Was Israel a Western Project in Palestine?

Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20(2): 189-206 DOI: 10.31456/beytulmakdis.777767

WAS ISRAEL A WESTERN PROJECT IN PALESTINE?

Ibrahim KARATAŞ*

ABSTRACT: This study aims to ascertain the extent to which it was Western powers or Zionists that founded Israel. The study argues that Israel was established by Western powers, while not ignoring the partial but significant role of Zionists that sought for a Jewish homeland. The West needed a Jewish homeland in order to utilise Jewish wealth, while also keeping Jews away since they were disturbed by the presence of the Jewish community. On the other hand, the World Zionist Organisation, motivated by anti-Semitism and nationalism, pioneered the idea of a Jewish national home and tried to persuade Western leaders as to the viability of a homeland in Palestine. While Zionist lobbying was influential, it can hardly be argued that they would have founded Israel without the help and permission of Western states, and in particular, the British Empire. The study aims to reveal external roles in nation-building by analysing the case of Israel. Methodologically, both quantitative and qualitative researches were used.

KEYWORDS: Israel, Zionism, Mandate System, Palestine, Middle East.

INTRODUCTION The State of Israel was founded in 1948 with UN Resolution 181 that partitioned the Mandate of Palestine into two states: Palestine and Israel. However, due to several wars fought between neighbouring Arab states and Israel that resulted in the defeat of the former, Israel occupied most of the Palestinian territories, thereby leaving only one single state (Israel) on the former mandate. Unlike other countries, as Israelis themselves accept, Israel does not accept multiculturalism and multi-ethnicity, recognising only Judaism as the official religion and Hebrew as the nation’s language. Therefore, it has a religious and ethnical identity rather than a secular one. This identity shapes its domestic and foreign policies. With this in mind, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict continues through a continuous, low- intensity war due to the rejection of the Palestinian state and the basic rights of Palestinians. When looking at this issue from the Arab side, Israel’s reluctance to withdraw from the occupied lands and non-acceptance of a permanent solution, most probably due to its strength against its adversary, as well as foreign support for the Israeli state, have worsened the conflict and do not give a hope for a likely solution.

* Assistant Professor of International Relations, Istinye University Turkey, [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-2125-1840. 190 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (2) the same, can anation found same, the o coninced ho are others fornation,alongith ne need a of erceied the aareness national Therefore, themseles. for homeland a build to them heled Gentile case, in Israel’s but ethnic group, an by built be nation can and ealth, eish founded. WZO’s main main WZO’s founded. as W the century hen th late until the dreams as remained ishes their et od. by to them romised claimas hich they back to Palestine, returning of and abyloniandreamed years the eile after in diasorafor lied es HOMELAND JEWISH A FOR SUPPORT WESTERN THE made. be ill discussion of the assessment authorial an in Pale states to their found own efforts Jews’ examine will it Second, eole. eish for home a creating in oers of Western role on the first focus ill This study Professor. out Palestinian a ith carried as interie an omitted, e Palestinian the While comared. ere ionistsin literature of efforts the to it attributing those and roect Western a is Israel claiming that literature ith its theory that theory its literature ith the to contribute to eected is study The aid. through in articular, and canno state eish the that noted be should it colonialism, the fruit as een Western if otherIsrael of hand, the n Israel. foundation the of andstate rong alsofacilitated olicies, Palestinian anne the lack of Arab instituti Arab of lack the to do so. oreoer, them oersnotalloed ritishmire other and the had analys not suff as oer alone economic eish as West, the by founded as Israel that argues for it study Israel, this founding does ionistWhile not efforts ignore Palestine. in homeland for a return in side to their rich es to take attemted they th to maintain finance of in need were belligerents since case, Israel’s In ork. or hard conuncture, common interests, luck, include factor may decisie or the intoroectto being, acome not underestimated. be W should businessmen like the othschilds and and othschilds the like businessmen effortseish of the other hand, the n affirmation. Western notbeen there had Israel called country a be not ould there that indicating of eidence hich is claimed as the iblical the as claimed is hich Palestine, in the state eish a elcomed tates nited the as ell as mire, late through canthe eish tocontrol a create hich state, they aimed that roect Western a as Israel them, ofTo Israel. suort Western in the conflict ast

Ibrahim KARATAŞ

’ th century. ince then, to big colonial oers, rance and the ritish ritish the rance and oers, colonial big to then, ince century. th egarding the method used for riting this article, the ies of those of those ies the article, this for riting used method the egarding any scholars, articularly those of Arab origin, find the root roblem of the of the rootroblem the find origin, Arab of those articularly scholars, any

and its re its and ed belo also suort the ie that ionists could not hae founded Israel Israel founded not hae ionists could that ie the also belo suort ed icient to create a state. What is more, es lacked is more,hard oer. What lacked es create a state. to icient sources. Indeed, lans for founding a eish state go back to the the back to go state eish a founding for lans Indeed, sources. – ionism led to the foundation to Israel. ionismthe of led goal as to found a homeland for the eish eole eole eish for the homeland to a found as goal ons, eak cohesion, oor organis oor cohesion, eak ons, state

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eish hatred of the West, West, of the hatred eish .

