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OFFICERS or: Ssqrm s ( 1 94 1 - 4 2 )

‘

a ri ne zoozd zc a zSec tion. Avicultural Sec ti on . M g

ai : Mi s M isi o i ng . Chairman : A . H . Brai n . Ch rman s a e G ld

Har . Lee . Hon . Secreta ry : ry B

Miss Joan Da vi es .

‘ t rni thol i c a l S ec ti on . Budger ga r Sec tion . O og

i r . Chai rman : P . A . G lbe t

n : . K as . Hon. Secretary : F . Brennan . Ho . Secretary J Allen e t ‘ ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

By G . P . WHITLEY .

‘ mi ssi n h Trustees The Austra li a n Mu eum S ne B er t e s d . ( y p o of of , y y )

- x - (Plates i . ii . and te t figures. )

x Some noteworthy fishes , e amined in recent years , are described or illustrated in this paper , with notes on distribution , taxonomy , and other ” matte rs . As in my Illustrations of some Australian Fishes , published in A x 1 9 4 0 I the ustralian Zoologist , i . , December , , have not repeated such ’ ” references to literature as can be found in Mcc ulloch s “ Check - List

(Australian Museum Memoir , v . ,

I a m. indebted to Dr . H . Thompson , of the Marine Biological

L H L . aboratory , Cronulla , New South Wales ; to Messrs . . ongman and T C .

Marshall , of the Queensland Museum , Brisbane ; and to Mr . K . Salter ,

Curator of the Macleay Museum , University of Sydney , for placing rare and valuable specimens at my di sposal . Mr . G . C . Clutton , of the Australian

Museum , took the photographs . Some of the fishes mentioned hereunder have potential economic i m portance and correct classification is a first step towards systematic knowledge of them . A new Ophidii d from the Great Australian Bight may - prove a good foo d fish in the future . Several remarkable larval or young

fishes are recorded from Australia for the first time , and the j uvenile stages of morwongs and trumpeter discussed . A few notes made in overseas

‘ museums before the war have been included .

Family CLUPEIDAE .

E A O S U L A A u . 1 84 7 C S BBREVIATA ( C v . Val , )

a r I was unable to trace the type of H engul a a bbrevi a ta C uv . 81. Val . , 1 4 ’ i r 8 7 , in the Museum National d H stoi e Naturelle Paris , where the only “ - specimen so called was acquis en é change du Musee Australien de Sidney, 1 1 1 K a la 2 866 . 1 4 4 80 wa s Juin , No . This the same species as ow c a telna i b 1 89 m m s u Ogil y , 7 , from Sydney , whose na e is obviously a synony

a r i a sc l 1 9 4 . of bb ev a t which belongs to my genus E ua osa , 0

PA 1 4 9 Genus C LU LOSA Bleeker , 8 .

P 1 84 9 C LU ALO SA BULAN Bleeker , .

( Fig .

h . tsc xx1 1 . 1 84 9 a l a rh B a v Genoo . C Zup l osa bu n Bleeker , Ve . a t . , , , Ichth Madura ,

bi d. xx 1 8 1 1 n E Id i . 50 . a d 1 2 . i . . p . Madura , ast In d es Bleeker , , iii , , p ,

xxiv . , 1 852 , p . 3 0 .

l r n a l . . 1 872 1 1 0 x u H e ul u n . . . C pea ( a g ) b a Bleeker , Atlas . Ichth , vi , , p , pl ccl vi , o - Au tr 1 1 fig . 5 . Id. Weber and Beauf rt , Fish . Indo s . Arch . , ii . , 9 3 , pp .

69 and 73 .

a r l l d. Mu x . 1 1 2 H engul a bu a n Pa ra di c e an d Whitley , Mem . Q s , i , , 9 7 , pp . 79

and 9 7 (Darwin ) . H ere figured from the young specimen , 3 4 mm . in standard length , 2 ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

2 recorded from Darwin in 1 9 7 . Austr . Mus . Regd . No . IA . 1 ,527 . It has the 1 2 following characters : 1 7 ; A . 9 ; Sc . 3 7 ; T r ., 1 to 1 3 . Twelve predorsal scales . Adipose eyelids narrow . Mouth small , upper j aw notched at sym physis . Rudimentary teeth on palate . Venules on cheeks and shoulders .

- Depth one third standard length . S cales numerous , wi thout transverse ridges . Dorsal origin nearer snout than tail . Scaly sheaths to dorsal and x anal fins . Margins of fins rounded . Pectorals long and pointed . Si teen plus ten ventral scutes .

Coloration plain yellowish in formalin , some large dark chromatophores on snout , along dorsal base , median line of back , and looping upper half of caudal peduncle ; fins infuscated .

H l a l l . 1 . i C u osdbu a n . N Fig err ng , p Young from Darwi n , T

Family ENGRAULIDAE .

THRISSINA Sc a l e 1 9 2 Genus Jordan and , 5 .

Thri ssi na 1 925 . 3 Jordan and Seale , Copeia , , p 0 ; Bull . Mus . Comp . Zool . , x 1 1 1 9 2 7 “ l vii ., , 6 , p . 3 5 . Orthotype , Cl upea boel a ma Forska l [Non b l u ea a c l m inomial vernacular name C p b a a Bloch and Schneider , ’ 1 1 4 29 hr i n l a . 80 T i ss a ba e ma . I . H Syst . Ichth , , p . ] d ardenbe rg , Nat . T i s h x 1 4 d c r . . . 2 9 3 3 2 3 r a j Ned . Ind , ciii , , , p . ( regarded as Th i ss , but

that genus has much longer maxill ary ) .

x - L Ma illary not extending to gill opening . ower j aw included . Teeth e - 2 2 - ven , no canines . Gill rakers 3 or 4 on lower branch of first gill arch .

Scares firm . No silvery lateral stripe . Vertebrae 3 9 to 4 2 . Ventral scutes Red weak , almost hidden by scales , none before pectorals in the Sea geno n a estua ri a type , but there are five in the Queensla d species , . No enlarged alar scales on caudal . C audal peduncl e short below . Dorsal fin preceded by a spine . Anal base behind level of dorsal . Anal rays 3 1 to 3 4 . Upper roduc er rea c hi n most pectoral ray pointed but not p k g ventral origin . c u n r ul Close to S te g a is but has weaker ventral scutes , fewer vertebrae and anal rays , and shorter anal base in relation to standard length .

T R AE A 1 1 H ISSINA STU RIA (Ogilby , 9 0)

( Fig .

‘

Anc hovza a estua ri a b Ro . ld. xxi i 1 1 4 Ogil y, Proc . y Soc . Q , i November, 9 0 , p . . WHITLEY .

Brisbane River, Queensland . Holotype in Amat . Fi sherm . Assoc . Ql d. o- coll . , Brisbane ; c type s in Queensland and Australian Museums . Id. l - 1 Ogilby , Fish . Rept . Q d. 1 9 1 0 1 9 1 append

En a uli a u D L 1 gr s n s tus e Vis , Proc . inn . So c . N. S. Wales , V 1 . , 1 882 , p . 3 1 9 . (One ’ - s x . d K of De Vis specimens in Au t . Mus . e amined ) I . Saville ent , Great ’

1 89 3 1 . En a l Barrier Reef , , pp . 3 0 and 3 70 ( Brisbane records . ) Not gr u zs na sutus 1 87 m Castelnau , 8, from the Nor an River , North Queensland .

’ - Here illustrated from one of Ogil by s c o types (regd . No . i n The 1 2 Australian Museum , and measuring 2 mm . in standard length . It ha s

five scutes before the pectoral base and eight behind the ventral fin , the intermediate ones obscur ed by scales .

L c li t — o a y Brisbane River, Queensland .

7 G? M .

’ - 2 . Thrissi na a estua rza . C o i l d. Fig . Anchovy, type , Br sbane River , Q

' ‘ 2 Genus SCUI ENGRAULIS Jordan an d Seal e , 1 9 5 .

A SCUTENGRAULIS SCR TCHLEYI (Ramsay and Ogilby ,

( Fig .

f Li . N .S n ra l h . . . E g u i s sc ra tc l eyi Ramsay a nd Ogilby , Proc nn Soc Wales

H . i . 2 1 88 1 8 n u . ( , May 5 , 6 , p . . Strickla d River , New G inea olotype No

i . B . 9 9 51 ) in Australian Museum . Id. Weber and Beaufort F sh Indo

Au tr 1 4 d i x 1 9 1 3 . 5 1 7 s 1 9 3 3 . I . . Arch . , ii . , , p . Weber , Nova Guinea , , pp , 2 L xx . 604 607 (Lorentz River) . Id. Regan , Trans . Zool . Soc . ondon , , , Mus 1 9 1 4 27 M N . G . Id. . . , p . 6 ( imika River , Dutch ) Fowler , Mem Bish ,

x . 1 9 28 2 , , p . 3 .

GP W ’ H i Fi 3 . t n ra uli s sc ra tc hl e z. g . Anchovy, Scu e g y olotype , Str ckland River,

New Guinea . 4 G AN ICHTHYOLO ICAL NOTES D ILLUSTRATIONS .

‘ A nc homa sc ra tc hl i e d U. Bur an S . . xx y Jordan Seale , Bull . Fish . , v ., 1 9 05

p . 1 88.

’ Thri s c l a so es sc r tc hl e z . xi 1 9 3 4 y Fowler , Mem Bish . . , , p . 3 87 , and Bul l . U S Mu . s 1 0 x 1 94 . . Nat . , 0 , iii , 0 , p . 670

has This species not hitherto been figured , so I supply a drawing of O il b ’ Ramsay and g y s holotype . I have also seen a New Guinea specimen in the Queensland Museum .

’ a En In Jordan and Se le s Review of the graulidae (Bull . Mus . Comp . 2 0 1 H r 0 . x i 1 1 1 2 arva d , l v i . , , May, 9 6 ) this species enters the subfamily Stole

‘ hori na e a n d Sc uten ra ulzs p genus g , having ventral scutes continuous from r th oat to vent, and the dorsal fin preceded by a short free spine .

Family GALAXIIDAE

X G G 1 1 GALA IAS BON BON Macleay , 88 .

(Plate i . , fig .

H e ere figured from the lectotyp of the species , a spec i rnen 68 mm . in o New standard length , from Bong B ng , South Wales , kindly lent for ill us t ra ti on u by the C rator of the Macleay Museum , University of Sydney , where - the c o types are preserved .

E E A Fami ly AL POC PH LIDAE.

BIN HAMI HTHY G C S, g en . nov .

‘ i n ha mi mi cro hos 1 93 7 Bi n ha mz h h Orthotype , B g a p Parr , g c t ys mi c rophos.

’ to a Bin ha mz This new name is necessary repl ce g a Parr (Bull . Bingham 1 3 2 7 i 9 7 . s O c ea no r . g . Coll , iii ., 7 , August , , pp , and which preoccupied i 1 4 1 tn ha a u ii . 9 08 . 4 3 by B g mi T tt , Brit . Butterflies , , , pp and , if not by h 2 B i ng a mi Brown , 1 8 7 , in Mollusca .

Family ASTRONESTHIDAE.

Stomi a toi d fishes wi th adipose dorsal fin present and no scales on

body . Dorsal fin inserted behind level of vent , its base in advance of that

Bo . of anal fin . dy elongate , naked

E H E 1 84 5 . Genus ASTRON ST S Richardson , H i 1 84 5 9 7 . e Astronesthes Ri char dson , Zool . Voy . Sulphur , . , Fish , , p . aplotyp ,

A . ni gra Richardson , from China

tsc h xx 1 4 9 b B a ta v Genoo . . 8 . . Stomi a nodon Bleeker , Ver . . , ii , , Ichth Faun

’ heka zon E H S . c hr so d 1 0 . Bali , p . aplotype , y p Bleeker , from Bali , ast

Indies . 1 24 L x 850 . L . . . Pha enodon owe , Proc Zool Soc ondon , viii, , (January , p

P ri n ens L . 250 . Haplotype , . g owe , from Madeira Mu U .S s 1 89 5 Pha enodus Goode and Bean , Spec . Bull . . Nat . , , Ocean . Ichth . , ha L en n . p . 1 05 . For P odo owe

l . xx x . 1 9 Stomi a te l a C . Roule and An gel , Res . Camp . Sci Monaco , l i , 3 0, p .

- 1 i . 8 9 . 6 , pl . , figs . The interesting larval fish described below may be a young Astronesthes

whose adult form and whose species are unknown . It is , however , not certain that it belongs to this genus and since Roule and Angel ’s larval name Stomi a tell a has been applied in part to other genera by Beebe and WHITLEY . 5

1 xx . 2 3 1 9 3 9 7 4 Crane ( Zoologi ca , iv , , July , , pp . 6 , 7 and 75 ) i t seems a dvi s able to provide a distinctive new subgeneric name for the Australian fish . a rreenul I therefore propose W a , subg . nov . with the new species lupi na as orthotype . It differs ma rkedly from adult A stronesthes in chara cters of a fins - dentition , aliment ry canal , lack of ventral , _ light organs and barbel , but how far these differences may be due to metamorphosis can only be determined when larger specimens can be obtained . It agrees with no Tr ’ 1 Species in Regan ari d ewa va s recent revision ( Dana Rept . , v . , 9 29 )

A ONE THE WARREEN ULA sub et s n v STR S S ( ) LUPINA , g . p . o .

(Fi g . D 1 4 A 1 P . V . . 1 8. 50 . l . , ; . , 3 ; , O . ; C , About myotomes Size small , genera facies as shown in the figure .

H - f fi h . ead about one t length , wi th gaping j aws , the lower longer x u Ma illa ry broad , wi th abo t nine larval teeth along edge . Snout slightly x E e cavate above . ye oblique , oval , not pedunculate . No barbel . Gill rakers present . Nape slightly tumid .

- Body elongate , wi th si x l arge black pigment spots on sides . No lateral n line . Alimentary ca al with long free po sterior portion . Intestine not yet - enclosed by myomeres. No yolk sac .

- Dorsal fin fan like , on elevated base , in advance of caudal peduncle finfol and with d before and behind . Anal base similar to dorsal , entirely

n H . L tr n sth Wa rree ul a l u i na . Fig . 5 ittle Wolf, As o e es ( ) p olotype ,

New South Wales .

behind level of dorsal , with finfol d anteriorly only . Caudal bilobed . Pec

toral p a ds wi th fringe of rays . No ventral fins ; I cannot trace a rudiment

unless it be under the fourth pigment spot .

Whitish with si x black spots along sides , more widely spaced anteriorly ; other groups of chromatophores before dorsal and anal bases and along

' free a l im enta ry canal . A pair of spots between pectorals . 2 Less than 1 inch long ( 20 mm . in standard length or nearly 4 mm .

over all ) . — " L a i ff . Wa rreen oc l ty O Port Stephens , New South Wales ; M V . ° ’ ° ’

E. station , 3 2 4 os . x 1 52 22 Netted Type in r L o Ma ine Biological aboratory, Cr nul la , New South Wales .

mi li . New record ( fa ly , genus and spe cies) for Austra a 6 I CHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

‘ A I A Family IDIAC NTH D E.

TYLO PH HA Genus S T LMUS Brauer , 1 9 02 .

STYLO PHTHALM X 1 2 US PARADO US Brauer, 90 .

(Fig .

- Idi a c a nthus a sc i l h K . k i i 1 f o a Peters , Monats . A ad . W ss . Berl n , 876

p . 84 7 . Northern Austral ia and New Guinea .

St l o htha l mus a ra d xus n i xx 1 9 2 2 y p p o Brauer , Zool . A ze ger , v . , 0 , p . 9 8. Indian

Ocean , Antarctic Seas , and south of Capetown . Id. Brauer , Verb . D Ge sell sc h xi i 1 90 2 56 eutsch . Zool . . , , , p . , figs . Id. Chun , Tiefen Welt 1 3 90 . 577 . Id meeres , , p and fig . Brauer , Wiss . Er geb . Deutsch . Tiefsee

Ex ed . 1 . xv 1 90 6 6 v d x 2 6 . . et i bi . v. 1 908 1 8 p , , , , p . , pl , , , , , p . 7 and anat . figs .

And of later authors . This curious genus and species was origi nally described by Brauer from “ ” s n n a outh of Capetow , A tar ctic Seas , and the Indian Oc ean . In hi s Valdivi l report ( a c . c i t , he ga ve figures and an ext ended description , based 3 5 i a o o ' d re on spec mens , m ny f them addi ti na l to the origi nal series , a n corded fres h localities . It is probable that more than one species is con fused under the specific name , but we m a y follow Chun ( 1 9 03 ) who indi cated o ’ “ that the form sh wn in Brauer s Valdivia pl . v . , fig . 6 , came from the eq uatorial Indian O cean , so that specimen may be regar ded as lectotyp e - and that local ity as typical . The type specimens are in the Berlin Museum , W here I saw them in November, 1 93 7 .

- lm a d s . l h a Fi g . 6 Stalk eyed Marvel , Sty op th us pa r oxu . New South Wales .

’ l ha l Since Brauer s time , Sty opht mus has been demonstrated to be a - larval form common to several different kinds of deep sea fishes , but the name ma y be retained until the exact identity of the typ ical adult can be i 4 rmi . i l e xvi dete ned In th s connection , see espec a ly B ebe , Zoologica , , , 1 9 3 4 1 4 9 - 24 1 - , pp . , figs . 4 7 81 . I was surprised to find one of these larvae in a collection of surface “ ” fishes from New South Wales made by the M .V. Wa rreen . It seems best ’ to use Brauer s n a me for this until further investigation shows whether i t ra be true pa doxus or not . The Australian specimen may be thus described ; because of i ts small - size it is impossible to give exact fin counts , etc . ” H - ead depressed , duck billed , lower j aw longer , the mouth with spaced WHITLEY . 7

teeth along margin . Eyes at end of long stalks . Brain v isible through skull .

Body , very elongate , compressed , about a millimetre deep . A single m row of spaced elanophores along each side , about 64 to origin of dorsal 1 fin and 7 to base of vent , where the alimentary canal proceeds free of the

- body for some distance , reaching caudal , but less than length of eye stalks . - Dorsal fin preceded by a fin fold , its origin in posterior fifth of body ; there appear to be 3 0 main rays with incipient rays anteriorly a nd

. An 1 posteriorly al originating below hinder part of dorsal , with 7 rays .

b . . . Pectorals j ust behind, head with fleshy ases No ventrals Caudal forked f fin - ’ It di fers in proportions and counts from Brauer s pl . v . , fig . 6 , which is more like my specimen than his other figures .

Translucent whitish or yellowish , the eyes very dark grey . Rows of s blackish pots along sides for most of length . Free portion of alimentary canal speckled . 1 Length about 4 inches or 4 0 mm .

— x N E L a li t E. u oc y Si teen miles . . of Point Perpendicular , New So th “ ” . Warreen 2 Wales station , net 00 horizontal ; i L collection , Marine Biolog cal aboratory, Cronulla , New South Wales .

New record for New South Wales and for Australia , too , unless it be

‘ di d a n h a c l the young of I c t us f s zo a Peters , 1 877 , a tropical speci es .

Fam ily PLOTOSIDAE.

PORO CHIL 1 9 1 3 Genus US Weber , .

PO IL BBE 1 1 ROCH US O SI Weber , 9 3 .

’

o h l s 1 1 4 . P or c z us obbe i a i x . 9 3 . 523 60 607 Weber, Nova Guine , , pp , and , figs - 4 5 . Lo o . Id . rentz River , s uth New Guinea . Weber and Beaufort , Fish

- - Aus r Ar hi 3 23 4 9 Id . . t . c 1 1 9 5 Indo p , ii . , 9 , p . 5 , figs . . . Fowler, Mem Bish M us x . 1 9 28 , , , p . 63 . 2 Two specimens , up to 4 inches long , from Yam Creek (nine miles from ’ l e Brock s Creek , rai way line south from Darwi n ) , Northern T rritory of

l ll . A . 4 823 a Austra ia , were co ected many years ago by A . Morton (Regd . Nos and

n d i s e New record for Austral ia , a n d, since the genus a species otherwis w uni kno n only from southern New Guinea , another indication of the i hh f n l formity of the Le c ar dti a n fiuvi a u u a .

NEO IL RU -N I n S U v . S MORTO , sp . o

(Fig . Head ( 3 5 depth in standard length Pre h m E m . 4 9 . 25 . e anal lengt , 65 Predorsal length , mm C audal fin , mm y

less tha n snout ( 1 3 ) a nd interorbital ( 1 0) and in head . Nasal

1 3 . r r h n x r barbel ( mm ) equal to the snout , which is b oa de t a long . Ma illa y barbel ( 1 8) reaching to behind eye . Mandibul ary barbel ( 21 ) reaching to - i s . a beyond g ll opening below, not reaching pectoral ba e Mental b rbel shortest of all . Lips not markedl y plicate . Uppe r j aw the longer . Width of — mouth subequal to interorbital . Brown , blunt , peg like teeth in j aws , and a group of spa ced molariform teeth on vomer ; crowns of some m an di bular teeth rounded . Anterior nostril on each side of head above upper j aw ; opening laterally . Orbit wi th free margin . Opercle with radiating

- . i striae F fteen gill rak ers on lower bran chial arch , their inner basal mem 8 ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

- - brane with knob like processes . Gill membranes united , free of isthmus . n Body very compressed , la ceolate . Ski n smooth , wi thout filaments . L a l most ' stra i ht ateral line g . An anal pa pilla , but no dendritic appendage .

xi . o i 1 4 An a llary pore present D rsal sp ne ( mm . ) pungent , with small a r c serrations behind , granular nteriorly . Distal po tions of dorsal and p e

toral spines cartilagi nous , forming a kind of rayed membrane between

osseous tip of spines and first rays of fins . Four branched dorsal r a ys .

Dorsal bas e behind level of pe ctoral base . Height of first dorsal fin not

G P W

’ ’ Ne ilur n 7 . os us m orto z H Fig . Morton s Tandan , . olotype , Yam Creek ,

Northern Territory .

nearly as much as depth of bo dy bel ow it . Procurrent ( caudodorsal ) fin

- very low , not nearly reaching half way along fish , and well behind level of 1 ventrals . Prean al length /3 rd of total . Anal fin long and high , with about

8 a . o 0 rays , the last connected with c udal fin Pect rals wi th a serrated u i 1 9 spine and seven rays . Ventrals with twelve rays . Ca dal w th rays , s r x u w r x a ymmet ical , its a is sloping obliq ely do nwards , its ma gin conve . o Colour , after long preservation in alcohol , br wnish , wi th numerous

punctulations on head and fins . May have been greyish or silvery in life .

Barbels and teeth dark brown .

Length 72 inches overall . Distinguished from its allies by its fin - formulae , gill rakers , bar bels , propo rtions , and reduced caudodorsal pro

current fin . li — ’ Loca ty Yam Creek ( nine miles from Brock s Creek , railway line south 1 8 A u r from Darwin ) , Northern Territory of Australia ; coll . A . Morton , 79 , st . A 4 824 Mus . , Regd . No . . , . This species is named in honour of Alexander Morton ( 1 855 —1 907 ) who collected specimens for The Australian Museum in many parts of

L H . Australia , the South Sea Islands , New Guinea and ord owe Island

AE Family T ACHYSURID .

H LE EL I n n v C OC F S, g e . o .

A ri a a l a 1 886 . Orthotype , s sp tu Rams ay and Ogilby , H ead very long and depressed , wi der than deep , protected above by an

x . e posed , granulated casque . Top of the spatulate snout membranous

Fontanelle narrow posteriorly . Nostrils approximate , the posterior valvular ;

E . no nasal barbels . yes small , adnate to head , behind level of mouth No x preorbital cavity . Ma illary , m andibulary , and mental barbels attenuate , L fairly elongate . Mouth capacious , wider than interorbital . ips thick , the

upper produced posteriorly in a lobe . Teeth villiform , in transverse , pluri

serial bands on j aws and palatines . No naked symphysial area in upper '

WHITLEY . 9

j aw ; no backward strip of palatine teeth ; no granuliform teeth . Teeth of upper j aw overhanging lower j aw . Palatine teeth in small inner oval patches contiguous to diverging outer patches .

G - - 2 ill openings very wide , gill membranes united across isthmus , 1 gill rakers on lower limb of first branchial arch . Last branchiostegal ray not x x e panded . Body elongate . A illary pore minute . Vent inconspicuous .

Do rsal buckler moderate , granulated , saddleshaped , in close contact with nuchal shield . Dorsal spine strong , subequal to postorbital , weakly

- fin . serrated , the serrae directed downwards ; none of the rays produced

- Origin of dorsal about mid way between pectorals and ventrals . Adipose

fin large , mostly over anal , but its anterior margin in advance of level of anal origin , its base longer than that of dorsal fin .

Base of anal less than head . Pectoral spine weakly serrated , shorter than dorsal spine , the fin long . Ventrals with narrow bases . Caudal strongly forked , free of anal .

Freshwater , New Guinea .

’ c hl e z ff o A r l 1 84 0 u Ptmel odus C o fel s di ers fr m i a s Guv . Va . , (ta totype , ' r - 1 822 a i us Hamilton Buchanan , , from India ) in having a very differently shaped head and skull , the eyes being very small instead of very large ; the h n dorsal spine as no long , soft prolongation and there are fewer a al rays h uri d than in typical A rius. The new genus differs from other T a c ys genera r in the combination of characte s defined above .

C OCHLEFELIS SPATULA (Ramsay and Ogilby ,

N . Ari u tu L . S . s spa l a Ramsay a nd Ogilby , Proc . inn . Soc . Wales i , May

H Austr . . 25 1 886 1 5 . l . , , p . Strick and River , New Guinea olotype in Mus

d 3 8 3 9 a d 6 8 Id. I i x . 1 9 1 3 . 5 5 0 . . Weber, Nova Guinea , , , pp , n Weber and - h 1 1 29 6 . Au tr A r i . . 9 3 . Beaufort , Fish . Indo s . c p , ii , , p

1 e i . xxv . 905 N uma a ul a U .S . et sp t Jordan and Seale , Bull . Bur . F sh , , (D cember

1 1 . 5 , p . 1 9

1 1 53 8 6 4 608 . 1 5 . d 4 9 3 . 0 Ari u nudi n ui i x . s e s Weber , Nova G nea , , , , pp , and , fig - L o . Austr . orentz River , New Guine a . Id. Weber and Beauf rt , Fish Indo 4 1 9 3 6 i T r ubi a xv . Arc h 1 1 2 . H e . 9 3 29 4 1 0 Id p , ii . , , p . , fig . . ardenberg , , , , ,

p . 3 69 (Digul River ) .

x 1 9 28 . 62 . Ta c h ur . . s u nudi n a l . . y s de s and sp tu a Fowler , Mem Bish Mus , , , p On comparing the holotyp e of spa tul a with descriptions an d figures of

' ' nudzdens it is apparent that these two nominal species are synonymous . The slight differences in fin —counts and proportions of eyes and occipital shields are either due to different methods of me a suring or may be a c

counted for by variation or changes with growth .

e — L Rang Strickland , Digul and orentz Rivers , southern New Guinea ( freshwater)

I nov . TACHYSURUS (P ARARIUS ) BERNEY , sp .

8 . (Fig . , No D i 1 . 1 7 A . 1 5 . 5 , ; , ; P i . , 0 ; V . , 6 ; C , . H 3 8 4 3 0 5 ead ( mm . ) , depth ( ) in length to end of middle caudal rays

1 E e . ( 52 ) Width of head ( 27 ) greater than its height . y , mm ; inter 1 8 1 - 1 6 x 61 orbital , ; snout , 3 ; width of mouth opening , ; ma illary barbel , ; 54 mandibulary barbel , 4 0 ; mental barbel , predorsal length , ; inter 1 0 ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

4 dorsal , 0 ; pungent dorsal spine , 3 0 ; or with its extension , pectoral 2 spine , 3 ; depth of caudal peduncle , H - E ead wedge shaped . ye with free lid . Interorbital broad and flat .

“

Mouth well before level of eye . Premaxillary teeth villiform , pluriserial , in a continuous band . Mandibular band divided at symphysis . Vomerine and palatine patches of villiform teeth in contiguous rounded patches , without backward extensions . x Ma illary barbel reaching to below posterior dorsal rays . Mandibulary

barbel reaching to inner pectoral rays . Mental . barbels reaching beyond - - gill opening below head . Gill membranes united across isthmus at oblique

- - angle . 1 0 gill rakers on lower limb of first gill arch .

Cranial and occipital shields with small rounded granules , mostly em braced by smooth skin on top of head . Occipital shield longer than wide , subtriangular and with median ridge . Predorsal shield small , crescentic . hidden . Fontanelle lanceolate , longer than eye , tapering posteriorly .

Body rather robust . Lateral line obsolete before level of dorsal fin and without anterior granulation . Axillary pore conspicuous .

Dorsal spine weakly serrated with long cartilaginous extension . Adi pose fin large , entirely over anal . An al length subequal to its height and about half head . Pectoral spine serrated posteriorly , the fin pointed and nearly as long as head . Ventrals not reaching a na l thei r length equals , , interorbital . Caudal forked , the upper lobe longer .

Greyish above , yellowish to whitish below , tips of fins somewhat dusky .

Eye bluish .

m h 1 Netum a tha la ssi na a c ksonensis e Fig . 8. Sal on C a tfis es ; No . , j , holotyp 2 3 Ta c h surus of subspecies , from Sydney ; , palatal teeth of same ; , y

’ ’ a ra r wi 4 5 ( P zus) g odfreyz, holotyp e from Dar n ; , palatal teeth of same ; ,

’ ’ a rn z e l Ri . T c hysurus ( Pa ra rzus) be ey , holotyp from F inders ver , Queensland

(Block by courtesy of the Trustees of The Australian Museum ) . WHITLEY . 1 1

fi Described and gured from the holotype of the speci es , a specimen 7

. Austr . . e inches overall Mus , R gd . No . I . 1 3 ,076 . Loc a li ty —Holotype a nd paratype from pools of the Flinders H River, near ughenden and Richmond , Queensland ( freshwater) . Twelve o smaller paratypes from Map on , western Cape York , Queensland , so the species is evidently estuarine and fiuvi a til e .

r L - Named in honour of Mr . F ederick . Berney, the well known ornitho l o i t g s , who made a valuable collection of fishes in Central Queensland nearly thirty years ago .

T ma 1 T P . r i s his new species is allied to . ( ) p ox (Ogilby , 89 8) of which I

Austr . i x 4 1 recently figured a Broome specimen ( . Zool , . , , December , 9 4 0 , p . 4 09 i ff a e , fig . but d ers in h ving much longer barb ls , larger adipose dorsal f - fin , head wi der than high , more elonga te fins and di ferent body proportions .

' l e tas z 1 8 ra Kn r Other al lied species are p p s Bleeker , 63 , g efiei e and Stein

‘ ‘ da c hner 1 867 a ustra l z 1 867 s Ne a ri u r , , s Gunther , , and , perhap , o s c u ti si z, ‘ l 1 8 rn Caste nau , 87 , from a ll of which be eyz di ffers in similar respects .

ov T ACHYSURUS (PARARIUS ) GODFREYI , sp . n .

(Fig . 8, Nos . 3

D A 1 . . 6 . 1 5 i , 7 ; ., 6 ; P .i , 9 ; V , ; C , .

Head (89 mm . ) nearly depth (4 1 ) in length to end of middle caudal rays Width of head ( 70 ) much greater than its height ( about - 4 1 mm 4 2 , ; Eye , 1 2 . ; interorbital , 6 ; snout , 3 ; width of mouth opening x 2 3 0 ma illary barbel , 78; mandibulary barbel , 5 ; mental barbel , ; predorsal 1 1 57 4 9 depth Of length , 4 ; interdorsal , 88; pectoral spine , ; dorsal spine , ; ’

caudal peduncle , 20 .

E . . ye small , elliptical , with free lid Interorbital very broad and flat

Mouth a little before level of eye . All teeth villiform , none granular . Pre

maxillary teeth i n continuous band . Vomerine teeth in contiguous patches ,

followed by an isolated small patch of palatine teeth behind . A symphysial

gap in mandibular teeth .

Posterior nostrils valvular . Maxillary barbel reaching pectoral base .

- Man—dibulary barbels reaching gill openings below . Mental barbels short . Gill membranes united across isthmus at oblique angle . A few short gill o rakers . Op erc l es smooth . Suture between operculum and inter perculum

pronounced . Humeral process small , triangular , granulated . Cranial and

nuchal shields coarsely granulated . Occipital process wider than long , with

l n . . a median keel . Predorsal shield large , subob o g Fontanelle moderate

Occipital groove shallow . Branchiostegal membrane ragged .

Body entirely smooth , depressed anteriorly , compressed posteriorly;

back fairly level . Lateral line feebly developed on sides behind dorsal fin

and without lower fork on tail . Ax illary pore minute . Vent nearer ventral

than anal base . Dorsal spine serrated near tip anteriorly ( but not posteriorly) and with two rows of granules near its origin which merge into

one row to the serrations . Adipose dorsal fin large , over anal fin , its base

more than its height and 3 in interdorsal space . An al base and height

half length of head ; anal border emarginate . Ventrals less than inter

orbital , shorter than dorsal and not quite reaching anal . Pectoral spine

serrated behind . Caudal forked , upper lobe longer , but less than head . i n Dark greyish above , silvery below , fins yellowish , dorsals and pectorals fu sc a ted grey . 1 2 ICHTHYOLO GICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

an d Described figured from the holotype , a specimen 3 20 mm . or 1 3 inches long , from Port Darwin , Northern Territory ; coll . Hugh W . Christie 1 . . 9 02 Austr and C F Godfrey , ( . Mus . , Regd . No .

Pa ra ri a s a ustra li s r ra i From , p oxima s and g efie , the novelty differs in a the shape of the cranial and predors l shields , also in proportions and

’

. H exa nema ti c h h o dentition t ys l epta spi s or l ept c a sszs Bleeker (Atl . Ichth . ,

. 1 862 27 l x . . v . . 2 S .W f ii , , p , pl , fig ) from . New Guinea similarly di fers and has more anal rays .

‘ ‘ A ri us l a ti rostrzs ra r u Macleay , is another Pa z s which lacks the isolated l - n pa atine tooth patches a d has a smaller predorsal shield , in these respects b rne being like e yi from Queensland .

ET 1 858. Genus N UM A Bleeker ,

NET THALA I A K NEN I s no UMA SS NA J C SO S S sub p . v . 8 1 ( Fig . , Nos . 8:

. A 1 4 1 1 . 1 D i . , 7 ; ., ; P . i . , ; V . , 6 ; C , 5 .

Head ( 84 mm. ) depth ( 60 ) about 5 in length to end of middle caudal E e 1 rays Width of head at operc l es ( 55 ) subequal to its height . y , 5 — x mm . ; interorbital , 3 8; snout, 3 1 ; width of mouth opening , 3 5 ; ma illary 4 i 2 1 1 1 5 barbel , 5 ; mand bulary barbel , 8; mental barbel , 8; predorsal length , ;

2 0 20 . interdorsal , 9 ; pectoral spine , 5 ; depth of caudal peduncle , E ye with free lid , except below and behind,where it is shelving . Inter orbital broad and flat . Mouth well before level of eye . All teeth villiform , none granular . Premaxillary teeth in continuous band , sloping upwards and backwards . Mandibular series with a gap at the symphysis . Vomerine a nd palatine teeth in three contiguous patches on each side as figured .

Vomerine teeth extending some distance backwards .

- - None of the barbels reaching gill opening . —Gill membranes united a cross isthmus at oblique angle . Ei ght short gill rakers on lower half of

'

first branchial arch . Op erc l es with few venules or striae . Suture between operculum and interoperculum pronounced . Humeral process broad , with waved radiating ridges . Cranial and nuchal shields weakly granulated , covered by skin of head . Oc cipital process longer than wide , with a median

- keel . Predorsal shield with lateral and backward extending wings . Fon t n l a e l . e inconspicuous , lanceolate . Occipital groove fairly deep and long

Body fairly compressed and elongated ; back arched . Lateral line obsolete below dorsal fin and forked on tail , without anterior granulation .

- A small axillary slit . Predorsal length less than one third length to end of middle caudal rays . Vent nearer ventral than anal base .

Do rsal spine serrated before and behind with two rows of granules

x . towards its origin , longer than ma illary barbel Adipose dorsal fin rather

- fif e . long , one th of interdorsal spac and situated over middle anal rays Anal base subequal to its height an d less than half head ; anal border concave .

Ventrals truncate , equal to interorbital , shorter than dorsal , and not reaching anal . Pectoral spine similar to dorsal . Caudal fin damaged and colour faded in the spirit specimen .

Described and figured from the holotype of the subspecies , a specimen one foot long to end of middle caudal rays (Austr . Mus . , Regd . No . from Port Jackson , New South Wales . It is apparently a rare visitor to the WHITLEY . 1 3

“

Sydney district , from which the Museum has a second Port Jackson

“

2 . . specimen , ft . 3 in in length This paratype agrees with the described example in general features , but has head 4 in length and ventral fins long , about equal to width of head ; the upper caudal lobe is the longer but f is less than length of head ; these di ferences are probably sexual .

‘ The Port Jackson type differs from true Ba gra s tha l a ssznus Ruppell

belth b s . 1 83 7 . 75 . xx . . 2 f m Wi r . s ( Neue A y sin , Fische , , p , pl , fig ) ro Ma sowah , E to ritrea , in having the adipose fin farther forward in relation posterior h et c . anal rays , and different proportions of dept in length , snout in head , , but otherwise agrees very closely .

' ‘ A Family LEPI OCEPHALID E.

ABE AT POUTAWA H N A LONGICAUDA (Ramsay and Ogilby,

( Fig .

A young specimen , about 74 mm . long , and considerably more advanced A r ha l b ust . . xx . 1 9 3 8 7 . than the l ep toc ep us figured y me (Rec . Mus , , , p , fig . 3 ) has the foll owing characters :

Upper j aw longer , snout acute ; lower j aw very sharply pointed . Mouth N reaching to below eye . D entition not yet developed . O long larval teeth.

Eye higher than long and much longer than interorbital width . Snout about 3 4 in head which is about 1 3 4 in length . Nostrils before eyes .

Body very elongate and compressed , its greatest height ( about middl e - of trunk ) being less than head , tapering to acutely pointed tail tip . About

1 1 0 50 . 3 myotomes , of which 3 or more are predorsal , and about preanal

- Small pectoral fins present behind gill slits . Dorsal originating in anterior , anal in posterior half of fish , both fins with many rays well - developed . A broad , rayed caudal fin surrounds tail tip .

General colour pale horn , the eye blue and silvery . A double row of black chromatophores along belly to vent : anteriorly they are separated and the pairs easily distinguished ( 60 or so to below dorsal origin ) , but posteriorly the chromatophores coalesce into stripes which diverge and then converge at the anus . A single row of chromatophores along anal base , - some fainter ones along dorsal base and middle of sides and tail . A V shaped group of chromatophores , pointing forwards , on throat before pectorals .

9 Li P out wa ha ena ta l on i c -a uda Fig . . ttle Conger , a b g . Young ,

New South Wales .

“ x 4 Described and figured from a young e ample , about 7 mm . or nearly A 3 inches long . ustr . Mus . , Regd . No . IB . S4 7 . L c li t — u m o a y Jervis Bay , New South Wales ; attracted to s b arine light ” “ r t Wa rreen 7 h 1 9 4 . L . Se ven aboard the , t October , 0 . Collected by Dr D . y, L Marine Biological aboratory , Cronulla .

A A Subfamily SC LAN GOINAE.

ALAN 1 9 3 Genus SC AGO Whitley, 5 .

A A A SC L N GO LATERA LIS Whitley, 1 9 3 5 . l ‘ Sc a a na r . xi x 1 o a te l Aust . 1 9 9 3 5 . g l ra zs Whitley , Rec . . Mus , , September , , p 2 1 8 2 N i n Austr , fig . . Bondi , . S . Wales . Types . Mus . ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

Mr . A . J . Fraser has presented a large specimen of this species from M iddleton Beach , Albany , Western Australia , where it was dug out of san d on November 1 1 , 1 9 3 9 . This greatly extends the range of the genus and species , hitherto known only from near Sydney , New South Wales . The 22 specimen is 5 mm . or about 9 inches long and agrees in detail with the x eastern ones , e cept that it is of record size and has the following characters . ’ x Ma illary hardly reaching to below middle o f eye . Few , if any , teeth x - - e ternal to mouth opening . Lateral line with about 1 1 9 cross canals and with many pores over their courses ; on most of the head the pores are more conspicuous than the underlying canals . Pectoral fins shorter than upper j aw , the margin more rounded . Head , 3 4 mm . ; eye , 8; snout to vent , 79 ; snout to dorsal origin , 3 8. Colour pale pearly grey to horn yellowish . Un paired fins with dark grey margins and thin pale borders . Snout gela ti o n us yellowish . Eye pale bluish .

New record for Western Australi a . Probably the above differences may all be accounted for by growth , otherwise the western form will require a new subsp ec ific name . Further specimens would be welcome , and i t would be interesting to know i f the species occurs in intermediate localities .

AE Family OPHICHTH IID .

' ’ 9 n a Genus OPHICH IHUS Thunberg , 1 78 , se su l to .

OPHICHTHUS DERBYENSIS, sp . nov .

(Fi g . 8 4 Head ( 1 4 mm . ) 1 , depth ( ) in total length Predorsal

' 22 n 81 . E e 1 length , m preanal length , y ( ) in snout and slightly less than interorbital Length of lower j aw nearly 4 mm of

gape , pectoral , mm .

. E l O hi c hthus derb ensis. H r . Fig . 1 0 . Snake e , p y olotyp e , De by , W Australia

Also dentition and head enlarged .

fiesh Head acutely pointed , upper j aw much longer than lower . A y tip to lower j aws ; no c i rrhi . Eye small , adnate to skin . Anterior nostrils large - and fla p like , in upper lip anteriorly ; posterior nostrils not far behind , less x i conspicuous . Two or three teeth on interma illary , the largest a depress ble

. fang . All teeth conic , recurved ; none granuliform A single row of vomerine x canines with a group of enlarged teeth anteriorly . Ma illary teeth directed

backwards , in more than one row . Mandibulary teeth enlarged somewhat

anteriorly , in one to three rows . Tongue attached to floor of mouth , only

. its tip free . Series of pores around eye and chin and on snout Cleft of

- mouth reaching to behind eye . Gill slits lateral , their openings subequal to

u o te a l i a . eye and less than the distance between them . J g s g present

- i ts Body extremely elongate , smooth skinned , slightly compressed ,

. width not much less than depth . Lateral line continuous Anus in anterior i ts i third of fish . Dorsal fin originating j ust behind head , low for ent re

1 6 T G AN D RA ICH HYOLO ICAL NOTES ILLUST TIONS .

G Family SYN NATHIDAE .

LEPTONOTUS A Kl unzi n r CARETT ( ge ,

( Fig .

- . 24 . 1 - D Rings 7 4 2 4 4 . H ead 84 9 . Trunk about 2 [or 3 ] in total

. 2 4 . length Snout in head Operculum with a short ridge anteriorly . Two

nuchal rings with median lengthwise ridge . Lateral ridge plain to the anal ; shield lacking on tail rings or only perceptible as an interrupted line . The

dorsal fin begins at the anterior end of the anal ring . Pectoral and caudal

, . fins present anal fin very rudimentary Body slightly higher than broad ,

anteriorly , almost quadrangular .

h no a H Fig . 1 2 . Tortoiseshell Pi pefis , Lepto tus c a rett . olotype , Victoria .

1 x [In Oc tober , 9 3 7 , I e amined and sketched the holotype of this species

Wurttember i sc he . in the g Naturaliensammlung , Stuttgart It was a female ,

No . The dorsal ridges are not continuous with the upper caudal - i h ridges . The medio lateral ridge bends down on the 8t ring and

is also distinct from the caudal ridges . There is a median carina along

belly . ]

Colour : Brownish black ; on the back , here and there at intervals , with light tortoiseshell - like transverse blotches or crossbands at different in

terva l s from one another , about twelve in number .

L . ength , four inches i — Loca l ty Port Phillip , Victoria .

NANNOCAM P US RUBER Ramsay and Ogilby, 1 886 .

( Fig .

n . Na n c a m us ruber b L N . o . . . S p Ramsay and Ogil y, Proc inn Soc . Wales , x . , 4 , i 1 88 7 7 7 3 6 . 5 60 i . Apr l , , pp and , and of Australian l sts Shark Reef , Port H A u r Jackson , N . S .W . olotype in st . Mus . (Regd . No . On working over some unclassified pipe fishes in the Australian Museum

recently , I was delighted to find a second Port Jackson specimen of this m l curious species , hitherto known only from the fe ale type . A though I have often collected fishes at the typ e locality I have never obtained any specimens ? of this rarity . Possibly it lives amongst red algae in fairly deep water Now I take this opportunity of figuring the species for the first time and

add further particulars to the rather brief original description .

i efi h Na nno a m r 1 3 . P s c us rube Fig . Red p , p . H olotype , Port Jackson , New South Wales .

