Document of The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Report No: ICR00001464
IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT (IDA 3532-IN)
ON A
Public Disclosure Authorized CREDIT IN THE AMOUNT OF SDR 85.5 MILLION (US$ 108 MILLION EQUIVALENT)
TO INDIA
FOR THE
ANDHRA PRADESH COMMUNITY FOREST MANAGEMENT PROJECT
September 27, 2010
Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized Sustainable Development Department Agriculture and Rural Development Unit South Asia Region
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS
(Exchange Rate Effective 10 April 2010)
Currency Unit = India Rupee (INR) INR 1.00 = US$ 0.0224496 US$ 1.00 = INR 44.54
FISCAL YEAR April 1 – March 31
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
APCFMP Andhra Pradesh Community Forest Management Project APFA Andhra Pradesh Forest Academy APFD Andhra Pradesh Forest Department APFP Andhra Pradesh Forestry Project CAS Country Assistance Strategy CBET Community Based Eco-Tourism CEFNARM Center for Forest Research and Natural Resource Management CENPAP Center for Public Perception and Policy CEG Common Enterprise Groups CEW Community Extension Workers CFM Community Forest Management CPF Centre for People’s Forestry CSO Clonal Seed Orchard DBH Diameter at Breast Height DFO Divisional Forest Officer DPIP Andhra Pradesh District Poverty Initiatives Project ERR Economic Rate of Return FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations FBO Forest Beat Officer FDA Forest Development Agencies FDC Forest Development Corporation FMIS Forest Management Information System FRO Forest Range Officer FRR Financial Rate of Return FSO Forest Section Officer GBH Girth at Breast Height GIS Geographic Information System GO Government Order GOAP Government of Andhra Pradesh GOI Government of India HH Households IAG Independent Advisory Group ICRR Implementation Completion and Results Report IO Intermediate Outcome IRR Internal Rate of Return ITDA Integrated Tribal Development Agency JFM Joint Forest Management KPI Key Performance Indicator M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MIS Management Information System MLCT Multi-Locational Clonal Trial MT Metric Ton MTR Mid-Term Review M3 Cubic Meter NGO Non-Governmental Organization NREGA National Rural Employment Guarantee Act NRM Natural Resources Management NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product OMR Optimal Mark Reader PAD Project Appraisal Document PAF Project Affected Families PCCF Principal Chief Conservator of Forests PDO Project Development Objective PIP Project Implementation Plan PMU Project Monitoring Unit RAP Resettlement Action Plan RoFR Recognition of Forest Rights Act SC Scheduled Caste SCF Standard Conversion Factor SHG Self Help Group ST Scheduled Tribe TC Training Coordinators TDC Technology Dissemination Centre TDP Tribal Development Plan TERI The Energy and Research Institute VSS Vana Samrakshana Samiti (Forest User Group) WB World Bank XDR Standard Drawing Rights
Vice President: Isabel M. Guerrero Country Director: Roberto Zagha Sector Manager: Simeon Ehui Project Team Leader: Grant Milne ICR Team Leader: Takayuki Hagiwara (FAO)
INDIA
THE ANDHRA PRADESH COMMUNITY FOREST MANAGEMENT PROJECT
CONTENTS
Data Sheet A. Basic Information B. Key Dates C. Ratings Summary D. Sector and Theme Codes E. Bank Staff F. Results Framework Analysis G. Ratings of Project Performance in ISRs H. Restructuring I. Disbursement Graph
1. Project Context, Development Objectives and Design...... 7 2. Key Factors Affecting Implementation and Outcomes ...... 10 3. Assessment of Outcomes ...... 14 4. Assessment of Risk to Development Outcome...... 23 5. Assessment of Bank and Borrower Performance ...... 24 6. Lessons Learned...... 25 7. Comments on Issues Raised by Borrower/Implementing Agencies/Partners...... 28
Annex 1. Project Costs and Financing...... 29 Annex 2. Outputs by Component...... 30 Annex 3. Economic and Financial Analysis ...... 83 Annex 4. Bank Lending and Implementation Support/Supervision Processes...... 93 Annex 5. Beneficiary Survey Results ...... 96 Annex 6. Stakeholder Workshop Report and Results...... 97 Annex 7. Summary of Borrower’s ICR and/or Comments on Draft ICR ...... 103 Annex 8. Comments of Cofinanciers and Other Partners/Stakeholders...... 104 Annex 9. List of Supporting Documents ...... 105
MAP
Borrowers ICRR
A. Basic Information ANDHRA PRADESH COMMUNITY Country: India Project Name: FOREST MANAGEMENT PROJECT Project ID: P073094 L/C/TF Number(s): IDA-36920 ICR Date: 09/29/2010 ICR Type: Core ICR Lending Instrument: SIL Borrower: REPUBLIC OF INDIA Original Total XDR 85.5M Disbursed Amount: XDR 78.3M Commitment: Revised Amount: XDR 78.3M Environmental Category: B Implementing Agencies: Andhra Pradesh Forest Department Cofinanciers and Other External Partners:
B. Key Dates Revised / Actual Process Date Process Original Date Date(s) Concept Review: 05/29/2001 Effectiveness: 11/26/2002 11/26/2002 03/28/2008 Appraisal: 02/20/2002 Restructuring(s): 03/30/2009 Approval: 07/16/2002 Mid-term Review: 10/10/2005 05/01/2006 Closing: 03/31/2008 03/31/2010
C. Ratings Summary C.1 Performance Rating by ICR Outcomes: Satisfactory Risk to Development Outcome: Moderate Bank Performance: Satisfactory Borrower Performance: Satisfactory
C.2 Detailed Ratings of Bank and Borrower Performance (by ICR) Bank Ratings Borrower Ratings Quality at Entry: Satisfactory Government: Satisfactory Implementing Quality of Supervision: Satisfactory Satisfactory Agency/Agencies: Overall Bank Overall Borrower Satisfactory Satisfactory Performance: Performance:
i
C.3 Quality at Entry and Implementation Performance Indicators Implementation QAG Assessments Indicators Rating Performance (if any) Potential Problem Project Quality at Entry No None at any time (Yes/No): (QEA): Problem Project at any Quality of No None time (Yes/No): Supervision (QSA): DO rating before Satisfactory Closing/Inactive status:
D. Sector and Theme Codes Original Actual Sector Code (as % of total Bank financing) Central government administration 9 15 Forestry 66 60 Other social services 25 25
Theme Code (as % of total Bank financing) Biodiversity 22 35 Improving labor markets 22 10 Other environment and natural resources management 22 30 Other rural development 23 12 Participation and civic engagement 11 13
E. Bank Staff Positions At ICR At Approval Vice President: Isabel M. Guerrero Mieko Nishimizu Country Director: N. Roberto Zagha Edwin R. Lim Sector Manager: Simeon Kacou Ehui Constance A. Bernard Project Team Leader: Grant Milne Irshad A. Khan ICR Team Leader: Grant Milne ICR Primary Author: Takayuki Hagiwara Paul A. Ryan
ii F. Results Framework Analysis
Project Development Objectives (from Project Appraisal Document) The project development objective (PDO) is to reduce rural poverty through improved forest management with community participation.