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World ionist rganis ionist World

rsectie as mainly mainly rsectie as ation, attemts to to ation,attemts

In other ords, a a ords, other In –

eloitation of eloitation of stine. inally, stine. hating eshating eir ars, ars, eir ‘ tudies iddle iddle ation ation f founded. WZO’s main main WZO’s founded. as W the century hen th late until the dreams as remained ishes their et od. by to them romised claimas hich they back to Palestine, returning of and abyloniandreamed years the eile after in diasorafor lied es HOMELAND JEWISH A FOR SUPPORT WESTERN THE made. be ill discussion of the assessment authorial an in Pale states to their found own efforts Jews’ examine will it Second, eole. eish for home a creating in oers of Western role on the first focus ill This study Professor. out Palestinian a ith carried as interie an omitted, e Palestinian the While comared. ere ionistsin literature of efforts the to it attributing those and roect Western a is Israel claiming that can anation found same, the o coninced ho are others fornation,alongith ne need a of erceied the aareness national Therefore, themseles. for homeland a build to them heled Gentile case, in Israel’s but ethnic group, an by built be nation can and ealth, eish that theory its literature ith the to contribute to eected is study The aid. through in articular, and canno state eish the that noted be should it colonialism, the fruit as een Western if otherIsrael of hand, the n Israel. foundation the of andstate rong alsofacilitated olicies, Palestinian anne instituti Arab of lack the to do so. oreoer, them oersnotalloed ritishmire other and the had analys not suff as oer alone economic eish as West, the by founded as Israel that argues for it study Israel, this founding does ionistWhile not efforts ignore Palestine. in homeland for a return in side to their rich es to take attemted they th to maintain finance of in need were belligerents since case, Israel’s In ork. or hard conuncture, common interests, luck, include factor may decisie or the intoroectto being, acome not underestimated. be W should and othschilds the like businessmen effortseish of the other hand, the n affirmation. Western notbeen there had Israel called country a be not ould there that indicating of eidence iblical the as claimed is hich Palestine, in the state eish a elcomed tates nited the as ell as mire, late ast through canthe eish tocontrol a create hich state, they aimed that roect Western a as Israel them, ofTo Israel. suort Western in the conflict

’ th century. ince then, to big colonial oers, rance and the ritish ritish the rance and oers, colonial big to then, ince century. th any scholars, articularly those of Arab origin, find the root roblem of the of the rootroblem the find origin, Arab of those articularly scholars, any egarding the method used for riting this article, the ies of those of those ies the article, this for riting used method the egarding

home of the es anotti, . There is lenty lenty is There . anotti, es the of home

–

eish hatred of the West, West, of the hatred eish .

s such the such s t surie ithout Western suort, suort, Western ithout surie t

World ionist rganis ionist World

rsectie as mainly mainly rsectie as ation, attemts to to ation,attemts

In other ords, a a ords, other In –

eloitation of eloitation of stine. inally, stine. hating eshating eir ars, ars, eir ‘ tudies iddle iddle ation ation f too a land the claims for same the hae rabs should then to braham, gien lands were if arguingthese that of iblical promise, the iews Jewish countered hae rabs et descendants. his and braham to promised e e region return to to Jews enabling Jerusalem in temple the rebuilding by world, the throughout agents his as of loyalty to obtain the aimed e in . of apoleonrance by time first for the agenda colonial the in included be to seemed Palestine people in bee t the will ie a la lie i the wh theele has it will ie I ie hates the eset the t a ea the eiteaea t ea the e bes O the In support. their gain and Jews to attract central tenets one ofas their promises iblical used butit one, religious a than rather moement nationalist purely a was It world. the oer all spreading was also there to defend the rights of Catholics (Schölch, 1992: 41). The British British The mpire were of 41). 1992: (Schölch, Catholics of rights the defend to there also was rance while minorities, orthodox protecting of excuse the with in Palestine been late as been hae should not l territories Palestinian influence to way fora looed and alarmed were ritish the of this, in iew and side Glatt, . oweer, since apoleon was defeated, his plan his defeated, was apoleon since . oweer, Glatt, in Jerusalem old temple the rebuild to in order flag his under to gather sia and inister enamin israeli wrote that Jews would become a nation in Palestine nation in Palestine a would become Jews that wrote israeli enamin inister return Jews’ for support their announced lords seeral in , again restoration considered reportedly goernment ritish the , in home old Jewish the of restoration the asing memorandum a committea sent Scotland ocally more homeland call Jewish for a to officersbegan colonial and clerics, ournalists, of Jews. wealth the from would benefit State Ottoman the Palestine, to to return encouraged were urope across liing Jews dispersed the if that Sultan the conince to ambassador Ponsonby to ord letter a wrote Palmerston ord inister ritishoreign in , example, for the of‘restoration the Jews’ to l to isits conducting already groupswere become involved in Palestine. The ‘gentile Zionists’ of Britain and some Protestant reason to a find to goernment ritish for the difficult not was it oweer, .