Also head enlarged .

- - The holotype has the gill slits fused , the true gill opening being small - i and pore l ke , superior . Anterior portions of eyes closer together than

. L posterior ower profile of snout straight , upper concave . Top of head WHITLEY . 1 7

x with thick mucus canals which e tend forwards to between nostrils . Op er - l um . c u smooth Dorsal fin on tail rings 2 and 3 . 1 1 Total length , 3 mm . Snout , nearly3 . Depth of head a trifle less than depth or width of trunk , but equal to caudal Preanal length , 3 5 . E ye and caudal peduncle less than 1 mm .

. 1 8 560 H The second specimen ( Regd . No ) from South ead , Sydney , ha s a much longer dorsal fin , with about 26 rays and extending over 6 tail e rings , the snout is blunt r and the caudal fin reduced , but in all other characters it agrees well with the type . It is apparently a female as there is no brood pouch .

SOLEGNATHUS Rosusr u sub s NASO , sp . nov . 2 4 P . 6 55 . 3 ; , Rings ,

Head ( 0 . 78 about in length ( 0 . and in trunk

Snout ( 50 ) in head , its depth ( 8) in its length . Eye more than 5 in snout .

Tail little more than distance between pectorals and v ent , its depth behind dorsal , nearly 4 in base of that fin .

a c S . robustus c l 1 9 1 1 Gener l haracters as in Mc u loch , , but dorsal base less than length of snout , and snout more elongated (wi th consequent alteration in head - proportions ) than in the true South Australian r b u o ust s.

- Medio lateral ridge of body continuous with dorsal ridge of tail . Each scute with an elevated central blunt sp ine , from which radiate series of crude tubercles .

Described from the holotype of the subspecies , a slightly damaged

1 Au . . . . specimen , about 7 inches long ( str . Mus , Regd No I

l —u as l Loca i ty. P rch ed in the fish ma rket , Auckland , New Zea and , 1 January 1 3 , 1 9 9 ; coll . Charles Hedley .

Family ATHERINIDAE .

A R'O T N OLNEN I n THERI NO SOMA MIC S OMA LI C S S , subsp . ov .

1 1 1 1 . . 1 5 . 3 T D .vii ., ; A . i ., 1 1 ; P L, ; V i ., 5 ; C , ; Se , 9 ; r . , 7 .

Predorsal Se . , 1 6 . Preanal Sc . , 9 . Interdorsal Se . , 8. H ead ( 1 2 mm . ) depth ( 6 ) in standard length Eye , 5 mm . ; interorbital , 4 ; snout , 3 ; caudal peduncle depth , 3 ; pectoral fin ,

Form elongate , compressed ; anterior portions of back and belly not

x . keeled but flattened . Head scaly , e cept before the large eyes One row of

- cheek scales . Interorbital flat . Preopercular ridges without spines ; oper c ul um sinuously curved posteriorly . A series of pores on preorbital and above and behin d eyes . Mouth moderate , reaching eye , with small teeth - on j aws and apparently some microscopic ones on vomer . Mandibul ar rami - very elevated . Premaxillary processes little over half eye diameter . Gill 1 5 rakers slender , with tiny spines ; about on lower limb of first branchial - arch . Gill slits wide , isthmus very narrow .

Body covered with large cycloid scales which are not crenulated . About - 4 0 transverse and less than 8 longitudinal scale rows . Three rows of scales above lateral stripe . Vent well in advance of anal fin , situated between inner ventral rays . ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

Dorsal fin s well separated , the first with seven slender spines whose height is less than interdorsal space ; no produced spines . Origin of first dorsal slightly nearer muzzle than root of caudal . Anal base slightly longer than that of second dorsal , but shorter than its distance from the caudal .

Anal origin in advance of that of second dorsal fin . Pectorals bluntly pointed , highly inserted , the third ray longest . Ventral bases in advance of level of first dorsal origin , their tips reaching beyond vent . Caudal forked .

Colour , in alcohol , pale yellowish above , white below . A broad silvery

stripe along middle of sides . Each scale of back with black margin . Top rc l e of head dark with two prominent black blots over the brain . Ope s, mouth and middle of chin infuscated . Eye silvery or bluish . Bases of all

fins dusky , though the fins themselves are whitish without dark markings . - A black edged silvery band extends from ventral bases , past the vent , to

taper to the anal origin .

Described from the holotype of the subspecies , a specimen 50 mm . in 2 standard length , the largest of seven of 3 7 to 50 mm . , or 4 i nches overall . — li Loc a li ty Port Li nc oln , South Austra a . Specimens forwarded by Sir L S v nt Au r o . . . er e . st . . Gerald Mussen , of Melb urne , to Dr D y Mus , Regd . o N s. IB . 662 and 664 .

- Differs from its allies in fin formulae , in having slender body , dorsals 4 behind ventrals , and only about 0 transverse rows of scales .

Family MUGILIDAE . A IL n o GR CILIMUG , ge . n n.

u i i 1 883 . Orthotype , M g l ra msa y Macleay , Tropical Australian mullets with the following combination of charac

ters , which distinguishes them from other Mugilidae . Snout shorter than M xil eye . No adipose eyelid . Lower j aw terminal . Upper lip fairly thick . a

lary not hidden . Mandibulary angle obtuse . No teeth . Lips very finely

ciliated , without papil lae . Palate hard . Preorbital margin serrated . Slope

- of opercular margin steep . Gill rakers extremely numerous , about as long a - s gill fringes . Pseudobra nc hi a e small .

- x Body compressed , form graceful ; rostro dorsal profile conve . Depth ,

3 4 to 4 in standard length .

Scales in about 3 6 transverse rows . About 24 predorsal scales . i F rst dorsal origin much nearer caudal base than to snout . Scales x e tend on to soft dorsal and anal fins . Anterior hal f of anal before level E of second dorsal . leven anal rays . Pectoral base above middle of body , x x a dark mark at its a il , no a illary scale ; pectoral fin shorter than head .

Depth of caudal peduncle about half length of head . Upper caudal lobe

the longer . Coloration plain , pectorals not dusky .

Gra ci limu il f Mu i l L é 1 758 l g di fers from true g inn , (logotype , M . cepha us v notably in ha ing the upper lip thickened , eleven anal rays , and i n

lacking adipose eyl ids.

A ILIM IL A GR C UG RAMS YI (Macleay,

(Fi g .

M i l ra a L u ms i c . . N.S i 2 1 1 g y Macleay , Pro inn Soc . . Wales , v ii . , , July 7 , 883 ,

. 208 B ur deki n . p . River , Queensland Types (Regd . Nos . IA . 5 ,9 44 A in ustr . . Mus , Sydney .

’ I select the largest of Ma c l ea y s specimen ( 200 mm . standard length or WHI’I‘ LEY 1 . 9

1 0 A 4 in . over all ) as lectotype and figure it here ( ustr . Mus . , Re gd . No .

1 2 h A i ii 1 1 . It as 9 ; . ., ; P . i ., 1 5 ; C , branched rays .

r 1 Sc . 3 7 to hypural bend . L . t . 3 below first dorsal origin . Labial cilia fin - very fine , invisible to naked eye . The anal formula is (misprinted ’ in Ma c l ea y s description ) . An al origin equidistant from origins of first

1 4 s ’ r ci l i l r msa i L Bur eki n . Ram ay s Mullet , G a i mug a y . ectotype , d

River , Queensland . Also ventral surface of head .

dorsal , v entral , and hypural j oint . Other characters as defined for the genus or as described by Macleay . — - L a li t Burd ki is . oc y e n River , Queensland ; brack h water

EDALE HIL 1 4 Genus O C US Fowler , 90 .

ed l c hi l u hi l 1 O a e s Fowler , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . P a d , lv . , 9 03 p . 74 8. u l a Re A M i l be . 2 Orthotype , g o Cuvier , gne nim , ed . , ii . , April , p . 23 3 o , fr m the Mediterranean ; figured by Cuvier and Valenciennes , pl . 1 3 0 .

Mullets wi th no adipose eyelids . Upper lip deep , crenulated and l L n papi late ; no cilia . ower lip curled outwards an d dow wards , its edges u crenulated or entire . No teeth . Otherwise mostly as in M gi l . Key to Australian species :

- A . Rostro dorsal profile almost straight . Lower lip crenulated . - r A lenticular shaped gap along chin between ope c l es anteriorly . i Pectoral tip below first dorsal spine . c rrhostomus.

O r l AA . Back convexly a rched . Lower lip entire . pe c es meeting

al ong median ventral line . Pectoral not reaching to below ll first dorsal spine . pa pi osus.

OEDALECHILUS CIRRHOSTO M US (Bloch and Schneider ,

Mu i r s c n l ci rho tomus . 1 8 1 1 g Bloch and S h eider , Syst Ichth ., 0 , p . 21 . Ea: d I . D MS . . esc r . Forster Pacific Ocean Forster , Anim . ( ed. Lichten

- ) 1 84 4 . 1 9 8 a nd 257 . e a stein , pp Tahiti ( typ ) and T nna , New Hebrides .

Mu i l r n a - c e i l bi s i An n . m Fi h . rm g g . s e . s l O lby , Rept A at A soc ., Q d. , 1 9 05 06 2 G 0 ICHTHYOLO ICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

. 9 ) . Id. A ustr x p ( Southern Queensland Whitley , Rec . . Mus . , vi , 1 9 27 1 1 , p . ( Michaelma s Cay , North Queensland )

l A r 1 i c reni a bis c ust . . v . 9 29 1 1 L za Mc ulloch , Mus . Mem , , , p . 7 . Not Mugi l r n l i r k l - n rr c e i a b s Fo s a , non binom . B on a t e e . ii 8; A . i . , 9 . Se . 3 5 . Tr . 1 0 . Predorsal 1 7 . Head ( 20 depth about 4 in standard length

Snout 5 ; eye interorbital in head . Posterior nostril - lunate , anterior pore like . No adipose eyelids . Upper lip deep , its edge

crenulated , and its surface papillated , especially towards sides . No cilia . L Cleft of mouth much broader than deep . ower lip reflected downwards , crenulated . No teeth on j aws , vomer or palatines . Preorbital notched x anteriorly , denticulated posteriorly . Ma illary narrow , hidden under pre l - - orbital . Gil rakers numerous , slender , almost as long as gill fringes . Fr ee interopercular space on chin broad , lenticular .

- Body compressed , rather elongate ; rostro dorsal profile almost straight .

Scales extend on to soft dorsal and anal fins . Axillary scales to pectorals and ventrals . De pth of caudal peduncle less than half length of head .

2 2 - Origins of dorsal fins corresponding to 1 th and 3 rd body scales . Fi rst

dorsal origin nearer base of tail than to snout . Fi rst dorsal spine reaching more than half its distance from first dorsal ray . Anal origin in advance of level of secon d dorsal origin . Pectoral slightly shorter than head , reach ing below first dorsal spine . Caudal emarginate . Coloration plain . Pectoral x a il dusky .

Described from a specimen 73 mm . in standard length or 3 15 inches over all . ” — Ex A r c a l L H ust . . Lo i ty ord owe Island Thetis pedition ) , . Mus , Regd ’ 4 O 1 o . No . I . , 8 . New rec rd for the island s fauna

i a B onn r f Allied to the Red Sea c ren l bi s a te re , but di fers from Klun ’ 1 x . 2 i 884 1 3 2 . zinger s figure (Fische des Rothen Meeres , . , , p . , pl . , fig ) in ff n having Sc . 3 5 instead of 4 1 , di erent proportions of head and depth i

i o a . standard length , and first dorsal orig n much nearer ro t of t il

A E IL APILLO OED L CH US P SUS (Macleay ,

( Fig .

‘ i hr i x 1 8 T dsc . . . 55 1 9 8. i o . . . Mug l heter c hezlos Bleeker , Nat j Ned Ind , , , p 1 2 1 26 . x 9 8 . . E es . Id. . . Batj an , ast Indi Fowler , Mem Bish Mus , , , p

2 1 883 . N .S . v1 1 1 . ll . L . . Mugi l p a pi osus Macleay , Proc inn Soc Wales , , , July , , p

tr . . . Aus 70 . . p 2 , fig of head Normanby Island , New Guinea Ty es in Mus

- 3 . t l d. 1 9 02 0 m . . ll s P a rl t . p Mugi l p a pi o us Tosh , Rept Mar Dep , Q ,

1 . 9 , pl . ii . , fig . 3 ( Moreton Bay)

- h 1 9 22 Ar i . . i Austr . c Mugi l heteroc hil us Weber and Beaufort , F sh . Indo p , iv , , 1 2 6 . H x . 9 . . p . 258. Id. Duncker and Mohr , Mitt . Zool Mus amburg , lii , , p 1 3 0 (New Pomerania and Admiralty

l l u US . . xxv . 1 905 . i z l s d Sc a e . . L a p a pi o a Jordan a n , B ll Fish Bur , , p

1 1 . 1 Au r . v . 1 9 29 . 7 2 8. Id. Mcc ulloch , st . Mus . Mem , , , p

- ll o The largest of three c o types of Mugi l p a pi sus Macleay , in the Aus I 1 3 9 2 t ra l ia n Museum (Regd . No . . 3 , ) is now designated lectotype and

described and figured here . 1 WHI TLEY . 2

T hi s species di ffers from c renil a bi s a nd ci rrhostomus in having no crenulations along lower lips .

1 4 3 . 1 . 2 8 . . . . 5 . 0 0 . D . ; A . iii , 9 ; P . ii , Sc Tr Predorsal Head ( 55 4 ; depth 3 in standard length Snout

eye interorbital (23 ) in head .

‘ - . 1 5 . F Oeda l ec hi lu a ll o Fig ringed lipped Mullet , s p pi sus. Le ctotype ,

Normanby Island , New Guinea . Also ventral and front views of head .

Nostrils oval , posterior larger . Interorbital roundly convex . Eye large , without adipose lids , 1 4 in postorbital . Upper lip deep , its lower half with several rows of papillae . Lower lip entire , neither papillated nor c renu lated ; symphysial knob double. No cilia or teeth . Preorbital notched x anteriorly , weakly denticulated posteriorly . Ma illary hidden under pre orbital or its tip only showing . Op erc l es meeting along median ventral line ; posterior margin of operculum subvertical .

x . Body compressed , rather deep , the dorsal profile conve ly arched Scales extend on to soft dorsal and anal fins . Axillary scales present . De pth of caudal peduncle ( 24 mm . ) less than half head .

- Or igins of dorsal fins corresponding to 1 2th and 22nd body scales . First F dorsal fin about midway between snout and caudal base . irst dorsal spine reaching more than half its distance from first dorsal rays . Anal origin in advance of level of second dorsal origin . Pectoral slightly shorter than head , not reaching to below first dorsal spine . Caudal emarginate .

x Coloration plain silvery , dark along the back ; pectoral a il with a dusky blotch .

. a i ll su Describe d and figured from the lectotype of Mugil p p o s Macleay ,

1 1 . a specimen 2 1 9 mm . in standard length or nearly inches over all — a i o m . Loc l ty N r anby Island , New Guinea ; fresh water

4 a re . Macleay counted D . , but in two of the types there eight rays l t . He also coun ted the sma ll scales behind the hyp ural fold to give L . a

r c he l m a Al lied to Mugi l hete o i os Bleeker , but has co p ratively l arger x e o scales , more conve back , and more papillae on upp r lip ; h wever , these i ’ differences may be found to be covered by var ation , in which case Bleeker s name ha s priority . - 22 ICHTHYOLO GICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

A 1 Genus SQ U LO MUGIL Ogilby, 908.

' i il Ann l S ua lomu l O b . d. . i x 1 4 q g g y, Q Mus , ., Oc tober , 1 9 08, pp . 3 and 28. u su Orthotype , M gi l na tus De Vis . Mullets in which the snout is produced over the undershot mouth - n E givi ng a shark like appeara ce to the head . yes smal l , proba bly pro r di n i - t u g and mobile n li fe , wi th obsol esc ent adipose lids . No true teeth . _

Axis of body slightly cur ved , convex upwar ds . Pectoral fins large . About thirty lateral scales ; 1 2 predorsal scales on body plus five al ong top of

. l i hi nomu il o hi l 1 R . . . . P a d. 1 863 . 69 head Al ed to g Gill ( Pr c Acad Nat Sci , , p .

Mu i rsul m . f Orthotype , g l c o a Ha but di fers in having much larger 3 0 5 x f scales ( about instead of about 0) lower eye , curved a is , and di ferent i H - relative positions of fins , j udging from llustrations in amilton Buchanan , d ul e t Ey oux an d So ye , Day, and Hora . The Austral ian Museum has a

C alcutta specimen .

A ' ‘ SQU LO MUGIL NASUI US (De Vis , 1 883 )

( Fig .

i n Mu l u L N . 4 g a s tus De Vis , Proc . inn . Soc . S . Wales , vi i , , April , 1 883 , p . 62 1 . a C rdwell, Rocki ngham Bay, Queensland .

ua l omu i l n su Pa ra i l i x 1 Sq g a tus di c e Wh tley , Mem . Q d. Mus . , . , 9 27 , p . 9 6 o h (Adam Bay, Northern Territory) , and of m dern a ut ors . ’ — Now figured for the first time from one of De Vis c o types , Regd . NO . ’

I 1 2 . . ,69 3 , nine inches in total length , in The Australian Museum De Vis description differs a little from this specimen ; he overlooked the minute - h ori i n first anal Spine , whilst in this c o type t e . g of the first dorsal fin is 4 1 88 nearer eye than caudal . Head , 50 mm . ; depth , 0 ; standard length , ; 1 d snout , 1 ; eye , 7 ; and interorbital , 1 0 . Coloration not described , now fade ;

pectoral axil plain . This species ranges from north Queensland to the Northern Territory

and is doubtless a good food fish , growing to at least ten inches long . Noth

ing has been recorded about its habits , but its biology may be similar to

h no u i rs l a H . that of its Indian all y, R i m g l c o u , of which ora ( Journ . Nat H 2 xi 1 1 9 3 8 6 3 . ist . Soc Bombay , , , , p . , coloured plate and figs ) has given

a valuable and interesting description .

Since the above was written , Mr . T . C . Marshall , of the Queensland

Museum , has courteously sent me a copy of some field notes made during 1 July , 94 1 , for Mr . George Coates , of Townsville , by Mr . William Watkins ,

of Cardwell , from which I quote the following :

There are plenty of them j ust about our area , but I have not noticed them anywhere else ; only on one occasion whilst on my return from

Brisbane , some 3 years a go . Whilst crossing what I should say is the Saint Lawrence River I noticed some small ones coming up with the making tide 1 0 I cannot say I have seen them up to 1 2 inches . About 8 to inches T as far as I know would be about the largest Size I can call to memory . hey x are e actly as described by you . Their eyes are really on top of their head , and they swim always with the greater portion of the head and eyes out

of water . When disturbed they dive along j ust under water in short

advances j ust a few yards and then to the surface again . They frequent

mud flats or banks and live entirely on mud . They are always full of mud

I I-IT A 24 C HYOLOGIC L NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

a 3 along in sm ll advances , about feet at a time , that is , when di sturbed ,

but when not disturbed swim along with portion of head and . eyes out of

water . They have no windbag like other fish , and will drown very quickly if kept under water and cannot live out of water

L L 1 8 a Genus MUGI inné , 75 , sensu l to . E I MUGIL DUSSUMI R , a uc t .

( New Hebrides form . )

A ii 1 . 5 . 1 2 1 3 . i ., 9 ; P . ii ., 4 ; V . i , ; C , or . Sc . 3 0 . Tr . 1 0 . About

1 8 predorsal scales . Head ( 61 depth ( 66 ) in standard length Snout

eye 4 ; interorbital (3 0) 2 in head .

- Posterior nostril a lunate slit , anterior pore like . Scales of head cycloid ,

some with mucous grooves . Snout shorter than eye . Adipose eyelids

- present , partly covering eye . Interorbital half head length . No definite

notch between nostrils to accommodate the upper lip , which is terminal , x thick . Ma illary mostly hidden by preorbital . Lips entire , without cilia or

papill ae . Symphysial knob in lower j aw . Mandibulary angle obtuse . No

teeth on palate , but microscopic teeth along lips . Margins of preorbital l serrated . Slope of opercular margin steep . Op erc es quite separated below

head by isthmus , the interopercular space open , tapering Slightly anteriorly - and posteriorly . Gill Takers numerous , decreasing rapidly in size anteriorly .

Pseudobra nc hi a e moderate .

- Body robust , deep ; rostro dorsal profile rising convexly . De pth about

3 4 to nearly 4 in standard length .

- First dorsal origin mid way between snout and caudal base . Second - dorsal origin about opposite 22nd scale . First dorsal origin mid way be

tween snout and caudal base . Axillary scales large at pectorals and ventrals .

‘

Scales of body with crenulated membraneous borders . Scales extend on to

’ x x pro imal parts of fins , e cept first dorsal and ventrals . Anterior half of

a nal before level of second dorsal . Nine anal rays . Pectoral fin Shorter

than head , lower part of its base about level of middle of body ; no definite

dark mark at axil . Depth of caudal peduncle less than half head . Caud al

emarginate , its upper lobe slightly longer than lower . Coloration plain ,

pectorals not dusky . 1 2 De scribed from the largest of six specimens , 3 to inches over all ,

from the New Hebrides , in The Australian Museum ( Regd . Nos . I 4 and to from various donors . Only . 6 ,3 7 has a precise

locality : Era ker Lagoon ) .

In young specimens , the maxillary is completely hidden by preorbital - and the teeth are invisible . The crenulated margins of the body scales are

unsculptured in young , granulated in adult .

Family GADIDAE . 1 Genus AUSTROPHYCIS Ogilby , 89 7 . 1 AUSTROPHYCIS MEGALO PS Ogi lby , 89 7 .

( Fig . A 1 tr xx i . us h N . S o ci s a l L . . . p y meg ops Ogilby , Proc . inn Soc Wales , i , , September

1 7 1 89 7 9 1 . Id. c Austr. , , p . . Maroubra , New South Wales Mc ulloch ,

. . 2 1 2 1 2 . Zool , ii , , 9 , p . 3 , and of lists WHITLEY . 25

H u e I ere fig red from the holotype ( R gd . No . . 3 ,655 ) in The Australian The Museum . specimen is very shrivelled about the thorax , the skin is spongy and most of the scales are missing . The anal fin appears to originate below the first dorsal fin rather than the dorsal interspace , as - stated by Ogilby ; practically all the fin rays are simple and articulated . The operc l es are smashed and the ventral fins damaged—I cannot detect more than two ventral rays . Anal fin with anterior rays lengthened but

1 7 . Austr h ci s me a l o s. H Fig . Fork Beard , op y g p olotype , Maroubra ,

New South Wales . Al so dentition .

not separate from the posterior , but it is now difficult to determine the exact contour of the fins .

Colour , brownish , with dark edges to unpaired fins .

h ' I have sea rc ed Ma roubra beach , near Sydney , regularly for years with ’ “ out finding a second specimen . Ogi lby s original label has Mauritius ” H crossed out and Maroubra substituted . owever , there is no reason to doubt the Australian locality , especially as no species like the present one appears to have been recorded from Ma uritius .

’ ‘ Family BREGMACERO I IDAE.

BREGMA ERO NE ABA C S CT NUS, sp . nov .

( Fig .

Bre ma c er mc c l ll nd 1 4 g os e a i of Australian authors , non Thompson , 8 0 . Head rounded with spongy Skin which even extends over eyes and x opercular spines . Upper j aw the longer , ma illary reaching to below hinder part of eye . Fine teeth . No barbel . H ’ 3 3 3 ead , mm . ; depth of body , 5 ; mouth , nearly ; standard length , E . e 1 4 . mm y , interorbital , less than mm . ; pectoral , mm Depth of body less than length of head or height of anterior dorsal and anal rays , 6 over in standard length . Scales regular , small . D 1 2 A 1 2 3 . . 1 7 . . 6 . 1 . . 7 , 0 50 . , 9 1 3 53 Sc Tr First dorsal ray and the ventral fins depressible into channels . Interior ventral rays fringed .

B mc c l ell a ndi General characteristics of . , but the free median dorsal and anal rays not so dwarfed .

- Yellowish white with a brownish stripe along each side of back .

No dark markings on fins . 1 Described and figured from the holotype , a specimen 4 inches long , D a from rwin , Northern Territory . Differs from its congeners in having snout sli ghtly less than eye and 2 ~ 6 ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

interorbital notably less than eye , in fin and scale formulae . The pallid colour and dorso - lateral stripe an d lack of dusky areas on fins are charac

teristi c .

B re ma c ero ne a a n s H Unicorn Cod , g s c t b u . olotype , Darwi n ,

Northern Territory .

Family HOLOC ENTHRIDAE.

HOLOC ENTH 1 853 RUS CORNUTUS Bleeker , . Ti d h ol oc en ru rnu um . s r H t m co t Bleeker , Nat j c . Ned . Ind . , v . , 1 853 , p . 24 0 . i Am . Id. . d. . xi 1 Ceram and boina Marshall , Mem Q Mus , i , 94 1 , p . 55 . 1 1 Au tr M . 2 50 28 mm One ( s . us . , Regd . No . IA , ) . in standard length , from 1 ° 1 ° the Great Ba rrier Reef , Queensland , between 7 and 9 S . Latitude ( coll . E P r i W . . J . a a d c e,

H L ENTH ELA PI 8 O OC RUS CORNUTUS M NO S LOS Bleeker , 1 58. ' - H l c en ru l a n l . N rl . 1 8 o o t s me ospi os Bleeker, Act . Soc Sci . Indo ee iii , 85 , Visch . Am 2 bon . , p . . Amboi na . 1 n A spec imen of this variety 3 6 mm . i standard length , from ° °

1 7 1 9 . La t . o the Great Barrier Reef , Queensland , between and S ( c ll . W . ’ “ E r . . P a a di a re J c e , Both forms figured in Bleeker s Atlas h ” Ic ht ol o i ue i x . 1 877 x . y g q , , , pl . cccli

New rec ord for Australia .

- L e HOLOCENTIIRUS PRASLI N ( acep de , 4 1 i . i v . 1 802 . 3 9 7 9 . r ra li L e H . Po ss Pe c a p s n acep de , ist . Nat , , , pp and New

Britain . 1 9 06 ol n . xxv 1 905 ) H r l . U.S . . . oce t us pras i n Jordan and Seale , Bull Bur Fish , , ( 2 2 p . 5 , fig . 26 .

H l c n A r . v . 1 9 29 . 1 3 3 o o e trus ruber Mcc ulloch , ust . Mus . Mem , , , p , and of ” “ r a t a Forska a l 1 77 5 Australian authors . Not Sci a ena rub a , a j , , non

binomial , from the Red Sea .

Br 1 8 3 6 . L . tr. D i 2 . . Se . . 8 x 1 A i . . 1 . 7 . . , ; . / 3 ; . v 9 ; P i , ; V i , C ,

Predorsal , 6 . Head ( 3 8 depth in standard length Eye interorbital snout depth of caudal peduncle

1 24 . in head . Fourth dorsal spine , 8; third anal spine , mm WHITLEY . 27

x Ma illary strongly ridged , reaching to below anterior half of eye ; lower x j aw included . Upper profile strongly conve , lower straight , slightly oblique .

Villiform teeth on j aws , vomer and palatines . Premaxillary processes E shorter than eye . ye large , much longer than snout . Four ridges be - tween eyes and fan like occipital ridges . Nasal openings without spines .

Nasalia en ding in divergent spines anteriorly . Preorbital and suborbital - strong ly denticulated . Five rows of cheek scales . One row of opercular i scales . Preoperculum serrate with strong spine at angle reaching beyond . - gill opening . Two enlarged opercular spines with three less produced lower 1 - ones . About 0 gill rakers on lower limb of first branchial arch .

t s. Body compressed , covered with strongly c enoid scale The least height of the short tapering c audal peduncle is about 1 4 in its length . Mem brane of first dorsal fin incised . Fourth dorsal spine longest , but shorter than penultimate one . Third anal spine very long and strong . Pectorals and ventrals subequal , as long as eye and snout . Caudal forked .

Colour , in alcohol , straw yellowish to silvery , with seven dark brown stripes along body . The first exp a nds to a blotch below second dorsal fin , x the second enlarges j ust before caudal root e tending over median rays , the sixth forms a blotch over anal fin .

Dark blotches , adj acent to cream markings , between first , second and third ; also ninth , tenth and eleventh dorsal spines . Upper and lower caudal rays brownish , also membranes between thir d anal spine and second anal ray . Ventral tips dusky . Eyes bluish and yellowish . e 1 04 5 D scribed from a Specimen , mm . in standard length , or inches h l n over all , from the Northern Territory of Australia (Rev . W . S . C ase i g) ; A r ust . Mus . , Regd . No . IA . 8,098. t 1 0 O her Specimens , up to inches long , are in the Australian Museum , from various parts of Queensland : Hayman Island North Barnard 2 1 4 H Island ( IA . , 9 and owie Reef Lindeman Island IA 4 8 ( . 7 , 5 and also a Wide Bay examp le taken by the Endeavour The Queensland Museum has one from Prince of Wales

Island , north Queensland .

HOLOTRACHYS Genus Gunther, 1 873 .

HOLOTRA HY u . C S LIMA ( G v. Val ,

M ri ri sti s lim i H Poi 1 y p a Cuvier and Valenc ennes , ist . Nat . ss. , vii , 83 1 , p .

4 9 3 . Mauritius .

’ M ri ri stzs humi l Kn r tei nda hn r tzun A y p is e and S c e , Si gsb . kad . Wiss . Wien . , liv . , 1 866 7 i , p . 3 5 , pl . . , fig . Samoa .

M ri ri s ra c h m i . y p ti s (l ot ys) li a Gunther , Journ . Mus . Gode ., ii , 7 , Fische d ii s e 1 8 4 x . . der S e , 3 , February, 7 , p . 9 3 , pl . l iii , fig . A 2 1 1 884 a r a r s . i 4 H p ge o ea De Vis , Proc . Linn . Soc . N S . Wales , vii , , February , ,

p . 4 4 7 . South Sea Islands .

N i . Li .S Myripri sti s ca rneus Ramsay and Ogilby , Proc . nn . Soc . . Wales ,

2 1 8 4 74 . . August 3 , 86 , p . Admiralty IS l H l o r c h m r seu Sc a e U. F o t a ys li a and o s Jordan and , Bull . S . Bur . isher . , xxv

1 2 2 . 9 05 p . 22 , fig . 5 - i 3 4 This species is di stingu shed by having about 6 to 7 lateral sc a les . ’ Kner and Stei nda c hner s paper is not available to me .

’ De Vis ’ description of Ha rpa ge rosea agrees very well with Gunther s a description and figure of Hol otr c hys lima , al though De Vis seems to have 28 G A U A N . , ICHTHYOLO ICAL NOTES ND ILL STR TIO S

overlooked the minute first anal spine . Ha rpa g e t hus becomes a synonym Hol o trac h s r sea M ri ri sti s a rneus of y , and o , like y p c Ramsay and Ogi lby , apparently equal s lima .

HOLOTRA HY I E C S OL GO L PIS, sp . nov .

( Plate i . , fig .

D . xii 1 4 A i v . 1 1 1 4 1 l 2 , / ; . , ; P . i . , ; V . i ., 7 ; C . , 7 ; L . a t 3 . L . tr . ,

About 5 predorsal sc ales .

Upper profile ascending evenly , flat along back and descending steeply below soft dorsal . Lower profile similar but less convex . Head ( 52 depth ( 60 ) in standard length Eye interorbital snout depth of caudal peduncle 1 2 25 . 20 ( ) in head . Third dorsal Spine , mm ; third anal spine , mm . Maxillary and supramaxillary rugosely ridged and reaching to posterior portion of eye . Lower j aw slightly longer than upper , its tip fitting into a x symphysial e cavation . Coarse teeth on each side of j aws, some of them exterior to gape ( anterolaterally on premaxilla and anteriorly on mandible ) .

Smaller teeth on vomer and palatines . Premaxillary processes shorter than eye . Eye large , equal to snout . Nasalia almost meeting over premaxillary processes and ending anteriorly in several spines , some of which overhang upper lip . They are very rugose , like all the bones of the head , including the supraorbital and two interorbital ridges . Preorbital strongly and st r i l irregularly dentate , continuous with po o b ta s. Both limbs of pre operculum strongly toothed and with a short , acute , somewhat enlarged - spine at angle , not reachi ng gill opening . Four or five rows of cheek er l e scales . Op c s crossed by ridges ending in marginal spines , of which several are a little enlarged at angle . One row of opercu lar scales . Pseudo - branchiae present . About ten gill rakers on lower part of first branchial arch .

Body oval , fairly compressed , covered with strongly ctenoid scales which do not extend on to fins . Height of caudal peduncle about half its length .

Membrane of first dorsal fin incised ; spines striated , the third spine longest , much longer than the rays of the rounded second dorsal fin ; last dorsal spine little shorter than penultimate and j oined by membrane to

first dorsal ray . Third anal spine enlarged , subequal to longest anal rays .

Pectorals and caudal lobes rounded ; ventrals pointed . Ventral and anal sp ines striate .

Colour , after long preservation in formalin , brownish , with traces of nine broad dusky stripes along scale - rows ; dorsal membranes whitish ; eye bluish ; no spots on body or fins . In life , it may have been red with , per

m . haps , some white or cream on first dorsal embranes

Described and figured from the unique holotype of the species , a

Specimen 1 3 1 mm . in standard length or six inches over all . L a li t — s i a nd oc y Western Au tralia , trawled between Cape Natural ste “ ”

En . . 2 1 00 F .I .V . . Geraldton , in from 0 to fathoms ; deavour Regd No

E 2 4 79 .

ff ra i Di ers from other Hol ot c hys, notably in h a v ng a less deep body ,

x x . larger and fewer scales , and less e tensive ma illaries

Famil y APOGO NIDAE .

1 909 . Genus SIPHAMIA Weber , H e Si ha mi a xxxi 2 1 9 09 . 1 68. p Weber , Notes Leyden Museum , , , , p aplotyp WHITLEY . 29

bi r Ti . Id i Ex S . tu e S bo a e i . f Weber , from mor . Weber, g p d , lvi , Fische , 1 1 2 2 1 2 24 2 - 1 9 3 2 9 4 3 6 67 . x 9 , pp . to , to and , pl . , figs . a b, a nd fig . 6 1 . Id.

'

a n o . C a rne . x 1 1 22 4 Jordan d J rdan , Mem g . Mus , . , , 9 , p . 4 . Id. Weber - hi o Austr . Arc . v . 1 9 2 and Beauf rt , Fish . Indo p , , 9 , p . 3 55 , fig . 84 . Id. 1 1 1 2 U S Mus . x . Fowler and Bean , Bull . . . Nat . , 00 , , 93 0 , p . 4 .

SIPHAM I NEI EP n v A CU C S , sp . o .

( Fig .

P 1 2 . i . 5 7 D . vi /i , 7 or 8; A . ii . , 8; . , ; V , ; C . 1 . Head ( 1 5 depth in standard length Eye

interorbital snout ( 5 ) 3 in head .

H - x o ( ead , wedge shaped , pitted above , the conve inter rbital and snout with mucous canals ; other pores and canal s around eyes , chin and pre operculum . Eyes large . Snout long and pointed . Nostrils large . Mouth

w . L . large , reaching to belo posterior part of eye ower j aw longer No canines , only fine villiform teeth on j aws , vomer and palatines . Tongue edentulous . Both l imbs of preopercle entire . Op erculum with two x - obsolescent spines . Predorsal profile obliquely sloping . Si long gill rakers on lower half of first branchial arch .

. 20 . Si a e c . . Fig Siphon Fish , ph mi a c un i eps Holotype , Queensland

Ventral surface , below .

Depth of body much less than length of head . Body compressed , rather elongate . A silvery tube (prolongation of peritoneum ) along each side to the short and deep caudal peduncle . Scales large , deciduous ,

20 . ciliated . L . l a t . apparently complete , probably with less than scales

Most of scales missing in my specimens , but predorsal ones not keeled .

Vent j ust in front of anal fin ; opening of oviduct large , with two pinkish lappets . Dorsal fins not connected at base , none of the spines produced or serrated . Caudal forked .

Brownish - pink with broad lateral infuscated area suggesting a dark median stripe and a smaller simi lar band above and below along Sides and head ; the central band Splits into two on root of tail . Silvery tubes out 3 0 ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

lined blackish . Fins white , proximal part of soft dorsal and anal wi th

dense blackish speckles . Lower surface of caudal peduncle dusky . Tongue

blackish at sides . No ocelli .

Described from the holotype of the Species , a spawning female , 3 9 mm . 1 in standard length or 4 inch over all , one of three specimens 3 6 to 3 9 mm .

in standard length . Austr . Mus . , Regd . No . IB . 1 ,01 6 . i — ° ° L l Off 24 2 . oca ty Fraser Island , Queenslan d ; 5 min . S lat . by 1 52 4 8 ” E “ r mi n . . 1 . 1 5 s a r n W ee . long ; Agassiz trawl , 5 mins ; fathom , M .V.

P Dr H r L . resented by . . Thompson , Ma ine Biological abo ratory f f o i ha i 1 i n Dif ers r m S p m a tubi fer Weber , 9 09 , from Timor , h a ving com ra i v l f fin - pa t e y longer head an d more elongate body, di ferent formulae ,

' i h m F o dentition , etc . True S p a i a and dzfoa ha ve much deeper bodi es than a n c o l o my Frazer Isl nd species . Ade a pogon a nd S pe a p gon have more u l - i n merous gil rakers , cyclo d scales and lower pectoral insertion .

Fami ly GYMNAPOGONIDAE.

NAP Genus GYM OGO N Regan , 1 905 .

G mna o o N H xv 1 n . a t 1 y p g Regan , Ann . Mag . ist . . , 9 05 , p . 9 . Type , G .

a ni . Id Ann c us . . . . H xi i 1 9 1 j po Regan Regan , Ma g Nat ist . , 3 , p . 1 1 f 8. Id a l i . 1 2 1 C a ss . 9 88. Id U . Jord n , Fish , 3 , p . . Schultz , Proc . S . Nat . M 1 us . xxxv . 9 4 0 4 0 6 . Id 1 1 , l iii , , p . . Regan , Copeia , 94 0 , 3 , p . 73

Heni ci c h h Dobu 1 1 t ys Tanaka , Zool . Ma g , Tokyo ( ts. Z asshi ) , xxv 1 . , 9 1 5 , p . 68 a n 5 . Orthotype , H . for mi osus Ta naka , from Japan . Described in I a i i 1 Japanese . d. Tomiyama , J p . Journ . Zool . , v , 93 6 , p . 50 . Id. Tanaka , l 1 1 Fish . Japan , 1 93 6 , p . 270 . Id. Fowler, Notu a e Nat . , xxvi , 93 9 , p . . Id. H 1 9 4 erre , Copeia , 93 , , p . 200 .

l assi f is . 1 923 . 203 Hemi ci c hthys ( sic) Jordan , C . F h , , p ( translation of ’ Tanaka s description) . l i 1 1 9 4 8 d. . x 36 . . A . A ustra l a phia Whitley, Mem . Q Mus , , , , p Orthotype ,

n . a n ona Whitley, from Queensland This puzzling little genus has been placed in a different family by

almost every author who has dealt with it , and it has been described under

three generic names , the oldest of which becomes the root for the family

A o onoi d . name . It is apparently a highly specialized ally of the p g s Dr . H n num i k i L . i K a tsuzo Kuro a , wh lst wor ing w th Professor Carl ubbs , Austra l a hi a Heni ci c hth s Michigan , found that my p was a y and Showed me

specimens at An n Arbor to prove his di scovery . So far as I know thi s b n synonymy has not been published , but I am now una le to commu icate

K onum a to . with D r. ur , who has returned Japan , so place this on record e wi th full acknowledgment to him . Recently, Regan has demonstrated th

identi ty of Heni c i c hthys with his Gymna pogon . The synonymy and biblio

graphy of this genus are tabulated above for the first ti me .

a ni a n There are several species in Pacific Seas : G . j po c us (for mi osus) .

hi li i na a nn na . i p pp s, and o The Australian Museum has some old spec mens ‘ n of this genus from Cairns Reef , near Cooktow , Queensland , and the New ” h o “ i Hebrides , which ad been provisi nally identified as Am idae and came

to light dur in g recent overhauling o f the stored collections .

Family CARANGIDAE .

nov B ASSETINA, gen. .

i i . 3 25 1 93 1 . 1 08. m ra i Re c . Austr . . x Z a o Wh tley , Mus , v i , , March , , p Ortho

3 2 ICHTHYOLO GICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS . nearly 5 ; interorbital barbel about 2 ; second dorsal Spine

in head .

H x a x ead longer than high , slightly e c vate before eyes , scaly e cept tip E of snout and on lower surfaces . ye small , nearer edge of operculum than - tip of snout . A single series of spaced peg like teeth in j aws , none on vomer and palatines . Maxillary not reaching eye , its depth subequal to - - eye diameter . Barbels not reaching preopercular margin . Gill rakers

b 1 . a out 8, plus rudiments , on lower half of first branchial arch

Form rather robust and deep . Ventral scales weakly carinate. Lateral line tubes a rboresc ent .

Second dorsal spine fairly rigid , not produced , not reaching soft dorsal when adpressed . Soft dorsal and anal fins naked , their lobes pointed . Last dorsal and anal rays not produced . Caudal shorter than head , its proximal half

2 1 . a h a ru en u l u H . Fig . Go tfis , P p e s sufi a v s. olotype , Queensland

- Colour in alcohol fairly uniform yellowish brown , each scale with light - or pearly centre causing rows of light and dark band like markings . Back light behind soft dorsal fin . Fins with large light spots . No dark stripes or spots . Oblique bars may have crossed the head near eyes .

f luteus C uv . Near the l uteus and pleurospi lus of authors . Di fers from

Val . , in eye and preorbital characters , Shorter barbels , etc ., and from pl eurospi lus in lac king the characteristic colour - markings of that speci es and having much shorter barbels .

Described from the holotype of the species , a Specimen 1 9 0 mm . in

' standard length or 9 4 i nches over a l l . Austr . Mus . , Regd . No . IA . 29 4 . l i — L c t H l bourn ff Mr E. H o a y o e Island , o Port Denison , Queensland ; . .

Rainford , 1 9 2 1 .

n PENNON , ge . nov .

‘ “ en zd li r 1 9 1 P enn n l i er . Orthotype , Up o es fi j e Ogilby , 0 o fi f

Interorbital convex. Snout Short . Maxilla barely reaching below eye ,

- its depth less than eye diameter . Eye in middle of head length . Teeth of WHITLEY . 3 3

j aws in narrow vill iform bands . Vomer and palatines toothless . Velum H maxi llae crenulated . ead scaly to snout , preorbital appa rently scal y .

About thirty transverse series of scales . Ventral scales carinate .

x x l Second dorsal spine e tremely long and fle ible , reaching cauda peduncle . Soft dorsal and anal fins scaly anteriorly .

Coloration rosy and yellowish , without striking bars , spots or stripes .

’ O ilb s c - A Definition drawn up from one of g y o types ( ustr . Mus . , Regd

No . This genus diff ers from all other Mullidae in having long dorsal spine and in characters of dentition , etc .

1 ' PENNON FILIFER, sp . nov .

(Fi g .

n i d s l 2 1 1 ff Up e o e filifer Ogilby , New Fish . Q d. Coast , December 0 , 9 0 , p . 9 5 . O

Cape Gloucester . Queensland . Paper printed but not published .

U eneus li er c l d 1 92 1 p fi f Mc ulloch and Whitley, Mem . Q . Mus . , viii , 5 , p . 56 .