The specific outputs leading to PDO are: 1. Legal, institutional and policy framework strengthened. 2. VSS prepared and capable to assume forest management tasks. 3. Forest Resources within community forest management areas improved/ rehabilitated. 4. Non-government organization (NGO) skill enhanced for working with Vana Samarakshana Committees (VSS). 5. Prioritized social and economic needs of VSS supported.
Revised Project Development Objectives (as approved by original approving authority)
(a) PDO Indicator(s)
Original Target Formally Actual Value Values (from Revised Achieved at Indicator Baseline Value approval Target Completion or documents) Values Target Years Number of functioning forest user groups (VSS) undertaking forest management Indicator 1 : tasks according to microplans and operating according to their covenants and agreed procedures. VSSs supported: 5,153 in total. Value Operating as per quantitative or 2,666 5000 covenants and Qualitative) practicing silviculture as per micro plans: 4,554 Date achieved 11/26/2002 11/26/2002 03/31/2010 Social audit (CENPAP, 2010) classifies 1,205 VSSs (26%) as Grade A Comments (Excellent), 1,585 VSS as Grade B (very good), 1,664 VSSs as Grade C (incl. % (good/average), 216 Grade D (below average) out of 4,670 project VSSs, based achievement) on several criteria. Average forest based product income (cash and kind at 2009 real prices) realized Indicator 2 : by VSS members resulting from improved forest productivity 1. Non-timber Non-timber forest product forest product Value income : INR 2,390 per income: INR 3,665 quantitative or household for 4,203 per household for Qualitative) households 5,065 households
iii 2. Harvest income: INR1,810 per household for 1,212 households
3. Enterprise income: INR 1,740 per household for 1,810 households Date achieved 11/26/2002 03/31/2010 The data is INR per year based on a household income impact survey (CENPAP, Comments 2010) of a random sample of 5,174 HHs drawn from 474 VSSs. Figures in (incl. % parentheses indicate the number of HHs benefited by the respective source of achievement) income. Indicator 3 : Decline in seasonal out migration for employment VSSs reporting VSSs reporting migration migration : 37 (23% Value : 48 down) quantitative or Average number of Average number of Qualitative) Migrants/VSS : 38 Migrants/VSS : 24 (37% down) Date achieved 11/26/2002 03/31/2010 Comments The data are based on baseline survey (APCFMP, 2002) and socioeconomic (incl. % impact assessment survey (DRS, 2010) carried out in 151 sample VSSs. achievement) Indicator 4 : Re-investment by VSS in forest areas from generated funds (number of VSS) 1. Reinvestment plans prepared : 2,283 VSS
Value 2. Forest income quantitative or zero generated: 1,421 Qualitative) VSS
3. Reinvestment taken up: 266 VSS Date achieved 11/26/2002 03/31/2010 Comments VSSs with good forests have revised micro plans to expand forest livelihoods. (incl. % 50% of forest revenues finance forest management. Reinvestment has increased achievement) as forests grow, products start being harvested and revenues generated. Indicator 5 : Improved forest cover profile in project VSS areas (Sq. Km) Total area: 9210 Total area: 9210 Value Dense forest: 1728 Dense forest: 2149 quantitative or Open forest: 3378 Open forest: 3614 Qualitative) Scrub forest: 3229 Scrub forest: 2747 Blanks, water: 875 Blanks, water: 700 Date achieved 11/26/2002 03/31/2010 Comments This indicator was not originally included in the PAD. However, it was decided (incl. % to include as a PDO indicator to capture the impact of improved forest quality.
iv achievement) The data are based on an analysis of remote sensing imageries by APFD. Indicator 6 : Legal status accorded to VSS through amendment to the AP Forest Act,1967 1,970 VSSs under Value Need to reform AP Forest the ST & OTFD quantitative or Act to provide VSS with Act, 2006 Qualitative) stronger legal status 379,496 ha Date achieved 11/26/2002 03/31/2009 APFD received concurrence from GoI to revise CFM clauses in existing AP Comments Forest Act, 1967. GoI later passed the ST and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (incl. % (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, which supersedes the proposed achievement) amendment to AP Forest Act
(b) Intermediate Outcome Indicator(s)
Original Target Actual Value Formally Values (from Achieved at Indicator Baseline Value Revised approval Completion or Target Values documents) Target Years New Government Order on CFM to provide enabling environment for CFM in Indicator 1 : place Need to reform GO 13 on CFM for improved GO 13 was benefit sharing and amended to GO 4 Value delegation of certain (benefit sharing) (quantitative financial and and GO 2 (local or Qualitative) administration powers to officer and VSS local forest officers and powers) VSS Date achieved 11/26/2002 12/02/2002 Comments GO13 was suitably modified in GO 4, which provides the foundation for CFM (incl. % (VSSs are entitled to 100% of forest revenues. GO 2 devolved powers to field achievement) officers. Indicator 2 : Number of Women in Management Committees Value (quantitative 41,224 43,927 or Qualitative) Date achieved 11/26/2002 03/31/2010 Comments Most existing VSSs already had women in key position as per JFM rules. There (incl. % are 454 VSSs with women as chair persons;136 VSSs with both women achievement) Chairperson and Vice Chairperson. Indicator 3 : Members of vulnerable groups in the management committees of VSSs (%) VSS membership: Value 57% No baseline was (quantitative Executive measured. or Qualitative) committee members: 77% Date achieved 11/26/2002 03/31/2010 Comments Higher representation of ST and SC members in MC and general body of VSS
