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CUM Smith Harry Whitaker Editors History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences C.U.M. Smith Harry Whitaker Editors Brain, Mind and Consciousness in the History of Neuroscience Brain, Mind and Consciousness in the History of Neuroscience History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences Volume 6 Editors: Charles T. Wolfe, Ghent University, Belgium Philippe Huneman, IHPST (CNRS/Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne), France Thomas A.C. Reydon, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany Editorial Board: Marshall Abrams (University of Alabama at Birmingham) Andre Ariew (Missouri) Minus van Baalen (UPMC, Paris) Domenico Bertoloni Meli (Indiana) Richard Burian (Virginia Tech) Pietro Corsi (EHESS, Paris) François Duchesneau (Université de Montréal) John Dupré (Exeter) Paul Farber (Oregon State) Lisa Gannett (Saint Mary’s University, Halifax) Andy Gardner (Oxford) Paul Griffi ths (Sydney) Jean Gayon (IHPST, Paris) Guido Giglioni (Warburg Institute, London) Thomas Heams (INRA, AgroParisTech, Paris) James Lennox (Pittsburgh) Annick Lesne (CNRS, UPMC, Paris) Tim Lewens (Cambridge) Edouard Machery (Pittsburgh) Alexandre Métraux (Archives Poincaré, Nancy) Hans Metz (Leiden) Roberta Millstein (Davis) Staffan Müller-Wille (Exeter) Dominic Murphy (Sydney) François Munoz (Université Montpellier 2) Stuart Newman (New York Medical College) Frederik Nijhout (Duke) Samir Okasha (Bristol) Susan Oyama (CUNY) Kevin Padian (Berkeley) David Queller (Washington University, St Louis) Stéphane Schmitt (SPHERE, CNRS, Paris) Phillip Sloan (Notre Dame) Jacqueline Sullivan (Western University, London, ON) Giuseppe Testa (IFOM-IEA, Milano) J. Scott Turner (Syracuse) Denis Walsh (Toronto) Marcel Weber (Geneva) For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8916 C.U.M. Smith • Harry Whitaker Editors Brain, Mind and Consciousness in the History of Neuroscience Editors C.U.M. Smith (1930–2013) Harry Whitaker Department of Vision Sciences Department of Psychology Aston University Northern Michigan University Birmingham, U K Marquette, MI , USA ISSN 2211-1948 ISSN 2211-1956 (electronic) ISBN 978-94-017-8773-4 ISBN 978-94-017-8774-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8774-1 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014937790 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) On January 4, 2013, Chris Smith passed away. This book represents an idea that he broached to me three years ago; his consummate scholarship and unfl agging collegiality is refl ected in both the scope and quality of the work herein. Robert Burns mused “O wad some Power the giftie gie us To see oursels as ithers see us!” Well, Chris, we saw you as an academic and a gentleman; thank you for making a part of our lives so special. Whit Acknowledgment Without the unfl agging assistance of Jenny Smith, it would not have been possible to complete this volume of essays. Je te remercie de tout coeur. Whit vii Contents 1 Beginnings: Ventricular Psychology ...................................................... 1 C. U. M. Smith 2 Return of the Repressed: Spinozan Ideas in the History of the Mind and Brain Sciences..................................... 21 William Meehan 3 ‘Struck, As It Were, with Madness’: Phenomenology and Animal Spirits in the Neuropathology of Thomas Willis ............. 43 Kathryn Tabb 4 Hooke’s Mechanical Mind ...................................................................... 59 J. J. MacIntosh 5 Joseph Priestley: An Instructive Eighteenth Century Perspective on the Mind-Body Problem ................................ 75 Alan Beretta 6 Reflections of Western Thinking on Nineteenth Century Ottoman Thought: A Critique of the ‘Hard-Problem’ by Spyridon Mavrogenis, a Nineteenth Century Physiologist ............ 91 George Anogianakis 7 George Henry Lewes (1817–1878): Embodied Cognition, Vitalism, and the Evolution of Symbolic Perception ........................... 105 Elfed Huw Price 8 Herbert Spencer: Brain, Mind and the Hard Problem ....................... 125 C. U. M. Smith 9 Problems of Consciousness in Nineteenth Century British and American Neurology ........................................................... 147 J. Wayne Lazar ix x Contents 10 Emil du Bois-Reymond’s Reflections on Consciousness ..................... 163 Gabriel Finkelstein 11 William James and the “Theatre” of Consciousness ........................... 185 Stephanie L. Hawkins 12 The Enigmatic Deciphering of the Neuronal Code of Word Meaning..................................................................................... 207 Andrew C. Papanicolaou 13 Alfred North Whitehead and the History of Consciousness................ 225 Laura Hyatt Edwards 14 The ‘Hard Problem’ and the Cartesian Strand in British Neurophysiology: Huxley, Foster, Sherrington, Eccles ........................ 255 C. U. M. Smith 15 Is There a Link Between Quantum Mechanics and Consciousness? ................................................................................. 273 Barry K. Ward 16 Consciousness and Neuronal Microtubules: The Penrose-Hameroff Quantum Model in Retrospect....................... 303 Eugenio Frixione 17 Zombie Dawn: Slavery and the Self in the Twenty-First Century ................................................................... 333 David Hawkes 18 Mind and Brain: Toward an Understanding of Dualism .................... 355 Kristopher G. Phillips , Alan Beretta , and Harry A. Whitaker Introd uction This volume of essays grew from a workshop which we organized at the combined ISHN/Cheiron meeting at Calgary/Banff, Alberta, Canada in June 2011. 1 What did we hope to achieve? It seemed to us that the joint meeting of our two societies provided an opportunity to use the assembled expertise in the history of social sciences and neuroscience to examine once again that thorniest of all issues at the interface between science and the humanities: the problem of mind, or, to use David Chalmers’ well-known phrase, ‘the hard problem’. 2 Let us begin by defi ning, so far as possible, how the ‘hard problem’ appears to us in our unchosen place at the beginning of the twenty-fi rst century. Although there are many approaches, one of the best is provided by the so-called explanatory gap. Imagine a neuroscientist in a utopian future examining the auditory cortex. Imagine further that this all-knowing neurophysiologist is congenitally deaf. Imagine fi nally that he is examining the auditory cortex of a musician listening to a Haydn symphony. This neurophysiologist can see the fl uxes of ions moving across the membranes of populations of neurons, the associated alterations in magnetic fi elds and the spurts of neurotransmitters diffusing across a myriad of synaptic junctions; from that data he will be able to reconstruct the acoustic patterns produced by the instruments of the orchestra. However, we suspect that our future neuroscientist will have no idea of what the musician is experiencing nor what caused the storm of applause at the end of the symphony. Similarly, of course, vice versa. The musician need have absolutely no knowledge, just as Haydn himself had no knowledge, of neuroscience, to experience the symphony. This is the so-called explanatory gap. How is the ‘lived-through’ expe- rience related to the goings-on in the cerebral cortex? This is the ‘hard problem’. The paradigmatic instance of ‘consciousness’, the instance which lies at the core of the hard problem, is thus the ‘raw feel’, or ‘quale’. It is what we live through when the dentist drills an aching tooth without benefi t of anesthetic; it is what occurs 1 ISHN = International Society for the History of the Neurosciences; Cheiron = The International Society for the History of Behavioural and Social Sciences. 2 Chalmers (1995, 1996). xi xii Introduction when we regard
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