Although mentioned by various authors , this species has not hi therto ’ been described in a scientific publication . Ogil by s account wa s as follows : 8 1 f ; A . i . , 6 ; P . , 3 ; Se Depth of body , length o f caudal pe duncle , of head , longest dorsal Spine , length o h h caudal fin , of pectoral , of ventral , in lengt of bo dy . Lengt i nt r r i t of snout , diameter of eye , width of e o b , wi dth of x ma illary , in length of head .

h n r H . Pennant Goa tfis , Pen on filife . olotype , Queensland

i Body somewhat robust ; caudal peduncle rather Short and stout , ts

least depth in its length and in the length of the snout . Upper profile of head gently rounded ; diameter of eye in the length of the n x i n er rbi t x x to snout , and in the co ve t o ; ma illary not quite e tending

below the anterior border of the eye , the width of its distal extremity

- in the eye diameter ; barbels short and rather stout , reaching to or slightly

beyond the angle of the preopercle . Opercle with a small spine superiorly ; 3 4 ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

a short stout scapular spine . Extremity of snout and intermandibular re - gion naked , rest of head scaly ; cheek scales in 4 , interopercular in a single series ; 5 complete scales between the dorsal fins ; tubes of lateral line but ifi sparsely branched , those of the peduncle b d or simple . n n Spi ous dorsal origin ati g above the base of the pectoral , its length without the terminal membrane equalling that of the soft dorsal ; l st spine n very small ; 2 d longest and greatly produced , extending when depressed beyond the base of the soft dorsal ; soft dorsal as high as long , the anterior rays longest , in the 2nd spine ; last ray a little longer than the

i . penult mate Caudal deeply forked , the middle rays i n the upper lobe . 2n 1 An al originating below the d dorsal ray , its st ray longest , as long as or a little shorter than the l st dorsal ray , and reaching when laid back to r the tip of the last ray . Pectoral rounded , the 3 d ray longest , extending l when appressed to below the i th scale of the lateral line . Ventral a little longer than the pectoral , the Spine nearly as long as the 2 outer and longest - - rays , which reach mid way or rather less than mid way between its origin a nd the base of the last anal ray .

Above roseate , shading through the pink of the sides to the pearly white of the throat and abdomen . Cheeks and op erc l es washed with gold ;

barbels lemon yellow . Iris purple with a narrow silver rim inferiorly .

Dorsal and caudal fins pink , basally washed with gold ; other fins colour less .

Total length , 1 70 mi ll im .

Described on board the Endeavour from 2 specimens , 1 66 and 1 37 mil lim . long , obtained off Cape Gloucester ; total number trawled 1 2 .

A I AE Family CHEILOD CTYL D . E A A L Genus N M D CTY US Richar dson , 1 83 9 . i N c . L . v 1 ema da tyl us Richardson , Proc Zool . Soc . ond , i , November , 83 9 , p . n 9 7 . Haplotype , N . c onci nus Richardson .

S a en d 1 2th . . Sc i 1 84 2 c i oi es Richardson , Rept . meet . Brit . Assoc Adv , 1 - 1 L a b mi na lis pp . 8 9 . ogotype , S . do Richardson , selected by Whitley ,

s r xi x . 1 3 2 S a n d 1 Rec . Au t . Mus . , , 9 5 , p . 3 5 . Not c i e oi es Blyth , 860 , a genus fi of Jew shes.

a l Phil x 1 D c ty opa grus Gill , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . a d. , i v . , May , 862 , p . 1 1 4 . h i l od c t lu c a r nemu uv D a c t l a r s Orthotype , C e a y s po s C . Val . Spelt y osp u

on p . 1 1 7 .

hil xi 1 2 a odac l . P a d. v . 86 . 1 1 4 Nem t ty us Gill , Proc . Acad . Nat Sci . , , May, , pp

1 I oul en r 1 88 8 E . and 1 2 . d. B ge , Zool . Rec . , 0 Pisces , p . . mend

for Nema da c tylus. The li ttle fishes hitherto known as Paper Fish and Silvery Threa dfin a a c s Evi ius Pl t stethus - l ( Nem d tyl u , st , a y ) in south eastern Austra ia and New

Zealand , are actually young morwongs and trumpeters , an identity first

h P a l unol e i s. inted at , apparently , by Barnard regarding the South African p Examination of Specimens and checking accounts in literature Show that - i these post larval forms may be linked up , w th a fair degree of certainty ,

with the adult forms . In several cases the young ones have been given quite di fferent generic names from the adults or even placed in far - away

families . Consequently some synonymy is unavoidable . The little fish described by Richardson in 1 83 9 as Nema da c tyl us c on

c i nnus is evidently the young of the Jackass Fish , a morwong of the genus WHITLEY . 3 5

n D a c t l o a ru Sc i a en i s generally know as y p g s or o de , but these two names are l of much later date , so should fa l as synonyms of Nema da c tylus. The i be Nem da c t l ma Jackass F sh , therefore , should called a y us c ropterus from c onc i nnus a s r New Zealand , the name replacing pe sus for the Tasmanian subspecies , if distinct . Young morwongs of the Nema da c tylus group have 1 7 or 1 8 dorsal 28 1 7 spines , dorsal rays , 3 anal spines and 5 to 1 anal rays ; the lateral line bears about 50 to 55 scales ; the lower pectoral rays are lengt hened ; length about 3 inches .

Family LATRID IDAE .

A I 1 Ge nus L TR DOPSIS Gill , 863 .

LATRIDO PSIS FORSTERI ( Castelnau ,

(Fig .

'

a i . 1 872 tri r t r c . . . . . 77 . 79 L s fo s e i Castelnau , Pro Zool Soc Vict , , , p , and p , as n n na a L . bili ea ta and i or t . Melbourne Market .

9 l a h P tystet us huttonu Gunther , Ann . Mag . Nat . Hist . xv ii , May 1 , 1 876 u , p . 3 9 5 . D nedin , New Zealand .

a m a L N S x l 1 88 22 r b . . L t i s ra s yi Ogil y , Proc . inn . Soc . . Wales , , Ju y , 5 , p . 9 .

Sydney Markets , New South Wales .

‘

s i P Ro . . . Evi tzus huttonu ta sma n ensi s Whitley and hillips , Trans . y Soc N

‘

x x 4 . E huttoni z c . . . 2 1 9 3 9 23 Zeal , l i , , September , , p . On . Mc ulloch , Rec

Austr . xi 2 1 2 1 2 1 r . Mus . , v . , , 9 3 , p . , f om Tamar River , Tasmania Not

Pl a t st h ni n h r H x i 1 876 . y et us hutto i Gii t e , Ann . Mag . Nat . ist . vi , , p 3 9 5 n , from New Zeala d .

Here figured from the holotype of the subspecies Evi sti us huttonii ta s m ‘ A a nzensi ustr . o be s ( . Mus , Regd . No . which pr ves to a j uvenile

2 ’ 3 . Fig . Paper Fish , the Young Silver Trumpeter , La tridopszs forsteri .

‘ H s Evi sti us huttonii ta a ni enszs olotype of ubspecies sm , Tamar River ,

Tasmania . Also front View .

La ri do i i r ter . x t s s s . 4 3 A . ii i . 35 . p fo , hence the above synonymy It has D vi / ; , O erc l e No vomerine teeth . Body compressed . p s mostly scaleless . L . l a t .

1 03 circa . Tr . 1 0/ 1 /c 22 .

o Fairly unif rm brownish , darker along back , after long preservation in o i alc hol . F rst dorsal fin dark . A dusky blotch behind eye . Eight inches over all . — L c a li t H . o y Tamar River eads , Tasmania G 3 6 ICHTHYOLO ICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

' Ann xxi 4 Barnard ( . S . Afr . Mus . , . , 2 , 1 9 27 , p . 54 ) stated that Eznstius huttoni i C heil oda c t l i d but was a young y , , as it has more than 3 0 anal rays , it must enter the Latridida e .

‘ It seems that the subspecies ta sma nzensi s at least is young La tri dOpsi s ' ‘ r forste i . Thus Evi stzus becomes a syn onym of La tridopsis an d shoul d be transferred from the La bra c ogl ossi da e ( members of which have less than

3 0 L . We anal rays ) to the atrididae . may , however , use the term for the juvenile form and speak of the Evi sti us stage of a La tri did fish j ust as we

Le h l . speak of the ptoc ep a us of an eel R . M . Johnston has given a good “ — h” account of the Paper fis fry of La tri dopsi s in Tasm an ia .

O Family G RIDAR. 1 2 Genus GUNTH ERIA Bleeker , 86 .

NTHE ns r r nov GU RIA v s , sp . .

(Fig .

D 1 x 1 . 1 ; A . i i i . , 1 0 ; L . l a t . 26 . Tr .

Head mostly naked ; a few scales on cheeks and operc l es. Curved 2 canines in j aws not flaring outwards ( in upper , 4 in lower ) anteriorly .

Lateral teeth uniserial , as a ridge . Posterior canine present . Lips normal .

Preopercular margin entire .

Form rather elongate , compressed . Depth about 4 in standard length .

Thoracic scales slightly sma ller than those of body . l L . a t . continuous , bent behind . No scaly sheaths to dorsal and anal

fins . Dorsal spines not elevated , their membranes slightly penicillated , the front spines not divergent . Fi rst ventral ray filamentous . Caudal convex .

Pale yellowish with a faint olive band along upper sides . Fins whitish .

No blotches on dorsal . Dusky bar on snout and two indistinct oblique bars behin d eye . An indistinct dusky blotch , subvertical on side above about end of pectoral . A conspicuous blackish spot on upper part of root of tail .

- E . E . ye bluish ggs small , salmon pink

Described from the holotype , a spawning female , a little over three inches long ( Regd . No . — 24 ° 2 ° 4 l 5 . . 1 2 8 Loca i ty Off Frazer Island , Queensland ; min S lat . by 5

1 . min . E. long . ; 1 5 fathoms . Agassiz Trawl , 5 minutes ; M V. “ ” H Wa rreen . Presented by Dr . H . Thompson . olotype and paratypes .

I B I 3 3 . Regd . Nos . . . ,O in Australian Museum h u Named after C . W . de Vis , w o described many Q eensland parrot

fishes many years ago .

a l a R l f Rather like H i c hores bim c ula tus uppe l , but has di ferent coloration 1 row and has caudal ocellus , also only of scales over lateral line , and is much smaller in size . WHITLEY . 3 7

DUYM AERIA 1 8 Genus Bleeker , 56 .

- a . . Neerl . i . 1 856 . 52 . L Duym eria Bleeker, Act . Soc Sci Indo , , , p ogotype ,

’

1 84 5 90 . a . u . . C tenola brus a uri g rzus Richardson , Zool S lphur Fish , , p . , pl l 1 - 2 x v . , figs . , from Canton , China , selected by Jordan , Tanaka and 1 1 9 1 3 . 99 Sc i . . . xxx . 1 Snyder, Journ . Coll . Imp Univ Tokyo , iii , , , p , as ’

C renzl a brus.

xii . 1 860 . 1 52 . a i c h not . . L bra strum Gu e , Rev . Mag Zool , , p Orthotype , 1 83 9 C tenol a brus fl a gellij er Cuvier and Valenciennes , .

- Small parrot fishes with preoperculum serrate , anterior dorsal spines s - and membranes elevated into a crest , two row of cheek scales , and little more than 20 scales in the c omplete lateral line .

A D UYM ERIA FLAGELLIFERA ( Guv . Val . , i xi 1 83 9 H Po ss. n a a ll . . C te ol brus fl ge i fer Cuvier and Valenciennes , ist Nat , ii ,

p . 24 0 . Locality unknown . 1 9 28 1 00 . l . S . u ma r e li U . . D y e i a fla g fer Fowler and Bean , Bull . Nat Mus , , vii , ,

p . 2 1 6 ( refs . and 3 77 ff Thirteen specimens , 6 to mm . in standard length , from o Frazer ° °

24 2 . x 1 50 4 8 E Island , Queensland ; 5 min . S lat . min . . long . Caught in — ” 1 5 m . Warreen 1 5 1 4 inute Agassiz trawl from M V . in fathoms , th September ,

1 9 I B . 1 3 8. Australian Museum , Regd . Nos . . ,03 5 Presented by Dr . H. L Thompson , Marine Biological aboratory , Cronulla , New South

Wales .

New record ( genus and species ) for Australia . Extralimital in the E ast Indi es , Philippines , Formosa , China and Japan .

Family BODIAN IDAE.

VER EO N IM AC LAT R U U US ( Gunther , P h L H Mr . T . a yten recently secured a specimen of this Pi gfis at ord owe

“

Island , from which place it has not hitherto been recorded . It is fairly common in eastern Australia and has been recorded from Norfolk Island on the basis of a painting by George Raper made in the eighteenth century .

ALL O O IDAE Family C Y D NT .

. R ll PSEUDOSCARUS PULCHELLUS ( uppe , S a ru l l 2 he lu Ru l l i r l h e 1 83 5 . 5 . s u W be t . . c p c s ppe , Neue Abyssin Fisch , , p , pl Zeevi ssc hen . 3 . D etta . I H viii , fig . j d. Delsman ardenberg , Indische , 1 93 4 ; coloured plate opp . p . 250 .

C ll odon u h l . 1 00 . 1 7 a y p l c el us Fowler Bean , Bull . U .S . Nat . Mus , , vii , April , 1 x 2 79 9 28 2 . . 1 9 8 . 3 4 3 I . , p . ( refs . d. Fowler , Mem Bish . Mus , , , p , et i i xi 1 4 b d., . , 9 3 , p . 4 4 0 . i 1 The Austral an Museum recently received a fine specimen , 9 4 inches o — over all , fr m the Gizo district , Solomon Islands (Regd . No . IB . 666 ) a new record for the Solomon Islands . This species can now be added to the s Au tralian list , as Mr . T . C . Marshall showed me one in the Queensland a Museum from Cape Upst rt , Queensland , painted by Mr . George Coates

( . l I 1 Regd . No Q d. Mus . , . 6 , 57 )

HETEROSCARUS ACRO PTIL US (Richardson , 1 9 3 7 i a L In September , , I had the pleasure of seeing Ferd n nd ucas Bauer ’s drawi ngs of New Holland animals in the British Museum ( Natural H istory) . The draughtsmanship and colouring were superb and the species 3 8 ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

easily determinable . Drawing No . 3 5 represented the type of Sc a rus a c ro i l s s 1 84 pt u Richard on , 6 , and showed the species usually known i n Aus r Hetero c a ru l m n o ’ t a li a s s a e t sus 1 872 . H as fi Castelnau , owever , C a stel na u s v tri ial name can now be sunk as a synonym of a c roptil us.

Family BLENNIIDAE .

PETROSCIRTES OSTREOBLENNI TEAD ( US) S I Whitley, 1 93 0 .

. i Mr Tom Iredale has coll ected this spec es in the Noosa River , Queens Aus - tr . land ( . Mus , Regd . Nos . IA . 7 ,9 87

c Two spe imens from three to four miles east of the Burnett River , 1 m 1 Queensland ; Agassiz trawl , 0 fatho s , 5 mins . , are in the e coll ction , Cronulla , New South Wales .

New records for Queensland .

PETRAITE S NASUTUS ( Gunther , 1 9 3 7 x ri sti c a In December , , I e amined the type of C eps n sutus Gunther , 1 8 1 6 , in the British Museum . It is a small specimen of the species called ’ P etra ztes a sc i a tus c Aus r M f ( Macleay, by Mc ulloch (Rec . t . us . , vii ,

’

1 9 8 4 2 xi . 0 , p . , pl . , fig . This species must henceforth be called Petra ztes a sutu u p s ( G nther) .

Mr . T . C . Marshall , of the Queensland Museum , caught two specimens e i 1 4 1 of this sp c es in rock pools at Caloundra in August , 9 .

New record for Queensland .

Family CLINIDAE .

LIN l r C US MARMORATUS K unzi nge , 1 872 .

(Fi g .

B r D 4 A ., 6 ; . , 4 ; . , 3 0 ; P . , 1 3 ; V 3 ; C . , 1 0 . Height , 5 ( before the vent ) ; head , 6 ; breadth , 2 ; eye , 4 ; forehead , 1 5; snout , 1 ; preorbital , 3 ; anterior dorsal fin , 5 ; posterior , 24 ; tail , 8.

dfish li nu ma rm ra us L l Wee C s t . Fig . 25 . Marbled , o ectotype , Port Phi lip ,

Victoria .

Body very elongated , compressed . Profile of head parabolic , anteriorly somewhat more curved on snout . Snout obtuse , short . Teeth in both j aws , in a band anteriorly , laterally in a row , very short and obtuse . Vomer , but E not palatine , toothed . Maxillary reaches to below middle of eye . yes I moderate , with a minute simple cirrhus on the upper border . nterorbital R space smaller than the eye . Head , velvety , occiput wholly scaleless . e - ma i n r . de of body with small , rather indistinct , non imbricate brown scales Lateral line showing only anteriorly ; it runs straight to the point of the pectorals , when it tends to drop downwards but soon vanishes . It is

4 0 ICHTHYOLO GICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

r unning along back close to dorsal fin . It commences as modified scales n but termi ates in a series of simple pores . Back above lateral line naked , body also scaleless around shoulder an d pectoral bases .

No separate spine in front of dorsal fin . Dorsal spines not pungent . Dorsal fin origin ating over posterior part of head as a low fin which i n c reases in height considerably before j oining the rounded caudal . The rays are overlain with adipose tissue anteriorly , but become clear posteriorly , n umbering about 70 . Anal fin originating behind vent , in anterior half of

fi h 4 3 . s , and continued , like the dorsal , to the caudal ; it has about rays - Pectorals broa dly rounded , 1 9 rayed , middl e rays longest . The pectorals a re not united by membranes to the opercular lobe . Rays branched and w ith few articulations . Ventral fins j ugular , each reduced to two sma ll rays, the outer longer and thicker than the inner . Vent behind a plicate p ouch .

General colour , dark chocolate , uniform and without spots , almost x blackish e cept for the margins of dorsal , anal and caudal fins which are i dull wh te . Pectoral and ventral fins and opercular membrane yellowish w i E h te . ye bluish Cheeks , behind mouth , crossed by two or three dark - o celli of irregular pear shape margined with yellowish . A small ocellus on each side of barbel and a pair of larger ocelli on each side of chin below e yes . A faint ocellus 4 rays from end of dorsal .

Described and figured from the holotype of the species , a unique specimen , three inches long . l i —H ’ Loc a ty ead of Useless Inlet , Shark s Bay , Western Australia ; d 2 2 1 9 3 9 redged on the pearl shell beds , in or 3 fathoms , July , , collected by IB G . P . Whitley . A ustr . Mus . , Regd . No . . B4 4 .

Na ined in honour of Mr . John Gregory , who greatly assisted me in his ’ c ‘ apacity as Fisheries Ofii c er at Shark s Bay .

Family CARAPIDAE . R fin u 1 Genus CARAPUS a esq e , 81 0 .

A RENDAHLI n CAR PUS , sp . ov . Fi ( g .

Fi era s r Renda hl i densk xxx fe sp . , V . Medd . Dansk . Nat . Foren . , l i . , October 3 1 2 1 3 ° 1 ° E “ 0 , 9 5 , p . 3 . From surface at 6 S . lat . , 50 20 min . . long . ( Em

New South Wales .

a m N Ed 3 1 9 3 4 . ff C pus sp . Whitley , Fish . .S . Wal es ( Mcc ulloch ) , . , , suppl O

G W . reen Cape , New South ales H 1 1 E 3 . ead ( depth ( 5) in total length ye , mm ; 2 4 snout, ; interorbital , 1 ; pectoral , width of head , ; length of upper

j aw , nearly 6 ; predorsal length , 1 2 .

Head somewhat compressed ; snout broad , obtuse , with bony crests .

Operculum with one or two weak spines . Posterior nostrils large , well

separated from anterior . Eyes large , interorbital narrow with median

c . rest . Upper j aw longer , reaching behind eye A large canine on each in side of both j aws anteriorly , lower ones longest . Other teeth in j aws

bands of fine villiform or minutely conic teeth . Coarser and rather

granular teeth on vomer and palate . The median vomerine teeth are

- l argest but none is c a ni noi d. Gill openings very wide , united across isthmus .

- r . Seven b a nc hi ostega l s. Gill t akers slender , not numerous

Body elongate , compressed , not gibbous , the dorsal profile little more ‘

WHITLEY . 4 1

arched than ventral . Vent far forward , below pectoral fin ; a festoon of the intestine being external . A small point behind head indicates site of larval dorsal spine , now lost . The true dorsal fin originates shortly behind this and continues tail , which is truncately broken off in my

Fi 27 F m renda hli H g . . Messmate ish , C a pus . olotype ( central figure ) and - young stages from New South Wales . Semi di agrammatic .

- specim en . Anal fin many rayed , like the dorsal , but higher , commencing behind vent . Pectorals small , pointed .

- E Colour , after long preservation in alcohol , yellowish brown . ye blue , canin es white . Some spaced blackish chromatophores over brain and a few on snout and cheeks . Festoon of intestine blackish .

Described from the holotype of the species , an exa mple 9 3 mm . or about

3 3 inches long . l — 1 L c a i t u 889 . o y Port Jackson , New South Wales ; p rchased in January , Aus r t . . Mus . , Regd . No . No mention of its habitat is made I provisionally identify as belonging to this new species larval speci mens from the following localities :

Two e Hj Rend hl off sp cimens , noted by Dr . almar a , from the Tuross ° ° E ” River , New South Wales ; 3 6 S . x 1 50 20 min . E. , trawled by the ndeavour , n “ En ” th O e was apparently lost wi th the deavour , e other ( of R nd h Riksmuseum which e a l sent a sketch to Mcc ulloch ) is in the , Stock h olm . 22 NE One spe cimen from inside a large sponge , miles . from Green

Au r . Cape , New South Wales ; trawled in 3 9 to 4 6 fathoms . st . Mus . , Regd

No . IA . 1 ,9 58.

Many small examples in various stages of metamorphosis , netted by ” the vessel “ Wa rreen at the following stations : St a tion No. Posi ti on . ° x 1 ° 3 5 S . 50 58 min . E. ° ° E 3 1 9 4 8 . . 6 min . 4 0 sec . S . x 1 50 24 min . sec ° ° E 3 1 4 . 6 5 min . 4 0 sec . S . x 1 50 1 5 min . 5 sec . 3 ° 1 ° E 0 7 min . S . x 1 53 1 6 min . 3 0 sec . . 4 2 H ICHT YOLOGICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

Sta ti n No . si ti o Po on . D a te . 3 6 ° 1 7 mi n 1 ° . S . x 50 25 min . E. 4 2 ° ° 3 5 min . S . x 1 4 8 3 8 min . E.

Al l i in off the above local ties are the Tasman Sea , New South Wal es , x e cept the last , which is off eastern Tasmania .

Rend l i ah ( V densk . xxx 1 . Medd . Dansk Foren l i . , 925 , p . 1 3 ) recorded a Fi era s er s m c H f p . fro Perseveran e arbour, Campbell Island , whi ch may be i all ed or c onspec ific .

This new species di ffers from its Australi an congeners as follows : i f m Fi era s er houlti l d M 1 D fers fro f Ogilby (Mem . Q . us. , vii . , 9 22 , p . 3 01 , pl . xi x . 1 b , fig . , from off Dou le Island Point , Queensland) in being much more f slender and having di ferent proportions in the parts of the head , also in i Fi eras er a r a r r n h having can ne teeth . f m g i tife a e Re da l (Kungl . Svenska . Ve ensk s H xi t a 1 . l . 9 1 9 2 1 2 p . and , , , , p . 5 , fig . , from Cape Jaubert , Western Australi a) has simil ar dentition to mine but differs in proportions of head and body and has longer pe ctoral fins . Oxybel es homei Ri cha rdson ( Zool . E n i 1 - Voy . rebus a d Terror, F sh . , 84 6 , p . 74 , pl . xl iv . , figs . 7 1 9 , from Timor) has enlarged teeth on vomer and j aws , quite unlike those of my specimen .

Fami ly OPHIDIIDAE . A ’ D NNEVIGIA, gen. nov . a nnevi i u a Orthotype , D g a t sc , sp . nov . A genus of fairly large mari ne fishes wi th the ventral fins well forward on isthmus , body scaly , no barbels on head , and with dorsal , caudal and E -E l anal fins united . It is appa rently closest to the uropean Cusk e , Ophi di um; but differs i n havi ng the scales in long longi tudinal rows l n oi - i n stead in short criss cross bars , in lacking enlarged teeth on the j aws , proportions and other features . Other characters as descri bed under speci es . D n i Named in honour of Harold Christian a nev g , who was the founder of fisheries science in Australia . Born about 1 860 , near Arendal , Norway , D a nnevig had a thorough practical fisheries train ing in Britain and Europe E before coming to Australia in 1 902 , bringing live plaice from ngland , on R “ ” the .M .S . Oroya . Though his acclimatization experiments came to nought , his work on Australian fresh and salt water fishes is of lasting value . In 1 9 08 the Commonwealth appointed him Director of Fi sheries for ” i t Australia . He planned the fisheries vessel Endeavour and directed s researches , an d was lost at sea aboard that vessel when it disappeared without trace in De cember , 1 9 1 4 . None knew as well as he where our - fishes could be caught and the best trawling grounds . The fish described 9 1 3 in this paper was discovered by him in March , 1 , when he wrote to the M ul : late A . R . c C l oc h, ichthyologist at The Australian Museum , as follows “ From its similarity wi th the European Tusk ( Brosmi us) I have entered it under that name in my notes . The specimens I sent are the smallest I of coul d get . I have had them up to about 7 lb . in weight . I had one these fish cooked and the flesh has a marked similarity to the European ’ - 2 i . 1 50 00 Cod , only it s a bit richer I fancy I ll get them plentifully in ’ ” tr . fathoms , where later on I m going to y

I nov . D ANNEV GIA TUSCA , sp .

( Plate i ., fig .

1 0 . . D . A 24 1 0 , 1 03 ; . , 80 ; P ; V . . Sc . nearly Tr Head ( 96 depth of body ( 85) in total length Eye WHITLEY . 4 3 u sno t interorbital in head . Length of upper

2 . j aw slightly shorter than pectoral fin Longest ventral ray , 7 23 mm . Caudal , ; depth of caudal peduncle , 5 mm . H ead deeper than wide and much longer than deep , rounded in front and oblong in transverse section behind . The snout ends in a skinny ridge ,

between the anterior nostrils , which has a slight median incision ; below this ridge is a slight extension of the snout overhanging the premaxillaries . E e Nostrils two large oval openings on each side . y moderate , but covered with skin and its borders almost over - run by the longitudinal rows of scales x which cover most of the head , e cept j aws and chin . No barbels or c i rrhi . x Mouth very large . Prema illaries long , slender , protractile . Maxilla broad and large , scaly , reaching behind level of eye , its angle rounded and pos t ri o L e r margin truncate . ips roughened at symphysis ; lower lip finely plicate at sides . Lower j aw with elevated pad at ramus . Each j aw with a narrow band of fine , pluriserial , v illiform teeth ; upper j aw with , lower with out symphysial diastema . A triangular patch of similar villiform teeth on vomer , and a lanceolate patch , tapering posteriorly , on each palatine . Ptery i go ds edentulous . Ot her patches of teeth on hyoid and pharyngeal bones .

Tongue broad , acute , with rounded tip . Two bony frontal crests may be r felt beneath the spongy skin of the intero bital . Preopercular margin free , with two divergent subdermal spines . Preorbital and all operc l es entire .

A pungent spine formed by operculum a nd overlapping the suboperculum .

- Nine strong branchiostegal rays , mostly exposed . Gill openings wide , united - across , and to , isthmus . Three long , stout gill rakers on upper part of lower half of first branchial arch , preceded by a series of spinulose short blunt rakers dwi ndling anteriorly .

Body tapering , compressed , covered with thin , imbricate , cycloid scales , x which also e tend on to the fins . Their margins are ovate or lanceolate , most of them have a median ridge and they are disposed in long , waved , - longitudinal rows . Between the scale rows are sulci which emphasize their direction . Lateral line complete , originating j ust behind a pocket over the - n gill openi g and following the curve of the back along the sides to the tail , u its co rse is marked by shallow troughs and spaced ridges , too irregular to be precisely counted . The extensions of the lateral line over the head are x very indistinct . Pectoral a il naked . Vent moderate , before anal fin . No genital cage . Dorsal fin originating Slightly behind level of gill—opening and extend ing along back to j oin the caudal ; it has about one hundred rays , closest together posteriorly , but these are invested with fatty tissue and a scaly

. i sheath Anal fin or ginating in anterior half of fish , similar to dorsal , with about eighty rays and likewise j oined to the small rounded caudal fin .

d ifid . Pectorals broadly rounde , Ventrals j ugular , each of one long b ray

Colour , after long preservation in formalin , uniform light brown . Eye yellowish , pupil bluish . No colour markings , but the scales are densely

dotted with brown chromatophores .

Described and figured from the holotype of the species , a specimen 4 3 7

. 1 mm or about 7% inches over all .

L c a li t -G o y. reat Australian Bight , Western Australia ; edge of bank , ” S .W l E 1 2 1 1 3 F .I . E c l e . from ucla ; 80 to 0 fathoms ; April , 9 . V . ndeavour o c H tion ( olotype , registered No . Six I 2 2 paratypes (E2 3 3 6 to E. 3 ,506 and and . 1 ,3 0) from 2 1 9 1 the same locality , or nearby , in 70 to 1 0 fathoms , March and April , 3 . 4 4 ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

' The paratypes enable me to determine certain internal c ha ra c ters whi c h are important for comparison with allied genera . In one of these i the tail had been lost , possibly through being b tten off by another fish ; the dorsal and anal fins have grown around part of the stump and "a false caudal fin of regenerated rays has been formed rather like the re - grown tail of some of the Ma c rurid fishes . x x W Prema illary processes longer than eye . Ma illary ith a large supple

. a mental bone The l rge pungent spine which , protrudes over the sub operculum originates on the reduced operculum . More than fifty myotomes . sixteen of which are before the tail . Otolith nearly as long as eye .

i a i . Four ac t nosts at pectoral base , with lenticul r nterspaces The ventral fins are not attached to any of the hyal bones but appear - to have a small pelvic girdle . Peritoneum dark brownish grey inside ,

- - milky blue externally . Numerous pyloric caeca . The air bladder i s long

- n i . a d bag shaped , tough , and widest poster orly , where there is an aperture x A few nematodes in coelome . Sex apparently male . Si ty vertebrae .

Food : Mantis shrimps and crabs .

Family PLATYCEPHALIDAE .

A Subfamily C YMBACEPH LINAE.

YMBA EPHAL 1 Genus C C US Fowler , 9 3 8. ' mba c ha xxx U . . . 1 9 3 8 C e l us . v p Fowler , Proc S Nat . Mus , l v , , p . 9 0 . Or thotype , Pl a oe h a h ha h ty p a l us nem top t lmus Gii nt er.

YMBA EPHAL NEM ATOPHTHAL C O US MUS ( Gunther , H ead moderately depressed , with ridges and spines and small scales .

No radiating cranial ridges . Interorbital strongly excavate with several spines on its ridges posteriorly . A shallow pit behind each eye , the latter large , elliptical . Several conspicuous dermal flaps over eye and a tentacle on lower eyelid . Side of head unicarinate ; infraorbital ridges spineless , the cheeks bulging below them . Nostril flaps small . Two very short , blunt , spaced preopercular spines , mostly covered by skin , and a vestige of a third lower spine ; no antrorse spines . Teeth mostly villiform on j aws , vomer and palatines , but some are cardiform anteriorly ; no enlarged cani nes . H 9 5 3 0 Some dimensions , in mm . , are : ead , ; depth , ; standard length , 2 1 5 7 ; horizontal diameter of eye , 1 7 ; vertical do . , interorbital , ; depth of caudal peduncle , 1 0 .

Body not elongate , depressed anteriorly and compressed behind caudal peduncle . Skin leathery ; body with large cycloid scales . About fifty some what enlarged lateral line scales , none of them with upstanding spines ; no

. fl h A bucklers Fins as in a t ea ds generally . D . viii . , 1 1 ; . , 1 1 . Membranes x e tending to near tips of spines and rays .

Colour yellow above , whitish below . Some rusty oblique lines on fins , - a few diffuse spots on head , and ill defined orange bars on body anteriorly . Apparently no dark border to anal fin and only the very tips of the lower caudal rays fuscous .

Described from a specimen 2 1 5 mm . in standard length or ten inches over all . Austr . Mus . Regd . No . IB . 4 7O. — , L ca li t l b l . o y Outer harbour , A any , Western Austra ia ; presented by Mr

. . F . A J Fraser , Chief Inspector of isheries , Perth , W . Australia

New record for Western Australia . WHITLEY . 4 5

Family ANTENNARIIDAE .

A EN I LOPHIOCHARO N GOR M S S (Bleeker ,

( Plate ii . , fig .

h n a r s ora m n i . Ti dsc r . . . 1 864 . 1 77 A tenn i u g e s s Bleeker , Nat j Dierk , ii , , p , and

. 2 . o d. 1 865 . 1 7 . x . . . I Atlas Ichth . , v . , , p , pl c cv , fig Goram , M luccas

Gii nther . Godeff. xi . Sudsee v . 1 876 . 1 64 . , Journ . Mus , , Fische der , , , p , pl Ra i t mmers ni i . a ea ) . C . , fig . B ( as A . c o o , var , from

V C . 9 . i i 1 3 A . 9 P . 1 1 . 5 D . i . , ; , ; , ; , ; , Head ( 67 depth ( 1 67 ) in standard length Eye - 7 m . very small , an oblique ellipse , m long , less than gill opening

Upper j aw 62 mm . Low j aw j uttin g prominently . Preorbital overhanging premaxillary superiorly . Maxillary extensive , its end rounded . Several - rows of backwardly directed small canines on j aws , vomer , palatines and pterygoids and a patch on each side of tongue . Chin rounded , protruding . - Pharynx plicate , greatly distensible . Nostrils elongate , slit like .

- Form very deep , somewhat compressed , subelliptical i n transverse sec x tion , its width less than half its depth ; upper profile gibbous , lower conve , the body being covered with baggy integument densely covered with a pile i fi of short prickles . The latter are mostly b d but some are tri fid and a few are enlarged , notably in groups on hummocks at intervals along the lateral line system ( notably along back , around operculum and chin , and behind xi ma llaries ) , where there may be a di gitiform or filamentous cutaneous flap amongst the spines on the hummocks . No warts . d A naked patch of skin , but no sunken area , on each side of secon i m ( frontal ) dorsal spine . Illicium long and filamentous , unfortunately nc o i p ete in this specimen , at least 53 mm . long , and thus longer than frontal and occipital dorsal spines . Second dorsal spine much shorter and straighter than third , both connected by membrane to back .

Dorsal rays about equal to third dorsal spine , but the lengths are difficult to determine without dissecting away integument and basal tissue . l Anal base less than half that of soft dorsal . Outlines of fins broad y rounded with ends of rays protruding bluntly . Most of the fin rays are

r bi fid. simple , but some of the median rays of the unpai ed fins are Ventral

fins very short and broad .

Ground colour blackish , densely overlain by irregular patches of pink which are largest on sides of head , nape , flanks , and caudal base . Also irregularly disposed , but roughly conformi ng to the lateral line system , are - - series of greyish brown lichen like patches . Maxillary , inside of mouth , - and chin brownish to brownish grey with irregular cream lines . Vent and - - tips of fin rays whitish . The whole coloration must resemble weed covered rock to an extraordinary degree and effectively camouflage the living fish . Th - e eye is almost invisible , being blended with the general colour patterns .

In spite of their irregular nature , the markings are fairly symmetrical on each side of the fish . No ocelli , though there are dusky patches on dorsal - and anal bases . Illicium horn yellowish with brown rings . A Described and figured from a specimen nearly one foot over all ( ustr .

Mus Regd . No . , — L c l Off 24 . Dr . o a i ty Cairns , north Queensland ; fathoms Presented by

. t P . S . Clarke in June , 1 9 3 3 . The circumstances of i s capture were unusual , 4 6 O ICHTHYOL GICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS . the donor stating : A Queensland Groper [Promi c rops l a nceol a tus] wei gh ing about two c wt . was caught on a fishi ng line when fishing at a depth of

24 fathoms . As soon as the Groper wa s landed on the deck it vomited the i i Angler F sh , wh ch latter was ali ve at the time . Ch arles Jorgensen was the ” fisherman who caught the grope r .

Ex E New record for Queensland . tralimital in ast Indi es and Oceani a .

n nna h o ha - a Differs from A te ri us Lop i c ron ] gor m ensi s, as descri bed r and figu ed by Bleeker , in having the back more elevated, the occipital i dorsal spine bein g higher than anterior dorsal rays , the d stance from snout to ori gi n of soft dorsal fin is subequal to that from origin of soft dorsal

fin to roots of caudal rays , and in lacking the black ocelli , but these differ enc es are probably due to ordinary variation .

om o i c ha n r Fr the genotype , L ph o ron broom e si s Whi tley (Rec . Aust . Mus . ,

1 . a mensi xi x . 1 9 3 3 1 4 xv li L or , , p . 0 , pl . ., fig . Broome , Western Austra a ) , . g s differs in having teeth on vomer and on each Side of tongue , dorsal spines more sepa rated from one another and from soft dorsal fin , more pectoral - i rays , gill openings greater than eyes , and n coloration .

1 81 . ANTENNARIUS ASPER Macleay , 8

( Plate ii . , fig .

Here figured from a specimen , nearly 4 inches long , from Murray

Island , Queensland , which is very near the type locality , Darnley Island . 1 A . . 3 7 8. ustr . Mus . , Regd . No IA ,

The rough skin , yellowish coloration , and black rings on the caudal membranes are characteri stic .

HISTIO PHRYNE BOUGAINVILLI (Guv. Val . ,

(Fig . This little Angler Fish was first discovered by Baron Bougainville ’s x - e pedition , which may have dredged it at Sydney , though no type locality 1 2 was given . Mcc ulloch and Waite (Re c . S . A ustr . Mus . , i . , 1 9 8, p . 7 , pl . vii . ,

fig . 1 ) figured it from South Australia , but it is also found well to the north r 1 24 4 86 and Waite (Rec . S . Aust . Mus . , ii ., 9 , p . ) recorded it from Port

Stephens , New South Wales, but the Australian Museum has since received H specimens from Woy Woy , New South Wales , and eron Island , Queens — x land a new record for the latter State . The Woy Woy e ample is very bloated and its fins are abraded through its having been washed up on the ocean beach ; standard length , 4 1 mm .

Its colours , when fresh , were bright yellow with faint greyish reti cul a ti ons and a few large irregular rusty patches on sides an d behind pectorals ; eye green . The small Queensland specimen may be described as follows : 1 D . iii . , 5 ; A ., 8; P . , 8; V 5 ; C . , 9 . Head ( 9 depth ( 1 5 ) in standard length Width of 3 8 . x head , mm ; ma illary , eye , 2 mm . ; i nterorbital , ; snout , illicium , 1 6 depth of caudal peduncle , preanal length , ; base of soft dorsal ( from first to last ray) , 1 6 ; base of anal , 6 .

Upper profile of head much steeper than lower , the head being higher x than long . Ma illa narrow , j ust reaching below eye , and before a hump

. on the cheek . Head with series of paired flaps along mucous canal system

4 8 ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

Fami ly T RIACANTH IDAE.

IA ANT AL AN 1 TR C HUS F C ALIS Ogilby , 1 9 0 .

( Fig .

’ Here figured from the smallest of Ogil by s c o—types in the Queensland 1 9 1 9 e Museum , the lectotype , mm . in standard length or about 31; inch s over

all .

i h a l a n l s L r c a nt us c a i . Tripod Fish , T a f ectotype , Moreton Bay ,

Queensland .

This species may now be added to the New South Wales fauna , as Mr . K L G . esteven collected a young example in Terranora akes , Tweed River A ( ustr . Mus . , Regd . No .

Family BAL ISTIDAE .

A o Genus AB LISTES J rdan and Seale , 1 9 06 .

ABALISTE . S STELLATUS ( Anon ) , var

- i . i l a Al l m L t . 287 4 Ba l stes ste l tus Anonymous , ge . Zeitung , iii , , September 2 , 1 8 ” 79 8, p . 6 2 . Based on Le Baliste é toilé La cepede , Hist . Nat . P oi ss. , i . ,

1 7 8 xv . 1 . 9 , p . 3 50 , pl . , fig . , vernac . Indian Sea Id. Daudin , Dict . Sci .

1 4 4 74 d ii n h r F . 1 80 . I G t e . . . 870 . Nat . , iii , p . . , Cat ish . Brit Mus , viii , , p 2 1 A u r r 2 ( Hope Is . and W . st . , Id. Castelnau , Res . Fish . Aust . ( Vict . R d hl K v n k c I a . Offi . Rec . Phil . 1 875 , p . 4 9 d. en , S e s a

H l xi . 9 1 9 2 1 23 7 be Vet . Akad . andl . , , , , p . , fig . ( Cape Jau rt ,

Ba listes stell a ri s Bloch and Schneider , Syst . Ichth . , 1 801 , p . 4 76 . On Lacé

pede , l .c . Lei ur a h h l m us m crop t a us Swainson , Nat . Hist . Fish . Amphi b . Rept ., i i ., July , 1 8 3 9 3 2 s . 1 803 22 . . , p . 6 . On Ru sell , Fish . Vizag , , pl . Vizagapatam

Lei uru rus ll i i bid 2 . s se i . Swainson , , p . 3 6 On Russell , pl . 23 , Vizagapatam ' ( Swainson s copy in Austr. Mus . lib . ) 4 9 WHITLEY .

D i c ov . A tr ha l ra i s us . i . 1 8 4 84 Ba li stes p e tus R chardson , in ( Stokes) , , 4 6 , p . , - in i pl . i . , figs . 4 5 (young) . West coast of Australia . Type Br tish

Museum .

l s h Ri a s . u 1 84 5 . 1 29 . to . Ba i tes va c elli ch rd on , Zool Sulph r , p ( young) Can n I v 1 8 B a li stes phal lia tus Bleeker, Atlas . c hth ., ., 69 , p . 1 06 . Error for

a l Lei urus stella tus . ph era tus, in synonymy of

U.S . Aba li stes stella ri s Jordan and Seale , Bull . Bur . Fish . , xxv. , 1 905

4 d u . p . 3 6 , and of mo ern a thors M ll h A r hal ra us c Cu oc . . ust Mus . i . 3 1 9 1 4 Aba li stes stell a ris var . p e t , Rec W . , , , ,

22 H n W.A . p . 7 (Port edla d , ) 1 9 i a ff A fine specimen , nches long , was c ught o the Prince Henry

Hospital , Little Bay , near Sydney, New South Wales , on zard April , 1 94 0 , a nd _ presented to the Australian Museum by Mr . W . Jones (Regd . No . IB . 506 ) .

New record for New South Wales .

“

The Australian Museum has specimens from Mcc ulloch Reef , Great R E i - A Barrier eef, Queensland (W . . Para d c e) ; Port Hedland , north west us li A tra a W. . . ha l a ( Mus ) form p er tus; Hervey Bay district, Queensland (D r. L w ock ood) and Madr as, Indi a (F . Da y) . Ha bi ta —W s i o Ea I i t . Au tral a, Queensland , New S uth Wales , st nd es , I i hi l nd a, P ippines , Paci fic and Indian Oceans , South Afri ca , Red Sea . The type may have come from Ma uritius or India and the New South Wales spe cimen does not agree pe rfectly wi th the origi nal descripti on a nd

r ma u ifi . figu e , so y require a new s bspec c name H m be l f in owever, i n vi ew of known variation i n fil e fishes , it a y e t abeyance for the time bei ng .

Family ALEUTERIDAE.

BLANDOWSKIUS P A U Whi 1 93 1 BUCE H L S tley , .

Bl n mvski u c ha lu Austr Zo 4 b 1 1 1 d Whi . a s bu ep s tley, ol ., VI , Fe ruary 3 , 93 , p . 2 ’ 3 9 , pl . xxvi fig . 1 . Off Wilson s Promontory , Victoria .

Messrs . Hugh Ward and Knud Moller have trawled several examples of this species in 3 5 to 70 fathoms ofi Eden—a new record for New South

Wales .

These specimens , up to 4 inches over all , show that the head of the holotype was abnormal , for in these the profile i s sloping and either gently convex or excavated before the eyes . The bluish spots are very regular .

The dorsal spine is straight , or curved backwards , and is armed with four rows of spines .

Family MOLIDAE .

79 8. Genus MOLA Cuvier, 1

i li o MOLA RAMSAYI (G g li , a r a i l i i 1 1 Orthr gori scus a ms yi G g oli , Nature , xxvi i August 2, 883 , p . 3 5 .

Sydney .

a m a i Rec A tr . x iii 1 93 1 1 2 xvi 1 W . us . . 6 . . 3 Mol a r s yi h tley , . Mus , v , , p , pl , figs , - " 4 fi 2 r . an s on d fi Ann and , and text g . ( efs d yn . ) I . Grif n , . Rept . Auck

Mus . 1 1 1 3 7 1 . N Z d m l and , 9 3 , pp . and 3 ( 0 cwt , . . specimen) . I . Sc h idt , ’ kr 1 2 Dana s Togt . om i ng j orden , 93 , p . 24 9 , et seq fig . 1 93 . Id. Whitley , 1 1 - Vict . Naturalist , xlix. , 9 3 3 , p . 2 0 , figs . 1 2 (Lord Howe Is . j uvenile ) . Id. mi s 1 93 3 72 a nd Stead, Giants and Pig e , , p . figs . 50 ICHTHYOLO GICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS .

1 Since 1 9 3 , when I issued a list of all the known Australasian occur r c en es of the Oc ean Sunfish , several more specimens have come to light . Grifii n 1 (loc . cit . ) refers to a 0 cwt . New Zealand specimen in 1 9 3 1 . On Ma y 1 1 2 7 , 93 , a sunfish , 7 ft . 4 in . long , was washed ashore at Bulli , New South sunfis wa Wales . A h s caught at Point Piper , Port Jackson , on October 1 8, h E - - 1 9 34 . T en at the ight hour Day week end, October 7 , 1 9 3 6 , a large specimen was caught at Watson ’s Bay and kept in captivity for a few days

at Manly Aquarium . A sunfish was caught wi th rod and reel near Ber m 2 1 n ui a 6 9 3 7 . Auc kl a Weekl Ne ag , New South W les , January , The d y ws of 1 9 7 fi ur ' o l a “ h April 7 , 3 , g ed an ther Mo , stranded last week at One unga k 4 Wha rf , Auc land , New Zealan d ; i t measured 3 by feet and weighed about - 1 50 . 1 1 . 4 i n . fin s lb A large one , ft between tip , was_ found at Catherine n 1 8 x Hi ll Ba y, New South Wales , i February, 93 . A New Zealand e ample , 4 ; “

8 ft . b by , was caught on a snapper line at Gis orne , New Zea land , in October,

1 93 8.

The description of a sunfish from the Grafton di strict , New South ‘ W ubli shed i n s 1 9 3 9 i i ales , p the pre s early in , obv ously referred to a Dev l a Ray (D a emoma nt ) . Fi nally , on February 26 , 1 93 9 , a small sunfish was i New S caught above the bridge at Rosev lle , near Sydney , outh Wales , in

e . D r H . shallow water , miles from the op n sea Fortunately, . C . Raven , of x the Ameri can Museum of Natural Hi story , was in Sydney , and we e a mined ’ a nd dissected the specimen for compa rison wi th Gregory and Raven s

a ccoun t of the anatomy of Mol a moi a in Copei a , 1 9 3 4 , 4 , p . 1 4 5 and plate . T he Roseville specim en agreed very closely with the American one in ana

tomic al features . It was a young fema le , 5 ft . 7 i n . in total length ; the - l iver was very worm infested and the alimentary canal , which measured 1 4

feet from the pharyngeal teeth to the anus , contained no food .

- There were a few strips of Zostera weed in the pharynx . The oviduct

Austr . . . . w a s preserved , also the pharyngeal teeth ( Mus , Regd No A bout 1 5 dorsal a nd anal rays and 1 2 pectoral could be counted exteri orly 3 8 Dimensions : Total length , 67 inches ; depth of body , ; between dorsal n - 1 8 8 i - 4 a d anal fin tips , 87 ; head , 4 ; snout, 4 ; eye , g ll opening , ; pectoral

1 0 . base , 54 ; length of pectoral fin , 5

Another sunfish was stranded at La Perouse , Botany Bay , on September

4 t x i t . 9 , 1 9 0 , but had been owed to sea before I could e amine 5 1 .

A BASIC LIST OF THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF PAPUA .

By TOM IREDALE .

( ntri buti n r m the Austra li a n Museum S dne New S uth Wa l es Co o f o , y y, o . )

(Plates ii i . and iv . )

The occurrence in North Queensland of land mollusca of undoubted

Papuan relationship necessitated criticism of Papuan material . The Rev .

H. . T Williams , a few years ago , brought in a series of shells from the

Trobriand Islands , and these were set on one side , the nature of the fauna

Rev . H. K . being at that time unfamiliar . Recently , the Bartlett presented a S eries from Misima ( St . Aignan ) and other islands of the Louisiade Group , and has undertaken the collection of more material . The time , therefore , becomes opportune to bring the data regarding the Papuan fauna into line ’ with that of Australia , as nothing is available since Hedley s list fifty years a go. My talented predecessor , Charles Hedley , initiated his brilliant malacological career with a study of the Papuan Land Mollusca , having made a large collection himself , and this local knowledge counteracted his x lack of e perience . Since his list was prepared small collections have come to hand , and these are here brought under review , but the present List ff must be regarded as purely a basic e ort , our knowledge of the vast area being still very slight . It has been a difficult task even to compile such a list as many species were described as from “ New Guinea an absolutely meaningless term , considering the size of that huge island , with the fact f that there are three dif erent fauna] areas included in the island . Although ‘ at one time Papua was used for the whole island , this is now the ofii c i a l - name of the south eastern portion only , formerly known as British New Guinea ; to the west is Dutch New Guinea and to the north is the Territory of New Guinea , formerly known as German New Guinea . Hedley wrote ( Papua ) comprises the south - eastern quarter of ( New Guinea) with the adj acent reefs and islands , except those falling within the Queensland 1 4 1 ° ° boundary , between the meridians of and 1 55 of E. Long , and the 8° 1 2 ° parallels of and of S . La t . Though these political boundaries do not form the natural limits of the fauna . The land shells of the province x — e hibit four rather distinct geographical di visi ons z ( a ) The alpine fauna .

( b) That region lying between Port Moresby and the Fly River . ( c ) South

Cape Island , and includes all the eastern extremity of New Guinea with the outlying islands adj acent , and (d ) The Louisiade , D entrec a stea ux , Trobriand ” and Woodl ark Archipelagos .

C ollections now available show that the last three merge , while the l H ’ alpine fauna is sti l unknown , and that , contrary to edley s conclusion , the political boundaries in this case coincide quite closely with the natural dis tri buti on of the fauna . Thus the western fauna flows down the north coast , and a few species penetrate into Papua , but these are easily recognisable , while on the other hand only a very few of the western Solomon Island groups reach into the eastern limits of the Papuan i sland appanages .

x - It may be noted that some si ty years ago , T a ppa rone C a nefri listed the land and freshwater molluscs of New Guinea , and only two hundred and nine species of land shells were recognised . Hedley gave a review of the collectors up to 1 89 0 , and since then only desultory collections have 52 BASIC LIST o r THE LAND MOLLUSCA or PAPUA .

x B been made , none of much e tent . Over one hundred years ago , G . . “ . v . Let di s Sowerby, Jr wrote ( Conch . Man . Introd , p . , none be c oura ged by the number of generic distinctions created in modern times ; for , i f well defined , they will be foun d to facilitate rather than encumber the study . The knowledge of species must be the foundati on of every i system , and the greater the number of species , the greater is the necess ty for systemati c distinctions . Every well ma rked divi sion , however a nd i t e a rbitrary its limits , tends to simpli fy the subj ect , to facil tate the searches oi the student Now there ha s j ust come to hand an excellent list of Bri tish Non

Marine Mollusca , by A . S . Kennard , and therein it i s noted that the true - Heli c i ds, only twenty three speci es , are separated into no fewer than sixteen genera . How many divisi ons will later be utilised in connecti on with thi s i and the Austral an La nd Mollusca cannot even be guessed at , especially as these localities incorporate di stinct faunal elements , and the fauna i s not i L in any sense homogeneous , as the Br tish and Mollusca is . Anatomi cal study will apparently be responsible for much of the splitti ng , as evidenced by the recent account of Z onitid Shells from the Pacific Islands , by Burring ton Baker, wherein the only blot appears to be due to the struthionine subterfuge of the nomination of subgenera extensively . When the shells so diff erentiated are examined by a conchologist it becomes evi dent that much more splitting must be undertaken by the latter to keep abreast of the anatomist . It also seems evident that unless the anatomist has a lead from the conchologist he i s generally unable to form any definite conclusion a s to the relationship of the molluscan animal he ha s so meticulously di s sected.

Cl ass GASTROPODA .

‘ Subclass PROSOBRANCHIA .

Order PECTINIBRANCHIA .

A Family HYDROCENID E.

Genus D RAMELIA nov .

ea li a i eli a n T r n - Type , R ss a a ppa o e C a nefri . l l She l very sma l , conical , perforate , whorls roun ded , mouth subc ircular ,

almost free . The generi c name Rea li a cannot be mai ntained here as it i s m l Om ha lotm i s the correct na e for a group , usual y called p p , . as hereafter h shown . T e Neozel a ni c group recently known as Rea li a will bear the r a name Li a e , and thi s has nothi ng to do wi th the present species .

IA a r - i 1 D RAMELIA ISSEL NA T a pp one C a nefr , 883 .

- 1 883 . Rea li sseli a na T a a rone C a nefri xix a i pp , Ann . Mus . Civ . Genova , Vol . . , - 2 1 1 . 1 2 1 3 Woka n . p . 7 , pl . 0 , figs ( dated Jul y Is , Aru .

Thi s has been recorded from the Purari Valley, Papua .

Family HELICINIDAE . Many forms of Heli c i ni ds have been recorded under the generi c name eli na H ci , and through this lumping usage there has been great confusion u of species . An attempt is here made to group them more accurately, b t

owi ng to the very poor monographi c accounts available , this i s open to i later emen dation , and many more spec es wi ll be added . Wagner ’s Monograph i s so inaccurate that it i s more troublesome than

s l l a . u efu , as evidenced by the omissions pointed out by Fulton (Proc . Ma c IREDALE . 53

- - xi . 2 24 1 2 1 1 2 2 Soc . Vol . , pp . 3 7 , March 9 , 9 5 , and i d. i b ., pp . 3 4 3 6 , 2 August 0, PAL HELI m A 1 Genus AEO c Wagner , 9 05 .

- P a l a eoheli c i na D enksc hr . . h Wagner , k akad . Wissen . Wien . , Mat Nat .

xx . 4 3 5 . Lo r Class , Vol . l vii , p ; gotype , Ired ., Aust . Zool viii p . 29 2 , h r a 1 93 7 . H . fisc e i na S . M . 1 a 9 05 . Rh bdokoni a id . ib . Same type .

PALAEOHELI IN FI HERIANA ouverbi 8: Mon r uzi r 1 C A SC S e t o e , 863 . i h r a ouv rbi Mon r zi r 1 863 . Hel i n sc e i na S e e t ou e . c a fi 8; , Journ . de Conch , Vol . 1 1 xi . , p . 76 , January 1 ; i d. , p . 7 , pl . 5 , fig . 3 , April 1 . Woodl ark Is .

Heli c i na c a rini era S . . 1 29 fi 1 f owerby , Thes Conch , Vol . V p . 5 , g . 4 3

( as c a ri na ta Orbigny) Woodlark Is .

8 3 . i n a ri ni r xi x 1 7 Hel c i a c fe a Sowerby, Conch . Icon . (Reeve) , Vol . . , pl . xxvu

p . 24 1 ( as of Or bigny ) , De cember . Woodlark Is .

A PALAEO HELICINA INSUL RUM Hedley, 1 89 1 . 1 9 1 i l a r H 8 Hel ci n i nsu a m . L . . 2 . a edley , Proc inn Soc Ser . , Vol . vi . , p . 4 i . 1 1 3 , pl . x i , bis . , fig . 4 , September 9 . Sudest Is . , Loui si a des. a l h i i h r a n l m r D enksc hr P a eo el c na fisc e i a a p a Wagner , . akad . Wissen . i i 7 4 3 6 . Lou si a des . W en . , Vol . 7 , p . as synonym Wagner , Syst Conch . B 1 24 1 Cab . ( cont . Kuster ) , d. I . , A bth . 8, p . 6 , 9 09 .

A E ' i PAL EOH LICIN A CONGENER Sm th , 1 889 . n r 203 1 889 . Heli c ina c onge er Smith , Ann . Mag . Nat . Hi st ., Se . 6 , Vol . iv ., p . , H li ina 1 1 7 e . Loui si a des. e pl . 3 , fig . , Septemb r Misima , The figure of c

ec . 295 4 3 4 1 866 i s t ta Sowerby, Thes . Conch . , Vol . iii , p . , fig . , ,

suspiciously like this species .

EL I IN ‘ - PALAEOH C A PHRONEMA Wagner , 1 905 .

1 al a oh h a on a D nk hr . 905 . P e eli ci na fisc eri na phr em Wagner , e sc akad .

x . 1 1 Wissen . Wien . , Vol . 77 , p . 4 3 6 , pl . i , figs . a , b , c . Fergusson Is . l a h l i sc h ri n 1 909 . Pa eo e i c na fi e a a e l ega ns Wagner , Syst . Conch . Cab . (Mar t . h 1 24 cont . Kuster , Bd. I . , Abt . 8, p . 5 , pl . 4 8, fig . 1 3 . Fer hr n 1 1 - 1 2 gusson Is . (p o ema figd. id . i b . , pl . 4 8, figs . )

PA E ELI EE 1 LA OH CINA NOVOGUIN NSIS Smi th , 887 .

1 l n . xi x . 887 . H i c i n n v ui n i Hi . 5 e a o og ee s s Smith , Ann . Mag . Nat . st , Ser . , Vol ,

4 25 . 1 5 1 1 1 1 a . p . , pl , figs . , , June Foot of Owen Stanley Mountains , New

b 1 1 . : i . 6 . 2 3 3 . 7 Guinea id . , Ser . , Vol iv p . 0 , pl . , fig

A A P L EO HELICINA VOCATOR sp . nov . a l a e hel i c i na f r Specimens from Maneao , N .E. Papua, are true P o , di f e ing o m 1 1 2 in form from the nearest species , P . phr ne a , being 6 mm . broad by

. i Th mm . high , instead of 20 mm . by 1 4 mm , w th much coarser sculpture . e coloration is that typical of the genus , but the red markings are not very pronounced .

Genus KALO KONIA Wagner , 1 90 9 .

1 9 9 Ka l k ni a h mn . . K 0 . o o Wagner , Syst . Conch . Cab . ( Mart . C e ) cont uster , Bd h I . Abt 8 2 8 H eli c ina . , . 1 , p . 3 , dated Type , here selected , i moqui n a na Rec l uz.

KALOKO NIA LO I IADE I 1 1 U S NS S Forbes , 85 .

1 851 . Heli c i n l ouisi adensi a s e . 2 Forb s , Voy Rattlesnake , Vol . ii . , p . 3 8 , pl . iii . , - “ ” . 5a b . 1 852 e e 1 85 1 n Is H figs , D cemb r, . Rou d . , Coral aven , Calvados

Chain . 54 BASIC LIST o r THE LAND MOLLUSCA or PAPUA .

KA LO KONIA WOODLARKENSIS Smith , 1 89 1 .

a n i . 1 89 1 . Helic i na woodl rke sis Smi th , An n . Mag . Nat . Hi st Ser . 6 , Vol . vi ,

1 8 a u H . p . 3 , January . Woodlark Is . P ratype fig red by edl ey , Proc 1 1 4 l xi i fi 4 1 8 1 L 2 . . . . 6 9 . inn . Soc . Ser . , Vol . vi , p , p . , bis , g ,

A Genus SPH EROC ONI A Wagner, 1 9 09 .

1 909 S ha r c ni . si . . p e o o a Wagner , Syst . Conch . Cab . ( Mart cont

K B Ab h 1 8 1 L I . uster, d. I. , t . , p . 89 ( dated January ogotype ( red , A r l ha r c nu MOl l nd rff ust o . 292 1 9 H i ci na s e o o s e o . Zo l ., vi ii , p . , 3 7 ) e p .

P AE N TANLEYI 1 S H ROCO IA S Forbes , 85 1 .

1 . Helic n sta nl 851 i a e i . i i . 3 81 y Forbes , Voy Rattlesnake , Vol . , p . , pl . 3 , figs. ” - “ 4 a b 1 852 1 851 . Duc ha tea u L , December , Is ., oui si a des.

: D enksc hr . . Note Wagner ( akad Wissen . Wien ., Vol . 77 , p . 4 3 8, pl . i x 1 7a -b 1 905 m . ) h figs , described and figured specimens fro Mailu , nort of

‘ n ta ll - Orangerie Bay , Papua , u der this name , banded specimens , measuring

mm . x mm . , and this mainland form may be c al led Spha eroc oni a r l supe f ua sp . nov . SPHAEROC NIA ROSSELEN I H 1 1 O S S edley , 89 . Heli c i n f ssel nsi H L a o e s . Soc . . . 2 edley, Proc inn . N S W Ser . , Vol . vi p .

1 1 9 . o . Loui si a des. 3 , September R ssel Is ,

1 9 9 . P a l a eoheli c i n a nl i r s l ensi 0 a st ey o se s Wagner , Syst . Conch . Cab . (Ma rt . h mn K B d I Ab h 1 8 2 1 C e . ) cont . uster , . . , t . , p . 5 , pl . 50 , fig . 23 ( dated May

. a a h li n nks hr . 1 905 P l eo e c i a fili a e Wagner De c . akad . Wissen . Wien , Vol . 77 , 4 9 i x 4 Loui si a des s p . 3 , pl . ., figs . l a , b , c . Ros el Is .

AE O B E 1 8 1 SPH R CONIA TRO RIAND NSIS Hedley, 9 . H li n ro ri n i e c i a t b a dens s Hedley , Proc . Li nn . Soc . Ser . 2 , Vol .

. 1 1 T ri vi , p . 3 , September 9 . rob and Is .

P N E 1 1 S HAEROCO IA MURU NSIS Hedl ey , 89 .

1 89 1 . l i mur H L 2 vi . He c i na uensi s edley , Proc . inn . Soc . Ser . , Vol . , p . 1 1 3 9 o l . , September . W od ark Is

PHAE N ED ARD S ROC O IA U I Wagner , 1 905 . 1 905 ha n n dua rd D e hr A oc o i a e i nksc d . . p Wagner , . aka . Wissen . Wien , Vol . 77 , 9 l ui i 3 3 . i v . 7a . Lo s a de p . , pl , figs . , b , c s Sudest Is fide Conch . Cab ., B I Abth 1 8 203 1 909 d. . , . , p . , .

AE N H SPH ROC O IA SINUS edley , 1 89 1 . 1 1 n i n L 2 89 . Heli ci a s us Hedley, Proc . inn . Soc . Ser . , Vol . vi ., p . 1 1 3 ,

xii . . l pl . ., bis , fig . 4 5 , Septembe r 9 Mita, Mi ne Bay, Papua .

P l r 1 SPHAEROC ONIA DENTONI i sb y, 890 .

1 . n Pi l r Phil 1 8 890 Heli ci na de toni sb y, Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . a d. , 1 890 , p . 6 ,

July 29 . British New Guinea ( De nton ) Port Moresby district . i 4 2 a n . H . 5 xi x . . 5 Hel ci na soli t ri a Smith , An . Mag Nat . ist , Ser . , Vol . , p , 1 5 1 refi ured pl . , fig . 0 , June . Foot of Astrolabe Mountains ; g from

Ea f t . . v . . 22 . a district , f . , Smith , Journ Malac , Vol . , p , pl ' 1 1 896 N o Hel i c i na s li ta ri a . . Pr . os . . ii fig . 5 , . t o C B Adams , B t Soc N H 1 2 1 4 . ., p . , 8 5 . 78 1 l k h . . 90 a o l i a D n r . . 6 . P a e he c i na h ra Wagner , e sc . akad Wissen Wien , Vol ,

4 . 20 x 8 . p . , pl . . , figs . l a , b , c British New Guinea

SPHAEROCONIA CO XENI Brazier , 1 876 . 1 1 1 l l i L . . i . . He c na ni . . i cor e Brazier , Proc inn Soc Vol , p , Ju y

56 BASIC LIST O F THE LAND MOLLUSCA or PAPUA .

’ Genus PESTOMENA nov .

T Sul uri n i c keli i . ype , f a j Wagner

. mm . Thi s sma ll shell , measuri ng mm . by , was noted by Wagner l r na o himself as not a typical Su fu i , being more globose , the whorls m re

x n l r la . conve , the basal angulatio obsolete and the scu ptu e a little reticu te 5 PESTO MENA JIC KELII Wagner , 1 9 0 . 7 1 9 05 . Sul uri n zok li D enksc hr . . . . . 7 . f a y e i Wagner , akad Wissen Wien , Vol , p

81 1 i . . 3 , pl . i v figs . a , b , c . Stirling Range , Br t New Guinea

Fami ly C YCLOPHORI DAE.

’ Thiele s fa mily of this name i s a curious agglomerati on of true c l o hori - c l h ri h Pu i d n C y p ds, many pseudo C y op o d groups wi t p ni s a d Diplom ma ti ni ds and a few other seri es . The family name i s here used for the - restricted Cyclophorus like forms . ff Genus LEPTOPOMA Pfei er , 1 84 7 .

1 84 7 . Le t i Z i s hr fii r . 1 84 7 4 L ma e t c . . 7 Ma . p opo Pfe ffer , Malak , , p , rch ogo K l h l h 1 1 o o i r m type , obe lt . Il ustr . C onc y i enbuc , p . 9 4 , 878, Lept p ma v t eu

Lesson , 5 . ni ti dum Sowerby .

1 . r a r 1 282 855 D e m toc a H . . 1 . e . and A . Adams , Gen . Rec Moll Vol p , Lo e i e L November . gotype , L ptopoma v tr um esson . 1 4 LEPTO POMA NITIDUM Sowerby , 8 3 .

l i 3 . xxi x . 1 8 c i i du . . . 1 3 4 3 . Cy ostoma n t m Sowerby , Thes Conch Vol , p . , pl , 2 - 2 figs . 25 2 7 , ante June 23 . Is . of Guinaras and Zebu , Philippine

Islan ds . Many forms of this style wi ll later be di fferentiated a s seri es show local ’ v . n i r L ariation ,This is the group k own as v t eum esson , but Lesson s choice r was invali d th ough preoccupation .

Thus a seri es from Misima is composed of large broad shells , measuri ng 1 8 mm . in breadth , by mm . in height , whilst in another from Tube En Tube , gineer Group , the average is 1 5 mm . broad by 1 7 mm . high , the s maller one showi ng more peripheral keeling and much stronger sculpture . a These may be named as L . n . s nctum subsp . n ., and L . n. fa ber subsp . n

respectively as a beginni ng .

- LEPTOPOMA GIANELLII T a ppa rone C anefri , 1 886 .

- 1 8 . e m i a n ll a T a a r n a nefri . C i v . 86 L ptopo a g e pp o e C , Ann . Mus . Genova , Ser - K 2 i v. 1 83 2 1 0 1 1 . , Vol . , p . , pl . , figs . ( dated July atau , Papua 1 1 From the Purari Va lley a similar specimen , measuring 0 mm . by 0 e a k l mm . has the form and horny operculum of L ptop om , being sub ee ed

peripherally, the last whorl sculptured with rather distant delicate ridges , a six or seven on the penultimate an d antepenul timate , the apic l whorls

being Similarly sculptured , red in colour , the body colour being fawn , mottled

wi th darker . n This must be called Leptopoma i j eci um sp . nov .

' ' ‘ Genus BI I EMO NA nov . a r i c ua s Type , Ettemon pe sp p . nov . From the Pur ari Valley a shell of the same size as the precedin g a p l pears compa ratively taller superficially, the whorls shou dered wi th the last

whorl di stinctly peripherally keeled , the base somewhat flattened , the a umbilicus narrow , mouth almost circul r , free , lip duplicate all round , ul i sc pture of bristly ridges , the shoulder bearing three minor r dges , the base IREDALE . 57

‘ showing a dozen finer ridges , the intervening part of the whorl wi th four n l strong ridges , coloration brow , apical whorls black . The opercu um is l circu ar , thin , horny, many whorled , the edges of the whorls slightly fringed .

L N I . 2 x 3 8 . xxi . r oc . W . . i . . 6 Recorded by Hedley (P oc . inn . S . S , Ser , Vol , p , pl v , - La c h lu i ri rii h figs . 2 4 , De cember 1 0, under the name go ei s po e , whic

. n only mea sures 7 mm . by 7 mm , with operculum unknow .

IE r n - ne ri 1 883 ETTEMONA PO IR RII T a pp a o e C a f , .

- 1 88 . c o r n fri Ann n 3 Cy l tus poi ri ern T a pp a one C a e , . Mus . Civ . Ge ov VOL xi x 2 4 1 0 - 7 ., p . 5 , pl . , figs . 6 ( dated July Fly River , Papua .

Family PSEUDOCYCLOTIDAE. Thi s family i s provi ded to accommodate a series of New Guinea oper c ul a tes i o c l oti ds , wh ch according to anat mists are neither C y nor Cyclop ho ri ds. The true Pseudoc yc l otus has a shell agreeing in detail with that of Le o ma pt po , but wi th a different radula and operculum . From criticism of

h l o r s . the latter , Thiele classed it next to Omp a t opi , a quaint solution

E Y LO T 1 8 4 Genus PS UDOC C US Thi ele , 9 . hr 2 23 1 89 4 . Pseudocy c l otus Thiele , Na c . deutsch . Malak . Gesell ., Year 6 , p . , - s a e ni a u January February No . Orthotyp e , Cycl o toma nov ehi b r e Q oy i Ga mard. l oc 1 88 1 1 885 . Ade ostoma Smith , Proc . Zool . S . 5 , p . 596 , October , - l u s ex T a a rone C a nefri . Lo C c ot s tri sti pp MS gotype , here selected , y - fr L T a ppa rone C a ne i . Not Adel ostoma Duponchel , Mem. Soc . inn . 4 2 1 827 herbom Paris , Vol . 6 , p . 3 , ( S ) .

- l r h r f i . 1 886 . Ade omo p a T a ppa one C a ne r , Ann . Mus . C i v . Genova , Vol . xxi v , r p . 1 65 ( dated November Logotype , here selected , C yc l otus t i sti s - . or i h 1 1 8 T . C Not A del om pha Snellen . T j dsc . Ent , , Vol . 28, p . 3 , 8 5 ( Neave ) The shell is very like that of Le to oma in every conchological feature p p , but is smaller and with more pronounced striae . The operculum , instead of being horny is calcareous , wi th the outer sur face concave . The radula , l o m ti according to Martens and Thiele , is of the Cyc sto a d form , rather than CIO h r d of the Cy p o i . Obviously thi s is purely c onvergenti a l . Hedley was s inclined to lump all the species under the name l evi , but the geographical forms should be kept separate .

P E D Y L - S U OC C OTUS TRISTIS T a ppa rone C a nefri , 1 883 .

- 1 883 . C c l otus tri sti s T a a rone C a n efri . C iv . . x1 x y pp , Ann . Mus Genova , Vol 2 - p . 55 , pl . 1 0 figs . 4 5 ( dated July Fly River , Papua . 4 This is one of the smallest of the genus , measuring 5 mm . by mm ., narrower , and wi th more marked sculptur e than the type .

LO T ‘ 1 8 1 PSEUDOCYC US PARV US Hedley , 9 . 1 1 o r m L 89 . Lept poma p a vu Hedley , Proc . inn . Soc . Ser . 2 , Vol . vi p .

1 1 i . 4 n 1 xi . 3 9 . . , pl . , bis , fig . , September Mil e Bay, Papua i This is larger than the preced ng , measur ing 6 mm . by 5 mm . , while l 7 from the Purari Valley comes another larger sti l , measuring mm . by i l mm . , wi th the umbilicus wi der and fa nter scu pture , and may be called P . i ex guus sp . nov. E A specimen from Mount Maneao , N. . Papua , i s very unlike P . la eta MOll endorff r s , f om A trolabe Bay , North Coast , being very small and tightly oi h c led , spire narrow , umbilicus almost idden , measuring 5 mm . by mm ., ma l bi li or and y be ca led P . de sp . nov . 58 BASIC LIST O F THE LAND MOLLUSCA or PAPUA .

A n Genus DO MIN MARIA ov .

O o oma ma c re ori a e H . Type , t p g g edley

The shell recalls that of Leptopoma in general features , but is covered i r w th a fine pilose periostracum , spirally ar anged in fine lines , recalling the l u i n Le t scu pt re of Leptopoma . The operculum internal ly is horny as p o m two po a , but thi s is overl ain by three layers of calcareous matter , the inner vacuolar , the outer solid , the outer sur face very concave , showing four whorls separated by deep channels , the i nner pit depressed .

IN AMA IA MA RE IAE H 1 DOM R CG GOR edl ey , 89 4 . O m c r r a H L 1 89 4 . Ot oma a e o i e . . . Ser 2 x p g g edley , Proc inn Soc . , Vol . i . ,

3 85 l s. xx . and xxv. . 5 7 20 1 0 . p . , p iv , figs , , , December Purari Valley ,

Papua .

IN AMA DOM RIA ADDITA sp . nov . r n Shells with similar opercula characters to the precedi g are smaller , more elevated, wi th the pilose periostracum overridden by a further longi u n k l t di a l series of bristles , the shell being sub ee ed, the keel bearing longer bristles . These come from the Fly Ri ver, and the lar gest measures 9 mm . in height by 7 mm . in breadth , a smaller one wi th operculum measuring 7 mm . in height by 5 mm . in breadth .

INA H 1 D OM MARIA HORRIDA edley , 89 1 .

1 1 l r i d . 2 vi 89 . Cyc otus ho r us Hedley, Proc . Li nn . Soc . N S .W Ser . , Vol . p .

1 8 xi 9 . Mi . 0 , pl . i ., bis . , fig . 4 0 , September lne Bay, Papua m This has a si milar operculum to the l a stna med, an d has also the sa e style of sculpture and bristly ornament , but the shell is more uncoiled and

fla . ttened , measuring 9 mm . broad by 7 mm . high

I A ERELE AN D OM NAM RIA F G S sp . nov .

1 89 c a . . v . . 20 . 1 1 fi 1 6 . Cy l otus horri dus Smith, Journ . M lac , Vol , p , pl gs . 6

1 . r 8, June 25 North of O angerie Bay , Papua ( Anthony)

i l - Th s species recal s the preceding , but is much larger , measuring 1 6 1 7 mm . in di ameter , the bristles coa rser and forming a median keel .

D MIN AMARI A BELF RD H O O I edley, 1 89 1 . 1 1 l H 89 . C c l otus be ordi . L n . Soc . 2 y f edley, Proc i n Ser . , Vol . vi . , p .

1 09 . xi i bi s. . 4 2 e 9 . i , pl , fig , S ptember Mita , M lne Bay , Papua .

AM A I KO ALD H 1 1 D OMIN RA W I edley, 89 .

1 l 2 . . 89 1 . Cyc otus kowa ldi Hedley , Proc . Li nn . Soc . Ser . , Vol . vi , p

1 9 xi i . 4 1 r 9 . . Lo ui si a des. 0 , pl . . , bis , fig . , Septembe Sudest Is ,

These species may not be congeneric when the opercul a are rec eived , u while none of them posssss the basal spur of the type , so that s bgenera

emonell a b . . is may be constituted later for the two latter , while M su g n

i r l sub en . . here introduced for D omi na ma ri a a dd ta , and At ocyc us g n for c l r C y otus ho ridus Hedl ey .

TR P A Family CYCLO O ID E.

’ Thiele has placed C yc l otropzs as a section of the European genus Pa l u i n l l d e a , a member of the family Assi mi nei da e , an absurd procedure . The genus was introduced by T a ppa rone- C a nefri for a shell measuring 1 2 “ m h l tr i mm . in height by 7 4 mm . in breadth , of O p a o op d appe arance , but with the spire sharply acute , body whorl very large , smooth , finely longi tudi na l l l y striate , and a narrow umbi icus wi th marginal keel . IREDALE . 59

- O PI PAP EN I T r ri 1 8 . C YCLOTR S U S S a ppa one C a nef , 8 3

- l r uen T a a r n a n fri n . 1 883 . Cyc ot opi s pa p sis pp o e C e , An . Mus . Civ Genova ,

- 279 0 . 22 23 l . Vol . xi x . , p . , pl . 1 , figs ( dated Ju y Fly River , Papua - Shells congeneric are at hand from the north east coast , British New

r 1 0 . 8 Guinea , that is Collingwood Bay, and these measu e mm in height by

“ ri ens mm . broad , thus shorter and broader , and these may be called C . g sp . nov . E Family REALIIDA .

n Rea li a Rea li a This family name based o Gray, not of recent writers ,

' m h l r must be used for the molluscs classed hitherto as O p a ot opi ds. Rea li a 1 8 n nud was first introduced by Gray in 4 0 as a nom e um , a nd this nude 1 84 4 1 84 7 1 4 usage continued in and , but in the Proc . Zool . Soc . 8 9 , 1 i 67 , he introduced it w th a new species egea from New Zealand . This 1 paper di d not appear until June , 850 , and meanwhile Gray had published 2 the name in the Figs . Mollusc . Anim . , Vol . iv . , p . 0 (which came out before rubens uo er June , in connection wi th two species only, Q y, and osa

Quoy. He gi ves the number a llotted to the 1 84 7 , p . 1 82 , reference . i Hence Rea li a must date from this entrance , and the type s selected as ru bens Quoy. In a little book entitled Nomen . Moll . Anim . Bri t . Museum , I C l o hori da 1 850 1 2 Pt . ., yc p e (with preface dated March , , and issued June , a c rdin h a l é o g to S erborn ) Re i a is included with nine specific names , the

last one being R. egea with the incomplete reference of ff Ph n r n M Pfei er was then engaged to prepare a Cat . a e op eum . Brit . us and - 1 this was issued in 1 852 53 , the pref . da te being September 6 , 1 852 , and 1 2 1 i date of publi cation ( Sherborn) February , 853 . In that place L a red (p . 2 1 u l a a Rea li a s for 7 ) is introd ced as a new name for Rea i eg e , and is u ed the n i ’ other species , rube s being g ven as basis of Gray s earlier usage . Thi s ff hi s m hal should be accepted , as Pfei er , at the same time , sank own O p o f tropi s as a synonym . A couple of years l ater Pfei fer revoked, and his later l usage has been incorrectly followed . Ompha otmpi s was a lso somewhat

confusedly introduced in a li st in the Zei tsc hr . fii r Mala k ., Year 8, No . 1 1 , 1 No r l h p . 76 . v . with si x species , the first hi e og yp i c a Fer . , being here named

as type . .The list was continued the succeeding month , and one of the later

named species has been often cited as type . ll Genus STENOTROPIS Ma endorff, 1 897 .

1 9 no o ll rff h . xxi x . 1 7 8 7 . Ste tr pi s Mo endo , Na c r . Malak . Gesell , Vol . , p . 6 . a o r December 20 . Logotype ( her e selected) Omph t t opis (si c ) duc al i s MOl l end x k . , e Boettger MS . (Du e of York 1 1 STENOTROPIS BRAZIERI Hedl ey, 89 .

a L . 2 . 1 89 1 . Omph lotropi s bra zi eri Hedley , Proc . inn . Soc . Ser , Vol

1 xii 3 9 . i . vi ., p . 1 0 , pl . ., fig . 3 , September M lne Bay, Papua

STENOTROBIS PROTRACTA Hedl ey , 1 89 1 .

1 h l ro ro r L . 1 89 . Omp a ot pi s p t a c ta Hedley , Proc . inn . Soc . N . S W Ser . 2 , Vol .

1 1 xi i . 3 4 9 . H vi . , p . 0 , pl . , fig . , September Mission ill , Upper St . Joseph

An a bun a H . ( g g ) River , all Sound , Papua

A E 1 STENOT ROPIS P PU NSIS Smith , 896 .

a l o r i a uensis r . . . v . . 1 9 . i i 1 89 6 . Omph t op s p p Smith , Jou n Malac , Vol , p , pl

1 2 . fig . 9 , June 5 . North of Orangerie Bay, Papua ( Anthony) Note : These three species may not be congeneric or even accurately a referable to the abo ve genus , but this is the nearest named group av ilable . 60 BASIC LIST OF THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF PAPUA .

Family PUPINELLIDAE. h Thi s family as develope d ext ensively i n the Louisiade Group , reaching u n l l a very la rge size . The true P pi e a is a Philippine Island form , the name “ being introduced i n a British Museum catalogue , entitled Nomen . Moll . i ” h ’ Br t . Mus . This book as no author s name mentioned , the preface being signed by J . E. Gray, but now the work is assigned to Ba ird, upon whose authority I know not . It may be recorded that all contemporaneous H rrma nn n f writers , such as e se , H. A . Adams , Pfei fer , etc . , credit the n authorship of Pupi ell a to Gray . None of the many Papuan species agrees ' i i i o d w th the Ph l ppine typ e , so that names have t be introduce for the various groups now known . The species vary from comp aratively small to

i .e . n very large , , over 3 0 mm . in height . The adults are pupiform a d solid , - i with a circular mouth , the last whorl large and practically non umbil cate .

The immature , however , is a thin conical helicoid wi th a very large per s pec ti ve umbilicus and a rather square mouth . It still is very unlike any c l s om i l i Cy o t a t d, C yc ot d or Cyclophoria form of shell wi th which they are associated by some workers such as Thiele .

A P P Genus SC EO U IN A nov . u na r esi f Type , P pi fo b Pfeif er .

x i . Shell large , pupiform , a little e centric , umbil cate , two canals present

The umbilicus varies from open to a Chi nk only . The po sterior canal faint and the anterior lateral canal merely notches the columellar margin , vary ing from a complete notch to a slight i ndentation , the last whorl strongly pitted . A P ’ A f 1 8 2 SC EO UPIN FORBESI Pfei fer , 5 . hr 1 1 852 . Pupi na forbesi Pfeiffer, Zeitsc . fii r Malak . , 851 , p . 1 50 , refers to 1 - 2 figs . 9 0 , probably not yet published : Syst . Conch . Cab . Band I ., h 1 1 - 1 2 r Abt . 1 9 , p . 23 8, pl . 3 , figs . 9 20 , August , 85 , for P . g a ndi s Forbes ,

1 851 nec Gray .

1 1 ra n a Vol . . 2 85 . Pupi na g dis Forbes , Voy . Rattlesn ke , . ii , p . 3 80 , pl , fig s. ” l - 1 2 1 8 1 h i oa d, 85 December , 5 . Sout East Is . , Loui s a des. Not

u in ra ndi vi . 77 1 84 P p a g s Gray, Vol . , p. , September , 0 .

AEOP P N 1 8 SC U I A ANCASI Brazi er , 75 .

1 875 u n a L . So c . 1 5 2 . P pi na a g si Brazier , Proc . inn . Vol p . , April 7 , ” “ — Loui i a es New Guinea Capt . Hovell Rossel Is ., s d . l a n H 1 889 . P upi ne l a l oui si de si s Smith , Ann . Mag . Nat . ist ., Ser . 6 , Vol . i v . , p . 2 4 -4 0 , pl . 1 3 , figs . 3 , September . Rossel Is . 1 8 1 SCAEOPUPINA SMITHII Smith , 9 . 1 1 1 . l hi . . 3 6 89 Pupine l a smit i Smith , Ann . Ma g . Nat . Hist . , Ser . 6 , Vol . vii , p ,

January . ex Brazier MS . New name for

n 1 875 . 3 89 . 1 875 . Pupi opsi s a nga si H. Adams , Proc . Zool . Soc . , p , pl a i 4 2 2 c 1 L A . . a n s 5 , figs . , a , O tober . ouisiade rchipelago Not P g 1 8 ra Brazier, April 75 , sup .

1 r x 1 873 . 567 [ 873 . Pupi na g a ndi s var . mi nor C o , Proc . Zool . Soc . , p ,

November . Loui si a des. Indetermina te ]

A SC EOPUPINA ROSSELIANA Smith , 1 889 .

i H 6 . i v. . 1 889 u n ll o i a n Ann Ma . . . . P p e a r ssel a Smith , . g Nat . ist , Ser , Vol , p

205 1 3 5 6 a . . , pl . , figs . , , 6 , September Rossel Is

A Genus D IDOM STA nov . n l a r ri Type , Pupi el a m c g ego Smith . ul Very large solid excentri c pupi form shells , imperforate in ad t , coarsely IREDALE . 61

n i pitted , mouth round , a terior canal developed nto a curl , aperture opening

ar ri . downw ds , poste or canal obsolete

A E 1 DIDOM STA MACGR CORI Smith , 889 .

r H N . 1 889 . Pupinell a m a c grego i Smith , Ann . Mag . Nat . ist . , Ser . 6 , Vol . p - 1 1 2 . o . 205 , pl . 3 , figs . , September R ssel Is

Genus FANTEMA nov . i ll min r Type , Pup ne a o Smith . u Pu i nelli ds Loui si a des i is Small for the h ge p of the , th s more regul ar , s di the Spire more pointed , pitting ab ent , longitu nal striation present on i i last whorl , i mperforate , anterior canal hor zontal produced nto a tube with curl opening upwards , posterior canal narrow vertical .

1 8 . FANTEMA MI NOR Smith , 8 9

l . H . 6 i v . 2 1 889 . Pupi nel a mi nor Smi th , Ann . Ma g . Nat ist , Ser . , Vol . , p . 05 , - 8 . Is . pl . 1 3 , figs . 7 , September Rossel

Genus BIAMORA nov . uli nsi n i Bem a rdi Type , Pupina mo a a F scher . d i Si mi la r in size and form to the prece ing , but w th very pronounced i longi tudi nal pli cation , umbili cal Chink present , anter or canal not produced , o surfa c e p sterior verti cal , and operculum wi th strongly fringed outer .

BIAMORA MOULINSIANA Fischer Bern ardi , 1 857 .

1 857 . Pupi na mouli nsi a na Fi scher Bernardi , Jour . de Conch , Vol . v . , p . - “ 29 Is. 9 , pl . 9 , figs . 6 7 , January . New Caledonia , error Woodlark 1 6 1 857 . Pupi na l euc ostoma Montrouzi er, Essai Fauna Woo dlark Is ., p . 3

H t r s L 1 856 . W ( cites) Ann . Soc . Imp . Agric . ist . Nat . e A t , yon , ood

lark Is . 1 7 1 586 1 1 . n rmedi a . o . . 8 . 87 Pupi na i te Brazier , Proc Zo l Soc , p ,

1 n m . August 6 , ex A gas MS . in synony y 1 Genus BRAe RA Smith , 887 . i x 4 24 1 5 a H . 5 x . . . 1 887 . B r zi era Smith , Ann . Mag . Nat . ist , Ser . , Vol . , p , pl ,

1 1 ra i r i c a r . Li . fig . 5 , June , in synonymy ex B z e a typ Brazier , P oc nn 3 5 883 nom en nudum H Me a Soc . Vol . vii . , p . , 1 , . aplotype , g r r Zomastom a b a zi e a e Smith .

A A 1 BR ZIERA BR ZIERAE Smith , 887 .

l a r 5 . 1 8 . om r H . . Me a stom a b a zi e a An n . . 87 g e Smith , Mag . Nat ist , Ser , Vol

xi x. 4 24 1 5 . 1 5 Is . , p . , pl . , fig , June . Fergusson

1 887 . Bra zi r i c i i h x nom. nud. e a typ a d. , . , e Brazier, as above , 1 89 1 BRA ZIERA AICNANENSIS Hedley , .

(Plate iii . , fig .

i na nensi s H . Li . Soc . 1 89 1 . Pupi nell a bra zi era e var . a g edley , Proc nn Loui si Ser 2 1 05 9 . . , a des. . , Vol . vi . , p . , September St Aignan Misima LA Genus HE POSA nov . i n ll c rossei Type , Pup e a Brazier . i i Shell small , regular , spire acuminate , striate , perforate , umb l cal area m n h keeled , o t circular with lip reflected all round , anterior canal hori

o a l . z nt , posterior obsolete

A E 1 8 . HEL POSA CRO SS I Brazier , 76

1 1 1 . i . . r i L . . 1 876 . Pupi nell a c ossei Braz er, Proc . inn Soc . Vol , p , July - 20 -21 Fi Ta a rone C a nefri c it . . 267 . x . . Yule Is . gd. pp , loc . , p , pl , figs ,

1 883 . 62 BASIC LIST O F THE LAND MOLLUSCA or PAPUA .

Genus AL LISMA nov . Pu nel n Type , pi l a ta pp a ro ei Hedl ey .

Shell small , regular , spire sharply acumi nate , impe rforate , finely stri ate , posterior canal deep , vertical , anterior slit well marked , heavy body glaze . li x outer p much e panded , operculum with obsolete fringing externally .

AL I TAPP 1 1 L SMA ARONEI Hedley , 89 .

1 89 1 . Pu i nell a t a ronei H r L 2 i p a pp edley, P oc . inn . Soc . Ser . , Vol . v . , 1 06 . . . 3 6 x Fl . p , pl vii , fig . , September 9 , e Brazier MS . y River , Papua

Ge BELLARDIELLA T a r n - n fr nus a pp o e C a e i , 1 883 . 1 88 a di r n - 3 . Bell r ell T a a e n fri . l xix a pp o C a e , Ann Mus . Civ . Genova , Vo . p . 26 5 H a r n i a n T - ( dated July aplotype , B . m te s a . C .