v (incl. % than their population in project districts, which is around 26%. achievement) Project Affected Families (PAFs) assisted with viable livelihood options Indicator 4 : (Number and annual HH income level at 2009 real prices) Assisted PAFs: Value Number of PAFs: 11,680 12,528 (quantitative Average PAF income: 11,680 PAFs Average PAF or Qualitative) Rs9,690 per year income: Rs13,585 per year Date achieved 11/26/2002 03/31/2008 03/31/2010 Comments The data is based on a sample survey (DRS, 2010) of 362 PAFs drawn from 45 (incl. % VSSs. The project worked with 12, 582 PAFs in 430 VSSs; 32% of the PAFs achievement) were landless. Average real PAF income has increased 40%) Indicator 5 : Average wage employment generated (Million person days/year - mpd per year) Employment: 5.3 mpd Male share: 2.7 Value mpd (quantitative No baseline Female share: 2.6 or Qualitative) mpd SC/ST share: 3.8 mpd Date achieved 11/26/2002 03/31/2010 Comments US$ 85 million was spent on forestry works. US$ 55.5 (65% of the total forestry (incl. % works) was disbursed as wage income to project beneficiaries (around 261,000 achievement) VSS members) through this component. VSS members and NGOs workers trained in specified silvicultural topics, Indicator 6 : financial accounting, group management and conflict resolution and involved in CFM implementation (numbers) Training in: 1. Forest management: 83,527 2. Financial Value management: (quantitative No baseline 73,580 or Qualitative) 3. Social development: 92,422 4. Study tours/seminars: 32,882 Date achieved 11/26/2002 03/31/2010 Comments A total of 282,611 VSS members and NGO workers (cumulative) were trained (incl. % for skill development in technical, financial, social and management aspects for achievement) effective implementation of CFM. Forest department staff trained in specified silvicultural techniques, nursery Indicator 7 : practices, communication, extension and participatory approaches (numbers) Value No baseline Staff filled 99,986
vi (quantitative places in training or Qualitative) programs across several technical subject areas. Date achieved 11/26/2002 03/31/2010 Comments Included technical, financial, social and management aspects for effective (incl. % implementation of CFM. achievement)
G. Ratings of Project Performance in ISRs
Actual Date ISR No. DO IP Disbursements Archived (USD millions) 1 09/19/2002 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0.00 2 03/31/2003 Satisfactory Satisfactory 2.88 3 09/08/2003 Satisfactory Satisfactory 2.88 4 02/09/2004 Satisfactory Satisfactory 6.95 5 08/31/2004 Satisfactory Satisfactory 26.15 6 05/09/2005 Satisfactory Satisfactory 40.41 7 03/16/2006 Satisfactory Satisfactory 60.55 8 10/24/2006 Satisfactory Satisfactory 69.59 9 01/04/2007 Satisfactory Satisfactory 72.66 10 04/20/2007 Satisfactory Satisfactory 80.20 11 10/26/2007 Satisfactory Satisfactory 91.30 12 04/12/2008 Satisfactory Satisfactory 97.20 13 10/17/2008 Satisfactory Satisfactory 102.53 14 05/05/2009 Satisfactory Satisfactory 107.84 15 11/05/2009 Satisfactory Satisfactory 111.19
H. Restructuring (if any)
ISR Ratings at Amount Board Restructuring Disbursed at Restructuring Reason for Restructuring & Approved Restructuring Date(s) Key Changes Made PDO Change DO IP in USD millions Extension of closing date to 03/28/2008 S S 94.94 March 31, 2009 Extension of closing date to 03/30/2009 S S 106.95 March 31, 2010
vii I. Disbursement Profile
viii 1. Project Context, Development Objectives and Design
1.1 Context at Appraisal
Strategic Context Following completion of the World Bank’s earlier forestry lending operation in the state (Andhra Pradesh Forestry Project: APFP, Cr No 2573 IN) in September 2000, the new Andhra Pradesh Community Forest Management Project (APCFMP) aimed to contribute to the Country Assistance Strategy (CAS)1 goal of supporting critical pro-poor interventions that: (i) promote more efficient delivery mechanisms; (ii) entrench beneficiary participation; and (iii) strengthen the rural safety net through measures that include the deepening of rural assets. The project addressed poverty reduction “by increasing access to resources by groups of poor and landless, while at the same time achieving environmental goals of land reclamation, forest regeneration and bio-diversity protection”.
Andhra Pradesh has been one of India’s reforming and progressive states supported by the Bank through a multi-sector approach, which included the Andhra Pradesh Economic Restructuring Program (Ln. 4360/Cr. 3103-IN), and the Andhra Pradesh Economic Restructuring Loan. In addition to the fiscal governance reforms, the Bank provided assistance to accelerate rural growth and support key pro-poor interventions through the Andhra Pradesh Irrigation III Project (Ln. 4166/Cr 2952-IN) and Andhra Pradesh District Poverty Initiatives Project (DPIP) (Credit 3332), aiming to widen beneficiary involvement and strengthen empowerment. This project fit well into the framework of pro-poor rural development in rural forest areas.
Sector Context Joint Forest Management (JFM) was introduced in Andhra Pradesh in 1994 as a means of protecting forests, improving their productivity and alleviating rural poverty, following the national JFM model being used in most states at that time. The earlier Bank-supported forestry lending project in Andhra Pradesh was designed to underpin the implementation of JFM and focused mainly on establishing Vana Samrakshana Samiti forest user groups (VSS) and forest improvement activities. This earlier project also included initial work on genetic improvement of planting stock and establishing the groundwork for a forest management information system (FMIS). The JFM strategy, backed by the earlier Bank project, proved reasonably effective in restoring forest cover in targeted degraded forest lands, while also improving access to minor forest products for forest based communities. However, given the JFM model at the time, VSS were established, but with little emphasis on empowering them to manage these forests and help develop broader livelihoods. This approach changed in 2002 as the Government of Andhra Pradesh (GoAP) determined there was greater potential of forests to contribute towards poverty alleviation than with the existing JFM model. Accordingly, the GoAP adopted a more proactive stance to transform JFM to Community Forest Management (CFM) under a Government Order (GO) issued on February 12, 2002. The basic difference between the two approaches is that JFM uses community participation mainly for forest protection, in return for access to minor forest
1 The CAS is built around the Government of India’s Ninth Five-Year Plan in which the objective is to “strengthen the enabling environment for development and sustainable growth and support critical interventions of special benefit to the poor and disadvantaged”.