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er er wee mainl goened b the local it bthe goened mainl wee sel the had Jews aa Jewish o establishment the enabling wee the that the Jewish Jewish the o establishment the sece shall andato thatstate cleal the andate the ‘self mentioned mentioned om sel alestinians to the eclde and homeland Jewish a ceate to itishgoenment the b witten delibeatel was o alestine andate the 2) ages, (2: halidi as oeoe, oi ased btalso declaation the acceted onl not Jaan) and tal, ance, (itain, a o old owes allied 15). he 2: (et, owes allied b endosed emo oneence, one eace 2). 211: (ece, obligation intenational an state Jewish a o econstitting the maing and eclaation owescan be geat of Further support declaration in 1917. the endorsed also administration Wilson’s esident S oeoe, 2). 2: (aos, mie itish to the adantage addi with the Palestinian Arabs as they were fighting against us” against fighting were they as Arabs Palestinian the with that late saing b alestinians the with dislease his also conessed eoge, lod iniste, ime he sccess. ist geat i as ha was the Jews, o inl lage a case wold eclaation alo the Aabs that hile eaed alestinians. the teo o mention the can be seen, thee was was thee seen, can be endeavours necessary methods an methods necessary ational Home of the ewish Peole ewish the of Home ational tha rincile the accets Government them with a nation a with them 24). 21: (leeland, on abot ionist welcomed asiations the geste, a As in wa. ossia owesand to ee Jews o entente ssian the on side wa the into the shS inAmeica the to elites Jewish itish contacted the b Alamed administation. Ameican the to inlence Jews Ameican with contact alsoin ssians wee and owe. emans iscal thei se to Jews o sot the to gain attemting ssiawee and eman that itishsaw the a, old ist ingthe tion, hchill stated in one o his seeches that a Jewish state wold be an wold an be state Jewish a that seeches his one o in stated tion,hchill esides this, a this, esides entall, the itish too Jews to thei side and icl began to awad to awad began icl and to side thei Jews itishtoo the entall, determination’ used in relation to them. Conversely, Article two and six of of six and two Article Conversely, to them. relation in used determination’ ational ome ational

no ence, endosed b all signatoies, as well well o San as as tems the signatoies, in all the b ence,endosed to secure the achievement of this objective and will discuss the the will discuss and objective this of achievement the secure to w hee goening instittions that a omal state had, the alestinians had, omala state that goeninginstittions ‘ state ia the alo eclaation, which eads eads which alo eclaation, the ia state national home national

in the aticles o the andate as a eole, no is the tem tem a as the is no eole, andate the o aticles in the seen in the eage o ations endosement o the alo o alo othe endosement ations eage the in seen d means with the ionist rganis the ionist with means d ts imlementation (adai, Steine and ohen, 215). 215). ohen, and Steine (adai, imlementation ts

a omise to the ionist ganis ionist to the omise a

(ain, 2 (ain,

lobbing eots o the othe belligeents, the the oothelobbing belligeents, eots the

’

11). actices o the itish les also indicate indicate also les o itish the 11).actices o Jews is mentioned in the tems o the ais ais the o tems in the mentioned is o Jews detemination. detemination. – t Palestine should be reconstituted as the the as be reconstituted should Palestine t ish athoit. ish athoit.

