kikuyu consid- Gold Coast nationalist movement and estab- ered the highlands their ancestral homeland, lished the Convention People’s Party (CPP). and they wanted the land back. As leader of the CPP, Nkrumah led strikes A leader of Kenya’s nationalist movement, and demonstrations. The British responded by Jomo Kenyatta, argued for the Kikuyu’s right to jailing him. Yet, even while in jail, Nkrumah the land and its importance. Reading like a Historian ,XBNF/LSVNBImT Never before have a people had within their grasp so great an opportunity for *4QFBLPG'SFFEPN developing a continent endowed with Analyzing Primary Sources One way we can learn about the past is by so much wealth. Individually, the inde- carefully analyzing primary sources. Primary sources are valuable to histo- pendent states of Africa, some of them rians because these sources provide critical information about an event or potentially rich, others poor, can do lit- time period. tle for their people. Together, by mutual In this excerpt, Kwame Nkrumah writes about the need for African help, they can achieve much. But the nations to unite. He describes the value of Africa’s natural resources and economic development of the continent the need for African nations to come together to profit from these must be planned and pursued as a resources. When analyzing this primary source, think about whole . Only a strong political union • the author of the source can bring about full and effective devel- • the point of view of the author opment of our natural resources for the benefit of our people. Skills —Kwame Nkrumah, I Speak of Freedom: A Statement FOCUS READING LIKE A HISTORIAN of African Ideology, 1961 1. Author What can you learn about Kwame Nkrumah by reading this excerpt? 2. Point of View How does Nkrumah view Africa’s future? See Skills Handbook, p. H25 540 CHAPTER 17 HISTORY’S VOICES FACES OF HISTORY As a young man in the “It is the key to the people’s life; it secures them that peaceful tillage [cultivation] of the soil which Jomo 1920s, Kenyatta joined supplies their material needs and enables them to a group that protested perform their magic and traditional ceremonies in KENYATTA against Kenya’s white- undisturbed serenity.” 1894–1978 minority government. —Jomo Kenyatta, Facing Mount Kenya As a member of the Kikuyu tribe of Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta spent most of his life fighting to To rid Kenya of the white farmers and gain gain more rights for the Kikuyu. their land back, many Kikuyu farmers formed In 1952 the Kenyan government arrested and jailed Kenyatta for a violent movement called the Mau Mau.
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