BELLARD IELLA MINOR Hedl ey, 1 89 1 . 0 1 89 1 l l a rd ll L . Be i e a minor Hedley , Proc . inn . Soc . N . S .W Ser . 2 , Vol . vi ., p . 1 2 xi i 0 . . 3 9 H H , pl . , fig 5, September . Mi ssion ill , all Sound , Papua . The typical Bell a rdi ell a is a small Pupi nel l i d wi th a somewhat acumi nate spire , deeply umbili cate , and the circular mouth complete , wi thout any slits , but the anteri or slit developed into a tube be hi nd . The type was from '

Western New Guinea, and the Papuan shell is smaller , imperforate , and in the j uvenile stage shows the slit in the lip seen i n other groups , but pl a ced h lower down , and opening basa lly , wi t no signs of posterior canal . The _ more pointed spire , more swollen body whorl , more circular aperture , and - non um bilicate indi cates a subgeneric di stinction , whi ch can be named

Lita bella nov . A Family PUPINID E. The small glassy Pupi ni ds seem well distinguished from the larger dull i ll Pup ne i ds in every feature . 1 2 Genus PUPINA Vi gna rd, 8 9 . 1 82 n Vi a r An xvi 1 1 4 3 9 l l c 9 . Pupi a gn d, n . Sci . Nat . Paris , Vol . . , p . , pl . , H kera dri ni kera udrenii December . aplotyp e , P . ( correctly on plate ) ,

New Guinea . B 1 1 PUPIN A GIB A Hedley , 89 .

1 i L 2 vi . 1 07 89 1 . Pupina y bba Hedley , Proc . inn . Soc . Ser . , Vol . . , p , Ri H xii 8 9 . e . pl . . , fig . 3 , September Upp r St Joseph ver , all Sound ,

Papua . 1 9 1 PUPINA OVALIS Hedley , 8 .

1 8 1 a . L . 2 . vi . . 06 9 . Pupi na ov li s Hedl ey , Proc inn . Soc . Ser , Vol , p 1 ,

xii 7 9 . Mi . pl . ., fig . 3 , September ta , Milne Bay , Papua L ui i a es r ll mea sur A large series from Round Is . , o s d , shows a la ger she , 1 x i i i ing 0 mm . , less swollen med ally , w th the anter or aperture less

teres s . nov. pronounced , which may be called P . p 1 1 PUPINA TO RTTROSTRIS Sowerby , 9 7 .

i . 1 l r o . . . . xi . 9 1 7 . Pupi nel a to ti rostri s S werby , Proc Mal Soc Vol , p

L r i . 1 . . 3 20 , November 0 Sudest Is , ouisiade A ch pelago

AE Family D IPLOMMATINID .

Only one species has so far been recorded from Papua , but probably many species will later be foun d as these minutiae need looki ng for .

Genus EUADNITA nov.

i l mma ti na s mmetri c a H . Type , D p o y edley i ni a i ts This speci es recalls Ga stroptyc hi a and S c , but is separated by u its o i ts reg lar form , its somewhat acuminate spire , b ld sculpture and

64 BASIC LIST o r THE LAND MOLLUSCA or PAPUA .

.

uc ne l e H . Li . . Ser 2 . 1 89 1 . S ci a simp x edley, Proc nn Soc . , Vol . vi ., p

1 2 9 . Mi B a i d i b 00, pl . xii ., fig . 3 , September ( lne y, Papua ) . . , p . n pl . xiii fig . 3 4 ( j aw) , a d fig . 3 7 (ra dula )

A Family PARTULm E. Typi cal membe rs of thi s Polynesian family have be en foun d on Wood la rk Island and the eastern tip of Papua , and aberrant members further

il 1 Genus MELANESICA P sbry, 909 .

1 909 . Mel a nesi c a Pil sbry, Man . Conch . (Tryon) , Ser. 2 , Vol . xx ., p . 1 66 ,

e 2 Pa r u a urneri f . Septemb r 9 . Orthotype , t l t Pfeif er

A A I MEL NESIC S MILARIS Hartman , 1 886 .

8 a r mi l a ris H . . . hil 1 8 6 . P tul a si P a d 1 88 artman , Proc . Acad Nat Sci 6 , p . 30 ,

pl . ii ., fig . 1 . Woodl ark Is .

1 8 . a r l a d a ki a 8 6 P tu woo l r na i d. i h., p . 3 3 , pl . fig . 8. Same locali ty . mil si r refi ur Pi br M . Type of a i s g ed by ls y, a n. Conch ( Tryon) Ser . 2 , Vol . x 2 1 d a r a n ., p . 3 0 , pl . 3 7 , fig . 3 , type of woo l ki a , fig . 1 6 , a nd specimens from

‘ - ri 1 4 1 . i Trob and Is., figs . 5 Clench records the spec es from mainla nd , Ea st i r a L u hl Cape , Papua, wh le a Pa ta l occurs on the a g a n Group .

MELANE I A D N l 1 S C OCCI E TALIS Hed ey, 89 1 .

1 8 1 . r a n a l 9 Pa tul oc ci de t i s Hedley, Proc . Li nn . Soc . N . S .W Ser . 2 , Vol . vi

9 8 xi i 1 . p . , pl . fig . 3 , September 9 Samarai Is .

L Genus SCILISTY US nov .

a o Type , Pl c styl us remotus Hedley . Although Hedley recorded thi s as a Pl a c ostylus i t is nothi ng li ke the a nd h h type of that genus , as most of the characters of t e Pa rtuli da e , though it i s somewhat aberrant . Its large size , sculpture , umbili cal chi nk , thi ck a i t H h ened lip , lso separate even as edley, at the time suggested, t e lengthened somewha t regular spire being cha racteri sti c .

SCILISTYLUS REMOTUS Hedley , 1 898.

1 . l a o 89 8 t l u r m ta H L . P c s y s e o s edl ey , Proc . inn . Soc . vol . xxi ii , p . 97 , x 2 M r - fig . i n te t , June 3 . a mba e Gol dfiel d, Northern border , Papua .

A 1 Genus AMIMO PI N Iredale , 93 3 .

1 i A xi x 4 2 . 9 3 3 . Am mopi na Iredale , Rec . ustr . Mus . , Vol . ., p . , August 2

uli e d m z . Orthotype , B mus b d o ei Bra ier

LEA 1 AMIMOPINA MAC YI Brazier, 876 .

a a . Li 1 8 ul 1 87 6 . Bulimus m c l e yi Brazier, Proc nn . Soc . Vol . 1 p . 0 , J y.

Yule Is . , Papua .

1 a r l c a H L 2 . i x . 894 . P tu a ma l e yi edley , Proc . inn . Soc . Ser . , Vol p - 1 i E 3 87 , pl . xxvi figs . 22 23 , December 0 . R go , Papua ( nglish) . 1 At the latter citation , Hedley figured the j a w and radula ( 60 x

and on this data assigned this pecul i ar form to this location .

A A Fami ly PARAL OMID E.

A Genus P PULAOMA nov .

l a mmuli na a di ta H l Type , F b ed ey . This alpine species ascribed to Fl a mmuli na seems to range better i n this family , i ts minute size , form and sculpture recal ling that of members , li the protoconch being spirally lirate , separating it from the east Austra an l true Pa ra a oma . IREDALE . 65

PAPULAOM A H ABDITA edley, 1 89 7 .

1 89 7 . Fl a mmuli na a bdi ta H l A r ust . . ed ey, Rec . Mus , Vol . iii ., p . 4 7 , pl . x1 - 1 0 1 2 s 5 . Sc ra tc hl e figs . , Augu t Mount y, ft ., Papua .

A Fa mily C HAROPID E.

Genus MISSIOC LIVUS nov . h r Type , C a apa texta Hedl ey . ha r Not much li ke typical C opa , and its turbinate form and na rrow b i um il cus , its finely radiate protoconch , rather coarse sculpture , smal l di an mouth , size , combine to stinguish it from y Australian named group . IO I E ' MISS CL VUS T xrUs Hedley, 1 89 1 . 1 8 1 a r H l Li 9 . h a a texta . . Soc . . 2 . vi C p ed ey, Proc nn Ser , Vol ., p . 79 ,

x . 1 2 Mi . . 9 . Hi pl , fig , September ssion ll , Upper St . Joseph River , H u all Sound , Pap a .

Fa mi ly MICROCYSTIDAE.

‘ i r ’ Th s family name seems to be in doubt , but Bu rington Baker s use H l i ri onid x of e c a a e, with numerous subfamilies , i s a worse e pedient . E Y 1 Genus XPOC STIS Iredal e , 9 3 7 .

1 . s r x 93 7 Expocy ti s Iredale , Aust . Zool . , Vol . i . , p . 4 , November 1 2 . Ortho

type , Heli x rusti c a Pfeifl er.

EX 1 POCYSTIS SAPPHO Brazier , 876 .

1 8 H li h l a ss a a h L 1 . 76 . e x ( T a i ) s pp o Brazier , Proc . inn . Soc . Vol . p 1 H l b 00 , July . Yul e Is . Specimens from Mai va , Mission il , figured y

i x . 7 Hedley, Proc . Linn . Soc . Ser . 2 , Vol . vi . , p . 77 , pl . . , fig ,

September 9 ; and anatomy, id . i b . , p . 686 , pl . xxxvi ii . , fig . 7 , and pl . xxx i x v ii . , fig . 4 ( radula , 9 6 - f i 1 EXPO CYSTIS BRUIJNII T a ppa rone C a ne r , 883 . - Na n ni T a r ne a nefri An n C i v . . xix . 1 883 . i na bruij i a pp o C , . Mus . Genova , Vol , 1 1 4 1 K t 6 5 . 3 5 . a ow . p . 20 , pl . , figs , , Fly and Rivers , Papua

I 1 EXPOCYST S MA ILUENSI S Smith , 89 6 .

1 a . 89 . Mi c r n a il u nsi a . . v . 6 oc ysti a s pp ho var . m e s Smith , Journ . M lac , Vol , p

1 A . 8 25 . a h a , June M ilu , nort of Orangerie Bay, Papu ( nthony)

EXPOC YSTIS CALCARATA Hedley , 1 89 1 .

2 . 1 1 . a l a L . . . . 89 Mic roc ysti na c c a r ta Hedl ey , Proc . inn Soc N . S W Ser , Vol

9 . M n i x . 8 x . 9 vi . , p . 76 , pl . , fig . ; pl . . , fig , September Mita , il e Bay ,

Papua . AE Family NITORID .

Genus PRAVONITOR Iredale , 1 9 3 7 . 1 2 H l r i x . . 3 . a o 1 93 7 . Pra voni tor Iredale , Aust . Zool ., Vol . , p , November p

N re i ox . typ e , i ta r k flt C 1 PRAVONITOR ANNULUS Brazier , 876 .

L . i . l . . Soc . . . . 1 876 . Helix ( Tha l assi a ) a nnu us Brazier , Proc inn N S W Vol , p

M a rra ha t Mowa tta Ka tow . e 1 . a ) 00 , July River , Papua Typ 8 x H . Li . . . 2 . . . 7 . . figured , edley , Proc nn Soc Ser , Vol vi , p , pl ,

1 1 89 1 . fig . 0 ,

- r n a nefri . . . . 1 883 . Na ni na orbi c ulum T a ppa o e C , Ann Mus Civ Genova , Vol

1 7 1 8 . 7 fi . 7 and 2 4 . v . . 1 6 ( xi x . , p . 0 , pl , figs , , ; pl , g date July Fly

Ka tow Rivers , Papua .

A 1 89 6 PRAVONITOR PAPU NUS Smith , .

1 8 . M . . v . . a na r . 1 896 . Ma c roc hl a mys pa pu Smith , Jou n alac , Vol , p , pl ii

- . 25 . i a ( ) figs . 8 9 , June North of Oranger e Bay , Papu Anthony 66 BASIC LIST OF THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF PAPUA .

LI N AE Family HE CARIO ID . The family Heli c a ri onida e is here restricted to the Heli c a ri on- like l s i mol u cs , and even so restricted it is almost certa nly polyphyletic , and instead of adding unlike groups this family will later be much subdivided .

Only two small species have , as yet , been recorded from Papua , but each of these represent a di stinct genus .

Genus MISTARION nov .

i a r n s a Type , Hel c i o mu gr vei Hedley . l l o She l sma l , globose , thin , animal with pointed tail , j aw sh rt and wide, radul a of 1 28 rows wi th formula quite unli ke that of the erc ul a r on northern Australian V i , which has the formula

MI TA ION RA S R MUSG VEI Hedley, 1 89 1 .

1 89 1 . Heli c a ri n u ra H L o m s vei . 2 g edley , Proc inn . Soc . Ser . , Vol . vi . ,

77 x . 1 4 e 9 . p . , pl . , fig . , Septemb r Doura , west of Port Moresby,

i b . 8 xxx xl 6 7 . . 9 . i Papua ; id . , p . , pl . viii , fig (j aw) , and pl . , fig . 3 0 (radula )

Genus ELLARION nov .

H li c a ri on i i H Type , e u s edley .

Shell small, depressed , thin , animal with truncate tail , j aw smooth , a radula wi th formula , the great reduction of m rginals being quite abnormal .

A 1 1 ELL RION VISI Hedley , 89 .

1 1 l a ri n H L . 2 . . 76 89 . He i c o vi si edley , Proc . inn . Soc Ser . , Vol vi , p . ,

x 1 9 . . pl . . , fig . 3 , September Basilaki Moresby) Is

Family D URCELLINIDAE.

Through the confusion brought about by anatomical workers , each ’ l w is amending the other s results , refuge for the smal kno n Papuan shells

i . taken under the above family name , w thout prej udice 1 28 Genus D URGELLIN A Thiele , 9 .

hr 1 3 5 25 . r a b . . . 55 . 1 9 28. D u gel li na Thiele , Zool . J . Jena Syst , Vol , p , April

H i rin . aplotype , D . v t a Thiele ( Bismarck Archipelago )

D URCELLINA MAINO Brazier , 1 876 .

n L . . i . . 1 876 . Hel i x ( C onul us) ma i o Brazier , Proc . inn Soc . Vol , p

L . H . . 1 1 . . 0 , July Yule Is Type figured , edley , Proc inn Soc

9 . i x . . 6 2 . 75 . Ser . , Vol . vi p , pl , fig , September 1 8 4 D URCELLIN A ANTHROPOPHAGORUM Hedley , 9 .

H r L . . . 2 i a ro ha rum . 1 894 . S ta l a nth pop go edley , P oc inn Soc Ser ,

1 3 2 1 24 1 0 . l xx xxv . xxv . . 85 s. . i x . 3 Vol . , p . , p iv , , i , figs , , , , December

Purari Valley , Papua .

Genus SEROSTENA nov .

Hel i x sta rkei . Type , Brazier

i . H d Shell small , conical , perforate w th coarse radial sculpture e ley i has describe d an animal , assigned to this species from Milne Bay , wh ch i has the tail keeled , end ng in a small horn , while the shell was contrasted ’ r osa i with that of the Fij ian sub ug , now the type of Burr ngton Baker s a D syconus. 1 SEROSTENA STARKEI Brazier , 876 .

Li . i . . 1 876 . Helix (C onulus) sta rkei Brazier , Proc . nn . Soc . Vol , p IREDALE . 67

1 03 . . H , July Yule Is Type figured by edley , Proc . Linn . Soc .

. 2 . . 7 9 . i x . . 5 9 1 Ser , Vol vi p , pl , fig , September , 89 1 .

C HRONOC Genus ERYX nov .

T Si ta la sub'li mi s H ype , edley . in This minute alp e species is unlike any other Papuan shell , being depressedl y turbinate , smooth , with very narrow umbilicus , and may be a of hr n s s ( . . . L ( . ) . xx . 29 2 relative C o o Rob on Trans Zool Soc ond Vol , p . , 1 9 1 0) hl also from the hig ands of New Guinea .

C HRONOC ERYx S H 1 SUBLIMI edley , 89 7 . 1 89 7 . Si ta l a subli mi H s . Austr . . . . 4 7 x edley , Rec Mus , Vol iv , p . , pl . i . , figs .

4 5 6 s 5 . Sc ra tc hl e f , , , Augu t Mount y, t . , Papua .

PARATROCHUS Pi l br Genus s y, 1 893 .

’ 1 893 . P a ra troc hus Pi l sbr . h o . 2 2 y, Man Conc , Try n , Ser , Vol . viii ., p . 95 ,

1 . H Heli a July aplotype , x d lberti si Brazier . Pi l br At the place given , s y introduced this group as a section of Endodonta - r . i x . i ii . 20 21 , referring to a figu e in Vol , pl , figs . , but when that 1 6 1 89 3 H ’ volume was issued , November , , the figure , a copy of edley s , a p r l - ea ed . . 55 5 . l p on p vi , figs . 6 Mb l endorff stated that this group should be Aul a c os i ra a n referred to p , while Fulton referred second species to Ga esell a , C oli ol us f under the subgenus , a very di ferent looking shell .

PARATROCHUS DALBERTI SI Brazier, 1 876 .

1 876 . Heli x ( Oc hthe hila da l berti si L p ) Brazier , Proc . inn . Soc . Vol .

i . . 1 04 . . . H , p , July Yule Is , Papua Type figured by edley , Proc . Linn .

2 . . . . . 79 . x . 1 1 1 . 9 89 1 . Soc Ser , Vol vi , p , pl , fig , September ,

PARATROC HUS W EISKEI F 1 ulton , 9 02 .

1 9 02 . Ga nesell a C oli olus wei skei Ann ( . H . 7 ) Fulton , Mag . Nat . ist , Ser . ,

. i x . 1 84 K . . R E i k We s e . Vol , p , March emp Welsh iver , Papua ( . ) : 1 1 Note Gude (Proc . Mal . Soc . Vol . vi . , p . 6 , June , re “ Ga nesell a euc onus Monendorff r corded , from Dinawa , B itish Central New

Guinea , f from a single dead specimen . MOll endorff described Sa tsu a euc n m o us ( o . . . . i . . 23 5 . xv . . 2 Pr c Mal Soc Vol , p , pl , fig , 1 6 . s March , a shell measuring mm . by mm , from A trolabe Bay , in the north of New Guinea . E Fa mily X STIDAE. The huge aggregation of molluscs known as Z oni ti ds must be divided into many groups , an d these are here regarded as families . Burrington Baker has published a brilliant and exhaustive account of Zonitid shells from the Pacific Islands (Bernice P . Bishop Museum , Bulletins 1 58 1 65 ( 1 9 4 0 ) and 1 66 but this has proved of little assistance in con i nec t on with the problems presented by the Papuan forms . Based on Z ni tid anatomical work , the o s have been treated in an iconoclastic (his own word) manner , and his results bring back to mind the measured opinion of 4 1 H . . L . . . . 7 89 6 a master ( G . B . owes , Proc Malac . Soc ( ond ) Vol ii , p , July , ) ‘ ’ “ - who wrote : In other words , so called systematics , properly pursued , is - ‘ ’ but a branch of morphology , and the so called systematist is a morpho - l ogi st ; an d your anatomi st , in deriding the species man , is discounting his own occupation . I am bound to confess that the systematology of the ” x anatomist offends me vastly more than the anatomy of the ta onomist . The only method of reaching stability in connection with these molluscs is 8 6 BASIC LIST o r THE LAND MOLLUSCA or PAPUA .

by collaboration between an experienced conchologist such as the guessing ” Gude wi th an able anatomist such as Baker , the latter attempting to con fir ’ m the former s conclusions , and when that proves impossible the former

to revi ew his results in the face of the facts provi ded by the anatomist . By x these means an appro imation to reality would be practically achieved .

Genus KESTA Albers , 1 850 .

1 . Kes a A li Di 850 t lbers , Die He c een, 1 st ed., p . 58. Logotype (Martens) , e Hel i li c een 2nd . i L x1 1 H x (Albers ) , c d , Systemat c ist , p . ., e

c i tri na L .

: Na ni ni a 1 83 9 o Na ni n Note The claims of Sowerby, , err r for a Gray, are

not worthy of notice . E K STA OLDHAMIANA sp . nov . ii (Plate i . , fig . The many speciesaccumulated under the name c i tri na are usually easily

di fferentiated . Thus a series sent by Mr . R . Oldham from behi nd Port i f Moresby are all alike in coloration , s ze and form , di fering from the true

ci tri na from the Moluccas . They are uniform lemon wi th the first two

apical whorls red brown , and are smaller and more elevated than ci trina

wi th the whorls more rounded . The type measur es 3 7 mm . broad by 25 mm . high .

XESTA INTERJECTA sp . nov . i (Plate i i ., fig . A series from the Fly River and the Purari Valley may be tentatively as sociated, as they are less elevated than the preceding , and , though the - apical whorls are stil l red brown , the succeeding ones are pale creamy white with a green band below the suture and a broader green band around the

u r ri her l . base , sometimes with a purple s p a pe p a line The j uveniles Show the 1 same coloration . T he type measures 3 5 mm . by 2 mm . from the Purari

Valley .

n . XESTA DIN AWA sp . ov

(Plate iii ., fig . l r Ma . . VI 1 1 2 Recorded by Gude ( P oc . . Soc Vol p . 5, June 3 , l n a as Hemipl ec ta c a mpy o ot , a Do rey species , though Gude noted f e x di f erences . The shells themselves are v ry di stinct , the conve spire bei ng x i peculiar , the base being equally conve , the mouth thus rather small , be ng about as high as broad , a rounded keel present peripherally, the sculpture l above being of very fine radi al striae , apical whor s smooth wi th well ra marked radial curved ripples sutu d, horn colour , with a peripheral darker 22 colour band . Size : 3 6 mm . broad by mm . high , from Dinawa , Central

Papua .

KESTA COMPLICATA sp . nov . i i (Plate i ., fig .

Mr . A . C . English collected a number of shells at Cloudy Bay , Papua , and amongst them are two species belonging to this series . One is a large i flattened X esta recalling the true X . c tri na in shape an d appearance , the r l other more conical related to the preceding species . Shell large , dep essed y turbinate , spire little elevated , periphery obsoletely keeled , base well rounded , li i mouth large , outer lip not descending , broader than high , p thin , umbil cus

. very narrow, the columellar reflection slight , not obscuring the umbilicus

The sculpture consists of very fine radial striae above , with a very minute transverse striation below . Coloration pale fawn above , almost white be low , IREDALE . 69

n i a narrow brow ban d encircl ng the whorl below the pe riphery . Breadth ,

4 3 mm height, 24 mm . E XESTA CORN CEREA sp . nov .

(Plate iii . , fig . i de ressedl Shell large , very th n , p y conical , spire whorls a little convex, di o last whorl rounded , not descen ng , mouth l nger than broad , base com a ra ti vel p y less rounded than in p receding , mouth shorter and deeper , umbilicus still narrower and obscured by slight columellar reflection . Sculp ture of fine radi al striae above an d a still finer spiral striation below . i sub ri h r l Coloration pale horny with an ndistinct pe p e a darker band . 4 2 2 i Breadth , mm . ; height , 7 mm . Cloudy Bay, Papua (A . C . En gl sh ) With this was another specimen whi ch seems to be a lar ge represen a ti v X i n a t e of . d a w , agreeing in all essential features , but with the upper ' wi h sculpture more pronounced , the lower surface t minute spirals , colora

i s 25 . l t on paler, mea uring 3 9 mm . broad and mm . high This may be cal ed

'

X di n u i l i . . a wa n b i s nus subsp . nov . ( Plate iii . , fig and made the basis of rn s a a new subgenus , C o eoxe t .

X E T 1 887 . S A FRAUDULENTA Smith ,

1 887 . n r xi x Na i n udul n M a H . . 5 . . . a f a e ta Smith , Ann . g . Nat . ist , Ser , Vol , p

4 1 7 . , June . Foot of Astrolabe Mts , Papua .

n 4 2 . b This was describe d as like hu stei ni , measuring mm in readth by 24 mm . high , but wi thout the spiral striae of that species , and has not been seen Si nce .

A Genus AM ENIXEST nov . i a n n n i i . Type , N a hu ste n Smith

- Thi s X esta like species has a smal ler spire , more globose form than n o Kesta , but i s finely sculptured throughout . The a at my of the snails has ff 1 60 x been shown to di er , while the radular formula is and that of citri na is given as

AMENIXESTA HUNSTEIN I Smith , 1 887 . i 4 1 6 H . 5 . x x . . ni n . . 1 887 . Na na hunstei ni Smith , An . Mag Nat ist , Ser . , Vol , p ,

1 . . pl . 5 , fig . 6 , June Foot of Astrolabe Mts , and Owen Stanley Range ,

presented by Brazier ( coll . Go ldie ) .

- l From Fife Bay , south east coast , specimens are sma ler , spire a little o a s more elevated , mouth more glob se , high as long , and sculpture finer ,

h hun tei ni 4 0 x 3 3 x 25 mm . t e type measuring 3 0 x 25 x 21 mm ., against s , i H l This may be called A . fifens s sp . nov . edley co lected shells at Milne Bay , o - n rth east point , and regarded them as typical , describing their anatomy

x . 1 . 85 . xx . . 6 (Proc . Linn . Soc . Ser . 2 , Vol . vi , p . , pl viii , fig , and pl 1 0 xxx x 1 1 . x . . 3 9 i . , fig . , and pl lii , fig , June , These show finer sculp v ture and are less swollen than typical ones , whorls still ery rounded , mouth mi ta 3 5 x 29 x 20 . be A . longer than high , measuring mm , and may called

ii . i . 1 ensi s i . sp . nov . ( Plate ii , fig . 0 fif , Plate , fig

A Genus Z CMENA nov . l n na ff Type , He ix i c li ta Pfei er .

n il ha ed o Shell l e t s p , whorls flattened , sutures lightly impressed , str ngly a keeled , basally swollen , perture not descending , mouth elongate , lip thin , - perforate , perforation very small , coloration brown red, sculpture fine - l x sutura d. thread ike radials , ape shows strong curved radials 70 O F TH BASIC LIST E LAND MOLLUSCA OF PAPUA .

ZAGMENA f INCLINATA Pfei fer , 1 864 .

1 864 . Heli x i n li na ta ff . . Soc . 1 863 52 c Pfei er , Proc Zool , p . 6 , April

25 1 864 . L fide H , ouisiade Group Misima , Smith , Ann . Mag . Nat . ist . , 6 . . . . 200 . 1 3 . 1 6 1 889 Ser , Vol iv , p , pl , fig , September , type figured ,

3 0 x 2 6 x 1 4 . n H L 4 mm A atomy by edley , Proc . inn . Soc . Ser . 2 . . . 686 1 2 xxx . x . 0 . . 3 , Vol vi , p , pl fig ; pl viii , fig . (radula , 9 6 x

x . and pl . lii , fig . 3 8, June 1 0, 1 89 2 .

ZACMENA DIVISA Forbes , 1 85 1 .

- 1 851 . Heli di vi sa x . ii . . 3 i 76 . i . Forbes , Voy Rattlesnake , Vol . , p , pl , figs . 5a b ., ” 23 x 2 x 1 1 “ 0 . 1 8 2 5 1 851 . E mm , December , South ast Island,

Loui si a des.

ZAGMEN A RO ELIAN 1 SS A Smith , 889 . 1 8 a n a 8 9 . N tu r seli n H . a os a . . . . Smith , Ann Mag Nat ist , Ser 6 , Vol . i v ., p . 200 , 1 4 x 2 1 pl . 1 3 , fig . 5 ( 0 x 3 6 4 September . Rossel Is .

ZA MEN A OO DLA KEN I H 1 G W R S S edl ey, 89 1 . N n n i i o dl ken H a i a d v sa var . w o a r si s edley , Proc . Linn . Soc . N . S . W Ser .

2 . . 74 3 1 x 27 x 1 7 , Vol vi , p . ( September 9 . Woodlark Is .

ZA N 1 GME A MINOR Hedley , 89 1 . 2 Na ni na di vi sa var . mi nor Hedley , Proc . Linn . Soc . Ser . , Vol .

vi p . 74 ( 22 x 1 9 x 1 1 September 9 . Mita , Milne Bay, Papua .

ZA E A FELI 1 8 GM N IN x Smith , 93 .

1 a n n l . 1 25 . 89 n . i i . 09 3 . N i a i fe i x Smith , Conchologi st , Vol , p , March Prob

v 1 7 . ably British New Guinea . Fig . Smith , Journ . Malac ., Vol . . , p . , pl - i . 2 x 2 x 1 2 25 1 896 e ii , figs . 6 7 ( type , 4 1 June , ( from Oranger Bay)

89 . a n l l r ell N hr 1 5 N i na (Hemip ec ta ) strubel i St ub , a c . d . Malak . Gesell ., 27th 1 - 24 x 21 x 1 2 x K Year, p . 51 ( Septembe r October ) ( e obelt MS . K Cloudy Mts . Bay) , New Guinea . Figured , obelt , Syst . Conch.

. B b h xii 28 224 9 1 0 1 89 7 . Cab , d. I A t . ., p . 8 , pl . , figs . , ,

A A A Z CMENA OUG RR NA Smith , 1 905 .

m l c r a H . . 7 xvi . 1 9 0 . r 5 He ip e ta ouga na Smith , Ann . Mag . Nat . ist , Ser , Vol . , r n p . 1 9 5 x 20 x mm . ) August . Owga r a , An ( g) a bu ga River ,

f . Owen Stanley Range , t ., Papua

ZA E A F 1 CM N RATTI Gude , 9 04 . l Eu ec ra tti . . . . 1 4 p ta p Gude , Proc Mal . Soc Vol vi , p . 1 , figs . i n

1 8 x 1 x 23 . i f x 6 . te t ( June D nawa , t , inland from H E all Sound , Papua ( . A . Pratt ) .

A i Z GMEN A CAIRNI Sm th , 1 887 . i Hi xi x l a a r Ann . . . 5 . 4 1 7 1 887 . N ni na c ni Smith , Mag . Nat st Ser , Vol . , p . , p .

1 1 x 2 . s a . 5 , fig . 5 ( 3 6 x 3 0 June Foot of A trolabe Mts . , Papu

A A 1 8 . Z CMENA EGBERT E Martens , 8 3 1 a nr b . x . 8 3 2 1 883 . Na ni na egbert e Martens , Ja . d . Malak . Gesell , Vol . , p . ( b x 274 x 1 8 January Fe ruary . Taburi ( Astrolabe

Fi nsc h . South East New Guinea (0 . ) 1 ZACMENA JANSO N I Smith , 9 05 .

( Plate iii . , fig .

i . . H . 7 . xv m a ns n . . . He ipl ec ta j o i Smith , Ann Mag Nat ist Ser , Vol , p

2 7 BASIC LIST O F THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF PAPUA .

li a l n Orthotype , Bu mus c ryst l i us Reeve .

' C ALY IA I ELIANA T ron - C a fri 1 C SS a ppa e ne , 883

- 1 883 . C a l c i a i sseli a n T a a r n a n fri An n y a pp o e C e , . Mus . Civ . Genova , Vol . xi x ., 1 0 1 x p . , fig . in te t ( dated June 25 ) Ka tow Ri ver, Papua .

Fa mily TROC HOMORPHIDAE. Once again a Polynesian family j ust reaches the eastern outski rts of r hi Papua , whil e the corresponding Moluccan family, Geot oc da e , penetrates r h r h into the western porti on of Papua . None of the T oc omo p oid generic

names used by Burri ngton Ba ker are available , so that new names become

necessary .

Genus ROSSELIDEN A sp . nov . Tr c hom h a Type , o orp a ni gr ns Smith . S v Troc homor hoi hell ery depressed , p d, spire flatly conical , base flattened , w x r horls very lightly conve , pe iphery acutely keeled , base rounded , widely - o umbilicate , umbilicus about one third the breadth f the shell , mouth l i elongate , p thin , sculpture of obscure growth lines only , apical whorls s 1 1 8 x smoothish , ba e similarly striate , keel puckered . Ra dular formula , x l l f agreeing e actly with that of P e e i ua , o the Caroline Group ,

another case of convergence only .

RO ELIDEN A NI RAN 1 88 SS G S Smith , 9 .

1 89 ro r i ra n Hi . 8 . T c homo pha n g s Smith , Ann . Mag . Nat . st , Ser . 6 , Vol . iv ., - 2 1 9 1 1 . . p . 00 , pl . 3 , figs . , September Rossel Is

RO EL IDENA H 1 89 1 . SS CORNEA edley , ii (Plate i . , fig . 1 r n H Li 1 89 . Troc homorpha nig a s var . c ornea edley , Proc . nn . Soc . N .S .W

9 . Loui si a des Ser . 2 , Vol . vi . , p . 79 , September . Sudest Is , .

Family GEOTROC HIDAE.

r Although agreeing closely conchologi cally with the T oc homorphi ds,

the Moll uscan Geotroc hi ds have been shown to be of different origin . These r a e represented in the western portion of Papua , but here again new generic

names are needed .

Genus GEO DISCUS nov . H l m n i zi Type , e i x l o o t Bra er . i Shell very fla ttened , thin , spire l ttle elevated , whorls flattened , base i i s i i little rounded , umb l cus deep , per pect ve , less than a third the w dth of l base , peripheral keel very acute , slightly puckered above and below , scu p

ture of very fine radi al stri ation wi th lower sutural puckering , apical whorls - T a a rone C a nefri . smooth . Anatomical detai ls gi ven by pp 1 7 GEODISCUS LOMONTI Bra zier , 8 6 . 1 1 i . . 0 L . c . . 1 876 . Helix ( D iscus) l omonti Brazi er , Proc . inn So Vol , p , - T a a rone C a nefri . . . July 1 . Yul e Is . Fi gured , pp , Ann Mus Civ - l 1 5 7 . . . 2 ( xi x. 9 . . . ) Genova , Vol . , p . , pl ii , figs (shell , pl vi , fig genita

3 . i x . 4 ( ) . system ) , pl . vi ii . , fig . ( j aw ) , and pl fig radula

Genus NECVIDENA nov .

N c vi dena ro a tti Type , e f gg nov .. r dl i i i Shell small , dep esse y con cal , strongly keeled per pherally , th n ,

spire elevated , whorls a little rounded , base rounded , deeply umbilicate , r i umbilicus na row , mouth subq uadrate , outer lip thin , columella th n , ver

al . tic , not reflected IREDALE. 73

NE ENA F ATT n CVID ROGG I ov . sp .

(Plate iii ., fig .

This species , collected by W. W . Froggatt at the Fly River , was recorded H Tr c hom r h l a n r by edley as o o p a p o bis Lesson , but Lesson described hi s as Heli x C a roc olla l a n rbis 1 2 species ( ) p o (Voy . Coquille , , Zool ., Vol . ii . , p . 3 , 1 fi 4 pl . 3 , g . , from Dorey , Western New Guinea . It is immateri al to ’ discuss the identity , as Lesson s name is invalid , being preoccupied by Linné .

u 1 3 . The Papuan shell meas res mm in breadth by 7 mm . in height , d an in addition to the very fine growth radials a fine spiral lining is present , the apical whorls being smooth .

E I Superfamily H L CO IDEA. This superfamily is represented in Papua by a strong development of Pa ui ni d hl ri p and C o ti d forms and very little of the Heli c i d series , at present only two or three being referred to the l a stna med, and their family name is even doubtful .

Family HADRIDAE. i Th s family name is used with reservation , as no Australian member i of the fam ly is very li ke the Papuan shells here placed .

N E A no Genus MECY T R v .

h r n r a l H Type , T e si tes septe t i on i s edley . “ H ” Shell very tall elevated elicoid wi th lustrous surface , apical whorls i smooth , not d fferentiated , succeeding whorls somewhat fla ttened, sutures di little impressed , sculpture ra al growth lines only, outer lip descending a little , thickened and reflected all round , mouth a little oblique , higher than m r broad , colu ella vertical , much reflected obscu ing narrow umbilicus , strong i glaze connecting l ps across body whorl .

. i s This a beautiful development if related to the Australian group , n and is quite unlike a y north Australian genus such as Gna rosophi a , a dr H a , etc . ME CYNTERA SEPTENTRIONALIS Hedley , 1 89 7 .

1 89 7 . Th s i te e n ri na li A 1 1 . er s s te t H ustr . . . . p o s edley, Rec . . Mus , Vol iii , p , fig x E in te t , January 7 . Musa River , N . . Coast , Brit . New Guinea .

A Genus KEND LLEN A nov .

eli r a benti . Type , H x b o d Brazier '

l turbi na s i re . Shel te , p elevated , whorls rounded , narrowly umbilicate s r d This bulk y shell recalls the C hl oritid Sul c oba i s, and is ve y issimilar to the preceding in almost every particular , the sutures more impressed , the whorls rounded , the sculpture stronger , almost ridges , mouth rounded , l a b broader than high , lip strongly reflected all round, colume l short , roadly reflected over the narrow open umbilicus . When Hedley gave anatomical details he made no comment save that the j aw with eleven ribs differed h er s i ra 6 -8 from that of the Queensland Sp a o p , which had only ribs , and gave the r adular formula as 1 60 x

KENDALLENA BRO ADBENTI Brazier, 1 877 .

r roa dbenti . L . . . 1 877 . Heli x (Hyd a ) b Brazier, Proc inn Soc Vol ii ,

b L . Fi gd. p . 25 , July . Port Mores y, New Guinea aloki River - ix 1 8 v n fri . . . x . . 8 . . T a ppa rone C a e , Ann . Mus Civ Genova , Vol , p , pl ,

1 1 883 . fig . 2 , r 3 1 . The type measured 43 mm . broad and mm high , and Gude repo ted as 4 6 that the Dinawa shells were more depressed , but gave measurements F 74 BASIC LIST O THE LAND MOLLUSCA or PAPUA . mm 3 . broad by 5 mm . hi gh . Mr . Oldham sent some from somewhere near hi Port Moresby , and w le some agree very closely with the typ ica l shell one be autiful specimen is very elevated , and while it is 4 8 mm . broad it is no less than 50 mm . i n height . It is so very distinct that a new name must enda l n u l be introduced as K l e a q a i s sp . nov . ( Plate iii . , fig .

: i . . 28 1 89 7 Note Sm th ( Proc Mal Soc . Vol . ii . , p . 8, November , ) Thersi tes Ha dra r ter a n f recorded ( ) fo s i a Pfei fer , from Fergusson Island an obvious error , which he j ustified with the very naive comment : Mr .

Sowerby , from whom it was obtained for the Museum , has no reason to doubt the correctness of the habitat , since he received the shell with others from a collector who has been travelling in New Guinea and the adj acent ” islands .

AE Family PAPUINID . It may be recalled that only fifty years ago every “ Heli coid snail was “ " e i l br classed under the genus H li x, and P s y ( Man . Conch . (Tryon ) , Ser . 2 , ” “ 1 9 1 b P a ui n x Vol . vii . , 8 ) defined the su genus p a thus : No e act diagnosi s can be framed for a group in which such diverse forms occur as in Pa pu i na .

It is still , however , an easy matter to recognize a species as belonging here ; ” ll . for wi th a its vari ety , the group is a very natural one Then to assist il in the recognition P sbry was compelled to distinguish fourteen groups . A r n couple of years later Pi lsb y allowed Pa pui a generic rank , added another division , and separated one group as a subgenus , the latter be ing almost immediately shown by Hedley to be referable to another family . I separ ated i the Australian groups , and now having stud ed the New Guine a and island

forms have to di stinguish many more .

A I Genus C NEFR ULA nov .

l as elli n T a a ron - nefri Type , He i x tom i n a a pp e C a .

Shell heliciform , solid , whorls well rounded , periphery rounded , mouth m open , broader than high , lip reflected , colu ella broadly reflected , almost

concealing the narrow umbilicus , sculpture of radial growth lines sometimes

strongly pronounced as i n the type . Conchologically the shell is very like l a that of Pa pui na Insu ri a Eugeni a preoce . , but the anatomy has been

shown to differ . There may be three or more groups here confused as a a n t um ti a s has flattened base , a more oval lengthened aperture , lip broadly - reflected towards a beak like ending . This may stand as the type of a new Pa ul or a si ul a is i subgenus , od r , while c somewhat s milar in shape but very l - much sma l er, the last whorl sub keeled and the base more rounded , the Medi toma aperture less beaked and may be subgeneri cally named s nov .

- A r n fri 1 883 . C ANEFRIULA TOMASINELLI NA Ta pp a one C a e ,

- 1 8 li a i n l a n T a a rone C a n fri . . C i v . 8 3 . He x tom s e li a pp e , Ann Mus Genova ,

1 4 1 1 7 . 3 8 . 6 1 2 Vol . xi x. , p . 4 8, pl . , fig . , pl . 5 , fig . , pl . , fig , pl . , figs and

( dated July Fly River , Papua .

A NAT 1 89 1 . C NEFRIULA AZO A Hedley ,

n L . . Geotroc hus toma si nelli a nus var . a zo a tus Hedley , Proc . inn Soc

2 b 9 . o Ser . , Vol . vi . , p . 93 , Septem er D uglas River , Papua

( Bevan ) .

1 89 1 . i a h l . . Heli x (Pa pa n ) a gnoc ei us Smith , Proc . Zool Soc , p 4 8 xl R r 8, pl . . , fig . 5 , April 1 . Douglas ive , Papua .

- NE I A a n fri 1 883 . C A FRUL RIDIBUNDA T a ppa rone C e ,

- i d n C i v . xi x. H l i i u T r t . e x r b da a ppa one Canet i , Ann . Mus . Genova , Vol , IREDALE . 75

1 4 2 1 - 1 3 . 0 1 6 . . 5 . 8 fi 1 7 p , pl , figs , pl . , fig . , pl , g . ( da ted June 26) Fly

River, Papua . C ANEFRIULA 1 SICULA Brazier , 876 .

( Plate iii . , fig . Heli x (Geotroc hus) si culus L Brazier, Proc . inn . Soc . N . S .W Vol . 1 1 K . 06 . a tow p , July River , Papua .

1 m di - 883 . Heli x e ta ta T a a rone C a nefri pp , Ann . Mus . Civ . Genova , Vol . xi x

. 1 4 4 . 3 . 1 5 . 6 . 6 26 K p , pl , fig , pl , fig ( dated June ) a tow River , Papua .

C ANEFRIULA CESTROI T a a r n - pp o e C a nefri , 1 883 .

- 1 883 . Heli x estroi T a a rone C a nefri g pp , Ann . Mus . Civ . Genova , Vol . x1 x 1 50 ' l 4 3 . . . 5 . 3 2 p , p , fig . , pl , fig , pl . 7 , fig . , pl . 8, figs . 5 8: 1 4 ( dated

July Fly River , Papua .

C ANEFRIULA BRAzIERAE 1 Brazier, 876 .

1 876 . Hel ix Geotroc hus bra zi era e ( ) Brazier , Proc . Linn . Soc . Vol . 1 1 7 - . 0 . . F T a r n p , July Yule Is , Papua . igured , pp a o e C a nefri , An n .

. . . xi x . . 1 52 . 4 2 5 2 1 Mus Civ Genova , Vol , p , pl , fig . , pl . , fig . , pl 7 , fig . , 8 7 - 1 1 88 pl . , figs . 3 , 3 .

C ANE I A FR UL CYNTHIA Fulton , 1 902 .

( Plate iii fig .

1 9 02 . P a a i n n hi i x p a c y t a Fulton , Ann . Mag . Nat . Hist . , Ser . 7 , Vol . p . 1 83 ,

Ma rch . Bri tish New Gui nea ( ex C . E. Beddome as bra zi era e ) .

A C NEFRIULA HIXSO NI Brazier, 1 877 .

1 877 . Heli hi son Li 1 20 l x x i Brazier , Proc . nn . Soc . Vol . ii ., p . , Ju y . - H Fi r T r n a n fri i v. all Sound, Papua . gu ed , a ppa o e C e , Ann . Mus . C l o . 2 1 n . Genova , V . xi x , p . 1 87 , pl . v . , fig . 2 , 883 ; Tryon , Ma . Conch , Ser .

2 vi 1 77 2 1 1 89 0 . , Vol . ., p . , pl . 5 , fig . 9 ,

C ANEFRIULA LACTEOLO TA Smith , 1 887 .

1 l l H . 887 . He i x (Geotroc hus) l ac t eo ota Smith , Ann . Mag . Nat . ist . , Ser 5 ,

xi x 4 2 1 9 . ns Vol . . , p . 0, pl . 5 , fig . , June Foot of Owen Stanley Mountai ,

Papua .

“ Specimens received from London labelled l a c teol ota British New Guinea ” vary from tall very narrow specimens to tall comparatively broad l shells , but these cannot be named wi thout definite locality , which shou d

have been available in the first instance .