His Majesty’s Government will use its best best its use will Government Majesty’s His ding a Jewish homeland in alestine in alestine homeland Jewish a ding

Was Israel a Western Project in Palestine?

ndeed, the alestinians ae alestinians the ndeed, “We could not get in touch in not touch get “We could ati ation o a state while no no while state o a ation on state instittions. hile instittions. hile state ”

(e, 21: 195). n n (e, 195). 21:

(Köse, 2018: 55). As 55). 2018: (Köse, “1 –

His Majesty’s Majesty’s His t was thei thei was t

193 Beytülmakdis Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 20 (2) 194 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (2) reconi name ‘dual suchas colit terms different name who scholars, sraeli many from (200:12) uote Kedar and Forman scholars. in198. alestine fiures hese fee. nominal a with them to dunams 220,000 and dunams sold 00,000 local ranted the ritish authority to dunamsews, 25,000 sold eanese) (mainly outside alestine landlordsfrom feudal while ear period. andate the Aras durin alestinian that the Israeli State could not have survived without Truman’s support in its first first its in support Truman’s without survived have could not State Israeli the that arue of ome srael. even authors decisive role independence the for the played mi the welcomed had Congress the and Truman President 1947,and in late Partition“The Plan” supported had administration the independence, efore one year support, sr the while of land, would the tae time, maority that a at who were alestinians, the decision, per the As ewish. other the and Ara one states: into two alestine of partition the for 181 esolution accepted Assemly eneral the inspired was of the decision partition the overnment, the y reected was Commission the of offer the Althouh 1). 2010: (ayamey, efforts leitimi further of alestine, partition Commissiont eel the formed ritishovernment the example, For 502). 200: Kedar, and Forman (in alestinians poor aainst uildin followed y the oviet nion and other countries. other and oviet nion ythe followed 15, in ay ritis he population. were notof ewish lands predominantly a iven the ut immiration waves, new asor it let to was srael to land more ivin reason for he 5. remainin the Al (2008) Fischach to rose amount the period, andate the of einnin the at land 2of owned ews althouh Conseuently, 1980). ations, (nited ionists (2020: aleh alestinians, from lands ouht ews that claim ionists While areas). Mawat to uy ews allowed ritishmandate the addition, n 1957). times numer total (adavi, until ten almost ofthe 198 increased ews mandate, mi ewish 7,00 While state. sraeli independent an toward to moretae them steps assisted and land

Ibrahim KARATAŞ 7) imawi asserts, the ritish were not mediatin, ut helpin ews for nation ews helpin ut mediatin, not were ritish the asserts, imawi he ritish policy is seen as seen is ritish policy he While the is the first first the is the While n furtherin the aim of self of aim the furtherin n stresses aeli state of ews, who were a small minority at that time, would possess possess would time, that at minority small a were who ews, of state aeli

s (an ttoman term mea term (an ttoman , but a United Nations report prepared in 1980 confirms Saleh’s claims claims Saleh’s confirms in 1980 prepared report Nations United a but , in country is the oviet nion (Kramer, 2017: ). eardin American American ).2017: eardin (Kramer, nion oviet country is the in allocation and and allocation 198. he nited tates reconis tates henited 198.

that only less than 1 of alestinian lands were ouht from from ouht were lands alestinian of 1 than only less that ration of more ews (Al arhan, 2017: 2). t was ruman that ruman that 2). was t 2017: arhan, more(Al of ews ration

rants came to alestine from urope in the first ten years of the of the years first ten the in fromurope to alestine came rants conversely h left alestine, and sraeli leaders declared independence, independence, declared leaders sraeli and alestine, left h purchasin strenthened the position of ews and and ews of position the strenthened purchasin

nin uncultivated wasteland far from populated populated far from wasteland uncultivated nin claims that ewish companies owned 20 of 20 owned companies ewish claims that de facto de facto overnance, allowin new waves of miration of miration waves new allowin overnance, a facilitation of ewish colonis facilitationofa ewish s in the ewish state thans to ionist loy loy to ionist thans state ewish the in onialism’ and ‘non and onialism’ reconis ed srael minutes after proclamation, proclamation, after minutes srael ed

er of srael, the fir the srael, of er din the rest of the lands, lands, of rest the the din hat finally proposed the the proposed finally hat formal colonialism’. As colonialism’. formal miri may e contested contested e may around