7 products and modest benefit-sharing from timber2; communities have very limited involvement in forest management. On the other hand, CFM aims not only to improve forest cover, quality and productivity, but also to empower communities to manage forest resources assigned to them, and in addition to subsistence products, retain revenues from commercial sales to finance sustainable forest management and livelihood development. This meant devolution of authority and responsibility to VSS for the management and utilization of forest areas, while at the same time redefining the roles and responsibilities of Andhra Pradesh Forest Department (APFD) frontline staff. It is important to note that Andhra Pradesh is the only state in the country to have adopted a progressive model of CFM, which provides the VSS with 100 percent of gross revenue generated from the forests under its protection (except from existing plantations3), with a stipulation that at least 50 percent of revenues are re-invested in forest development as specified in the microplan. The other 50 percent is used by the community for local development or cash dividends to members. Putting forest revenue into the hands of the community is the key strategy for sustainable management of forest resources for poverty alleviation. The new APCFMP (from November 2002 to March 2010) aimed to assist the GoAP with this transition to CFM.
1.2 Original Project Development Objectives (PDO) and Key Indicators (as approved)
The PDO was to reduce rural poverty through improved forest management with community participation. A specific intended outcome of this objective was for the poor and primarily tribal forest-dependent communities to gradually assume increasing, and as capacities are built and experience gained, full responsibility for the development and maintenance of forest areas formally placed under their stewardship. As communities assumed these responsibilities under the system of CFM supported by the project, they would receive legal entitlement to all revenues generated from both non-timber and timber forest products.
The key performance indicators at the outcome level in the Project Appraisal Document (PAD) were: a) Number of functioning VSS undertaking forest management tasks according to micro- plans and operating according to their covenants and agreed procedures; b) Increase in non-timber forest products (NTFP) incomes (in cash and kind) realized by VSS members resulting from improved forest productivity; c) Decline in seasonal migration for employment; d) Re-investment by VSS in forest areas from generated funds; e) Micro-plans prepared through participatory planning conforming to revised forest working plans covering all CFM areas; f) Number of VSS members and non-government organization (NGO) workers trained in specified silvicultural topics, financial accounting, group management and conflict resolution and involved in CFM implementation;
2 In JFM, the forest department would undertake harvesting and sale of commercial timber, returning a small share to the community after deducting all operating costs and overheads.
3 For community forests that were degraded and rehabilitated by managing natural regeneration, communities will keep 100 percent of all gross timber revenues. For existing (often degraded) APFD plantations assigned to communities, a pro-rata formula is used for benefit sharing of existing plantations based on stand age. The younger the stand age, the higher the benefits that will accrue to communities. For all subsequent “second rotation” stands established by communities after harvesting the inherited forest, they will retain 100 percent of gross revenues.
8 g) Number of forest department staff trained in specified silvicultural techniques, nursery practices, communication, extension and participatory approaches; and h) Legal status accorded to VSS through amendment to the AP Forest Act (1967).
1.3 Revised PDO (as approved by original approving authority) and Key Performance Indicators (KPI), and reasons/justification
Although there was discussion at the Mid-Term Review (MTR) to change the KPIs and the project log-frame to capture more accurately the renewed focus on livelihoods development, the PDO and KPIs were not officially revised.
1.4 Main Beneficiaries
The PAD estimated that 326,000 households or about 1.8 million people in 14 districts4 would benefit from the project, which covered 1.3 million ha of forest land (50 percent of which was estimated as open forest or scrub forests). There was a special focus on the poorest and most disadvantaged groups, recognized as Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Scheduled Castes (SC), many of whom are landless or in possession of unproductive tracts of land in the forested northern, coastal, and southern belts.
1.5 Original Components (as approved)
Component 1: Establishing Enabling Environment for CFM (US$ 22.19 million) This component aimed to support policy and institutional changes to make APFD more conducive to implementing CFM. This component included capacity building of the government, community organizations and NGOs as well as support to project management; monitoring and evaluation (M&E); studies and consultancies; activities of the Project Monitoring Unit (PMU); staff amenities and communication facilities; plus other unforeseen activities necessary in implementing project activities.
Component 2: Forest Management (US$ 79.86 million) This component aimed to increase the productivity of designated forest lands through improved planning and silvicultural practices; the introduction of NTFPs using multiple-use shrub and tree species including medicinal plants; agro-forestry; common land afforestation; and fodder and pasture development. The project also supported adaptive forestry research; completion of a forest inventory; implementation of an environmental and pest management plan; and development of FMIS that would improve forest management and decision making.
Component 3: Community Development (US$ 23.57 million) This component was designed to help communities improve their village infrastructure and livelihood opportunities through forest as well as non-forest based income generation activities. The project supported group-based economic activities targeting poor in project villages. A Tribal Development Plan (TDP) was an integral sub-component in preparing these investment proposals including livelihood development activities. The project also assisted people who gave up illegal
4 Adilabad, Nizamabad, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Khammam, Warangal, Karimnagar, East Godavari, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, Srikakulam, Chittoor, Cuddapah and Nellore.
9 encroaching (podu: slash and burn cultivation) on state forest land for alternative activities. A Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) identified mitigation measures for lost livelihoods from shifting cultivation and provided financial support to develop alternatives. The project also financed NGO support, women community volunteers5 and preparation of micro plans under this component.
1.6 Revised Components
The three project components were not formally revised. However, the livelihood development focus under Component 3 was reinforced in 2005 to provide greater employment and income opportunities through promoting value addition to forest based products for vulnerable members of the communities. Budget reallocations were made to strengthen component 1 and allow for increased capacity and institutional development. There was also an attempt to integrate the project’s livelihood development activities with the ongoing Bank-supported DPIP project. However, due to fundamental differences in the core mandates of the two projects as well as the membership base, this was not adopted by the GoAP. Instead, the project’s enterprise promotion interventions were linked with forest-based resources to which VSSs had access.