' - fr 1 8 A r e C a ne i 83 . C ANEFRI ULA T UMANTIAS T a ppa on ,

- 1 883 . H li a n i a T r f e x t uma t s a ppa one C a ne ri , Ann . Mus . Civ . Ge nova , Vol . i 1 1 x x . 4 3 1 3 1 4 6 4 fi 1 1 8 p , pl . , fig . , , pl . , fig . , pl . 9 , gs. 6 and ( dated

June Fl y and Ka tow Rivers , Papua .

ANE I A 1 1 C FRIULA C NGUL TA Hedley , 89 .

( Plate iii ., fig .

1 89 1 r a l . Geot oc hus t uma nti a s var . c i ngu a tus Hedl ey , Proc . Linn . Soc .

2 93 9 . Ai i a na Ser . , Vol . vi ., p . , September p , St . Joseph River,

Hall Sound , Papua .

N OLANDI n C A EFRIULA R sp . ov.

(Plate i ii . , fig . r A ni ce series sent by Mr . R . Oldham from be hind Port Moresby e

presents a species not previously seen from that locality , being a flattened 76 BASIC LIST O F THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF PAPUA .

mas nel li a na f i relation of to i , being o the same pecul ar style of coloration , but with the columella greatly expanded and be aring in front a strong

dentiform bulge . The type measures 4 4 mm . broad by 29 mm . high . The om i n li n strong sculpture of t a s el a a i s present in a modified state , and the

present species has the very roun ded whorls and coloration of the series , ra zi era i s n n hi n a c ol a b e, h x o i , cy t a a d l te ot , which may constitute a natural

subgenus .

Genus CLAUDETTEA nov . Heli v ni H Type , x be a edley . This very beauti ful shell cannot be confounded wi th any other in thi s

faunula , and its exact relationship is not very clear . Shell large , flattened ,

strongly keeled , mouth open , broad , lip reflected , pe rforate . Spire short and

conical , sculpture of fine radial striae .

E AN C LAUD TTEA BEV I Hedley, 1 89 1 .

( Plate iii . , fig . 1 89 1 Heli a n . x bev i Hedl ey, Proc . Linn . Soc . Ser . 2 , Vol . vi . , p . 85 , pl . xi 22 - 2 figs . 3 , September 9 , ex Brazier MS . Douglas Ri ver , British

New Guinea . i The orig nal specimen , now i n the Australian Museum , is a large dead

shell which has been broken and repaired , but it was of such striking

appearance that it demanded description . A very beautiful younger speci

men was collected by Donald Mackay from the Upper Purari River, and i t

is pale brown with the lips of the mouth dull red and is here figured .

A D EA 1 C L U ETT ELISA Hedl ey, 1 89 .

1 89 1 . Geo r c h l s i 2 t o us e i H L . . . . a s edley , Proc . nn Soc . N .S .W Ser . , Vol vi , p 86 — xi . 24 2 . . , pl . , figs . 5 , September 9 British New Guinea (Goldie)

This differs from the preceding in its more open umbilicus , its sma ller f u mouth , size , and di ferent colo r scheme , and until more is known about it

l d na . it may be al lotted to a new subgenus , C a u e

’ ‘ H ol ff 1 Genus RHYNCHO IROC US M l endor , 89 5 .

h r MOll ndorff . . . . i . . 23 7 1 89 5 . Rhync ot oc hus e , Proc Mal Soc Vol , p ,

a a i na ta lori a na 8: . March . Or thotype , P p y Adams Reeve

This group has gi ven more trouble than all the other Papuan shells , as

the similari ty of the speci es i s confusing , although series from any given i locality appear uniform . The length of the beak and colorat on of the lips x i H are also misleading , and have led to e treme v ews . Thus , while edley M ll ndorff was inclined to lump everythi ng into one species , O e recorded two x species and a variety from one locali ty . After e aminati on of specimens on from some twenty localities , a conservative view is attempted with provisi

for ample revision . 1 8 RHYNCHC TROCHUS TAYLORIANUS Adams Reeve , 50 .

( Plate i v . , fig .

a i 8: . . . ii . . 59 1 850 . Heli x t yl or a na Adams Reeve , Zool Voy Samarang , Vol , p , - N b . o xv . . 2 a pl . , figs , August locality Port Moresby here selected

from comparison of shells . ’ After long and careful considerati on , Hedley s suggestion that the shell

was collected by John Macgi llivray i s accepted . Specimens collected by Mr . b R . Oldham , behind Port Mores y , agree very closely with the figure , and

therefore Port Moresby is here fixed as the type locality . Using this species

i i . as a bas s , the other Papuan species can be descr bed and determined IREDALE . 77

The type is a low conical shell with the mouth attenuated into a long beak , the upper lip bending sinuously down and then up again to form the beak , dark brown red , the shell being pale pink in the earlier whorls chang s 2 3 . ing into lemon on the la t , and measuring mm in breadth , and mm . in height . RHYNCHOTROCHUS YULENSIS 1 Brazier , 876 .

1 876 . Heli x Geotroc hus) ul ensi s L ( . y Brazier , Proc inn . Soc . Vol . i ., - . 1 05 . . T a a rone C a nefri p , July Yule Is Figured , pp , Ann . Mus . Civ .

e . xi x . . 1 23 2 . . . . . 1 G nova , Vol , p , pl iii , fig , pl vi , fig . , pl . vii i . , fig . 1 1 25 1 883 Pi l sbr ( ) . o dated June , and y, Man C nch . ( Tryon ) , Ser . 2 , Vol . 9 - 5 . 2 29 1 1 1 vii ., p . , pl , figs . 3 , 89 . This species is unlike the preceding in the shorter beak of the more n a open mouth recalling that of He g , and it may be that it is a rela tive of h that genus rather than congeneric with R ync hotroc hus. Thi s appears to fi - be con rmed by the presence in the same locality of a long beaked species .

RHYNCHOTROCHUS 1 STRABO Brazier, 876 .

1 876 . Heli x Geotroc hus stra b L ( . . . . ) o Brazier , Proc inn Soc . N S W Vol . i ., p . K 1 06 . a t , July ow River , Papua .

- 1 883 . Heli ka ta uensi T a r n nefr x s a o e C a i . pp , Ann Mus . Civ . Ge nova , Vol . xi x 1 26 1 - . 3 . . . , p . , pl . iii . , figs . , pl vi , fig 3 ( dated June Katau ,

Papua . RH YNCHO TROC HU RO EOLABI S S ATUS Smith , 1 887 .

1 887 . Heli P i na s ol a x ( a u ) o e a bi ta . Hi . p r Smith , Ann Mag . Nat . st , Ser . 5 ,

Vol . xi x . p . 4 21 , June . Fergusson Is . b 3 0 d 1 A long eaked form with pale lips , measuring 4 mm . broa by 9 mm . high , and with the mouth contracted medially . The coloration probably attracted Smith , as it is a deep cream with a crimson peripheral band .

RHYN HOTROC HU C S MONTICOLA sp . nov .

( Plate iv . , fig . b Shell small , imperforate , roadly conical , spire wi th whorls fl attened x but a little conve , periphery sharply angulate , b a se evenly rounded , mouth e comparatively small , beak short , upp r lip slightly sinuate , lower rounded , - i . l columella thin , appressed , l ps thin , brown red Shel coloration , a pical k whorl blackish , succeeding whorls pin ish , densely mottled wi th dull pur l i h p s , the dark colouring following the wavy sculpture , cream peripheral - 2 band present , base wi th a couple of dark spiral bands . Breadth , 7 mm . ;

1 9 . height , mm

Mount Astrolabe , Papua .

RHYN CHOTROC H US PRAEFECTUS sp . nov .

(Plate i v . , fig . h Shell larger, imperforate , broadly conical , wit whorls little rounded , sutures deeper , periphery angulate , base rounded , swollen towards aperture , li x mouth large , open , upper lip sinuate , beak short , lower p conve , columella - k n wi w . thickened , appressed , pin glaze co necting th outer lip , lip bro n red i Shell coloration, apical whorl bluish , later whorls creamy w th freckling as ub ri her a l in preceding species , also s pe p whitish band, base with several - 3 . . brownish red bands . Breadth , 3 mm ; height , mm

- Collingwood Bay, North east Papua .

O H INUCOLA s n v RHYNCHOTR C US S p . o .

(Plate iv . , fig . c i Shell medium , imperforate , broadly onical w th whorls rather flattened , O F THE BASIC LIST LAND MOLLUSCA OF PAPUA .

sutures lightly impressed , periphery sharply angulate , base rounded , not r swollen , mouth small , open , beak Sho t , upper lip wavy , lower lip squarish flexuous basally , columella rather , thin , appressed . Dead shell , but showi ng

- coloration to be similar to that of the preceding , with lips probably pale . 2 9 . Breadth , mm ; height , 1 8 mm . Ba Cloudy y, south coast of Papua .

RHYN CHOTROC HUS VALLIC LA O sp . nov .

( Plate iv . , fig .

Shell medium , broadly conical , imperforate , spire shortly conical , whorls x little conve , periphery acutely angulate , base rounded , a little swollen towards the aperture , mouth long an d narrow, upper li p si nuate and be nt i in o forward , cramping the open ng and attenuated t a sha llow spout , the l i lower lip flattened , the columel a curved , not much th ckened , and a p

. C to pressed oloration similar that of the precedi n g, but much darker in x s . 3 0 . every item , e cept the lip , which are pale rosy Breadth , mm ; height ,

1 7 mm .

Purari River , Papua .

RHYN HOTRO C C HUS EXTRANEUS sp . nov .

( Plate iv . , fig . l Shell large , broad y conical , impe rforate , spire shortly conical , whorls x somewhat conve , sutures well marked , periphery sharply angulate , base u very rounded , swollen towards the apert re , mouth broad and long , very i i n open , upper lip w th a strong sinuation ending a short beak , lower lip l rounded , co umella very thin , appressed . Coloration uniform pale pinkish al 1 8 white , lips p e rose . Breadth , 3 0 mm . ; height , mm . K erema , Gulf of Papua .

RHYNCHOTROCHUS MYSTICUS sp . nov .

(Plate iv . , fig . xi x A shell was figured by Smith (Ann . Mag . Nat . Hist . , Ser . 5 , Vol . . , p .

1 a 1 887 ex . 4 21 xv . . , pl . , fig , June , ) as from South Cape , Brazier Specimens Hen a robri a ndensi s but from the same lot are before me , and it recalls g t , x has the outer lip sinuate . Shell small , conical , whorls rather conve , peri h r p e y scarcely angulate , base very rounded , mouth very open , upper lip

l . sinuate , beak short , under lip rounded , columel a thin , appressed Colora - 2 . 26 . 0 n c l a n . tion a s in mo ti o , lips red brow Breadth , mm ; height , mm

Genus LETITIA nov . li rum r nsi Type , He x b e i e s Forbes . subkeel ed Shell heliciform , spire short , whorls round , faintly , mouth open large , as broad as high , lip reflected all round , upper lip scarcely sinuate . u columella broad , flattened , eliminating mbilicus , hence shell imperforate , 1 1 x sculpture of fine grains arranged spirally . Radular formula , 0

1 1 LETITIA BRUMERIENSIS Forbes , 85 .

1 8 1 li r m r . 2 . 5 . He u i ensi . 3 75 x b e s Forbes , Voy . Rattlesnake , Vol . p , pl , figs ” - “ 1 a b 1 8 2 1 8 1 . . , 5 December , 5 . Brumer Is , Papua In the typical species the cal lus j oining the outer and inner lip across the body whorl is black . A similar shell from the mainland at Port Glas M H gow , and recorded by Smith from illport arbour , many years ago , is

3 . larger and more conical , measuring 3 8 mm . broad by 3 mm high , while the e 28 Leti ti a typ measured mm . broad by 24 mm . high . This may be named a d unc ta s H i j p . nov . ( Plate iv . , fig . edley recorded specimens from M lne

80 or THE BASIC LIST LAND MOLLUSCA or PAPUA .

AROL Genus C ETITIA nov . Heli i Type , x d omedes Brazier . Pom a l a bi a but Recalling p from above , has the open mouth and sculp Leti ti a a ture of , and the strong peripher l keeling is a di stincti ve feature . l , O li Shel conical depressed , solid , strongly keeled , mouth pen , p reflected , x l , l i the i e panded basal y columel a broad , appressed , clos ng umbil cus , li ps

j oined , sculpture smoothish , growth lines crossing spi ral rows of minute i gra ns .

AROLE i 1 C TITIA DIOMEDES Braz er , 877 .

1 877 . Heli i m z L x d edes . . Soc o Bra ier , Proc inn . Vol . ii ., p . 1 21 , July . “ Er u n . C o ta c e . fid i Brumer Is ror Is , e Braz er hi mself . Fi gd. Ta ar - f i one C a ne r . . . xi x 1 pp , Ann Mus Civ Genova , Vol . ., p . 22 , pl . iii

. 1 2 1 883 Pilsbr . . 2 fig , , and y, Man Conch (Tryon ) , Ser . , Vol . vii ., p . - 54 i . , pl . , figs . 9 1 0 , 1 89 1 . AROLETITIA C VILIA sp . nov .

(Plate i v . , fig . r i Mr . Melbou ne Ward collected a shell at V lirupu , south coast of Papua ,

which i s taller and narrower, wi th the last whorl steeply descending an d i almost forming a cont nuous mouth . The type measures 3 0 mm . in breadth 2 by 5 mm . in hei ght .

A C AROLETITIA SEC NS Hedley , 1 894 .

. a s a n H L 1 894 P pa i na ec s edl ey, Proc . i nn . Soc . Ser . 2 , Vol . i x . , p . - 9 xxv 8 9 e 1 0 . 3 8 , pl . figs . , D cember Mt . Maneao , north coast , Papua . 1 eli a i na i n era l l n orff hr h ( Cf . 89 7 . H x (Pa p ) l t e MO e d , Na c . d . mal . Gesell , 29 t ’ - r . Year , p . 3 0, Mar ch Ap i l No New Guinea . See Ancey , Journ . de

h . li i . . 3 1 1 25 Conc , Vol , p , December ,

O ALAB Genus P MP IA nov . el a Type , H i x n so Martens . L P i i arge flattened conical a pu n d, strongly keeled , mouth with the uppe r e lip bidentate and descending , cramping the entrance , followed b hind by a d epression and strong crest , i mperforate , sculpture of wavy wrinkling .

P MPALABI A 1 8 O A N SO Martens , 8 3 . hr ak x 2 1 883 . Heli x na so Martens , Ja b . d . Mal . Gesell , Vol . . , p . 8 , January

. E Feb . Taburi , Astrolabe Bay ( error for Mts ) South ast New Guinea .

r 2 . 2 Fi gd. Pil sb y, Man . Conch . ( Tryon ) , Ser . , Vol . vii . , p 56 , pl . , figs . - 1 3 2 3 5 , 1 89 . r a n H 1 883 . Heli x ( Geot oc hus) ta pp ro ei Smith , Ann . Mag . Nat . ist Ser . 5 , “ ’ E Entrec a stea ux . 1 9 0 . D . Vol . xi . , p . , March Is rror Foot of Mt

Astrolabe . i i h s in . L . . . . i x 1 884 . Hel x un te i Brazier , Proc nn Soc N S W Vol . ., p . 805 , H a a ronei x H li November 29 , as synonym of . t pp Smith , e e x hundsteini

L . . . v . . 63 7 2 1 ( sic) Bra zi er, Proc . inn Soc Vol , p , May 0 , 881 ,

nomen nudum . A PO MP LABIA GEMINA Fulton , 1 9 02 . 1 83 Hi . . 7 . i x . . n . . . , 1 902 . Pa pui na gemi a Fulton , Ann Mag Nat st , Ser , Vol , p

f E Wei ske ) . March . River Arva Aroa) , t ., Papua ( mil

A A 1 9 05 . POM P LABIA MEEKI NA Smith ,

Hi 7 . xvi . . a ki a n An n . . . s . 1 9 05 . P pa i na m ee a Smith , Mag Nat t Ser , Vol , p R x . Ow a rra ) a bun a 1 93 , fig . in te t , August g , An ( g g iver , Owen Stanley

f . . Range , t , Papua IREDALE . 81

Genus HENGA nov .

e tr c hu ro r n s Type , G o o s t b ia densi , Hedl ey . c - Shell sub onical , thin , subkeeled , imperforate , mouth Open , upper lip

contracted , sinuate , mouth about as broad as high , columella thin , a p r ri nkli n pressed , sculptu e of wavy w gs above , sometimes fine spiral s below . 1 4 x Radular formula , 5

HE G TROBRIANDEN H 1 N A SIS edl ey, 89 1 .

1 89 1 . Geotroc hu trobri a ndensi H L s s edley , Proc . i nn . Soc . Ser . 2 ,

Vol . vi . , p . 9 2 , pl . xi . , fig . 28, September 9 . Trobriand Is . This may be 1 887 H li a a i na a l b a r na . e x (P p ) oc i ta Smith Ann . Mag . Nat . Hist ., Ser . 5 , i x x 4 22 1 2 . Vol . . , p . , pl . 1 5 , fig . , June South Cape error .

HE C W ILLIAM I 1 N A S Clench 8: Archer, 93 6 .

1 ll i a msi 8: 4 9 3 6 . Pa a i na . 9 . 88 p wi Clench Archer , Nautilus , Vol , p , pl . 5 , fig . K K 4 r . a , Janua y Omar ana , Central iriwina , Trobriand Is . a n i ll a m a l a n 1 9 3 6 . P pa i a w i si a t ta Clench , Nautilus , Vol . 50 , p . 53 , Octobe r .

Same locality .

The exact status of these forms is in doubt .

I o . HENGA DEL CIOSA sp . n v

( Plate iv . , fig . n A beautiful little species was brought i by the Rev . H . K . Bartlett from h i the La ug l a n Islands , more depressed , much smaller , th nner , whorls l roun ded, last whorl periphera ly keeled , base rounded, mouth oval , open , o lip little thickened , pink , columella thin , col ration , pellucid wi th opaque r 1 8 1 1 cream zigzag marki ngs , the type measu ing mm . broad and mm . i n height .

Genus VIOLENGA nov .

e r ll si a n Type , H lix o a Smith .

li r Shell depressed , he ciform , solid , imperforate , pe riphe y rounded , r i i x mouth open , lengthened , broade than high , upper lip a l ttle s nuate e

tending in to a short Open beak , columella thin , appressed , sculptur e of

r nk li n a . wavy w i gs, coloration peculi r of violet mottling Radular formula , l i i 1 54 x ou s a densi s, 1 4 2 x and woodl a rki a na , 1 3 0 x

VIO LENGA ROLLSIANA Smith , 1 887 .

a . H . . . 1 887 . Heli x (Pa pa i na ) roll si na Smith , Ann . Mag . Nat ist , Ser 5 , Vol ” i “ Ba x x . , p . 4 23 , pl . 1 5 , fig . 3 , June . South Cape error Seymour y,

Fergusson Is .

a Austr . . . 2 1 . 5 . x P pa i na ba rtl etti Cotton , South Nat , Vol , p , figs in te t ,

1 . . May 3 Salamo , Fergusson Is

VIOLENGA MISIM A nom . nov .

(Plate iv . , fig .

o s n Ann . 1 889 . Heli x ( Geotroc hus) th m o i Smith , . Mag Nat . Hist Ser . 6 , 1 2 - 1 i 2 1 3 . 3 . . Vol . iv . , p . 20 , pl . , figs , September St A gnan Misima , l n f Louisiade Group . Not He i x thomso i Pfei fer , Mal . Blatt ., 1 87 1 , p .

1 20 . x 1 1 VIOLENGA MILLICENTAE C o , 87 .

1 1 . 2 1 l l ox . . . 87 . 3 3 xxx 1 87 . He i x mi l i c enta e C , Proc Zool Soc , p , pl . iv . ,

- 2 2 1 6 . L . figs . a , August ouisiade Is 82 BASIC LIST O F THE LAND MOLLUSCA or PAPUA .

VIOLEN GA LOUISIADENSIS Forbes , 1 851 . 1 8 1 l i i dens 5 . He i x l o s i . . 3 7 i u a s Forbes , Voy Rattlesnake , Vol . ii , p . 6 , pl . . , fig . ” 8a “ 1 852 1 1 E i i , Decembe r, 85 . South ast Is . , Lou s a des.

VIOLENGA OODLARKIANA Souverbi e 8: Montrouzi r 1 W e , 863 . 1 3 l l rki n u r i Montrouzi r 86 . He i x wood a a a So ve b e 8: e , Journ . de Conch . , Vol . 1 2 2 xi . , p . 76 , January ; p . 1 7 , pl . 5 , fig . , April 1 . Woodlark Is . mri H li c o ei . . 1 : e x . 876 . 4 8 Note Angas ( Proc Zool Soc , p 9 , pl .

x . 4 H lvii , figs . from uon Gulf , North Coast , seems to belong to this series .

Genus KATHADENA nov . Heli r us x Type , x gu g tu C o .

Looks like an elevated relative of Vi ol enga with simi lar sculpture , but strongly keeled peri phery ; the mouth Similar, a little narrower and sub a x attenuated to a spout recall ing ta yl ori na , upper lip sinuate e panded all x round, the lower e panded , merging into small straight columella . Anatomy 1 4 x di stinct and radular formula , 5

A K THADEN A GURGUSTII C ox, 1 879 . i 1 879 . Heli x Geotroc hus ur ust i C ox . L ...... ( ) g g , Proc , inn Soc N S W Vol iv , p

1 1 4 1 1 1 6 . i b r 2 , pl . 6 , fig . , June Rossel Is . Figured , id . ., Se . , Vol . ii . , 1 - 4 1 8 p . pl . 2 , figs . 3 , 8 8.

Genus ZENOLINA nov .

li c ha ma ni C ox . Type , He x p S subkeel ed hell conical , tall , thin , imperforate , , mouth open , higher x than broad, lip a little e panded , columella broad flattened , sculpture of wavy wrinkling . The very open mouth i s characteristi c , otherwi se thi s species might be regarded as an elevated relation of the Vi ol enga series .

ul 1 8 x o . Rad ar formula , 3 is als peculiar

A x 1 87 ZENOLI NA CH PMANI C o , 9 . ha ni ox L 1 879 . Heli x (Geotroc hus) c pma C , Proc . inn . Soc . Vol . iv . ,

2 1 . R fi r i 1 1 1 . 6 . e u d . b . 2 p . 5 , pl . 6 , fig , June Rossel Is g e , id , Ser . , 1 1 - 1 1 1 8 2 . 0 88 . Vol . ii . , p . pl . , figs , i ra li l a i Ann H 1 887 . Hel x (Ac a vus) c o o br s Smith , . Mag . Nat . ist ., Ser . 5 , Vol .

xi x 1 xv . . 4 . . ., p . 4 9 , pl . , fig , June Russell Rossel Is

N ILO 1 ZE OLINA CH C HROA Costa , 89 9 . l 1 a hi c hr c . . 89 9 . P pa i na c o oa Costa , Pro Mal . Soc . Vol . iii , p . 3 06 ,

fig . in text , October . British New Guinea .

- Genus LULLIc oLA nov .

r i 8: r Type , H . boye i Fischer Be nardi . Resembli ng the preceding but with lip thinner and less reflected and Hen a coloured , suggestin g that it is an elevated development from the g in series . A curious convergence is seen the radular formula which is 1 04 x 1 LULLICOLA BO YERII Fischer 8: Bernardi , 857 .

a F h v . . 2 1 857 . Heli x b yem ischer 8: Bern ardi , Journ . de Conc , Vol . , p 97 , pl . ” - “ 9 , figs . 8 9 , January . Admiralty Is . error Woodlark Is .

‘

Genus TEPO MUSA nov .

li c nova rii Ta a rone - C n fri Type , He x a pp a e . l i m Shell tal , conical , spire elevated , whorls flattened , sutures lightly IREDALE . 83

pressed , peripheral keel strong , base flattened , little rounded , lip scarcely r descending , mouth rather squarish , lips scarcely reflected, columella e

fl ec ted conceal ing umbilical Chink ; this is the same in the j uvenile .

TEPOMUSA CANOVARII Ta a ron - a pp e C nefri , 1 883 . 1 88 Hel i c a nova rii T a a rone - C a nefri 3 . x . pp , Ann Mus . Civ . Genova , Vol . xi x . , 1 1 6 Fl p . 3 , pl . iii ., fig . ( dated June y River , Papua . A series of specimens from the Purari Valley from j uvenile to adult f x x dif ers in the more conve whorls , the more obtuse ape , the m ore open mouth , the outer lip not descending, while the coloration is pale brown with Te o s n r the li ps white . This ma y be called . p mu a c o fi ma sp . nov the typ e 2 2 measuring 3 mm . in breadth and 5 mm . in height . (Plate iv . , fig .

B Genus NEGOTOB A nov .

eli oldi ei Typ e , H x g Brazier . r h Shell large , soli d, l entili fo m, peri p ery acutely angulate , spire whorls l flattened , sutures little impressed, last whor descending a little , mouth x small , oval , beaked , upper lip wavy , thickened and slightly e panded , under lip broadly reflected , columella also very broad almost hiding narrow deep open umbilicus , a thin callus connecting with outer lip , sculpture of irre gular wavy ripple marks , apex smooth , coloration of purple and green blotches and scrolls , quite cha racteristic . The general appearance is of the

North Australian Me li obba which i s imperfora te , has the li ps more ex pa nded and a little less beaked mouth and paler colour scheme .

OLDIE NEGOTOBBA G I Brazier , 1 884 . l i L 1 8 i l e . i . 84 . He x (Ohba ) go d i Brazier , Proc . inn Soc . Vol . x , p ; 804 , l November 29 ( ex Heli x go dei Brazier , Abst . Linn . Soc . 8 27 1 881 n m n nudu December 29 , 1 8 0 , issued January , , o e m ; and Proc . 1 1 men u L n v . 3 7 20 88 n n dum in . Soc . Vol . , p . 6 , May , , o ) , new name for 1 8 li s Hi 83 . He x (Ohba ) oxy toma Smith , Ann . Mag . Nat . st . , Ser . 5 , Vol . xi . , ’

1 D En r ux . p . 1 9 , March . t ec a stea Is , error foot of Astrolabe Range , l s o hrb Papua , fide Brazier . Not He i x oxy t ma Thomas , Ja . Ver . Nat . il r i . 1 3 1 84 5 . P sb . . . Nassau , Vol . i , p . 6 , . Fig y, Man Conch ( Tryon) , Ser

' - 8 1 1 89 1 H 2 . 2 1 7 8 3 7 3 l ProC , Vol . vi , p . , pl . 5 , figs . , May , , and ed ey , .

L 2 . 86 . x . . 20 . xi . . 2 1 inn . Soc . Ser . , Vol . vi , p . , pl , fig , pl , fig , 9 1 8 1 September , 9 . o Through breakage the shells are commonly di st rted , some specimens i very flattened and others with the spire elevated , being met w th in the same locality . The species has been recorded by Gude (Proc . Mal . Soc .

1 4 29 E. . Vol . vii ., p . 1 , June , from Dinawa , collected by A E Pratt , and specimens from Cloudy Bay , collected by A . C . nglish , are before me , but through the abovementioned variation , at present, these appear inseparable . A very similar species has been named Heli x (P a pa i na ) li ntsc hua na by h i 1 2 - K t xi . . 70 . 00 . 5 6 obe lt ( Syst . Conch . Cab . , Bd. I. , Ab . , p , pl , figs ( dated H o 1 89 7 from D j a mna Is . , umb ldt Strait , North Coast of New

Guinea .

2 . i x 1 9 1 P l . . 3 894 Note : i sbry (Man . Conch . (Tryon ) , Ser . , Vol , p , ) has recorded—“ The great variation observed in the genitalia and teeth of the

i . species examined , shows that here lies a w de field for future cultivation

These features are no doubt characteristic of minor groups in the genus , and their investigation will lead to valuable results in the classification 84 BASIC LIST O F THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF PAPUA .

of the group , and secondarily may be of use i n the study of its geographi cal ” distribution and migrations . No one in the half century that has nearly passed has taken up this challenge . Although Pi l sbry separated some fifteen groups i n his genus Pa pa i na o ha lf a century a g , little has been done to rectify the anomalies since , so that an attempt i s here made by indicating some of more notable groups as genera , a complete revision being impossible at the present time .

SO OP N Hel i vi ni i o LM I A gen . nov . Type , i x bo Pet t . Solom n Group .

Shell broadly conical , spire tall , whorls rounded , imperforate , columella i n reflected , mouth open , outer lip rounded th n , not reflected , o wri nkl y sculpture , shell banded . MO E A eli m ff SOL P ST gen . nov . Type , H x eta Pfei er . Solomon Group .

Similar to preceding , taller , narrower , whorls flattened , very narrowly perforate , columella straight , strongly reflected , concealing umbili cus , outer

lip not reflected , thin , no wrinkly sculpture . ’ A i f SOLM OG DA gen . nov . Type , Hel x flexi l a bris Pfei fer . Solomon Group . l n Similar to So mopi a , whorls rounded , imperforate , mouth open , lip

broadly exp a nded , sculpture wrinkly .

’ H li x m n za SOLMODO RA gen . nov . Type , e e do Brazier . Solomon Group .

Similar , whorls rounded , but periphery strongly keeled , hence , though

i i n . mouth open , it is somewhat tr angular form Radular formula (ful a

'

r n 1 x . ko e sis) , 00 Clapp

NA E . Heli l m i f PIN D NA gen . nov Type , x o be Pfei fer . Solomon Group . n - k l Shell more fla tte ed the last whorl sub ee ed, scul pture not wrinkling , i x mouth oval , upper lip th n , scarcely e panded , columella broadly reflected ,

subdenticulate .

MO O l LMER PE . H i i l gen . nov Typ e , e x p eus Mul ler . Moluccas .

Shell tall, narrowly conical , striate , whorls rounded , ba se a little fla t

tened , minute perforation , mouth open , lip thin , little reflected , columella l much reflected , concea ing umbilicus .

HOMB O N A . R UL gen . nov . Type , Heli x horderi Sowerby New Guinea .

Shell tall , whorls rounded , periphery well rounded as is base , mouth

broad , very open , lip reflected all round , columella reflected almost closing

umbilicus ; proj ecting tooth at base of columella .

C ARMEROPE Heli i l e l Ferussa c gen . nov . Type , x p o us . Moluccas . t Shell tall , conical , whorls flattened , s rongly keeled , base flattened , per

forate , mouth open , oblong , lip strongly reflected all round , bluntly recurved

beak , columella smooth .

Z T l E EM INA gen . nov . Type , Helix hed eyi Smith . New Guinea . L arger , similar in form , but lip thin , little thickened and lengthened

into a beak , columella bearing a notable denticle . l n SMEATONIA He i d one i . . gen . nov . Type , x e dyst s s Reeve Solomon Group t e Shell flattened , conical , perforate , mouth very open , lip widely fl ec ted x , lower lip broad , and columella much e panded , concealing umbilicus ,

sculpture wrinkly . E l . . MIRALENA . . He i x m sel e i gen nov Type , o y Smith Admiralty Is t Shell flattened , large nuclear smoo h whorls , few adult whorls rounded , l imperforate , mouth open , lip reflected a l round , wrinkly sculpture , columella

li ttle reflected . IREDALE . 85

L RELI l ISP A . . He i x n va eor i gen nov Type , o eg g ensi s C ox . Solomon Group .

Shell superficially resembling the preceding , but apical whorl larger, m columella subdentate , similarity apparently due to convergence only , i perforate , sculpture of corrugations .

SOLMOTELLA Heli x ri n i ll ff gen . nov . Type , f g a Pfei er . Solomon Group . de ressedl Shell solid , p y globose , imperforate , mouth constricted , oblique , li p reflected , columella subdenticulate , surface not wrinkly

M NI i U CEPS . . Hel x re m a ox gen nov Type , de pt C . Solomon Group . x Shell solid , spire conve , imperforate , mouth rhomboid , columella den x tate , outer lip thin , lower li p conve .

Family C HLORITIDAE. Many years ago Pi l sbry attempted to link a heterogeneous assemblage “ together by means of the supposed sculpture of the apical whorls— a quin nc i a l x — c u l y granulated ape as the true generic criterion , a very futile ex “ ” h r i s pedi ent . The origi nal C l o i t was a flattened shell of very rounded whorls , a concave spire , narrow deep umbilicus , mouth crescentic , higher x than broad , lip a little e panded , Shell with a pilose periostracum , some

what deciduous and missing in the adult . The suggestion that a granulose ape x was paramount allowed the addition of many unlike shells until the mass become a discordant congregation . Now Clapp has provided a sen sation by separating very similar shells by means of anatomical examina tion . A critical examination of extralimital species became necessary as the Papuan di nodeomorpha was the one segregated by Clapp from the con c hol o i c a ll s m a Eus omo is eu t t s . g y very similar o , the type of p

Genus D ISTEUSTOM A nov .

r - H li inodeomo ha T a a rone C a nefri . Type , e x d p pp

Shell subglobose , spire flattened , even a little elevated , sometimes de reflexed pressed , umbilicus deep but very narrow , almost occluded by the Eustomo si s columella , otherwise shell characters as in p , but animal charac H f . . . . ters very di ferent , according to Clapp (Bull Mus Comp Zool , arvard , l xv 81 Vol . . , p . 3 , November ,

- D T rone ne fri 1 883 . ISTEUSTOMA DINODEO MORPHA a ppa C a , - fri . . 1 8 i n e a rone a ne . 83 . Hel x di od omorpha T a pp C , Ann Mus Civ Genova , 2 1 5 5 . 9 . xi x 1 4 . 4 7 . 7 . Vol . . , p . 68, pl . , figs , , pl , fig , pl , figs , ( dated July

Fly River , Papua . n D ISTEUSTOMA NEMA sp . ov .

( Plate iv . , fig .

A beautiful shell from the Purari Valley , determined by Hedley as di nodeomor ha p , has the whorls more tightly coiled , the mouth much larger

and not descending as much , the umbilicus wider , and the hairs longer and

2 1 8 . not so closely spaced . This measures 9 mm . in breadth and mm in height .

I EE ox 1 873 . D STEUSTOM A L I C , 5 - 5a 1 8 1 873 . 565 . 4 8 . 73 . Heli x l eei C ox , Proc . Zool . Soc . , p , pl , figs ,

H . L . November . Louisiade Is . Misima ( Smith) . edley, Proc inn

1 3 1 . 4 0 2 687 . xxx x . . 5 . 3 2 . . . Soc . Ser . , Vol vi , p , pl i , figs , , pl , fig

1 x 1 0 1 89 2 . Radula formula , 67 June ,

OODLARKEN I H 1 89 1 D ISTEUSTO M A W S S edley , .

'

l r n He Pr L . 1 89 1 . C hl ori ti s l eei var . wood a ke si s dl ey, oc . inn Soc . Ser .

2 83 9 . . , Vol . vi . , p . , September Woodlark Is 86 BASIC LIST .OF THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF PAPUA .

1 9 . hl ori sc r r 8 7 C ti s fu opu pu ea Smi th , Proc . Mal . Soc . Vol . ii p . 2 - 1 89 , pl . xvii . , figs . 1 2 4 , November . Woodla rk Is.

TE E 1 89 1 DIS USTOM A SUD STENSIS Hedley , . 1 8 1 h o L 9 . C l ri tis l eei var . sudestensi s Hedley, Proc . inn . Soc . N . S .W Ser . 2 , L ui i Vol . vi . , p . 83 , September 9 . Sudest Is . , o s a des.

DISTEUSTOMA PAPUENSIS Hedley , 1 89 1 .

1 8 1 . hl r i L 2 9 r H . . . C o i ti s l ec i va . pa puens s edley , Proc inn . Soc . N S .W Ser ,

Vol . vi . , p . 83 , September 9 . Mi ta , Milne Bay , Papua . hl o H 1 93 . r l ha 50 . 53 . 6 C i tis de p x Clench , Nautilus , Vol . , p , October uhuna , Heli hl oriti s del ha x 20 miles west of East Cape , Papua . Not x (C ) p M Na c hr . xx i 2 1 4 1 89 1 ex o S d . malak . Gesell , Vol . i i p . , , D hrn ,

s Fi . A trolabe Bay , North Coast , New Guinea . gured by Kobelt , Syst - i 8 1 7 1 89 7 . Conch . C a b . , Bd. I . , Abth . xi ., p . 64 , pl . 86 , figs . 5 ,

A EPH ILL DI STEUSTOM AM A Smith , 1 89 5 . H li hl ri is e ha mill a 1 895 . e x C o t . H ( ) p Smith , Ann . Mag Nat . ist Ser . 6 , Vol .

xv. 23 2 1 . . , p . , March Brit New Guinea (northern islands Fi gs,

b . xvi i . . 3 63 20 . 1 Smith , , Vol . , p , pl . , fig 0 , November, 1 89 5 . Fi ga . h - K . B I Ab xi i . . d. . t . . . 823 223 7 obelt , Syst Conch Cab , , , p , pl . , figs . 8,

1 89 7 . Fergusson Is .

D I TE A r l S USTOM NEPHELE St ubel , 1 89 5 . ri l 1 89 5 . Heli x ( C hl o ti s) nephel e Strubel , Nacht . d . malak . Gesell 27th - 1 5 1 . Year , p . , September October Cloudy Mts . , British New Gui nea ,

K . Bd h Fi d. . Abt xii ft . g obelt , Syst . Conch Cab , . I . ., p .822 , pl . 2 - 1 23 , figs . 5 6 , 89 7 .

Genus TRADEUSTOMA nov. eli c i Type , H x sub orpul entus Sm th .

Shell large , depressed , globose , spi re flattened , little elevated , last whorl i n very large , mouth very large , subcircular , lips j o d by a callus , columella x i k e panded , umbilicus narrow deep , umbil cal area sub eel ed, apical whorls i pustulate , early whorls apparently show ng distant hair scars , last whorl hairless , sculptured with radial growth lines .

DE B ENT 1 8 1 TRA USTOM A SU CORPUL A Smi th , 9 .

1 8 . h r u l n 89 Heli x ( C l o i ti s) s bc orpu e tus Smith , Ann . Mag . Nat . Hist Ser . 6 ,

2 1 1 1 4 1 . Vol . iv . , p . 0 , pl . 3 , fig . , September . Rossel Is

A Genus ALE TELIx nov . l Type He ix sti rophorw Smith . r s dl x Shell medium , stout , dep e se y turbinate , Spire whorls conve ly ele k va ted, whorls fla ttened , periphery sub eel ed, b a se rounded , mouth large , broader than high , lip not descending , outer lip thinnish reflected a little , columella curved broadly reflected over the open umbilicus . Apical whorls almost smooth , sculpture of adult whorls radial growth lines only . Con c hol ogi c al ly quite unlike a C hl ori ti d.

A E ’ ALE T LIx STIROPHORA Smith , 1 89 5 . a h H 1 895 . Heli x (H dra ) sti rop ora Smi th , Ann . Mag . Nat . ist Ser . 6 , Vol .

xv 2 1 . . Fi i d. ib . . , p . 3 , March Cloudy Bay , South Coast , Papua gd. , i 2 89 8: 63 . 0 9 1 5 . . Vol . xv . , p . 3 , pl , fig . , November , Anat , Moss Webb , i i - 3 1 8 Journ . Malac . , Vol . v . , p . 3 3 , pl . i . , figs . 1 7 , September 0 , 9 6 (where from study of anatomy conclude the species is C hl ori tid)

A I 1 ALE TEL x COLLIN GWOO DENSIS Preston , 9 02 .

1 o l l d n i s . 9 02 . C hl ri ti s (Su c oba si s) stirophora var . c ol i ngwoo e s Preston , Proc

88 BASIC LIST OF THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF PAPUA .

i n 4 shell be ng bright red brow , and measuring 8 mm . in breadth , and 3 4 mm . in height . These were apparently described as Heli x (Spha erospi ra ) a nceps Stru N hr - a c . . . . 27th . 1 50 1 bell , d malak Gesell , Year , p , September Octobe r , 89 5 , K fi Bd I . Abth xi i 82 1 2 gured by obelt, Syst . Conch . Cab . , . , . . , p . , pl . 23 , figs . 1 - 2 1 89 7 b , , but the name is unavaila le through the prior usage by Gould ,

r H . i 1 1 84 3 P oc . Bost . Soc . Nat . ist , Vol . . , p . 3 9 , .

N E E r l l 1 GOLDIELIx MIN IG ROD I St ube , 895 . li h i r i nni d i trubell N hr 1 895 . He x (Sp a erosp a ) m gero e S , a c . d . mala k . Gesell - 27th 1 50 1 89 5 . Fi Year , p . , September October, Normanby Is . gd. - K I Abth xi i . 822 22 obelt , Syst . Conch . Cab . , Bd. ., . , p . , pl . 3 , figs . 3 4 , 1 89 7 ( dated not issued until

GOLDIELIx FRAUDULENTA Gude , 1 906 . 1 or l n oc vi i 1 90 6 . C hl i ti s fra udu e ta Gude , Proc . Mal . S . Vol . . , p . 07 , H xii 4 2 i ft . l pl . i ., fig . , June 9 . D nawa , , inland from al Sound ,

Papua (E. A . Pratt ) .

LDIELIx M . GO ITA sp . nov.

(Plate iii . , fig . H ra edley recorded g er rdi from Mita , Milne Bay , but later regarded them

a s obtec ta . Shell large , spire a little elevated , lips very broadly reflected , c ompletely concealing the narrow umbilicus . The type measures 51 mm . i n

breadth and 4 3 mm . in height .

OL IELIx E T 1 G D PR S ONI Gude , 9 02 .

1 9 02 . C hl ori ti Sul c oba si rest ni . i x s ( s) p o Gude , Journ Malac . , Vol . ., p . 59 ,

fig . 4 i n text , June 3 0 . C ollingwood Bay , Papua .

D E I 1 . GOL I L x MAJOR Smith , 9 05 1 hl or l c o a l r 9 05 . C i tis ( Su b si s) g obosa var . ma j o Smith , Ann . Mag . Nat . H 7 xvi 1 4 a rra An bun a ist . , Ser . , Vol . . , p . 9 , August . Owg , ( g ) a g River ,

Owen Stanley Range , 8,000 ft . , Papua . l Specimens so named from Preston seem to belong to A ea teli x ante , so

there is some confusion here .

GOLDIELIx GLOBOSA Preston , 1 9 02 .

s l s . Soc . . 1 9 02 . C hl ori ti s ( Sul c oba i s) g obo a Preston , Proc . Mal Vol

1 4 x i 23 . . v . , p . 7 , fig . , in te t , Apr l Northern coast of Papua

IDE ov Genus DO RCAS A n .

l u li ra i . Type , He i x s bp cife Sm th r ll a i Apparently a hairless species recalling a gi cea , a Chlor toid form , x but sculptured with radial lines , although preserving a punctate ape . Shell l small , rather helicoid , spire a ittle elevated , umbilicus narrow , mouth open ,

x . lip a little e panded , columella reflected

DORCASIDEA SUBPLICIFERA Smith , 1 89 5 .

Hi . . 6 ub li ci era . . . 1 89 5 . Heli x ( D orc asi a ) s p f Smith , Ann Mag Nat st , Ser , i b Fi d. . 2 2 M . . Vol . xv . , p . 3 , arch Northern coast of Papua g Smith , ,

1 2 1 89 5 . 20 . 3 . xvi . 3 6 Vol . , p . , pl , fig , November , 1 93 8 Genus NANNOCHLORITIS Iredale , .

i x 9 4 3 0 . r Austr . . . . . 1 9 3 8. Na nnoc hl o i ti s Iredale , Zool , Vol , p , November

hl ori ti s l a a rdi . Orthotype , C y Gude 1 1 NANNOC HLO RITIS CHLORITO IDES Pi l sbry, 89 .

) . 2 . . . l r . . 1 89 1 . Heli x c hl ori toi des Pi sb y , Man Conch ( Tryon , Ser , Vol vi , p IREDALE . 89

267 58 4 - . . 3 3 6 1 2 x 1 0 x 6 , pl , figs (shell , 4 May 1 . New Guinea ( o Denton ) P rt Moresby . The radular formula of this species is given as 1 27 x Note : While examining the Chl ori ti ds so - called to determine the re l a ti onshi s p of the Papuan groups , a number of large shells was found to be

included , mostly very unlike the true Chlori tis. In order to ensure more accuracy in comparison some of these are

. here named generically When anatomical research , to the standard of ’ i Zoniti d Burr ngton Baker s work on the Pacific s, is undertaken probably wi every species ll become at least a subgenus .

UIROSENA . Heli ou a i l Genus Q nov Type , x b g nvi l ei Pfeiffer (Proc . Zool .

. 1 860 1 3 . 3 . . 1 50 7 Soc , p , Moll , pl , fig . , April . Solomon Group ) . This is a large solid flattened helicoid , imperforate shell , with a malleated upper h surface , mout open , subcircular , lips reflected .