(state lands) andlands) (state ation y many ation many y

y it. n 197, 197, n it. y in 197. in 197. st de jure y that the Israeli State could not have survived without Truman’s support in its first first its in support Truman’s without survived have could not State Israeli the that arue of ome srael. even authors decisive role independence the for the played mi the welcomed had Congress the and Truman President and 1947, in late Partition“The Plan” supported had administration the independence, efore one year support, reconi countries. other and oviet nion ythe followed 15, in ay ritis he population. were notof ewish lands predominantly a iven the ut immiration waves, new asor it let to was srael to land more ivin reason for he 5. remainin the sr the while of land, would the tae time, maority that a at who were alestinians, the decision, per the As ewish. other the and Ara one states: into two alestine of partition the for 181 esolution accepted Assemly eneral the inspired was of the decision partition the overnment, the y reected was Commission the of offer the Althouh 1). 2010: (ayamey, efforts leitimi further of alestine, partition Commissiont eel the formed ritishovernment the example, For 502). 200: Kedar, and Forman (in alestinians poor aainst uildin Al ‘dual suchas colit terms different name who scholars, sraeli many from (200:12) uote Kedar and Forman scholars. in198. alestine (2008) Fischach to rose amount the period, andate the of einnin the at land 2of owned ews althouh Conseuently, 1980). ations, (nited ionists fiures hese fee. nominal a with them to dunams 220,000 and dunams sold 00,000 local ranted the ritish authority to dunamsews, 25,000 sold eanese) (mainly outside alestine landlordsfrom feudal while ear period. andate the Aras durin alestinian (2020: aleh alestinians, from lands ouht ews that claim ionists While areas). Mawat to uy ews allowed ritishmandate the addition, n 1957). times numer total (adavi, until ten almost ofthe 198 increased ews mandate, mi ewish 7,00 While state. sraeli independent an toward to moretae them steps assisted and land 7) imawi asserts, the ritish were not mediatin, ut helpin ews for nation ews helpin ut mediatin, not were ritish the asserts, imawi n furtherin the aim of self of aim the furtherin n While the is the first first the is the While as seen is ritish policy he stresses aeli state of ews, who were a small minority at that time, would possess possess would time, that at minority small a were who ews, of state aeli

(state lands) andlands) (state ation y many ation many y

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195 Beytülmakdis Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 20 (2) 196 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (2) alestine. irst, alestine. in state ewish of creation a to the led that other factors to ignore misleading wouldit be wasincontrovertible, est the supportof the oflthough Israel. State of the foundation on the effect estern the eamined section previous The ISRAEL STATE OF THE ESTABLISHING FOR ZIONIST EFFORTS bylocals opposable be not country would aconald, ideology olshevist under citiens Soviet million of slaughter the role in a of having accused were ews addition, In to assimilation. resistance their and social and life culture politics, economy, ha lived they in which home countries the of people the that here noted be should It II. ar inorld massacre the incurred urope untilleave they reluctant to were ews etc.owever, uyana, Tasmania, ho ewish autonomous called oblast autonomous ewish a in of Russia territories eastern in far ews gather self ewi a proposed ascists ermany, Italian esides . rowning, in adagascar to ews send forcibly to alsotried ermany ai properties. for their the en avid with deal a made itler eample, or not. did they indeed and to alestine, ews of migration the oppose would not they to alestine, immigrate to decided ews if ence, population. ewish of their rid themselves to sta many agenda, on the appeared home in alestine ewish a when Therefore, in uropean societies. community unwanted an were ews clear that was It olocaust. the long before occasions on several pogroms The e them. against hatred and defamation discriminations, preudices, were there lived, they countries inthe not assimilated were sinceews Inaddition, of Israel. State ofapproval the ewish state ewish various countries of urope, were ews ofvarious countries urope, a as not perhaps Third, goals. to reach their them would enable that enormous wealth people with ualified divided. ence, divided. was power their but powerful, uite were They clashes. ideological and revolution ews to alestine. In fact, the late s witnessed ewish migration from astern astern from migration ewish witnessed s late the fact, In alestine. to ews d the became of duties main ionists the of Thus, . one nesset, organis asel in convened ongress ionist irst the at colleagues T by founded was The alestine. in home national Ibrahim KARATAŞ independent of borders independent centralis and ‘ governing territory in northeast thiopia Time, . Stalin also tried to to Stalin . alsotried Time, thiopia in northeast governingterritory transfer agreement transfer It was the was It ation was stated as establishing a legal home in ret Israel alestine alestine ret Israel home in legal a establishing as stated was ation e their power and establish a network among ews, which was to be be to was which ews, among network a establish and power their e . Second, ews as a as ews Second, . that organis initiatedand

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that permitted ews to migrate to alestine in echange echange in to alestine migrate to ews permitted that clusionary clusionary people people

but ind but behaviours . ted Jewish wealth, Jews’ influence in influence Jews’ wealth, Jewish ted

ividually, and as small communities as communities in small and ividually, were rich,generally educated and involved in colonis involved ed ewish movement for creating a for a movement ewish creating ed e t heir goal

against ews even turned into turned into even ews against tes saw it as an opportunity an as it tes saw . Therefore, a ewish ewish a Therefore, . s was to unite, organisto unite, was s in . The goal of the of the goal The in . heodor erl and his his and erl heodor

ation, industrial industrial ation, urion called called urion iverting ofiverting of a of sh e