1.7 Other significant changes
The Development Credit Agreement was amended three times: (i) credit re-allocation to include Tsunami related activities, particularly for expanded shelterbelt tree planting along the coast (February 14, 2006); (ii) extension of closing date by one year and reallocation of forecast savings from capacity building of government agencies, management planning, and RAP, to project management, social forestry, applied research and development, community forest management support, and livelihood enhancement planning (March 28, 2008); and (iii) extension of closing date by a second year to allow critical support to communities and institutions to continue, helping a growing number of VSS to become more independent. (March 30, 2009).
2. Key Factors Affecting Implementation and Outcomes
2.1 Project Preparation, Design and Quality at Entry
The PDO is clear and was consistent throughout the project implementation period. The project responded to Government of India (GoI) and GoAP’s priorities to reduce rural poverty (see section 1.1 “Context at Appraisal”), while at the same time effectively addressing the sector issues. Based on a wide range of experiences from Bank financed operations in the country and the state including the earlier forestry project, the rational for Bank involvement was sound. However, some of the KPIs were poorly formulated. Further, although policies to implement CFM were effectively prepared prior to the project inception, a process monitoring/quality assurance mechanism was not designed to ensure that the CFM policy was adequately implemented at the field level. While the project aimed to strengthen livelihoods of vulnerable groups, this aspect was also not clearly elaborated in the original design. It should be mentioned however, that forestry projects in India at that time still tended to focus on the JFM model rather
5 During implementation, the project redefined the role of volunteers and decided to create a cadre of Community Extension Workers (CEW) who would cover several VSSs supporting APFD frontline staff. It was a paid job, but not limited only to women. Many of the CEWs were recruited from/through local NGOs.
10 than on livelihoods. The APCFMP was the first major project in India to empower communities in a meaningful way and focus on livelihood improvement. It is noted that a Quality at Entry Review was not conducted by the Bank for this project.
2.2 Implementation
With the two-year extension, the project was able to consolidate its outcomes and successfully implement CFM on a fairly wide scale of approximately 5,000 VSS. Key factors that contributed to this success included: a) policy reform to implement CFM; b) institutional reform at the VSS level to implement CFM; c) recognizing the need for livelihood activities; d) cooperation with NGOs; e) impact of applied research; f) project extensions and consolidation of the better performing VSS; and g) visionary client and dynamic leadership. These factors drive many of the overall lessons learned (see Section 6).
2.3 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Design, Implementation and Utilization
Design The M&E design comprised (a) a computerized monitoring package integrating a FMIS and Geographic Information System (GIS); and (b) process monitoring as part of a comprehensive and participatory M&E. The definitions of some PDO indicators were not clear, leaving them open to interpretation, for example, a ‘functioning VSS’. In addition, some of the indicators did not directly link the three key aspects of the PDO: (i) reduction of rural poverty; (ii) improvement of forest management; (iii) community participation, with use of both output and outcome indicators to measure achievement of the PDO.
Implementation The sector-wide FMIS used in-house resources and project funds to upgrade, simplify and re- structure the integrated computer-based management information system (MIS) that had been developed under the earlier APFP. Integration of FMIS with a GIS was an issue early in the project, and a private agency (Antrix Corporation)6 was contracted after the MTR to help address this problem. A GIS database for all VSSs has been developed, and the FMIS and GIS have been fully integrated. At the time of credit closing, the software was being tested in Kakinada Forest Division. It is understood that the APFD is now utilizing this integrated system for monitoring all forestry sector activities, largely with in-house expertise. There is now good scope to begin using the system to help communities develop and monitor their micro-plans.
The M&E and impact assessment studies commissioned by the project have provided useful data and information on project impact and outcomes. To assess VSS performance and capabilities at project completion, the PMU commissioned a participatory evaluation exercise by external agencies7. Processes such as graduation from JFM into CFM, institutional reforms and development (organizing Common Enterprise Groups - CEGs, and higher level federations), developing business plans, benefit sharing, reinvestment strategies to continue forest management have all been monitored periodically.
6 Antrix Corporation Limited is the business and marketing arm of Indian Space Research Organization.
7 This evaluation, called ‘social audit’, used the Optical Mark Reader (OMR) technique for data reading, which enabled quick sorting and analysis of the data. It surveyed 4,808 VSS (about 93 percent of project VSSs) with 45,859 respondents.
11 Utilization The FMIS has streamlined planning, forecasting and financial management across the department. Where monitoring of on-going works was previously based on manually updated “works registers”, with a time-lag of 3-4 months between completion of work and its final recording, the FMIS has made the system smooth and efficient. Senior officials now use the FMIS to identify sample sites for field monitoring and supervision. This is unique in India. Results of participatory M&E of VSSs, conducted with facilitative support from NGOs, were used to identify capacity building needs of communities and their institutions, and corrective measures were taken as required, for example identifying the need for a change in focus of NGO services, from community mobilisation and institution building to livelihoods development. To some extent, process monitoring was used for key decision making purposes (for example, selection of VSSs for consolidation and livelihoods enhancement), but overall, the use of M&E findings for project decision making could have been stronger8.
2.4 Safeguard and Fiduciary Compliance
Procurement The procedures followed in procurement were in accordance with the Bank’s procurement guidelines and as agreed between GoAP and the Bank. Comprehensive procurement plans were prepared, shared with the Bank, and updated accordingly. Bank staff carried out prior and ex-post reviews of the procurement process; and reviewed and cleared procurement documents, evaluation processes, negotiations (if any), contract award, and amendments as per the provisions of the Credit Agreement. One issue emerged around the increasing construction cost of the new APFD headquarters. The Bank responded quickly by despatching an independent architect/quantity surveyor to review the design, construction status, materials, costs and site characteristics. The review confirmed that the revised cost estimates were valid and the need for the office space was justified.
Financial Management A detailed functional manual on financial management was prepared as a part of the project Implementation Plan (PIP), which was based on the agreed covenants in the project. The FMIS included a financial management system, which maintained effective book keeping at the PMU level as well as the implementation level. This module was linked to APFD’s Forest Schedule of Rates, ensuring adherence of reimbursement limits for various categories of expenditure budget release and annual work programs. The project also prepared a financial manual to be used at the VSS level and provided appropriate training to VSS members. In addition to APFD’s internal audit, the statutory audit by the Principal Accountant General of the GoAP was carried out annually and the reports sent to the Bank. External audit was also implemented and no major fraud was found that would trigger Bank sanctions. As suggested by the MTR, expenditure audit for 5 percent of VSS was carried out by Chartered Accountant firms. This audit found certain procedural lapses, such as delays in sanctioning estimates and filling completion reports; all of
8 The Centre for People’s Forestry (CPF), an NGO based in the Andhra Pradesh, carried out independent monitoring of project VSSs with its own funds and support from Vanasamakhya (a state-level federation of 32 range-level networks of VSS). Tools and methods used by the CPF were tested for social audit purposes, modified and then incorporated by the project in its routine monitoring. Dialogue between APFD and CPF, based on its participatory M&E findings contributed to improvement of APFD’s CFM policies and development of APCFMP’s livelihood activities.