E . Heli x hombr i Genus SH BA nov Type , on Pfeiffer ( Proc . Zool . Soc . 1 82 856 . 3 . o , p Solomon Gr up ) . A strongly setose shell with a short very conical spire , last whorl strongly swollen , mouth crescentic , o x oblique , narrow , umbilicus small , c ncealed by columellar e pansion , outer lip slightly reflected , roughly parallel to curve of body whorl , apex smooth . Eustom o si Said to have radular and j aw features of p s, with the m Austroc hl ori ti s genital organs rese bling those of , whose shells are very unlike the shell of the present genus .

OPTERIGO NE . Heli x ma usc ul a ff Genus nov Type , j Pfei er (Proc . Zool . Soc .

1 8 New H . 56 . ) , p anover This Shell is large , subdiscoidal , - many whorled , spire plane , lower surface sloping to a small deep perspec al x tive umbilicus , sm l oblique mouth , lip little e panded , columella vertical . T IM A EN T hi Genus S US nov . Type , . pent lus nom . nov . for Heli x rubra

. . 1 857 . 9 3 . 2 1 3 Am M l fi Albers ( Malak Blatt , , p , pl , fig . ; Is . yso , de Ma l xi 1 1 . . . . . 8 et . l s. v Boettger , Proc Soc Vol . , p , seq , p iv . and . , ' 1 1 4 l r September , 9 ; not He i x rub a Nardo , 1 84 7 ( Sherborn ) . A large solid H x elicoid with rounded whorls , smooth ape , narrow umbilicus , large oblique ” x oval mouth with a pearly luster inside , lip little e panded .

Family PLAN ISPIRIDAE. T he moll uscs included in this family seem to merge with some of the small shells referred to the preceding family , so that reconsideration seems indicated . The radular features of the true Pl a ni spi ra are unlike those of C hl ori i s the true t , while the general aspect of the former is also somewhat characteristic . IB A r n - n fri 1 8 Genus CRISTIG B Ta ppa o e C a e , 83 . 1 883 s i b T rone - n fri xi C ri ti b a a C a e . . . x . . . g a pp , Ann Mus Civ Genova , Vol . , p . 1 1 Heli rti l a i a L 6 ( dated July Orthotype , x to b esson . 1 8 I TI IBBA M GRAVEI 9 5 . C R S G US Smith ,

l i i s a . H He ix ( C r st gi bba ) mu gr vei Smith , Ann Mag . Nat . ist . , Ser . 6 ,

ou . Fi d Vol . xv . . 23 3 March . Back of C l dy Bay , southern Papua g . , p _ , i 3 1 89 5 Ko b . xvi . . 3 63 . 20 . 1 e id . , Vol . , p , pl , figs November , , and b lt , 224 1 - 1 4 th xii . 829 . 3 B d I . Ab . . . Syst . Conch . Cab . , . , , p , pl , figs ( dated

April 1 89 7 . ' n C RISTICIBBA FULGIDA sp . ov .

(Plate iv . , fig . H mus ra v ei A shell from Dinawa , inland from all Sound , recalls g , but is much larger , spire a little more elevated , glossy , cream colour , with a thick - nte ri hera l red brown a p e p band , mouth a little larger , pink lips , umbilicus 9 0 BASIC LIST OF THE LAND MOLLUSCA o r PAPUA .

e narrow r and crest more pronounced . The type measures mm . in breadth by 1 1 mm . i n height .

A Genus SP TIOLABIA nov . i s i a r r Type , C r t gi bba m c g ego i Hedley . T a ppa rone - Canett i introduced C ri stigi bba for species of Pl a nispi ra wi th a produced gibbous crest behind the aperture ; in addi ti on the spi re was depressed , not elevated , the mouth small and subcircular instead of elon gately broad , while the columella was plain and not basally toothed as in a Pl ni spi ra . Hedley placed all the Papuan speci es under C ri sti gibba as there a wa s nothing like true Pl ni spi ra in Papua . But most of the Papuan forms are as unlike C ri stigi bba , as they have the crest reduced or obsolete , while x the mouth has largened and developed a broadly e panded outer lip , and i l a r the name Spa t o bi a is introduced for these , ma c grego i being selected as 1 1 type . Radular formula , 0 x

PATIO ABI A E S L A M CGR GO RI Hedley , 1 89 1 .

1 1 . ris a r or 2 89 C ti gi bba m c g eg i Hedley , Proc . Linn . Soc . Ser . , Vol . 82 x 1 - 1 Ai i n vi . , p . , pl . ., figs . 7 9 , September 9 . p a a , St . Joseph River ,

Papua .

A ABIA EA A 1 SP TIOL D NI NA Ford , 89 0 .

1 i a a n Phi l . 1 89 89 0 . Helix (Pl a n spi r ) de i a na Ford , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . a d , 0, Fi p . 1 88, July 29 . New Guinea ( Denton ) Port Moresby district . gd.

l r 2 . 29 2 . 63 (type ) , Pi sb y, Man . Conch . ( Tryon ) , Ser . , Vol . vi , p . , pl , - figs . 56 58, May 1 , 1 89 1 .

SPATTOLABIA MACKAYI sp . nov .

(Plate i v. , fig . a c r S . m g egori is represented in the Purari Valley by a species wi th a narrower umbilicus , the flaring lips even more developed , especially towards i i the sp re , wh le towards the base a pronounced angular crest appears behind the aperture . The type measures 3 0 mm . in breadth and 1 5 mm . in height .

A A T r n - n r 1 SP TIOLABIA RHODOMPHAL a ppa o e C a ef i , 883 . 1 88 li r - n fri n 3 . He x rhodompha l a T a ppa one C a e , An . Mus . C i v . Genova , Vol . - xi x . 1 4 1 2 1 . . , p . 76 , pl . , figs . 3 ( dated July) Fly River , Papua

A - f SPATIO L BIA DOMIN ULA T a ppa rone C a ne ri , 1 883 . 1 88 r - f xi x 3 . Heli x domi nul a T a ppa one C a ne ri , Ann . Mus . Civ . Genova , Vol . . , 1 8 - 1 1 4 4 p . 7 , pl . 4 , figs . 8 , pl . 7 , fig . , pl . 9 , figs . 5 , 1 ( dated July

K . Fly and a tow Rivers , Papua These two species appear to be represented in the Purari Valley and

Douglas River by others differing slightly as follows .

A SPATIOL BIA DUL CIOR sp . nov .

( Plate iv fig . h d ha This species recalls r o omp l a but has a wider umbilicus , the mouth is less oblique and the crest weaker, small er in size but with the s a me i - coloration , the li p pale pink sh rose , the colour bands dark red brown . The

type measures 1 7 mm . in breadth and 8 mm . in height , from the Pur ari

Valley .

A LABI PE IXTA n . SP TIO A RM sp . ov

( Plate iv . , fig .

Differing from domi nula in the flatter spire , colour bands, wider um bi l i c u a r r it s, and also from m c g ego i in the same features , while is larger

ul i or ma c re ori . than the preceding d c , and has the flaring lip of g g The type IREDALE . 9 1

2 3 . measures mm in breadth , and mm . in height , from the Douglas

River, collected by T . Bevan .

Genus SETOGIBBA nov . H li i h - Type , e x pl a g oc ei l a T a ppa rone C a nefri . is r s This genus a relation of C i tigi bba , which has developed a pilose

. x periostracum The shell is small , spire planate , ape concave , umbilicus

narrow open , mouth oblique , subc ircular , outer lip reflected all round and d succeeded by a weak gibbous crest , the base of the last whorl towar s the

aperture also swoll en .

SETOCIBBA PLAGIO’C EILA T a a ron e - C a nefri 1 88 H pp , 3 .

- 1 8 . li l a i oc he l T a r a n fri . 8 3 He x p g i a ppa one C e , Ann . Mus . Civ . Genova , Vol i x 1 4 — x 7 5 4 7 7 . 6 Fl Ka tow . , p . , pl . , figs . , pl . , fig (dated July y and

Rivers , Papua .

SETO GIBBA ENIGMA sp . nov . From the Purari Valley comes a simi lar shell with the mouth more con he tracted , the lip reflection less pronounced , the basal swelling obsolete , t

1 . umbilicus much wider , the shell measuring 5 mm . in breadth and 7 mm

in height . It is even possible that this species is not congeneric , and as the

mouth is somewhat sinuate ba sally , a new subgeneric name is proposed , u li —a Q a gi bb , for it alone .

Note : While investigating this group , the hair producing faculty and “ ” gibbous crest behind th e apertur e appear in both Pl a ni spi ra and “ ” “ ” hl l i s i r C ori ti s , so that in collections some superficial P a n p a are called ” hl r . C o itis , and vice versa , and the phenomena invite study On the other “ ” a n h a keri f hand , the species of Pl i spi ra called sc eepm Pfei fer , has deve c x loped a very strong peripheral keel , the upper surface onve , the base i concavely flattened , w th the mouth attenuated to a beak , recalling that of Rh nc hotroc hus x y , the edge of the lip e panded , and the columella scarcely n reflected . This deserves a generic name Phre egi bba nov . On the opposite tr ff end of the chain appears l oxo opi s Pfei er, which is even more curious as

it is lustreless , being rather strongly striate , and the spire not plane , but

elevated , sometimes conical , a peripheral keel present , the mouth elongate ,

the lips little reflected but with a gibbous crest behind , while the narrow u mbilicus is half choked by the columella . For this quaint development

the new generic name Mi na c ispi ra i s introduced . Before leaving this group it may be pointed out that once a Papuan

species wa s referred to corni culum Hombron 8: Jacquinot . The reference l 1 0 - 1 3 P . v . . is to the Voy . é e Sud . Atlas , pl , figs , which appeared a s far as is

1 853 . L c rni c ulum known in But in the New Zealand ist there is a o Reeve , 1 2 l a 85 , the type of the genus Moc e l . Reference to Reeve found that he had

Neozel a ni c rni ul um . . . . s 826 described the co c ( Conch Icon , Vol vii , p . , pl . 1 3 3 , 1 8 1 r 1 852 Pf i ff r ’ dated October , 5 , in error Oc tobe , , referring to e e s name “ ” eta L 1 85 1 in the Proc . Zool . Soc . ond . , , where it does not occur) , but that “ ” previ ously he had introduced the New Guinea Pl a ni spi ra as Heli x c orni c ul um 9 2 s 502 Pfeiffer, wi thout locality (pl . , p . , dated April , There “ ” fore the New Guinea shell must be known as Pl a ni spi ra corni cul um 1 2 re - M EL Reeve , 85 , while the New Zealand shell must be named as OC LA

CO GITATA nov .

A Genus MAGITR CHIA nov .

l a nis i r l a c ki a na . Typ e , P p a b Preston

Recalling Torresi tra c hi a in general appearance , but the mouth is seen

to be more circular , whorls less rounded , subangulate above , with the 9 2 BASIC LIST OF THE LAND MOLLUSCA or PAPUA .

umbilicus more cavernous , the sides steeper , sutures deeply impressed , sculpture of fine radials developing into distant radi als , almost ridged towa rds the aperture . The protoconch is minutely pustulose , whereas

Torresi tra c hi a has the protoconch smooth but with obscure radials sutura d.

A A 1 M GITRACHIA BL CKIANA Preston , 90 5 . 1 n a h 905 . Pl a i spi ra ( Tr c iopsi s) bl a c ki a na Preston , Proc . Mal . Soc .

vi . 207 x 1 7 . b Vol . , p . , fig . in te t , March Port Mores y district , British

New Guinea ( Black ) .

I ‘ [Family HEL COSTYLIDAE. Through Hedl ey descri bing a shell ascribed to this group some place h as to be given it , but as it has not been recovered since there seems doubt as to the correctness of the locali ty .

O HL A EN 1 1 C C OSTYLA P PU SIS Hedley , 89 . 1 c h a L 1 89 . l l a uens H . . . 2 C o osty p p is edley , Proc inn Soc Ser . , Vol . vi . ,

xii 0 9 . p . 9 6 , pl . . , fig . 3 , September British New Guinea ( Goldi e ) .

As Andrew? Goldie was also a storekeeper , i t is possible that thi s i s an x e tralimital shell , as no locality i s exactly given , and no member of the family normally inhabits New Gui nea ]

A E Superfamily PARYPH NTOID A. I n ff The reference by Hedley , Smi th , Fulton 8: MOIe dor of shells to the genera Rhyti da and Pa ryp-ha nta suggests they may belong to this super

family , but even thi s is doubtful .

Genus GALLODEMA nov . H h i l o s . Typ e , R yt da g bo a edley Obviously this Alpine mollusc has nothi ng to do with the Neozel a ni c Rh ti da y , the depressed globose form , coloration , sculpture , narrow umbilicus ,

and pitted apical whorl s dissevering i t rather widely , and it is only left in

this location through the selection of the generi c name , and it may be an aberrant Zonitid .

AL DEMA O 1 G LO GL BOSA Hedley , 89 0 .

- 1 890 . h id l b s H R t a a . . 1 888 y g o o edley , Ann Rep New Guinea , 89 , p . 65 ; 1 890 1 1 L e 5 . . . Nature , Decemb r , , p . ; Proc inn Soc . N S . W Ser . 2 , Vol . - . . 80 x . . 1 5 1 6 1 89 1 . . vi , p , pl . , figs September , Mt Victoria , Owen

Stanley Range , Papua , ft .

LLODEM A TR B AN E GA O RI D NSIS Smith , 1 897 .

1 897 . h i d robri a n ensi S c R t a t d s . . So . . . y mith , Proc Mal Vol . ii , p - 287 x . . 1 i Is , pl . vii , figs 3 , November . Trobr and .

GA LO PAP EN I 2 L DEM A U S S Preston , 1 90 . hl a n 1 902 . Ma c r m a u si . oc ys p p e s Preston , Proc . Mal . Soc Vol . v . , p . 1 x 7 , fig . 1 in te t , April 23 . Northern Coast of British New Guinea .

L NE Genus I LO STA nov . ll r a r h n o i da r m Mo n o ff. Type , P yp a ta l ui s a u e d t a r Whatever the location of his shell may be , it cannot remain in P y ha a i p ni , based on the large New Zealand shell , wi th wh ch this appears to h - ave nothing in common . P . busbyi measures 60 70 mm . in breadth , while f the present spe cies reaches 1 0 mm . , and an entirely di ferent form , a large oblique mouth and imperforate thin shell contrasting wi th the compara i m Heli c a ri on t vely small mouth and wide umbilicus . Really the for recalls r h n much more than P a yp a ta . IREDALE . 9 3

ILLONE TA LO SIADAR M MOIl endorff 9 S UI U , 1 8 9 .

1 9 . Pa r ha n l ui i a a r l l n rff N hr i 8 9 yp ta o s d um MO e do , a c . d . malak . Gesell . , 3 st - 89 . Year , p . , May June No Louisiade Group . Fi gd. Syst . Conch . C a b h - Abt xi i B 1 1 xi 1 2 . Bd I . . . . . 7 3 3 . . 9 0 . , , , p , pl . 3 , figs . , dated

ILLONESTA 1 9 2 STRIATA Fulton , 0 .

1 902 . r ha nta tri a ta H x Pa yp s Fulton , Ann . Mag . Nat . ist . , Ser . 7 , Vol . i . , p 1 2 E i k 8 . We s e , March River Arva Aroa ) , Papua ( mil ) .

ILLONESTA G 1 2 ELE ANS Fulton , 90 . 1 2 P a r ha n l e n 9 0 . yp ta e ga s Fulton , Ann . Mag . Nat . Hist . , Ser . 7 , Vol . i x. , p . 1 82 r R E ei ske . W , Ma ch iver Arva Aroa ) Papua ( mil )

SLUGS . h Although there may a large slug fauna this is entirely unknown , t e r a i T r n - n ri only record being one of Atopos p i sm t c a a ppa o e C a ef , a Sorong species , from the Fly River .

EX PLANATION OF PLATE III .

X esta oldha mi a na Iredale .

X est a i nterfecta Iredale . A m n e en i e i x sta fif s s Iredale . or X esta c nec erea Iredale . i X esta d na wa nubi li si nus Iredale . a n Z a gmena j soni Smith .

X esta di na wa Iredale .

Nec vi dena frogga tti Iredale .

Kesta c ompli ca ta Iredale .

Ameni xesta mita Iredale . l n h C a nefri u a cy t i a Fulton .

Rosselidena cornea Hedley . a r l a C nef i u a rol ndi Ireda le .

Leti ti a subgl obosa Fulton . l a C a nefri ul a c i ngu ta Hedley .

C a nefri ul a si c ul a Brazier .

C l a u dettea beva ni Hedley .

Kenda ll ena q ua li s Iredale . l l Go di e ix mita Iredale .

Gol di eli x mera ca Iredale .

Gol di eli x nepti s Iredale . n H Bra zi era a igna ne si s edley .

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV .

Rhync hotroc hus ta yl ori a nus Adams 8: Reeve .

Rhync hotroc hus monti c ol a Iredale .

Rhync hotroc hus pra efectus Iredale .

Rhync hotroc hus si nuc ol a Iredale .

‘ Rhync hotroc hus va lli c ol a Iredale .

Rhync hotroc hus extra neus Iredale .

Rhync hotroc hus mysti cus Iredale .

Letiti a a dj unc ta Iredale .

Leti ti a i nterrupta Iredale .

Leti ti a moturi na Iredale .

Leti ti a a l bol a bri s Hedley . 9 4 BASIC LIST OF THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF PAPUA .

r Leti ti a ma i a Iredale . i n Let ti a dege er Iredale . a r l C ol eti ti a vi i a Iredale . f l ci Henga de i osa Iredale . i l n s V o e ga mi i ma Iredale . Te u on rm pom sa c fi a Iredale .

' D isteustoma nem a Iredal e . r s i i C i t gi bba fulg da Iredale . a l a a k Sp ti o bi a m c a yi Iredale . o a i Spa ti l b a dul c i or Iredale . a i ol r Sp t a bi a pe mi xta Iredale . o Set gi bba enigma Iredale .

9 6 O F - BIOLO GY THE SATIN BOWER BIRD .

The adj oining xerophytic floral association an d the open forest are mainly of interest in so far as they provide the Satin - bird with many of his e decorative obj ects in the shape of flowers , leav s , etc . ; also with a few fruits

( berries ) as food .

Since the twenties , when my observations were made in the Park , the brush fore st unfortunately has been much reduced in places owing to road

- construction and other causes , with the consequence that Satin birds , as - well as Cat birds , Parrots , Topknot Pigeons , and other birds which feed on native fruits are not now so plentiful as they were then .

Bowers , without exce ption , are always situated near water . They occur in sheltered spots all along the river , frequently at the mouth of side creeks and smaller rivulets , as well as along various creeks , sometimes at a con si de ra bl e distance from their mouth . In various instances I have found bowers only a few inches or not more than a foot or so above ri ver wate r level , so that any rising of river or creek would inevitably flood them . Yet they were built there again and again . It may he re be mentioned that up to the end of 1 9 27 alone some 1 50 bowers gradually came under my observation in National Park . From the beginning in 1 920 I kept records about anything of interest about known bowers , particularly the decorative obj ects found there . They were made regularly and meticulously on innumerable visits and included , of course , h observations on the behaviour of the birds at t e bower ( and elsewhere ) , their play habits , and many other subj ects , so that in time a mass of evidential material about all these things was accumulated , and could when required be drawn upon . Visits were made generally all the year round , and this custom has enabled me to gather much valuable informati on about

- the life and habits of the Satin bird , which would have been unobtainable had I confined my study to the bre eding season alone . Before goi ng into the colour question and decorative habits of the - i Satin bird , I wish in the first instance to make reference to the follow ng e state ment by that most observant and k en naturalist , John Gould He wrote in regard to the Satin - bird : “ The proceedings of these birds have not been suffici ently e watched , to render it certain wh ther the runs ( bowers ) are fre

q uented throughout the year or not , but it is highly probable that

they are merely resorted to as a rendezvous or playing ground , at

the pairing time and during the pe riod of incubation .

- Gould observed the Satin bird , his bower , his habits , etc . , in the cedar 1 brushes of the Liverp ool Range in October , and/or November , 83 9 , that is in the breeding season of the species . Now, in reading the above short paragraph , it will at once be observed that Gould carefully refrained from generalizing about what he had found in the breeding season . He did not say that bower build-ing and bower attendance were confined to that season x as part and parcel of courtship , etc . , but only e pressed the opinion that it i was highly probably so , thus leaving it to future observers to Clear up th s - e point . Nearly three quarters of a century had passed since Gould publish d i n the above lines , when I made my field investigations the first half of the late twenties . I have se arched the literature for any clue indicating that activity of the Satin - bird at his bower was not confined to the breeding

. season , but completely failed to find any such reference To the contrary , f only a few years ago , I read statements to the ef ect that activity at bowers did not extend beyond December . NUBLING. 97

x My own e perience and observations , on the other hand , ha ve early h satisfied me that attendance of , and play at , t e bower , as well a s the erection of new bowers , are not , as Gould tentatively assumed , exclusive features of the pairing and incubating period , but that , depending on and the varying with locality, they can be observed all the year round , in N ational Park at least , as will presently be shown . The factor by which such proceedings are largely governed is the food question .

The food available is , no doubt , the reason why the birds are prese nt at any one particular time in any one particular locality . When it is ex h a usted they will depart . There would be nothing strange in that , since birds in general are cognisant where and when to find their food at dif - ferent times of the year . What I wish to emp hasize is that Satin birds are n - not o ly present in National Park in the off time of the year , i .e ., afte r the to normal close of the breeding season at the end of December , and , say , up h t the end of August , in every one of these eight months but that i n t a , _ h period they have been found to use , . and play at such bowers w ich have persiste d from the previous year , or , where the bower had disappeared , to play in trees on the former bower site in numbers . But , most important , that they have erected and decorated , and on various occasions been seen - playing ( performing ) at newly ere cted bowers .

The following record—I have sel ec ted a t random the years 1 9 23 and 1 2 — - 9 4 will show this . Only newly erected bowers are considered .

n F r n Ja . eb . M a . Apri l . M a y. Ju e . July . Aug 1 9 23—New bowers erected 3 1 2 1 1 0 2 3 5 1 924 4 3 1 2 2 2 2 1

No hard and fast rule can , however , be established in this re spect , as ecological conditions no doubt vary from year to year , not only in general , but in the same locality . Thus certain fruits may be plentiful in one year . - x . Ma 1 9 23 but only normal , or sub normal in the ne t In y, , conditions must e hav been very favourable and food supply plentiful in a number of places , as the large number of new bowers would seem to indicate , while in the following year the conditions were reversed .

B un a e Thus in some localities , e .g . , at ur d Cr ek , from 1 9 22 to 1 924 , new 2 bowers after the interval were seen respectively on the 5th June , 1 3 th May the 1 21 1 and 27th April ; at Waterfall Creek , above falls , from 9 to 9 23 re

l th 2 5th 6th . spec ti vely, on the o July , June , and May At Bola Creek the e interval seemed to be much extended , in one locality , th re at least , and new bowers were not noted there before Septembe r or October .

Of the position at Tamur Creek , one of my principal observation points e during the first five years , I will give a sp cial account in regard to the

3 5 . 8th year 1 922 , in which this locality was visited on occasions On the i January bower No . 1 2 of the previous year was still stand ng , but deserted : a fortnight later it was found levelled to the ground , no Sign of any birds .

This state continued right up to the l t May . On that day the blue male , ’ last year s bower owner , was seen again for the first time in five months , 4 th t and a fortnight later , on the June , there was a new bower , decora ed - Bi ll a rdi era s a ndens with a dozen greenish yell ow flowers of c , and a solitary brown snail shell . About ten feet away in the bracken there was a new platform of sticks without decorations , and , still further away , an ancient little playground , on which now were seen eight small upright sticks in a line rammed into the ground . I had not seen such a thing before , an d - 9 8 BIOLOGY or THE SATIN BOWER BIRD .

wondered whether it might be the beginning of a bower , but nothing even

tua ted . later on The blue male was seen about the bower , which , much i enlarged and perfected in t me , remained , as was noted on many consecutive l visits , i n uninterrupted use right up to the 3 st December , on which day - it was destroyed by a bush fire . A second bird , a green one , was present , ee too , but kept to the tr s . I feel certain it was a female . The return of the blue male late in Ma y seeme d to be for the purpose i of establishing his territorial r ghts , demonstrated by the erection of a bower

shortly afterwards . 4 h l In the period t June to st Octobe r , I saw relatively little of the blue

male , but his bower was always decorated with fresh flowers , etc ., showing ' h x his presence and attendance . T ere was only one e ception , the 1 3 th

August , when the bower was without flowers , and its appearance indicated

that i t was then not in use . No green birds were noted i n the locality in

this period .

On the l st o f Oc tober there was gr eat activity at the bower , which was

well decorated , mostly with flowers , an d much performing by the male was ' i i going on . A female was pre sent for the first time , taking up her pos t on 2 in the bower during the proceedings . On the following day , the nd October ,

I was at the bower for six hours up to p m . The blue male was seen

p erforming there at various time s , or otherwise busying himself in and

a bout the bower , once Chasin g away an intruding blue bird , but the female

was not seen at all until shortly after 6 p .m ., when , after a call of her by

the male from the top of a high gum tree , she appeared on the scene to

x . j oin him at the bower . Both appeared somewhat e cited There was no he performance at the bower , but presently both dived in t surrounding

scrub , where glimpses of them could be caught every now and then , the

male evidently chasing her . Fin ally the y dropped out of sight behin d a

l arge log . When they emerged again from there after a short while , the

female was seen departing at once , flying up river , while he returned to the

bower , with no particular aim seemi ngly . Apparently copulation had taken

place behind the log . I had to leave then .

Green birds afte r that were noted in the locality on various occasions , b ut it was not until the 1 7th December that I saw the female again at the

bower together with the male . This is , however , no criterion that she was

not there at other times , as in my experience the female usually visits the

bower in the early morning , up to about 9 a .m ., to take her part in the ’ male s performances , while during the rest of the day she i s hardly ever x seen there , e cept perhaps again in the late afternoon . 2 In the following year , 1 9 3 , the new bower at Tamur Creek , after the

interval , was noted as early as the 6th May , in 1 9 24 on the 1 1 th May .

x - At Kangaroo Creek , owing to the pro imity of the rest house there , con di i ff - f 1 2 - t ons i n the o time were quite dif erent in 9 3 , and the Satin birds - might be seen feeding in the fowl yards with the fowls . In a rather small

circumscribed area on a creek flat new bowers , including a double one , were

noted on the 24 th February , 29 th April , 1 3 th May , 2 new ones on the 29 th 1 h July , again two new ones on the 1 t August , one new one on the 8th Sep ’ tember . Some of these we re green birds bowers . Some performing was

usually going on at these bowers . On the l i th August a rather extra

ordinary sight was presented there , for on that day no less than 5 bowers

were seen to be attended simultaneously by the birds , while there was a x si th in addition , which , however , though intact , was out of use .

- 1 00 BIOLOGY o r THE SATIN BOWER BIRD . while other feathers and the re st of the decorations are shown about near the entrance . In my own experience , as well as that of other field workers , - ’ the principal place for the deposition of the Satin bi rd s treasures is , in confirmation of Gould , the platform outsi de the bower structure proper . De coration of the bower walls is not a general feature at all in National

Park ; it is rather exce ptional and individual . Thus in one locality I have during many years regularly found in the bower there one or a few decora tions on the floor of the passage through the bower , and in one instance a piece of blue or purple ra ffia worked i nto one of the walls , but the bulk of the decorations there was always placed on the platform outside . Indeed , some birds will not tolerate any obj ect inside the bower , and i f one is placed i i the re , even if it is an otherw se acceptable decorat on , will , immediately

l . it is spotted , be removed to the platform , or e se thrown out altogether Newton ( 1 89 6 ) says that “ the ‘ run ’ of the S atin - bi rd [ is] decorated with the highly - coloured feathers of the Parrot - tribe so that we may assume re—d , orange , yellow , green , blue , etc f—eathers . Such an unqualified statement Gould speaks of blue feathers only obscures the colour problem .

Rothschild ( 1 89 8) writes in a similar strain , and says that the bird builds : “ grosse , mit bunten Federn , Muscheln , and anderen bunten n ” Gege sta enden a usgesc hmuec kte La uben .

- (We find he re again bright coloured feathers and other bright obj ects . ) “ ” - As to the Muscheln , this word is in German only applied to sea shells i and mussels ; snail shells are never given that name , but are called sna l

houses . Pyc ra ft ( 1 9 1 0 ) remarks of the Satin - bird ’s bower : “ That the entrance i ' ” to th s is decorated with snail shells , bleached bones , and bright feathers . In a later work ( 1 9 1 4 ) he varies this to “ a miscellaneous assortment of ” highly coloured feathers , ble ached bones , and occasionally flowers . No specific colours are stated , but for once at le a st the bones and snail shells

are not called bright obj ects . K Saville ent , in A Naturalist in Australia speaks of gaudy parrot ” - feathers being collected by the Satin bird .

- Frank Finn , in Birds as Bower builders Ma rvels of the Universe x e “ e press s the opinion that this species decorates its bower, but uses any i thing t can get hold of , such as pebbles , shells , bones and feathers . Other Bower - birds specialize more in their decorations

“ Similarly , H. Knight Horsfiel d, in Side Lights on Birds find that the decorations assembled by our birds are collected “ without much discrimina ” i n ~ tion , and one feels tempted to add , j ust as the author collected his

formation . As to the indiscriminate collection of his decorations by the - t Satin bird , one can only remark that these statements are not suppor ed

by facts as will be seen later .

- H In The Story of the Bower bird ( in Natural istory by Prof . J . A . - ’ Thomson , one reads about the Satin bird s bower : “ This arch or arbour may be several yards long [ sic l ] . It is often e f stooned with creepers . But there is something more , for in front of the

entrance there is a beauty feast , namely , a miscellaneous collection of snail ” shells , bleached bones , bright feathers , and so forth .

e Not one of the above statem nts , and they mi ght be augmented , pro

duces anything helpful in elucidating the colour problem here concerned , NUBLING. 1 01

i . e . , where colour , specific colour , is the principal factor . Instead , we con sta ntly and pe rsistently hear the terms bright bright - coloured highly — , , coloured , gaily coloured , gaudy , etc ., which quite obscure the question at issue . For the emphasis is laid on the brightness of the obj ect collected by - e the Satin bird , colour b ing of interest only as long as it is bright , luminous , The - shining . only definite colour stated the blue in tail feathers of the _is ’ Rosehill and Pennant s Parrots , and that is accompanied by the adj ective ” “ - gaily coloured .

- Well , let us have a look at the gaily or brightly coloured decorations .

There are first the bones , or bleached bones , which are ever recurring among the principal decorative obj ects . Personally , I have come across bones at bowers not more than twice in many years , and then only single old , dirty ’ ones , never any number . But I wouldn t have enough imagination to call them gay . Quite possibly they were only accidentally on the platform . Pebbles

I have never seen at a bower , though the bird , if he wanted them , could have easily got them at the river , which is close to many bowers . Snail shell s in a few shades of brown , on the other hand , i .e . , when fresh , are ’ very frequent decorations at bowe rs , but I can t see anything bright or gay in them , and less so when they are bleached . Gould ( 1 84 8) draws attention to the propensity of these birds to pick ” “ up and fly off with any attractive obj ect , and he gives as an instanc e the ” bowl of a pipe . Now , I wish to state quite definitely here that form is of - f no attraction to the Satin bird . I , however, as is most likely , this bowl happened to be brown , the matter would be in order , since the bird does - collect brown coloured obj ects . None of the decorations mentioned by the various authors as collected on a ccount of their brightness offers any encourage ment to accept that view . Indeed the brightness factor is not only a very doubtful one , but , w does not o perate at all . The question ill , however , a little further on be gone into , viewed from another angle . But before that we shall see what some Australi an authoritie s have to say on our subj ect .

A . J . Campbell ( 1 901 ) writes that at a bower seen at Christmas in

” “ the Gippsland , Victoria , the chief decorations were the gay feathers of r l r l a n “ Crimson Par ot (P a tyc e cus e eg s) , no doubt the usually seen blue i ” violet w ng and tail feathers . He also writes : “ Hi Mr . J . W . De Lany only noticed blue feathers at bowers . s wife , by way of experiment put out several pieces of coloured wool ne ar the house : only the blue ones were taken to the bower .

e Here , for the first time to my knowledg , attention is drawn to the - preference of the Satin bird for a distinct colour , blue , without any refer La u ence to its brightness . Campbell also mentions a Mr . , of South Queens i land , as giving , in 1 887 , the following decorat ons seen by him at bowers , “ L namely : moss , flowers , yellow and blue ory Parrot feathers , small bones ” . to and snail houses , nothing being said of brightness As the moss , the only so- called moss I have not infrequently found at bowers in certain the localities in National Park , and always in a dry state , is clubmoss

’ c o o Ly p dzum densum , which is , however , not a true moss at all , but a pteri h dop yte . I may here mention that I obtained my first information about t he ’ “ ” - Satin bird from Campbell s Nests and Eggs when living in Victoria . of A . J . North 1 901 ) gives the following account bower decorations of our birds : O - 1 02 BIOLOGY F THE SATIN BOWER BIRD .

bits of bleached bones , land shells , pieces of moss , berries and t ’ brigh feathers , one or more of the latter ; chiefly of Pennant s and the ee d Rosehill Parrak ts , being worked into the si es [walls ] of the bower . Since the advent of settlers in Australia any bri ght or glistening article is used ” by the birds to ornament their playgrounds . Here we find again plainly i ndicated that the Satin - bird is principall y concerned with brightness i w thout discrimination of colour . A bower se en by North in South Gipps “ land , Victoria , was with the exception of a few land shells entirely decor ” ated by bits of broken crockery and glass , colour not mentioned . Another bower seen in the Kempsey district of New South Wales “ had the cast skin

of a small snake worked into the front of one of the walls , and was orna e m nted wi th a few bits of green moss . dead leaves . and dri ed spri gs of

flowers . 1 - ’ Sid W . Jackson ( 9 07 ) is , and rightly , intrigued about the Satin bird s

' fondness for blue . He writes It would be interesting to learn why these birds have the strange habit of decorating the bower with blue fe athers and pi eces of blue glass , in preference to other colours . Their eyes , being a beautiful blue , may have i ” i someth ng to do wi th it . Well , we shall have someth ng to say about that r in due cou se . A good descripti on of decorations at bowers in the scrubs of the Macpherson Range of southern Queensland by the same field observer ( 1 9 20) may here also be inserted :

Seve ral of their bowers or playgrounds were met with . They were highly decorated with 5 - petal blue flowers from a shrub known as Kangaroo Apple (Sol a num a vi c ul a re ) which were very common i n damp gulli es i n the scrub many dead scrub snail -shells of several speci es were frequently ” used as decorations .

li a n a a ner In one bower five speci es of He x, also P d f lc o i , were found and pieces of cast snakeskin , blue flowers , empty cicada cases , fungi , seeds , ’ parrots blue feathers , etc ., as will be seen all natural obj ects . Pieces of

blue cardboard scattered about in the scrub by Jackson , or placed on logs some distance away , were nearly all picked up by the bird and taken to the

x . bower . All this in agreement with my own e periences H E B in Finally, I would mention . V . dwards , ega who a short

article use s for the first time the term colour sense . He also lays stress on ’ “ the Satin - bird s decided preference for the colour blue ( inclusive of p urple - e while he , on the other hand , thought a few yellowish green flow r petals , snail shells , cocoons , and a bit of snakeskin found at bowers , were H of no significance . In this he made a mistake . e made , howe ver , the “ pertinent observation that , although red , yellow and white flowers were

available , the bird passed them by e It is . however , Prof . J . Arthur Thomson who strik s at the root of the colour problem with the following suggestive and stimulating words : ” : Little seems to be known i n regard to the colour sense of birds . Yet The use of brightly coloured pods and flowers by Bower - birds suggests a colour sense but it is always difficult to distinguish what may be discrimination of colour from what may be only discrimination of differ " enc es in the intensity of the light reflected from the surface .

The proble m may then be formulated thus : Does the Satin - bird in the choice of the decorations used by him discriminate between different colours

- 1 04 BIOLOGY o r THE SATIN BOWEB BIBD .

i ware ; bags of wash ng blue ; a blue glass heart from . a brooch , and many other thi ngs . The description of the dec—orations of a most representative bower found by me may follow : Bower Upper Peach Trees , west side - of the ri ver . Deposited on platform ; about 1 0 yellow green flowers of - Bi ll a rdi era sc a ndens; about a dozen chalcedony yellow flowers of D endro: um ci u - h l mi r i i i s bi spe os m, a blue violet flower of T e y t a x o de , several blue v a a nk i r a iolet ones of Lobeli a gi bbos , a number of dry leaves of B s a se r ta , - i eight wi sps of grass seed husks, two blue v olet feathers of the Crimson - Pa rrot , a few each of two speci es of snail shells , a curled greyish green o 1 2 i fern fr nd ; in addi tion , pieces of broken blue and white ch na , dark blue - x and bluish tinted glass , bits of blue paper, blue matchbo drawer , blue silk

ribbon , threads of blue wool , two blue tin bottle stoppers , etc . The artificial

obj ects i ndi cate a nearby camping ground ( Calala ) . Bowers with such a wealth and variety of decorations are not Often met wi th . It may be con trasted wi th a bower right in the scrub away from road and camping ground . —Bower Alpha Bola C reek z—On the platform : 1 8 flowers of Bi l l a rdi era a nd n i - D i a nell a a erul ea sc e s, two spr gs o f blue vi olet flowers of c , r a a d y leaves of Ba nksi a serr ta and Sc hi zomeri a ova t , a dried pseudo bulb i of the epiphytic orchi d D endrobi um tetra gonum, and several brown sna l shells ; but no artifici al obj ects . Remarkable for its abunda nce of flowers was : — Bower VV a li ttle above the mouth of Waterfall Creek , at the bottom of a small si de gul ly . On platform : Up to 1 50 , or so , flowers Bi ll a rdi er c a n - - i of a s dens (pale greenish yellow) , about a dozen blue v olet a - flowers of Lobeli a gi bbos , several spri gs wi th blue violet flowers and buds D i a n ll a l a a h a a of e a c eru e , dry leaves of B nksia serra ta and Sc i zomeri a ov t . and finally blue vi olet feathers of the Cri mson Parrots ; but no a rtificial decorati ons . When the bower was vi sited on the followi ng morning at 7 ’ ill o cl ock , the B a rdi era s had been i ncreased to about 200, forming a. veritable - - carpet of green yellow studded wi th the blue vi olet flowers and feathers .

A rather unusual , i nteresti ng departure from the ordi nary arrange ment of the decorations on the bower platform may here also be men

ti oned.

“ Bower ZZ Bola Creek . The bower structure i tself showed no unusual features . The platform i n front of the main entrance , made of stiff straws , was roughly rectangular , and about eleven i nches

' wi . de It was wi thout any decorati ons , but i ts outer long edge was bordered r o i hi i i by a st aight length of bare branch , ab ut an nch t ck ; a th nner p ece , i ly ng more aslant , bordered the smaller edge of the rectangle on the left side . On the outer side of the thi cker branch the decorations were lai d a hi r i out : flowers of five di fferent species , B nksi a a nd Sc zome i a leaves , sna l shells , and blue Crimson Parrot feathers . It looked like a garden plot fenced off against the inner lawn ( platform ) . A fortnight later the same i arrangement still held good , but wi th a modificat on i n so far , as there was now to be seen a single blue -violet feather placed to the right of the ri ght i front wall corner , while from the opposi te wall corner , and at a r ght angle h illa rdi era to it , extended a s ort straight row of decorations , viz . , one B flower , i x several b ts of blue pa per , and a blue matchbo drawer ; the remainder and “ - bul k of the decorations were still in the garden Later , in the off season , the bower became neglected and fell to pieces , and the bower ground was NUBLING. 1 05

o . 1 th 1 2 grown over alt gether But on the 9 October , 9 4 , all the growth of

ferns and native raspberry plants which had sprung up in the interval , was foun d removed and a new bower had been erected in the same

spot , and presumably by the same bird . The two branches of the previous w n year ere still present ; there was ow, however , a third piece of branch Ol d lying parallel to the thick branch , but several i nches away from it , and ’ ” fencing last year s open garden off against the scrub . In this garden there was now assembled in a fairly orderly manner a large c ollection of dr nk r a a y leaves of B a si a se r t , B . a emul a , and of Sc hi zomeri a ova ta , and

. Al l ll a r a r only these leaves other decorations , flowers of Bi rdi e a , D mpi e a , D i a nell a W hl enbe i and a rg a were on the lawn ( platform ) , as well as snail o shells , Cicada cases , coco ns , etc ., but not one leaf among them . _ There “ ” was another novelty attached to the bower , a li ttle corduroy track of r short sticks , leading from the scrub at one side to the edge of the platfo m

on the right . A week later the maj ority of the platform decorations had ” be en shifted into the garden among the leaves . On the 3 oth November “ ” the bulk of the decorations was still in the garden , whi le all that the - platform showed were a few Bill a rdi era flowers and blue violet feathers , - a sa and a sprig of flowers and birds of the blue violet Stypa ndra c espi to .

In the spri ng of 1 925 the new bower was in a new place , some dozen yards or so from the old , but it entirely la cked anything unusual . Perhaps the bird was a di fferent one . The interest in the two bowers described lies in the novel arrangement of the decorations and seems to point to a distinct sense of form and decorative effect . It is strongly remi ni scent of the decorati ve arrangements of the Gardener Bower- bird ( Amblyorni s

i norna tu Bec c a ri . . i s) of New Guinea , first described by See also Dr Col n ’ “ ” C . Simson s account in the Ibi s of July, 1 907 .

The foregoing examples may suffice . Decorati ons va ry , of course , with

the season of the year , the locality , etc . , and there are all gradations from bowers wi th a very few ornaments only to such a one as described from the

Upper Peach Trees .

Returning now to the bri ghtness question , I wi ll first quote some re m arks of Sir J . H. Parsons (1 9 24 ) on the subj ect . He quotes Newton as follows It i s to be noted that the most luminous of the prismati c

colours a re the yellow and ora nge . These affect the senses more strongly than all the rest together ; and next to these i n strength

are the red and green . The blue compared to these is a faint and e dark colour , and the indi go and vi olet are much dark r and fainter , so that these compared with the stronger colours are little to be ” regarded . Parsons then says

“ Apart from the change in colour, the most striking feature of the Spectrum i s the difference i n brightness or luminosity of dif

ferent parts . The brightest part i s in the yellow at about the D

l in e , the luminosity diminishing continuously on both sides to the

extreme ends. The brightness varies with the inte nsity of the i light , but if the intensity is ncreased beyond a certain point the ” colours also change in tone . me If , then , blue is of such low , or let say relatively low , brightness v - it alue , and yet the Satin bird shows such great preference for , does it not necessarily follow that brightness or luminosity cannot be the deciding - 1 06 BIOLOGY OF THE SATIN BOWER BIRD .

e - factor i n his choice , but that the blu and even more the blue violet colours i i s l ? themselves form the attraction for him , and br ghtness merely accidenta i In my own decoration list the only blue obj ects , apart from art ficia l

e . is i ones , are flowers , some feathers , and a few b rries It then interest ng to note that among the flowers ( and berries ) there is not one 1 00% blue ; they are all either violet- blue s or blue - violets up to spectrum vi olet ; the - feathers of the Crimson Parrot also are blue violet , the rest of the flowers

the x . are purples , wi th either violet or red dominating in colour mi ture The principal bright ( or gay) obj ect in most quotations given appea rs to be the blue Parrot feather ; the rest of them are in my opinion of very x poor value . Strange to say , e cept in some Australian quotati ons , flowers are hardly, if at all mentioned . And who has not heard of bright flowers ? - And the Satin bird does collect flowers , even some bright ones . But they are coll ected for their particular colour value , not for the i r brightness ; and there are many very bright flowers , oranges , lemon yellows , reds , whites , which he quite ignores . Unfortunately , I cannot go i nto any details here , as the subj ect would take up too much space . But my material could be made available to any one interested in this subj ect .