ews to alestine. In fact, the late s witnessed ewish migration from astern astern from migration ewish witnessed s late the fact, In alestine. to ews d the became of duties main ionists the of Thus, . one nesset, organis asel in convened ongress ionist irst the at colleagues T by founded was The alestine. in home national of borders independent centralis and ence, divided. was power their but powerful, uite were They clashes. ideological and revolution were ews ofvarious countries urope, a as not perhaps Third, goals. to reach their them would enable that enormous wealth people with ualified state ewish irst, alestine. in state ewish of creation a to the led that other factors to ignore misleading wouldit be wasincontrovertible, est the supportof the oflthough Israel. State of the foundation on the effect estern the eamined section previous The ISRAEL STATE OF THE ESTABLISHING FOR ZIONIST EFFORTS bylocals opposable be not country would aconald, ideology olshevist under citiens Soviet million of slaughter the role in a of having accused were ews addition, In to assimilation. resistance their and social and life culture politics, economy, ha lived they in which home countries the of people the that here noted be should It II. ar inorld massacre the incurred urope untilleave they reluctant to were ews etc.owever, uyana, Tasmania, ho ewish autonomous called oblast autonomous ewish a in of Russia territories eastern in far ews gather self ewi a proposed ascists ermany, Italian esides . rowning, in adagascar to ews send forcibly to alsotried ermany ai properties. for their the en avid with deal a made itler eample, or not. did they indeed and to alestine, ews of migration the oppose would not they to alestine, immigrate to decided ews if ence, population. ewish of their rid themselves to sta many agenda, on the appeared home in alestine ewish a when Therefore, in uropean societies. community unwanted an were ews clear that was It olocaust. the long before occasions on several pogroms The e them. against hatred and defamation discriminations, preudices, were there lived, they countries inthe not assimilated were sinceews Inaddition, of Israel. State ofapproval the ‘ governing territory in northeast thiopia Time, . Stalin also tried to to Stalin . alsotried Time, thiopia in northeast governingterritory transfer agreement transfer It was the was It ation was stated as establishing a legal home in ret Israel alestine alestine ret Israel home in legal a establishing as stated was ation e their power and establish a network among ews, which was to be be to was which ews, among network a establish and power their e . Second, ews as a as ews Second, .

that organis initiatedand

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ted Jewish wealth, Jews’ influence in influence Jews’ wealth, Jewish ted

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destinatins, f destinatins, new in the ntwelced wee Jews wee, aali, t due anti ue esten ue t the st Jewish natinalis was anti was natinalis Jewish st the helinwas elwadditin,n what eidence see idel fact in inist can e it still et, Jews attact and idel inist ustif t de in ilicalises wielded the wee, eliin d with nthin t had f ees centu an th in the in ue eents Jewis as inists eliius ein than athe eent natinalist a e t aued was inis ee, alestine int settle Jews iatin encuaed with and t deal ean thschilds idel since the efused the itish the efused sincethe idel inist f at a was eliin that clue a as eaded ae n alestine insistence the and heland a as anda f efusal al, idea the eected en f ein ldet (in today’s in Uganda region Jewish autonomous an Britishproposal of the with etuned el thschild d f hel the with haelain Jseh eceta e ie he althuh the, esuade t failed el wee, ente, nfatin sael ean f ilhel and ie f ttan ultan the t eet alestine t stan taelled e in alestine state Jewish f a f wes eat cunities an Jewish anti hee Jews an ula ecae inis e the inceased, eitis f the itish ie itishie the f ie ttan the f difficult t secede was which alestine, ulated deain f a Jewish state unde itish tectin nthe Jew, i ses ai ai i ses Jew, nthe tectin itish unde state Jewish f a deain n eclaatin alfu the afte and efe itish the essued lied and elites Jewish ndeed, isleadin e wuld eclaatin alfu fiues Jewish f the leadin efftsthe f fJ necessit a the ees cainet t the auel elained that, t d s esides the auel assisted eet iniste Jewish ees, cainet t eet wished the e,is when hat f alestine ects thei esent t ties itain an f l ahu and eiann hai eale, intellectuals Jewish and thschild d lie Jews influential ich and nteen thee had such ien decisin a nt iht hae the fitish,ut the inteest inthe is that a e as fhis ant a itis eaded the in alestine he natinal Jewish a f idea the acceted the that thschild de d an t lette a alfu wte eceta ein itish , n a ld the duin susedl eitis ecae a useful tl f inists in de t tae t and w t w t and tae in de useful afinists tl ecae eitis s sn as the was funded, hed el stated t see the sut sut the t see stated el hed funded, was the as sn s hethe eliius natinal, the inist idel was ale t tain sut t tain sut ale inist was idel the natinal, eliius hethe

then tuned t itain and isited t itish fficials includin lnial lnial fficials includin t itish isited and t itain tuned then uthe inceasin anti inceasin uthe

ffeed the ultan t a the entie fein det f the ttan f ttan the det fein entie the t a ultan the ffeed ewish heland in alestine auel, eall, inin auel, eall, the in alestine heland ewish a, ut he and the ees f the inist ness ness inist f the ees the and he ut a, as alestine was was alestine