12 which were rectified. At the recommendation of the Bank, the internal audit wing of APFD also applied a 100 percent check of all VSS’s accounting books.
Environmental Management Compliance with OP 4.01 on environmental assessment as well as compliance with OP 4.09 on Pest Management is satisfactory. Environmental management was implicit in the design and implementation. The project’s aim was to improve forest cover and productivity with attendant improvements in ecology and soil and moisture conservation. There were no major civil works in the field. Under the project, bio-pesticides were developed for use against soil-borne insects and pathogens. It also prepared an integrated pest management plan for plantations.
Social Safeguards Compliance with social safeguards on indigenous people (OD 4.20) was satisfactory. As part of the Social Assessment it was found that most of the 33 recognized tribal groups in the state lived in forest fringe areas, and were disadvantaged. Under the project, focused attention was planned to dovetail existing government programs, and ensure that these communities derived maximum benefits from the project. In keeping with these planned provisions, a TDP as envisaged under OD 4.20 was prepared and approved by the GoAP through issuance of GO Ms.No.10.
Compliance with social safeguards on involuntary resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) was also found to be satisfactory. The project did not envisage any physical displacement. However, shifting- cultivators’ voluntary surrender of their degraded arable lands on state forests (resulting in a loss of livelihood, irrespective that cultivating in forest land was illegal) was a major concern under the project. GoAP prepared and approved a Resettlement & Rehabilitation policy and RAP, in accordance with the Bank’s Safeguard Policies under OD 4.30, passing GO Ms.No.68. The RAP was implemented in full letter and spirit, and prior informed consent of all project affected families (PAFs) was obtained as required. Issues and concerns arising on account of loss of livelihood were adequately addressed through provision of alternative, individual or group-based enterprise support options in areas where podu cultivators had surrendered their land for forest development activities. The project established an Independent Advisory Group of retired judges and forest officers, academics, and NGO representatives who were mandated to visit resettlement areas and ensure this activity was being implemented as planned. This was a very positive and successful development. It should be noted that during the entire project, no major concerns or complaints were raised by civil society. In fact, there is ample documentation of NGOs praising the project’s approach to improving rural incomes of forest communities as well as the voluntary resettlement of shifting cultivators.
2.5 Post-Completion Operation/Next Phase
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) provides a legal guarantee for 100 days employment per year to adult members of poor rural households. The GoI outlay for the scheme is INR39,100 crores (around US$8 billion) in fiscal year 2009-10. The GoAP is now using NREGA resources maintain and expand CFM activities developed under this project. This will provide a platform to carry forward the natural, human, financial and institutional capital developed during APCFMP, and undertake forest development activities, in both project and non-project VSS areas. APFD has prepared an annual action plan to cover 5,990 VSSs, with an approved budget of INR248.5 crores (US$55.8 million) for the year 2010-11, which is about half of the APCFMP’s total budget. The model and lessons learned in the APCFMP are clearly being replicated and scaled up, which is a major measure of success.
13 An ongoing institutional framework to support CFM is being established by APFD, using the Forest Development Agencies (FDA), established by the GoI for implementation of JFM, through a coordinated approach with central government financing. FDAs will be strengthened to serve all VSS in a given division, clustering them according to products. Finances can be directed through the FDA to the VSS. The FDA may also serve as a conduit for technical advice from non-APFD experts. In two divisions, there are substantial quantities of bamboo and eucalypt resources and the need for expert planning for re-investment of revenues in further forest development works. The FDAs have already incorporated all VSS as members, and FDAs in other divisions will follow suit. The system of CEWs developed under the project will also be continued, providing the link between APFD and the VSS, while civil society will also continue to provide inputs under the direction of APFD. Training for VSS is proposed to be continued through the Centre for Forestry and Natural Resource Management (CEFNARM) at Dulapalli, which was transitioned from a government-financed operation to be self-financing under the Registered Societies Act, generating and keeping its revenues and using the facilities at Dulapalli and 14 Technology Development Centers (TDCs) for training, conferences, etc. Relevant forest research will also be continued using revenues generated through CEFNARM in addition to central government Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority9 funds.
3. Assessment of Outcomes
3.1 Relevance of Objectives, Design and Implementation
The project objective remains highly relevant to the development priorities of GoI and GoAP. Substantial progress has been made in recent years in reducing poverty in the target areas. Nevertheless, reduction of rural poverty and improved natural resource management with community participation will continue to be the top priority of GoAP and APFD under implementation of NREGA. In addition, an emphasis on participatory processes, inclusion of vulnerable groups, and empowerment of VSS, with a focus on delegation of responsibilities, including financial and forest resources planning and management, is highly relevant both in the state’s strategy and sector context.
Relevance of Design As described earlier, there were certain weaknesses in the design, particularly with some of the IO indicators. Nevertheless, the overall design to reduce rural poverty through CFM with decentralized planning, as well as institutional development and institutional reform of APFD to carry out CFM at both the VSS level and APFD, is still sound. At completion, around 7 million of Standard Drawing Rights (XDR) credit funds remained undisbursed. While depreciation of the INR (relative to the US$ and XDR) during the project period was a major factor, actual expenditures to meet goals were less than estimated at appraisal, especially for component 3 –
9 CAMPA is a fund established in 2008 by the central government to receive monies paid by government and private sector agencies to compensate for loss of forests from development activities. The funds are re-channeled to the states to use for reforestation programs. The fund currently is valued at over US$2 billion.