H r i i - i oweve , a few of the br ght flowers wh ch the Satin b rd deliberately ignores are : wi ld flowers : Gompholobi um pinna tum (Ridgway : pale lemon 2 h l t l bium ormosum 1 7 Pultena ea S yellow , 3 ) ; P a y o f ( , cadmium yellow) ; pp l h l a n D i l lwynni a eri ci fo i a , an d Gomp o obi um gr diflorum ( all three : 1 9 , li ght cadmium) Bossi a ea sc olop endri d wa x yell ow) Hibberti a volubi lis - h n r 1 1 lemon yellow) cultivated flowers : T u be gi a Gi bsoni ( , orange chrome ) i 1 1 7 two Ga za n a va rieties ( 3 , cadmi um orange , and , cadmi um yellow) ; E c hsc h l t 1 1 7 a s o zi a spp . ( 5 , orange , and , c dmium yellow) . Some of these - r flowers , like the last mentioned, a e , indeed , outsta ndi ngly luminous , but - the Satin bird shows no i nterest in them , and thus himself di sproves the assertion that he i s attracted by bri ght obj ects .

e Bright green l aves , and also dark shades of green , again are not used by him . Hi s range is limited to certain greens , and to these he sticks . They will be found in the colour li st of decorations . Thi s appli es also to any other decorations , if it is desired to ascertain thei r de finite colour i n accordance with Ridgway ’s Colour Standard It has been said repeatedly that the S ati n - bi rd selects hi s obj ects wi th out any discrimination ; in fact , anything would do him , any colour or form of obj ect , but , as already indicated , such statements have no basis i n fact .

In this regard the following remarks are of interest . Parsons ( 1 924 ) writes : from evidence showing that one colour is markedly preferred to another we can infer that the colours are sensed as f di ferent colours , unless the preference can be ascribed to differences in brightness .

f e - Well , i t is j ust this sensing of di f rent colours by the Satin bird that I am out to prove , and it i s for j ust that reason that brightness playing any - ’ part in the Satin bi rd s choice had to be , and has been , eliminated , I think . It had early aroused my attention that the Satin -bird di d not only collect blue articles for his decorati ve purpose s . There were other decora i n tions other colours , and they were not accidental , but recurring at dif ferent bowers . Mr. Neville Cayley gave me a clue on this point when I ’ showe d him a dry leaf o f Ba nksi a serra ta from one of the bowers . You ll

find that this matc hes the back of the female bird pretty well , he remarked .

1 - 08 BIOLOGY or THE SATIN BOWER BIRD .

Note : I wi sh to i nsert here some remarks about the i ris of the Satin “ ” bird , chiefly the male ( adult) . Gould gives this as a be autiful light blue , that of the immature male as “ dark blue From Watching adult males at and near their bowers and elsewhere at close range in 1 9 22 and later with x Ridgway in hand , I thought 51 ,b , Amparo blue a fair appro imation . With e femal birds , owing to their shyness , I have been less successful , as it is f rather di ficult to get close to them to get a satisfactory view . I consider , ’ ’ “ ” however , 5 1 , Bradley s blue to meet Gould s deeper blue than in the male .

e 1 - r In Sept mber , October , and November , 9 3 9 , at the bower bird avia y ” r “ in the T a onga Zoological Park , I was able to see eye to eye with an ( ’ adult male and an immature male . bill like the adult male s , not dark ’ brown like the female s ) . Both these males on these three occasions would

- - fly up on the wire netting time and again to take bits of violet blue paper , which I pushed through the meshing , ri ght from my fingers . By holding fe w on to the bits , at which the birds would tug , I gained a seconds each time of very close view of their eye colour . I also watched them on the ground close to the netting ; and the female there also . I found my e arlier determinations as to the adults pretty well confirmed . But the iris colour ’ of the immature male did not agree with Gould s description of it , nor did it agre e with either of the two adults , for it was a distinctly pale blue

v d . iolet , about 55 , , or 53 ,d, of Ridgway

ow fi ’ i N , from the colour de nitions of the female s plumage , bill , and ris , two separate colour series , each with two subseries are Obtained : 1 2 i ( ) from 1 5 , yellow orange (pure colour) to 9 , green yellow , wh ch may be subdivided as follows : 1 5 - ( a ) and 1 7 , resp . orange and cadmium yellow ; but these are

only represented by dark shades , viz ., orange browns and cadmium browns ;

( b ) 1 9 , light cadmi um yellow ; but onl y repre sented by a dark shade , i .e ., a dark orange citrine ( 1 9 ,m , medal bronze) ; 21 2 o , lemon chrome ; 23 , lemon yellow ; 7 , bright green yell w ; 2 9 , Neva green .

All the four pure colours occur i n admixtures wi th whi te ,

black , or grey . 2 ' ( ) ( a ) 51 , Bradley s blue ( approx ) . 9 b - ( b ) 6 , , Tyrian pink , or 69 , Tyri an rose purples . t e Intermedia e betwe n the two seri es : 4 1 , a shade of benzol green . It will now be of interest to learn whether these colours of the female ~ can be matched by the colours of the decorative obj ects . I, therefore , sub mit a list of those decorations for which I have been able to obtain the correct colour values . Some of these determinations were made i n 1 9 22 1 9 24 ; but a very considerable number were made only in 1 93 8 and 1 93 9 , when all the old determinations were checked over as far as possible . In all the later day determinations I was most ably assisted by my wife .

r Bower D eco a ti ons a nd Their Col ours.

l o - - F wers : ( a ) range blue violet purple .

C omes erm a eri ci num a p : 63 , violet purple ; D mpi era stri cta ( variable) ; 55 b - 55 - 55 i - k , , light blue violet , , blue violet , , , deep blue violet , 55 , , hyazinth D i a nell a a erul 5 - blue ; c ea ( variable) : 5 ,d, pale blue violet , soft blue vi 57 b i - k olet , , , light blu sh violet ; bud : 59 ,b , light violet ; be rry : 59 , , dark NUBLIN G. 1 09

' ’ El a e c a r us c a neus 1 m b Ha r enber i a violet ; o p y , berry : 5 , , alizarine lue ; d g m n h ll s9 i ’ o op y a ( variable ) : , , royal purple , pleroma violet , 6 l , i , hae m a tox l n n y o violet ; Io idi um fili forme : pleroma violet , 6 l ,b , lavender Ja a ra nda mimosa e oli a d L li a i b sa 55 violet ; c f : 59 , , pale violet ; obe g bo : , blue Patersoni seri 9 s9 i violet ; a cea ( variable) : 5 , spectrum violet , , , royal purple , 59 k r sta nther vi ol c a d Ruelli a , , dark violet ; P o a a e : 53 , , light amparo purple ; a ustra li s : 6 1 d 1 f S a ev l a , , light hortense colour , 6 , , pale hortense colour ; c o r m si ssi ma 1 f 6 1 b a o ( varying ) : 6 , , pale hortense colour , centre : , , hortense ' ’ S l a num a vi ul a re 1 St a ndra c a es i t sa : violet ; o c : 6 ,b , lavender violet ; yp p o ' 53 Thel vmztr i i i d - 59 b ,i , smalt blue ; y a x o es : 57 ,b , light bluish violet , and , , Vi l a betoni c a oli a 1 6 1 b light violet ; o ej : 6 ,d, light hortense violet , , , hortense r - r violet ; V. hede a c ea : dull bluish violet ; Wa hl enbergi a g a c i li s: 59 b l 59 , , ight violet , ,d, pale violet ;

: B u a i nvi ll ea s e ta bi lis Cultivated flowers (in tests) o g p c ) : 65 , purple D el hi ni um A a c is : 53 i el a r nium 67 b true ; p j , , smalt blue ; P go species : , , mallow 67 69 b k 6 9 purple to , rhodamin purple , and , , Tyrian pin to , Tyrian rose ; l umba c a ensis 3 i - Wi sta ri a s 6 1 b P go p ) 5 , , smalt blue ; p , , hortense violet ; n r m ’ i e a ri a s . 59 s a thi l C p : , , blacki h violet , M t o a sp ., single : 6 l ,i , Rood s violet ; ' 65 m r ' double : , , blackish purple ; Po tul ac a sp 67 ,d, light mallow purple to 6 7 b , , mallow purple ; ( b ) other colours (varying according to freshness )

Bi l a rd r a d s 27 d - o 1 l i e a sc n en : , , light green yell w, and 3 ,d, light yellow green ; Acacias ( all determi nations made from fresh specimens ) : A . bi ner a a 2 l i un A m rti li a 2 v t , 3 , lemon yellow ; A . f or b da and . y fo , 3 , d, picric yell ow ; i ri 25 f A r A un e na 23 d m . x ed us . j p : , , bariu yellow, and , , sulphur yellow ; o yc : l en 2 f 23 b 23 d A . sua ve s 3 , , pale lemon yellow , an d , , picric yellow ; o : , , Martius 2 f : -23 yellow, and 5 , , sulphur yellow ; bud , lemon yellow ;

’ ro ci su 2 f 25 d D end bi um spe o m : 5 , , pale chalcedony yellow , , , light chal c edon 25 w y yellow , ,b, chalcedony yello ;

a a z1 ’ f i Cultivated flowers (in tests) : G z ni a sp . : , , vory yellow ;

n s 2 1 . Ge i ta sp . : , lemon chrome Lea ves ( dry only) ’ Ba nksi a a emul a : 2 2 1 i 23 i l ,i , olive lake , , , ecru olive , , , pyrite yellow , ” 25 i B . i nte ri li a : 23 b 23 i , , mignonette green ; g fo , , reed yellow, , , light yellow ;

B . l a ti li a : f o ) 1 7 k 1 k fo bu fy br wn ( above , , , antique brown , or 5 , , Sudan ’ ” B erra ta 2 1 i 2 1 i ) . s : 2l i brown ( below ; , , sulphine yellow , , , olive lake , , , ecru ’ 2 1 a o f b 23 i olive , d rk live bu f , deep olive uff , , , yellow citrine , light grape green to grape green , vetiver green , etc . ; Lora nthus ’ ” ” s . : 21 k 23 k h S hi z meri a ova ta : 2 p , , dull citrine , , , yellowis olive ; c o l ,i , ecru 23 i z3 ’ i i olive , pyrite yellow, , , yellow sh citrine , Olive yellow , etc .

l nts a r here : P a , or p ts t of u nsum 1 Clubmoss (Lycopodi m de ) , dry : 9 ,b, chamois ; D endrobri um l ’ k ufl ra nu 9 b . ff tet go m, dry pseudobulb : , , y citrine , etc ; pu ball fungus : ” ’ 1 k Sol a num a vi ul a re 7 , , Sa c c a rdo s umber ; fruit of c : strontian yellow .

Fea thers :

' Pl a t c er us el e a ns : 53 * m Crimson Parrot ( y c g ) , , Urania blue , 55 , blue m N violet shading to 55 , , dark aniline blue ; Turquoise Parrot ( eophema u l c h ll 4 d a a tua a l eri ta 2 p e a ) : 3 , , calamine blue ; White Cockatoo ( C c g ) : 5 ,d, 2 b s pale greenish yellow, or 5 , , light greeni h yellow ; various feathers of Green Satin—bird ; also small blue - violet tipped black of male moult ) ; l 1 ’ m Masked Owl ( Tyto nova eho l a ndi a e ) : 7 , , mummy brown ; Boobook Owl - 1 1 0 BIOLOGY or THE SATI N BOWEB a .

i k r r ( N nor booboo ) : 1 7 ,m, raw umber ; Tawny Frogmouth (Poda gus st i ” m ’ ’ de 1 5 1 5 m n . goi s) , , bister to , , Prout s brow ( Colours of artificial obj ects omitted ) From the colour definitions of the decorative obj ects two separate colour series each with two subseries are once more obtaine d , viz

1 1 5 - 3 1 - ( ) from , yellow orange ( pure colour) to green yellow, with two subdivisions 1 5 - - ( a ) , yellow orange and 1 7 , cadmium yellow ; but only dark shades u - of these two colo rs are represented , viz ., orange browns

and cadmium browns .

- ( b) 1 9 , light cadmium yellow ; but only represented by dark shade s

i . 1 m of th s colour ; viz , dark orange citrines ( 9 , , medal bronze ,

2 1 - 25 is - 27 , lemon chrome , 23 lemon yellow , green h yellow , light green -yellow ;

- i z. : 21 2 n 29 , Neva green , 3 1 , yellow green , v and 3 i full colours , 2 1 i tints and shades , 25 in full colour and tints , 7 to 3 n tints only ;

2 - ( ) from 4 5 , green blue to 59 , spectrum violet , and beyond to 69 , purple ,

with two subdivisions , vi z. : 4 4 4 ( a ) 5 , cerulean blue (pure colour) , 7 methyl blue , 9 spectrum ’ - blue , 51 , Bradley s blue , 53 , phenyl blue , 55 , blue violet , 57 , - bluish violet , and 59 , spectrum violet , either in full colour ,

shades , or tints ; 1 ( b ) 6 , amethyst violet , 6 3 , vi olet purple , 65, purple ( true ) , 67 ,

rhodamine purple , 69 , Tyri an rose , either in full colour ,

tints , or shades ; Intermedi ate between the two series : 4 3 Italian blue : a green - blue with a preponderance of gre en ; only one instance .

Not 4 i . 4 i e re 5 : only one instance recorded , .e , 5 , , deep orient blue , in i - i broken pieces of Bakelite ware . By the way , the male Sat n b rd in his ” m 4 i . . 4 bill shows also 5 , e , 5 , , dusky orient blue .

’ If now the two colour series of the female s plumage , etc ., are placed in j uxtaposition . to the two colour series of the decorative obj ects , we obtain the picture shown in tables I and II (opposite) and respectively represent n i g the two colour series .

If we now look at Table I , the outstan ding feature i s a division i nto - two groups of colours : a brown , representing the wings , wing coverts , tail , bill , and the crescentic markings on the underside of the female , 1 5 and 1 e 7 ; 1 9 , which I have taken befor in my subseries b , is a kind of inter mediate ; i .e . , dark orange citrine ; it also represents some of the crescentic - marks . Th e second group , yellow greens on the whole , represents the - ’ upper and underside of the female , 2 1 29 , and , not contained in the female s h ’ plumage , 3 1 . It is , by the way , interesting to note , that in t e adult male s - - plumage the browns appear as black , and the yellow greens as blue violet . Another striking feature is the correspondence of the colours of the female with those of the decorations . This becomes still more evident , if ’ Ridgway s Colour Standard is opened and the colours are compare d directly .

If we take , for example , 1 7 ,m , raw umber , a dark cadmium brown in the ’ female s plumage , we will find that this same colour also occurs among the

- 1 1 2 BIOLOGY o r THE SATIN BOWER BIRD .

1 7 k l i . T decorations , but in addition in the latter also , , and 7 , hese are , x 1 7 m however , merely less black admi ed shades than , , and fall readily in the same colour scale . Similar e xamples could be given from among the

- fi . yellow greens , but the foregoing may suf ce i e x x Table II does not , I think , require any spec al planation , e cept to say that the colour range of the decorations is naturally much wide r . Blues , - di s vi olets , and violet purples are the attractions for the male , and no tinction is in my experience made between the diff ere nt tones .

- A few remarks may here be made about some yellow greens whi ch , although they fall in the colour range 25 to 29 of Table I , are not collected - by the Satin bird . They comprise the leaves of a number of trees which are found growing in National Park i n abundance . In the following I will give a few of them with their colours added . Species of Eucalyp tus ’ m ’ - r a 29 m . An h a l nc l 27 , , yew green , , , dark cress green , etc ) gop o eo a ta - - n a r i ri l dark cress green ) ; Turpentine tree , Sy c p a l a u fo i a hellebore ’ m lli c ma erra ti li a 25 m n green , or 27 , , elm green) ; Ca o S fo ( , , calla green ) , a d those of many others , as fig trees . They are , as will be seen , all dark tones ’ ( m ) . The reason is evident ; the female s plumage does not show these dark shades . Leaf form, cannot play any part in the selection ; though rigidity may have some influence when it is combined with an acceptable colour . The leaves actually collected in general show this feature .

Emerald green and blue greens are general absentees at bowers . White is never collected white flowers—but may be seen in com “ bination with an acceptable colour , when , of course , the latter forms the attraction : blue a nd white china . Also a proof that the bi rd is not con cerned with brightness .

It is similar with black . Against this it may be urged that the male - Satin bird often paints the inner walls of his bower black . But there is a diff erence in this ; it is not a collected obj ect . And if the male de cks the approaches (platform ) to his playhouse in the colours of his mate , as the troubadours and knights of old used to deck themselves with the colours of - their lady loves , why should he not paint the walls of his house in his own colour black when it pleases him to do so . I recently read that a suggestion had been made that painting may be connected with the bird ’s liking for dark colours . I should like to see this substantiated ; so far I have not be en aware o f any such liking of the bird for dark colours as such .

In the foregoing two colour series have been established , separated in the spectrum : a yellow to ye llow - green and a blue to spectrum violet and purples beyond . It has also been shown that in these two series the colours - ’ x l x of the female Satin bird s e terior ( plumage , bi l , iris ) , when j u taposed with the colours of the decorative obj ects , are well matched by these latter , and that colours which do not closely match those of the female are not x represented among the decorations . E amples have , furthermore , been given of a number of flowe rs and leaves which although falling in the — , yellow. to yellow green series ( 1 5 to 3 1 ) are not accepted by the male for his e ’ decorative purposes , obviously because they do not match the femal s colours . This fact is thus an indirect confirmation of my contentions i n that direction . The conclusions I am then drawing from the evidence provided in the - foregoing pages , crystallize d in the two tables , is that the male Satin bird x collects for his decorative purposes , practically without e ception , only such ’ colours as can be matched by the colours of the female s exterior ( plumage , NUBLING. 1 1 3

bill , iris) , and that any other colours are disregarded . The evidence for these conclusions is based on many years of field observation records and tests at the aviaries of the T a ronga Z oological Park . Another conclusion which—can safely be drawn from the evidenc e of fered is that the male Satin bird possesses indeed an extraordinarily and astonishingly fine colour sense which enables him to discriminate with e f appar nt ease between dif erent colours , and also , within one definite colour scale , between its different tints and shades .

- Now , if the colour sense of the male Satin bird is indeed so perfectly developed as has j ust been claime d, that is that he is not only able to per c ei ve correctly the colours of the female—in itself a rather extraordinary thing—but in turn to go and select decorations for his bower in precisely the same colours , a psychological fact of great importance , then we must assume that the physical basis for such an acute colour sense is also present i n his visual organs . He must , therefore , possess a colour vision , which in its wide range compares closely with that of man . What then has science to say on this point ? The answer will pre sently be given in a number of quotations . But before this I wish to insert here a paragraph on the

Frequency a t bow ers of c erta in decora ti ons. Blue—violet decorations are by no means predominant over those of ’ - t other colours at the Satin bird s bower . To demonstrate this fact I submi 274 here a list of e ight principal natural obj ects found on bowers , on as 1 22 1 9 26 s many occasions , visited from September , 9 to April , , both month inclusive ; but exclusive of those months in which bowers were not visited and exclusive also of those months in which none of the eight principal 4 4 decorations was found . This le aves 3 4 productive months out of .

Yellow—yellow - green subseries :

Bi ll a rdi era sc a ndens various Ac a ci a species ( dry) Ba nksi a serra ta leaves . Brown subseries : species of snail shells

( 504 cases ) Blue to violet subseries : D a mpi era stri cta 89 cases

D i a nell a ca erul ea 4 2. Lobeli a gi bbosa 7 1 Crimson Parrot ’s feathers 9 8

( 3 00 cases )

So as to make the figures comparable only such bowers were taken i nto consideration in which at least one of the above eight decorations wa s e present . In this instance one mark was made against bow rs visited , and one against that decoration . If more than one of the latter was present each received a mark , but there would always be only one mark against

. the bower . As regards flowers , attention may be drawn to the fact that a ll th wi th the exception of Bi ll a rdi era sca ndens, which flowers practically e 1 o - 1 4 BIOLOGY r THE SATIN BOWER BIRD .

i year round , they are naturally lim ted to a certain season of the year , the - four other species above mentioned , roughly to about May or June to i ll rdi r December . Both , absolutely and relatively , B a e a sca ndens is the most frequent decorative obj ect .

l ur isi n Bi r s Co o V o of d .

C . Hess ( 1 9 1 4 ) wrote (translated ) :

“ I x f a diurnal bird , for e ample a fowl , i s placed before a strong spectrum [ thrown on a horizontal black surface ] over which grains of rice have been scattered , it will pick the grains j ust so far towards the red end as they are visible for our own eye , and in addition take the yellow and green grains , — e but will leave untouched the green blue , blu , and violet ones , though these ” a re well visible for us . He gives as the reason for this that microscopical examination of the retina of the above - mentioned birds disclose d the fact that the cones on — its outer side contain yellow or red , so called oil globules , which absorb - so that only the long wave - lengths the short wave lengths of the light , . reach the retina prope r . Diurnal birds were thus supposed to see the world of colours in the same way as we would , if we were looking through reddish yellow glasses .

I have gone through a good deal of the literature on this subj ect , but t o my surprise found that this theory has , with a ve ry few exceptions , been generally accepted .

’ I became acquainted with Hess s views towards the end of 1 924 . Natur a lly the asse rtion that diurnal birds could not see blue made me sit up at first ; for four years of field observations had taught me that the Satin bird had a n especially keen eye for blue and violet . Yet here it was x claimed that he could not see the se colours at all , e cept as perhaps some thing drab and grey . Surely there was something wrong and inconsistent ” x in the assertion that birds , these e quisitely poised creatures of air and i e l ght , should have be n so limited by nature in their most vital sensory organ , the eye , that they were able to see only half the world in its natural colours . That seemed incredible , and I was not at all convinced .

’ Now , Hess s experime nts were made only with such di urnal birds as fowls and pigeons ; but it does not necessarily follow that what holds good l for fow s and pigeons must hold good for all other diurnal birds ; for example , “ ” - a bird widely remote in the tree of avian life , like the Satin bird . Have the visual elements of any such birds also been examined ? I do not think x so , unless it has been done quite recently . To e tend then the deductions made from the results obtained with fowls and pigeons to all diurnal birds seems to me a gene ralization which lacks any scientific caution and offers no proofs in i ts support . It is said that only yellow and red oil globules wh occur in diurnal birds . But y no blue or green ? The latter , I think , have been ascertained in the rods of frogs . Colourless oil globules , which do not obstruct blue light to reach the retina , occur in fishes and amphibia ; why not in birds ? Hess does not seem eve n to have considered the possi l t ff bi i y . There are so many di erent modes of life in the bird world , there are grea t differences in the e nvironment they live in , etc . A swift possesses a diff erent wing from that of a sparrow , and an albatross from that of a quail , and nature has provided them with what is suitable for the mode of life of each . Why then should this not be equally a pplicable to the vital f visual elements of birds , and these be adapted to their di ferent needs ?

1 1 6 o - BIOLOGY r THE SATIN BOWEB a .

confirm my own views . It would take up too much space to go into detai ls h ere , so I shall confine myself to a remark or two . i - Morr son Scott distinguishes two colour ranges , a yellow and a blue , both of which re adily fall within my own two colour series ; but both of his two ranges are much too limited , and that at either end , so that the essen tial browns are entirely absent as well as all violet purples and blue - violets — , ; the violet blues only re maining , etc . Otherwise his results are very satis factory . H Fin ally , i t may be noted that ugh R . Cott says that more recent resea c h has established the view that diurnal birds have the capacity f - for distinguishing between lights of di ferent wave lengths . If that is so , then my views on the colour vision of diurnal birds , and especially that of - the Satin bird , have been completely verified . A few words may now be added about the aesthetic side of the Satin i ’ - b rd s bower building and decorative propensities , as these have been fre quently referred to by various writers . Darwin ( 1 871 ) first drew attention to thi s matter when he ascribed a

- - taste for the beautiful to bower birds in general , and the Satin bird in “ particular . In another place he remarks that the playing passages of bower - birds are tastefully ornamented with gaily- coloured obje cts ; and this shows that they must receive some kind of pleasure from the sight of such things The accent is on the gayness or brightness of the obj ects , which intimates that the pleasure is purely sensuous , and in no way differs from that of a savage who delights in putting a piece of bright or gaudy cloth around his loins . This could hardly be called an aestheti c feeling in the true sense of the word , as that requires a cultured mind , which is capable i n l of appreciating what is beautiful nature , art etc . , and is not usua ly l - attributed to animals . However, I have not c a 1 med that the Satin bird

finds pleasure in bright things .

’ Many explanations and interpretations of the Satin - bird s habits of ” “ te assembling bright , or at any ra coloured , obj ects at his bower , have f been o fered , but on the whole they do not seem in any way to improve on ’ “ Darwin s views . For instance , quite recently they were described as a xl blend between art gallery and museum ( J . Hu ey , But that entirely misses the essential point , as will be apparent from what has been said earlier in this paper . 1 6 A French writer , Remy de Gourmont ( 90 wrote with reference to the Satin - bird and Gardener Bower - bird ( Amblyorni s i norna tus) from a ff o di erent p int of view , as follows :

’ People search for the ‘ origi n of art ; there you have i t in the sexual game of a bird . O ur ae sthetic manifestations are but a development of i - x the same instinct to please , which , in one spec es , over e cites the male , e a im i n another moves the female . If there is a surplus , it will be sp nt i lessly , for pure pleasure : that is human art ; its orig n is that of the art of ” birds and insects . And : “ e t The grave fact i s the gathering of the first flower . The us ful fac i s explains animality ; the useless fact explains man . Now it of capital importance to show that the useless fact is not peculiar to man alone .

’ De Gourmont s explanation is interesting and rather novel in regard to what he has to say about the origin of art . What he apparently drives at is that on divergent lines of evolution a mind has been developed i n NUBLING. 1 1 7

i i i birds , or certa n groups of birds , wh ch is only qualitat vely different from ’ he un man s . This mind would , in t first instance , owe its functioning to impaired vi sion similar to that of man ; and , this being accepted , there should be — - —c x i no special reason ,why a bird say the Satin bird ould not e per ence similar sensations to those of man . For there is no reflection , contem ” “ pl a tive thought , or conception without perception , j ust as there is no ” perception without sensory presentation ( Parsons , that is the psychological event in the brain is dependent on the physiological event at the visual sensory receptor, the retina .

If we look at the matter from this point of view , it does not perhaps matter very much whether we call the sensation derived from the sight of bright things sensuous pleasure , or place it on a higher plane and call it aesthetic . But that is not all ; the important point is that perception is followe d by contemplative thought , and that by conception , vi zl, the generation of an idea by the mind , which in turn , to give a concrete example , - the Satin bird , produces a tangible fact , the erection of his bower or play house . For this can hardly be thought of otherwise than premeditated and planned . In other words , an intelligent mind has been at work to x create it , and it is the outward e pression of this mind . If this playhouse e is subsequently decorated with obj cts which please the bird , owing to their particular colours , then is this only another way by which the bird shows its ability to transfer. his decorative ideas into visible effect .

- In regard to the Satin bird , it has previously been shown that his de d c ora ti ons are not collecte for the sake of their brightness , but for their colours . There is no doubt about that ; also that he derives pleasure from , - and is stimulate d by , these colours , in particular the blue violet . But the - fi e main reason for selecting certain well de n d colours has again an idea , a meaning , at its back : they represent the insignia , so to speak , of his female mate . The presence at the bowe r of obj ects bearing her colours is then m not so much for the purpose of attracting the fe ale , but for his own stimulation ; they act on him in the way of an aphrodisiac . In the follow ing paragraph I will give an example of how the blue -violet colour affects - the Satin bird . On the 6th of June of this year—note the date—I visited the bower bird aviary in Ta ronga Park . There was in it an unattended bower with out any decorations . Present in the aviary were a blue male in not yet He complete , though far advanced new plumage . was the owner of the bower ; there were three immature green males , each with a dark spot here and there , the first faint Signs of plumage change , and there were finally four green females . All these birds on my arrival sat quietly i n the small

e . trees , or flew to and fro , to settl down again In a little while I i ntro duc ed a number of little bits of blue - violet paper through the wire - netting into the aviary . Immediately the quiet scene changed as by magic , and great excitement prevailed all round . The blue male , after collecting what he could get of the blue papers , repaired with them to the bower , a ce female slipped inside it , and a performan began forthwith . The three immature males , each with a bill full of blue papers , having no bower , flew into the small , bushy trees near the back wall , settled on the most nearly e horizontal branch s , and , still holding the blue papers in their bills , began to perform too . Each had a female attendant , who sat a little higher up on another branch . This performing , in all four instances , lasted with only slight interruptions for 3 ; hours . A very entertaining afternoon . A similar scene with the same eight birds was witnessed on the 1 3th of July . - 1 1 8 BIOLOGY OF THE SATIN BOWER BIRD .

- But to resume the narrative . The female coloured obj ects also play a “ ” part in the display . As it does not appear to be the purpose of the ma le - Satin bird to display his finery before the admiring female , to attract her ,

I think it better to call this performance a rite or ceremonial , evolved by

the mind of the bird , and culminating in what could be called a kind of

apotheosis of the female . The decorations in this instance would be merely

requisites of the ceremony , though not without some significance i n the

proceedings . It may be said here that the female throughout the perform

ance remains entirely passive . All the same , the proceedings must impart f f to her a certain , i unconscious , stimulus , which would in turn be e fective

in bringing to maturation the physiological change s going on in her body ,

and ultimately resulting in ovulation .

The whole ceremonial , with the posturing of the male as the dominant

feature is then , in the breeding season , and presumably also in some pre

paratory stage s before its actual beginning , entirely bound up with the

reproductive cycle of the species , and thus of great physiological importance

and significance . Sexual selection , as postulated by Darwin is

evi dently not involved here . To show the great intensity of the male Satin - bird during a short and rather unique performance in the bower - bird aviary at T a rong a Park on

i .e the 1 3th Oc tober , 1 9 39 , in the breeding season , the following extract from my diary may be inserted he re : Blue male ou the platform in front of the bower ; female arrives and _

takes up her position inside the bower ; the male now faces her . Hardly

any of the usual performance attitudes , movements , and accompanying

calls have occurred , when the male abruptly steps to the left side of the

bower entrance , an d, now at a right angle to her , faces right away from

her . There he re mains for a while , perfectly motionless and rigid . Hi s i d x t—a t shin ng , sleek bo y is e tended , his neck craned to the utmos first , then slowly twisted upward and round to such a degree that I can see the E eye on the other , right side of his face . ntranced , transfixed , he stares

into the void . No feather is raised , no wing is flicked up , the tail is neither

bent down nor curved . Nothing moves . It is a singular , strange sight . e Now he relaxes ; the trance is over . The femal flies away , but he remains i s on the platform , apparently quite oblivious whether she still present or Wer not . Then he steps to the right side of the bo entrance , where he i s

seen , head slightly bent down , and again perfectly motionless , standing as

in deep meditation , for many minutes . I try to divert his attention , but x he takes no notice . At long last he rela es once more , and then makes off. What had been going on in his mind ? Who knows " The following two quotations are here of especial interest and im portance : 1 2 F . H. A . Marshall ( 9 9 ) wrote : there is a strong presumption that sexual posturing in birds has a definite physiological significance in that it exercises a stimulatin g influence upon the anterior lobe of the in pituitary , thereby causing it to secrete greater quantity and so bring - ” about those ovarian processe s which result i n egg laying .

“ x x In a later , e haustive paper on the Se ual Periodici ty and the Causes Which De termine It the same author writes :

“ We may conclude , then , that in all the highe r animals sexual

periodicity while conditioned by the environment , is regulated in its suc c essi ve phases by the combined integrative action of the nervous and

- 1 20 BIOLOGY or THE SATIN BOWER BIRD .

u a somewhat more primiti ve bower than that of the male , though only sing “ ” ni di fic a ti on . i it prior to and during I consider this , act on as merely e imitative of that of the male . It seems , how ver , to throw an interesting sidelight on her possible awareness in some way of the part she plays in the reproductive cycle . The sexual stimulation the male receives from posturing in the ceremonial in her presence no doubt reacts on her in a similar way . Mutual stimulation is thus not only important psychologically , but must exercise a decisive influence on her reproductive organs .

As Mr. P . A . Gilbert has done all the pioneering work as regards the 1 9 28 1 94 0 female , I can do no better than refer to his interesting papers ( , ) on the subj ect .

References : b l 1 9 1 E Camp e l , A . J 0 . Nests and ggs of Australian Birds . H Cott , ugh B . , 1 94 0 . Adaptive Coloration in Animals .

Darwin , C harles , 1 871 . The Descent of Man .

. A . 1 9 28. 2 1 4 1 1 4 Emu Gilbert , P , Australian Zoologist , Vol . v Part , p . . 9 0 . , 9 Vol . 3 , p . 209 .

1 84 8. Gould , John , The Birds of Australia , Vol . IV. 1 865 . Han dbook to t h e Birds of Australia , Vol . I . H C 1 9 1 4 ess , . , . Li chtsinn and Farbensinn in der Tierreihe . H x u ley , Julian , 1 9 4 0 . The Uniqueness of Man .

s Si d W. 1 0 Th . 9 7 . e i i . 1 9 2 Jack on , , Jacksonian B olog cal Collection 0 . Emu, 1 Vol . 9 , p . 258.

H A 1 2 . 9 9 . 1 24 Marshall , Dr . F . . ., Nature . Vol . , p . 655 . 1 9 3 6 . Phil . Tra ns. - . . L B 22 Roy Soc ondon , Ser . ., Vol . 6 , pp . 4 23 4 56 . M - 1 9 3 7 . s. . . . . L 1 orrison Scott , T C . , Proc Z ool Soc ondon , Vol . 07, Ser . A ,

p . 4 1 . 1 Newton , Alfred , 89 6 . A Dictionary of Birds .

- J. 1 9 04 North , A . , . Nests and Eggs of Birds found Breeding in Aus tra l i a and Tasmania , Vol . I . N i n ubl E. 1 2 1 Em 9 . u . 2 1 1 1 g , , , Vol , p . , and Vol . 3 9 , p . 22 . H Sir . . 1 924 . Parsons . J , Colour Vision . 1 9 27 . The Theory of Perception . P c r f a t I 1 9 1 0 . y , W . . , A history o f Birds . 1 9 1 4 . The Courtship of Animals . 1 9 1 2 Ridgway , R . . Colour Standards .

Hon 1 - Rothschild , The . Walter 893 . Tierreich Aves : Paradi eidae , s .

. C . 1 907 . 9 th , . . I . Simson Dr Colin , Ibis , Ser , Vol , p . 3 80 .

. 1 9 23 . Thomson , J Arthur , The Biology of Birds .

A . 1 925 . Wood , Dr . Casey , American Journal of Ophthalmology Vol 8 No , . , . 2 . 1 21

” in Furred Animals of Australia . By Ellis Troughton , Illustrated 8a R natural colours , by Neville W . Cayley , Angus obertson , 1 4 1 Sydney , 9 . Price , It is a trite saying to describe a book as “ filling a long -felt want but no better one could be applied to this handsome and comprehensive work . ’ Australia was described by Dr . W . K . Gregory , one of America s leading “ i biologists , as a land of living fossils in reference to its preponderat ng exc e faun a of Monotremes and Marsupials which , with a few American p

e . tions , are found outside of Australia only as fossil r mains u i Mr . Troughton , Mammalogist to the A stral an Museum , presents to us “ ” a most comprehensive . description of every known Australian furred h - animal , not only of t e egg laying Monotremes , and the Marsupials with their young produced in embryo and nourished in a pouch , but all the placental mammals such as Rats , Mice , Ba ts , Seals and other genera which - have more or less world wide distribution . The animals are grouped according to their family characteristics , structure and habits , commencing - M - with the e gg laying Monotremes , followed by the arsupial mice and - Marsupial rats . Then come the carnivorous Native cats , the Tasmanian

Devil and Tiger . The Marsupial Anteater and Mole are succeeded by the

Bandicoots , while the Possums , Koala , Wombats and Kangaroos follow in

i n . deta l , concludi g the Marsupial Group The placental Mammals , Dingo , Mi Whales , Seals , Dugong , Rats , ce and Bats make an imposing list of this great second group . Preceding and following the classified lists are extremely interesting notes on the e arly discoveries of Australian animals , their economic uses , i conservation , and an appeal to Australians to preserve the r natural heritage .

By giving a general sketch of the family characteristics of each group ,

Mr . Troughton avoids much unnecessary repetition , and e nables the reader to realise the sphere in natural economics occupied by the family in ques tion . The description Of each species is generally brie f , consisting mostly f i in detail of the features dif erentiating one indiv dual species from another , - but the distribution , life histories and habits where known are dealt with at commendable length ; Only in one particular an improvement might be suggested , and that i s a reference to the relative or maximum recorde d size of each species . - The illustrations by Cayley are for the greater part strikingly li fe like , i and in this particular the Kangaroos w th their varied coloration , the Tas manian Devil with its snarling and offe nsive attitude , a nd the Thylacine or - Tasmanian Wolf , with its curious thick kangaroo like tail may be specially me ntioned . The diffi culty confronting the artist in the case of the small Marsupial Mice and the non - Marsupial Rats and Mice can be easily a p rec i a ted ff p , where the specific di erences of colour , measurements of ears , e the tail , etc ., are not asily emphasised in small coloured figures , ten or eleven of which may be illustrated on one page . Of these coloured figures - e i there are 1 70, or nearly one half of the speci s and subspecies l sted , 4 00 in number . Never before has such an array of coloured figures of Australian animals been placed within the reach of eve ryone . Such publicati ons as ’ John Gould s Monographs are only for the rich or for reference libraries , ' and the handbooks by Lucas and Le Souef or Le Souef and Burrell depi ct the animals only from photographs of living examples or mounted skins in 1 22 REVIEWS .

museums . In most instances Cayley ha s gi ven the animal a characteri stic or natural backgroun d of tree , foliage , rock or other surrounding . Both author and artist are to be congratulated upon the production of i a book which , entail ng much arduous labour , is yet published at a very low price .

’ Sailor Men s Ghosts . By Malcolm Uren . Robertson Mullens , Melbourne .

1 94 0 . 9/

Coast of Adventure . By Charles Barrett . Robertson 82: Mullens , Melbourne .

1 9 4 1 . 9/

s The islan d of Australia , almost countless in number, are full of interest to the naturalist , the anthropologist , and the historian . Every group , and ’ many individual islets of some groups , carry a message from Nature s store house . from the varied repositories of native art , culture or legend . or from the records of the early adventurers in search of the Great South Land . m Charles Barrett is already well known as a writer about birds , ani als and reptiles of our Continent , and i n his latest work he tells of his visits to the fascinating islands of the north—those facing Torres Strait and the Gulf of Carpentaria—on some parts of which he claims to be the first white naturalist to set foot . Every spot yielded material in the way of new species of ants , lizards , or shells , while his accounts of the weird rock paint ings must fill the average ethnologist with envy . In what only claims to be a narrative of adventure , spiced with the constantly recurring dangers from “ - ” storms , shovel nosed spears , and other fearsome risks to which he was x e posed , the author has a most tantalising way of suggesting the finding of a new shell or animal , without giving it a description close enough for subsequent identification by other naturalists visiting the same places . One hopes that the full results of his expeditions will some day be published i n a scientific j ournal . Every island or port visited is identified with the re i cords of the early voyagers , from whose diaries many quaint and interest ng x e tracts are included in the narrative . The illustrations from his own photographs depict many curi ous examples of native art , while the chief picture of interest to naturalists is one of the Ban ded Anteater, or Numbat of the aborigines .

Malcolm Uren is not So prolific a writer in our field as Barrett , nor does he pretend to know anything about natural history as a science . Hi s book is primarily and chiefly historical of the fate of a Dutch expedition , wrecked ’ on the islands known as Houtma n s Abrolhos . Inci dentally to this narra tive , mostly translated from old Dutch records , Uren adds a vivid description of the reefs and their inhabitants , the sea bi rds , enough to make one long to pay a visi t to those celebrated haunts of the Tern and Osprey .

Both of the above books should be in the library of every naturalist .

Seashore , Swamp and Bush . By Ada Jackson . Robertson Mullens ,

Melbourne , 1 94 1 . Price , - x Under the pen name of Aj a , the author of the above work ( Mrs . C . W . i - i Fawcett ) , s a well known writer of natural history art cles , couched in a H popular and often humorous vein . er prese nt work contains brightly written and informative articles on the various obj ects met with on the sea shore , in the bush , and the swamps . She takes the reader over the beaches where her own hunting has been carried on , and describes the starfish , sea e eggs , molluscs and fishes found wash d up after storms , and illustrates many with her own quaint li ttle sketches . Frogs , planarians , insects and

1 24

L NTE N H A A R FIS FROM MACQUARIE ISLAND .

By G . P . WHITLEY .

n ri u i n r ( Co t b t o from the Aust a li a n Museum . )

Family MYCTOPHIDAE .

' MY TOPH R fin s u 1 81 Genus G UM a e q e, 0 , sensu l a to .

T E ‘ MYC OPHUM AND RSSONI Lonnberg , 1 905 . M c t h n rs ni L n xx um a de so . ii 2 y op onnberg , Zool A zeiger , vi ., April 5, 1 905, p .

763 i Er eb c hwed ii d ol a r Ex ed. v 1 ; and W ss . g . S . S p . p , ., 6 , 9 05 , p . 6 1 . [N.E. 4 of Falkl and Iss . South Atlantic Ocean ] , 9 deg . 56 min . S . La t . x 4 9 deg . L i Er b 56 min . W . ong . Id. Brauer , W ss . ge . Deutsch . Tiefsee Exped. 1 1 1 1 1 72 Valdivi a , xv ., , 906 , pp . 6 and , fig . 84 . Id. Parr , Bull . Bi ngh .

Oc ea no r . . 1 928 8 d g . Coll , iii , 3 , , p . 5 . I . Chapman , Proc . US . Nat . Mus. , - xxxvi 1 93 9 526 7 . l , , pp . Two small specimens of this South Atlantic species were found in The Australian Museum amongst some unre gistered and unidentified materi al from Macquarie Islan d . They were originally obtained by the Australian x ’ 1 Antarctic E pedition , but were not listed in Waite s 9 1 6 report and con - stitute a new record for the little known fauna of Macquari e Island .

The larger example has the following characte rs : D . 1 2 ? A . 1 6 ? Head

( 1 0 mm . ) depth ( 8) in standard length Eye ( 4 ) snout

( 2 ) 5, interorbital (3 ) in head . - . E e . Snout rather pointed y subcircul—ar , non telescopic . lens central Antorbital organ of moderate size but ill defined. Upper j aw with sym e physi a l notch . Posterior end of maxillary broad ned , reaching little behind eye . l Photophores wi thout black divi di ng septum . None above . 1 a t . Pol absent . Op . 1 ; W 0 2 or 3 ; PLO . absent ; PO . 5 , VLO . absent ; VO . 4 ; SAO . 1 absent ; 2 anterior AO . elevated , plus 3 , i n a single , continuous group ; 2

Pro. Some of the late ral photophores may be missing through loss of scales . i Scales cycloid . Apparently no luminous scales . Squamation dec duous .

No supra or infracaudal luminous plates .

' PROPOSED DESTRUCTION OF SEALS IN VICTORIAN WATERS .

The fishermen of Western Port , Victoria , agitated for the destruction 0 l b of Seals on the ground that they damaged their nets and ate 4 . of fish er i i each p d em . The number thus disport ng themselves in Western Port was estimated at The Chief Secretary of Victoria at first a n nounce d that he would not allow any Seals to be killed , but later he ’ reversed hi s decision . The Fi eld Naturalists Club of Victoria and the Royal Z oological Society of Ne w South Wales have both entered strong protests against this later decision . but the Minister states that he will proceed to call for tenders to destroy Seals under stringent condi tions . It is hoped that the conditions will be such as to deter anyone from tendering . A . X . PL TE I T HE AUSTRA LIAN ZOOLO GIST, Vol .

Ga l a xi a s b n b n . L Fig . 4 . Mountain Trout , o g o g ectotype , Bong Bong ,

New South Wales .

Hol otra c h s oli ol e i s. H , Rough Squirrel Fish , y g p olotype

Western Australia .

’

Noto ra tus re or i . H 26 . Ethiopian , g p g g y olotype , Shark s

Western Australia .

a H a c . D a nnevi gi tus , Fig 28. Australian Tusk , olotype .

Western Australia .

x PLATE III . T HE AUSTRALIAN ZOOLO GIST, Vol . .

PAPUAN LAND MOLLUSCA .

x . THE AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST , Vol . . PLATE v

- Blue Male Satin Bower Bird , picking up blue paper .

- Two bowers with walls j oined . Top hamper on each wall .

- Biology of Satin Bower Bird . E N li n Photographs by . ub g ,

Austra li an

“ Sha rks and Ra ysof

“ THE AUSTRALIAN ZOOLOGIST ” ,

typewritten . ‘ Authors shoul d sta te whether proofs and reprints are desi red when i i u a s ara e submi tti ng MS . Fifty reprints of any art cle appea r ng nder ep t e c erta i ed ti tl e will be supplie d gra tis. If more are required , terms may b as n

in Co. Pt . Ltd Wholl y se t up and prin ted in Aust ra li a by the Sydney Melbourne Publish g y , ,

2 l b rt a t . dn . 9 A e S , Sy ey