, itish ie iniste enain isaeli was isaeli was enain iniste ie ,itish eitist sentients heefe, the and and the heefe, sentients eitist h natinalists wee influenced natinalist natinalist influenced wee h natinalists eitic s haenin in ussia in in ussia in haenin s eitic t e eitis in ue he e anti e he ue in eitis sal and insisted nusli a insisted and sal aued that eliin was a cucial cucial a eliin was that aued ccuied the clnial the ccuied we

Was Israel a Western Project in Palestine? h ie,decisin a ul and ul and isited isited fe, fe,

197 Beytülmakdis Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 20 (2) 198 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (2) o is t (alroo rasin alestine mainly other people and inhaitants Jewish ( were there that estimated uthority andate efore one year inally the Jewish population was ( while the rest inluding n inluding rest the while ( was population Jewish the of ensus to the ording aar and (Beinin numered inhaitants ra while to rose population Jewish the By Jews i was population in alestinian reords the ttoman to ording in in alestine arried migrants Jewish au pries uite high ( in ares and in ares( (in ares in ( initi was landownership Jewish while oughtto ( moreording alroo was land while a for alestine in landowner Jewish largest the eame who othshild dmond de esta the ith state future their to migrated Jews of thousands and entury th mpire ttoman the urop to debt whole Empire’s the offered to he pay Sultan, from Ottoman Palestine erlwanted heodor oreoer when home in alestine a them to gie hurhill lie politiians onined fator that a wealth their was Jews aout the influen was what aoe stated as addition n (oo of urope Ban entral the alled were and ontinent uropean offamily the rihest the were they alestine to migration Jewish the and the funded er and U in the than different no ingdom was United situationhe in the Jewish were orporations large of ofmanagers top tates United the n aground Jewish a had networ J of numer the while and etween wealth Jewish researhed who ( to indolf ording lied they in whih ountries in the ommunities persuade to powers of great poliymaers surrounding was it and of srael foundation the longefore atie was loyism Jewish (ramer Jew herefore a also was Kingdom,who United to ambassador the Union’s Soviet the with contact ei haim urthermore (ren Jew a whofriend was oreoe arhan (l elaration Balfour the to aept ilson resident pressured an ouis Brandeis addition n (aylor for wored deelopment and its times seen Jerusalem isited ontefiore Ibrahim KARATAŞ ews was in erman population of memers of the ore orporate orporate ore of the memers of population in erman was ews ious that without Jewish institutions Jewish without ious that lishment Using wereother wealthier than that they was Jews of harateristi nother the numer of migrants rose year y year he first wae of uropean firsthe wae year y rose year migrants of numer isitionthe e his fat shows that fisally Jewish diaspora was more powerful than more powerful than diaspora was Jewish fisally that fat shows his e them aept their reuest their aept them

this wealth land was ought y Jews in alestine in the first half of the first half of in the the oughtin alestine Jews was land y wealth this

r, Truman’s decision to recognis to decision r,Truman’s of the alestine Jewish olonis Jewish alestine of the

with muh of thi muh with

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them aept their reuest their aept them