14 Community Development. This lesson should be kept in mind if similar projects are planned in future.
Relevance of Implementation The financial disbursement procedure that the project was required to follow (according to GoAP rules) proved challenging for the implementation of demand-driven CFM. In most years, transfers of funds to the APFD from the Finance Department were often later than planned, resulting in slippages of delivery against annual targets. After considerable communication with the GoAP, this situation improved towards the end of the project. Also, the regimented and hierarchical culture of the APFD (like other forest departments in India) was slow to change in some divisions. To address this challenge, the APFD management was gradually able to relocate field personnel into project areas that were more supportive of CFM and community empowerment.
3.2 Achievement of Project Development Objectives
The project has substantially alleviated poverty among disadvantaged and vulnerable ST/SC members in the project areas, while it successfully increased forest cover through mobilizing communities.
Poverty Alleviation M&E data, independent impact assessment studies commissioned by the project, VSS monitoring studies conducted by the CPF, and anecdotal evidence gathered during the Implementation Completion and Results Report (ICRR) field visit suggest that the project contributed significantly to the improvement of livelihoods and reduction of poverty through10:
a) INR2,469.2 million or US$55.5 million (65 percent of the total forestry works) was disbursed as wage income to the project beneficiaries; b) 72 percent of the generated employment was provided to SC/ST members and 48 percent to female members; c) extraction of NTFPs increased by 53 percent or INR3,665/per household (HH) per year (US$82) and harvest of bamboo and timber resources (INR1,810/HH/year (US$41): PDO Indicator 2); d) the number of VSSs reporting migration has come down by 23 percent while average seasonal out migration for employment has come down by 37 percent and migration of women almost completely halted (PDO Indicator 3); e) provision of livelihood rehabilitation assistance for PAFs under RAP increased their real income by 40 percent over the base line value INR9,690 (US$2118) to INR13,585 (US$305): Intermediate Outcome (IO) Indicator 4; f) more than 10 different types of activities were supported by the project (i.e. adda leaf, agarbathi, CBET, apiculture, sericulture, pisciculture, and vermicompost, among others), which provided some INR3,600 (US$81) per VSS member where NTFP available, and; g) income generation created through three main community enterprises - incense stick production, leaf plate production, and eco-tourism (INR1,740/HH/year (US$38) where available).
10 The data (estimate) is based on a household income impact survey of sample 5,174 HHs drawn from 474 VSSs.
15 Annual harvest yields from eucalypt plantations alone, are estimated to average 180,000 m3 valued at INR220 million (US$5 million) as pulpwood over the next ten years. Bamboo from plantations and rejuvenated bamboo forests is projected to average an annual outturn of 6,000 tonnes plus 5.2 million culms of long bamboo (INR93 million: US$2.1 million) over the next 10 years. A significant number of the institutionally stronger VSS groups are earning more than INR1 million per year from (US$23,000) from bamboo or eucalyptus pulpwood sales. Pivoting the project towards a stronger livelihoods focus and achieving the kind of results above were major successes. It demonstrates that given sufficient technical support and investment, poor (and in many cases tribal) forest-based communities can effectively manage forests to unlock significant income opportunities.
Improved Forest Cover, Productivity and Management
Forest Cover: Continual and thorough protection of the forest by the communities has produced a marked improvement in forest cover over much of the 1.3 million ha of natural forests within project VSS management as well as providing enhanced stocking of trees, shrubs and regeneration. Satellite imagery time series show that the “dense” (high quality closed) forest category has increased by 28 percent from 2002 to 2008 (PDO Indicator 5).11 Anecdotal evidences as well as independent NGO study also show that VSS members generally keep a watch on areas allotted to them and have imposed self-regulations on use and extraction of forest produce. Following the 2004 tsunami, and commencing in 2006, project funds were re-allocated that resulted in establishment of a coastal bio-shield including 2,190 ha of rehabilitated mangrove forests and a 200 km of Casuarina shelterbelts with involvement of 153 local communities, who are benefiting from selective cutting and sales of various products.
Forest Productivity: The improved stocking of natural forests plus plantations has resulted in an estimated increase of some 5.4 million m3 of wood between 2002 and 2008. Together with plantations established, the total area treated to improve forest cover and productivity is 345,259 ha, compared to a target of 315,800 ha, with much of the additional treatments being plantations established to improve short term income and gap or under-planting within the forests. Taking eucalyptus as an example, project investments have resulted in genetically improved stock with 100-150 percent productivity gains and a reduction in rotation age from 10 years to 5-7 years. Estimated incremental gains in harvest volumes on planted stock are 320,000 tonnes worth INR640 million (US$14.4 million).12 These are impressive gains available to communities supplying pulpwood to existing mills in the state, which are facing shortfalls in raw material. Overall stocking gain in project areas is estimated at between 20 and 25 percent. By contrast, the recent AP Forest Inventory Report indicates that overall in the state, forest growing stock has decreased by 20 percent between 1995 and 2008, indicating that non-CFM forest areas continue to suffer degradation.
11 There is a decline in forest growing stock in AP by some 20 percent from 1995 (Forest Survey of India Report) and 2008 (AP Forest Inventory Report). The VSS project forest area is about 30 percent of the total forest area, where an increase of 10 to 12 percent of growing stock (without plantation growth) is estimated using AP Forest Inventory data and satellite imagery time series.
12 For more details, refer to Annex 2- attachment 7.
16 Forest Management: While skills of VSS members in forestry and soil and moisture conservation (SMC) activities, for example thinning, coppicing, and harvesting have improved, many VSSs are still developing their capacity to fully take charge of forest management operations with minimal APFD’s guidance and technical support. However, this is a gradual evolutionary process requiring further support from APFD; some VSS have made more progress than others. As many as 2,300 VSS under the project (of the 5,153 participating VSS) are now operating fairly independently with respect to forest management, are generating significant revenues from the forest, and have prepared sound reinvestment plans (PDO Indicator 4). This suggests those VSSs with substantial forest resources are able to “assume full responsibility for the development and maintenance of forest areas formally placed under their stewardship” (specific intended outcome of the PDO). The development of a new computerized forest inventory and the underlying system for future updating by the APFD is a major achievement in India and will serve the state well in the future with respect to forest policy, planning and management.
Community Participation
Microplans: Microplans were prepared for all 5,153 VSSs under the project (PDO Indicator 1 and 5), including the 153 communities associated with the tsunami mitigation work; it is estimated that around 4,500 VSSs are protecting forest areas under their jurisdiction and carrying out silvicultural practices in accordance with their approved microplans. The project has demonstrated a model of CFM (unique in India) from which other states and donors can draw critical lessons. In furtherance of CFM and to accord legal status to VSS, the project was able to grant community rights over 392,000 ha of forest area to VSS institutions under the ST and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (PDO Indicator 6).