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199 Beytülmakdis Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 20 (2) 200 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (2) American hatred among Arab people. Thereore, S sacriice or Israel or sacriice S Thereore, people. Arab among hatred American as an independent Israel will be orced to produce its indigenous weapons, weapons, indigenous its produce to orced be will Israel independent an as country orthe better be een may it but suer, may Israel that argue newspapers diaspora Jewish and published in Israeli Articles aid American surie without otherwise. reuire interests American i ineectie become can easily and eaggerated is lobby o Jewish the power the that thinks onto Ameri attacks and opposition alt, hi to technology military S not S sold obey data, instructionsdid and classiied sensitie stole Israel addition, In troops. to American support notgie did Israel ast, Middle in the wars ought in seeral Salthough army the that claim They scholars. American some by uestioned is S o billions spending and o Israel serenity and security or the support American oweer, Israel. one priority was numbertheir that said r ocongressional out occasionswhen were There etc. JISA, AL, AIPA, irmslike using by donationsor lobby pressure, through academia and media ongress, impacton great the hae Jews American and on.Israeli ignor aid, military largest the granted support, anti etoed always S has the lobby, Israeli o the inluence to the .Thanks would interests American rom what away successully so policy oreign S to diert able been hae S the groupsin interest other o . (Mast, lobby JewishIsraeli o power the rom to stem not a is aid .S the etc. Thereore, likemilitary, education,in areas health, belt its to tighten i has it withouteen it do can it that clear is It not. or aid S without lie can Israel whether is here of its 20% or budget, its national 3% of GDP, Israel’s o iseual Sto aid The annual by. S billion around be amount will the and S billion was to rom to Israel assistance , S total to Fre According whichcontinues. still orm cash weapons, or the o in state to Israeli result,began itaid a As it. to gie supported onand rely Israel Si untilthe est country notindispensable an was Israel approach.act, In estern a meant almost SThus, approach to the Israel oest. rest the on o behal the decisions made and oS goernment the leadership under the replaced was it II, orldater ar staunchly anti being or Stalin, known therwise, independence. Israeli endorse to them Ibrahim KARATAŞ epresentaties, or out o senators supported Israel. Some o them openly openly o them Some Israel. supported senators o out or epresentaties, Israel resolutions in the nited ations Security ouncil, gien ull diplomatic diplomatic ull gien ouncil, Security ations nited in the resolutions Israel Assuming or a while that the S no longer gies aid to Israel, can the l can the Israel, to aid gies longer S no the that while ora Assuming th o support The imperialism global its maintain to notable was ingdom nited the Since

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industr and soistiated eaons lie atoi bobs, it an an it bobs, atoi lie eaons soistiated and industr

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istian ulture is te basi oon oint oint oon basi te is ulture istian and artiularl ristian ionists ristian artiularl and f ionists, but e is still rigt to soe to soe rigt still is e but f ionists, rian, 2020 Gien tat Israel as an an as Israel tat Gien 2020 rian, l tat if rab states su as te ,su te as if rabl tat states eiti disriination and ogros ogros and disriination eiti state solution ad tere not been solution notbeen tere ad state ing and oordinating igration, igration, oordinating and ing

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201 Beytülmakdis Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 20 (2) 202 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (2) notonlyrid their ofhome to was get Jewish for a desire support Russians’ behind ‘ CONCLUSION Ibrahim KARATAŞ

’

‘ ’

‘

e Jews’ money and offered so ’

‘ CONCLUSION notonlyrid their ofhome to was get Jewish for a desire support Russians’ behind

’

‘ ’

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e Jews’ money and offered so ’

pow of estern permission and help the with alestine in founded was srael that argues study this powers onseuently estern of support state without to a the found not softadeuate their power was in role their herefore founded was srael of tate the politiians onputting estern pressure am enormous an spending by entually for legitimay ountries of othersupport to obtain and the home national Jewish fora ritishmpire the to persuade assets their all used ionists state of a neessity the of them onined oloaust earlier to found their own state in the lands lands in the state own their to found inthe branh estern a being strategi a was state Jewish a erall emigrate ould they to whih Jews for home national a welomed they adersaries its nation a that theory study’s this with in line Therefore, the and th in the leel nti to purify fromJews soiety was supportstate sraeli uropeans made fator that nother alestine about laims in iblial trust and ount of money lobbying organis lobbying money of ount n the other hand the Jewish diaspora under the leadership of ionists tried tried ionists of leadership the under diaspora Jewish the other hand the n hile not all Jews supported the idea rising anti rising idea the supported Jews notall hile

reating srael should not be underestimated oweer oweer underestimated be shouldsrael not reating

th entury sometimes ulminating in pogroms in pogroms ulminating sometimes th entury ‘ iddle ast iddle

ing migration forming militant groups and and groups militant forming ing migration from from ’ where they epelled were at least before its independene its before least at tool for the est rather than than rather est the for tool

Was Israel a Western Project in Palestine? ers state an be founded by by an founded be state emitism was at its pea its at was emitism emitism and and emitism

years

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Köse, İ. (2018). The Lloyd George Government of of Government George Lloyd The (2018). İ. Köse, nesset nesset aonald, The srael oy ase tudy in ewish in ewish tudy ase oy srael The aonald, ealisffensie trutural ealisoell, efensie n and leinan, T T leinan, ha ast, ast, raer, ho ho raer, erialis ayyali,riinsThe ionis istorial and halidi, earshei ayaey,ritial ionisount athew, the alestineelaration and The andate, alfour nterde at, ynhold, ynhold, osen, iroidhan Oren, M. B. (2008). Israel is Now America’s Closest Ally. Ally. Closest America’s Now and Their ell alestinians id aleh, is Israel (2008). B. M. Oren,

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