Resettlement Action Plan: The project successfully executed the RAP, which directly provided alternative livelihood support to 12,528 PAFs in 430 villages, which resulted in a 40 percent increase in their real household income over the baseline (IO Indicator 4). The processes adopted in identification of PAFs, obtaining their consent, informing them of entitlements and planning for their livelihood improvement have been very transparent and effective. The vision and commitment of the Bank and APFD to achieve stated objectives of RAP, and the role of the Gram Sabha13 and NGOs in managing and resolving conflicts, as well as in planning and capacity building is most commendable. Constitution of an Independent Advisory Group (IAG) for grievance redressal was an effective strategy to provide greater transparency and objectivity with the RAP initiative. The IAG was established through a Government Order with members representing judiciary, civil society, and academia and forestry specialists. Implementation of the RAP and its impact is recognized as a best practice model, both within the Bank and the state of AP. It was gratifying to see newspaper articles from NGOs supporting the initiative.
Enterprise Development: As a result of the renewed focus on livelihood development, 2,283 Livelihood Development Plans were prepared and integrated with the VSS microplans. In total, project livelihood development support was given to around 285,000 VSS members; a household (HH) income impact survey by the Centre for Public Perception and Policy (CENPAP, 2010) estimates that, where available, NTFP and enterprises generated INR3,665 (US$82) and
13 Gram Sabha is an assembly of all village residents (women and men) who are above 18 years of age. They form the electorate of the Gram Panchayat, which is the lowest level of elected self-government in villages.
17 INR1,740 (US$39) per HH per year respectively. These diversified income sources produced a direct positive impact on poverty alleviation; the major beneficiaries being women (98 percent), mostly belonging to SC/ST categories (94 percent).
3.3 Efficiency
Preliminary analysis reveals that the overall Economic Rate of Return (ERR) is expected to be about 19.7 percent for the entire project, which is only slightly lower than the PAD estimate of 21 percent. The reasons for the difference with the original ERR estimate cannot be determined because the original ERR spreadsheets could not be located. Regardless, the ex-post ERR is still a very positive result. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for individual forest treatments ranged between 12 to 25 percent, with Pongamia plantations being 12.2 percent, bamboo rejuvenation 25 percent, and eucalyptus plantations 18 percent. Incremental benefits from eleven forest treatments are quantified in the ICRR using plantation models and aggregated for the project as a whole. In addition, incremental benefits from three sets of CEGs (adda leaf, agarbathi and ecotourism) are also included. Incremental benefits from RAP interventions are assessed for the 12,528 PAFs. All project costs are included in the analysis at constant 2009 prices.
3.4 Justification of Overall Outcome Rating
Rating: Satisfactory The overall outcome rating of the Project is satisfactory. While the PDO was largely achieved, minor shortcomings were seen in policy and institutional reform14 and a slower than expected transition to CFM among some APFD staff. While VSS members’ capabilities in conducting financial and bank transactions as well as forest management planning and operation have been considerably enhanced (with some VSS assuming full responsibility for the development and maintenance of forest areas), many other VSSs are not yet ready to take full charge for these tasks, and are still dependent on the CEWs/APFD frontline staff to varying degrees15. Many communities need more time to mature and gain experience before they can revise their own micro plans and keep full custody of the Cashbook, Measurement Book, and other records. This reflects the fact that these transformations towards CFM are brought about through a gradual process of change; the project has clearly made significant progress in initiating this process and provides a good demonstration of what is possible in India with sufficient time and investment. With the APFD now using NREGA funds to continue the CFM process started under the project, it is anticipated that this transition will keep moving forward. As indicated in section 2.1, there were certain deficiencies regarding quality at entry such as poorly defined KPIs.
On the other hand, component 2 (Forest Management) contributed significantly both to forest protection and poverty alleviation from wage labor opportunities and incomes from forest assets and was rated as Highly Satisfactory. Although RAP and livelihood development activities under
14 As regards the amendment of the AP Forest Act, APFD has done what was agreed in the PAD, as shown in Appendix 1 of Annex 2.
15 As per the Social Audit Report, 1880 VSS have been categorized as falling in Grade C and D. It is estimated that many of these VSS require further strengthening and support. However, because of the need to adhere to the Forest Schedule of Rates (FSR) and stringent accounting procedures as well as new and unaccustomed silvicultural procedures, preparation of microplanning and marketing of forest products, it is also unrealistic to expect all VSSs to take on full responsibility at this stage.
18 Component 3 were initially behind schedule, completion of both activities by project completion brought significant benefits to disadvantaged and vulnerable VSS members. RAP especially demonstrated APFD’s capacity to manage, in collaboration with NGOs, complex planning and disbursement procedures in a highly transparent and participatory manner, and created a best practice model with no actual physical displacement of people. The Bank and APFD were flexible and proactive in managing issues; decisions to focus on livelihood development and consolidate project outcomes with a focus on better performing VSSs contributed to successful implementation with two one-year extensions. Collaboration with NGOs also created synergies for better policy development and its implementation.
3.5 Overarching Themes, Other Outcomes and Impacts
Poverty Impacts, Gender Aspects, and Social Development
Poverty Impacts: VSS managed forest resources have enhanced forest productivity and income and also diversified the sources of income for the project participating households. At 2009 real prices, annual forest based income increased from INR1, 940 to 4,625 (US$44 to $104) per HH by project-end. NTFP collection was the single source of forest-based income prior to the project. But with VSS participation in forest management, income from NTFP collection increased by 53 percent. By the end of the project, annual HH income from forest sources included NTFPs (78 percent), timber harvest income (9 percent) and livelihood enterprise income (13 percent). More importantly, NTFP and livelihood income are generated during the lean farming seasons, thereby providing a more stable cash flow to the poor households.
Gender Aspects: Through the project, women have enhanced their participation in public affairs and community decision-making. Mandatory representation of women in the General Body and Management Committee, including their presence for completion of quorums has meant that women’s levels of awareness about VSS activities have risen considerably. Strong women’s leadership has also provided opportunities for greater participation of other women in VSS decision-making and activities, including on financial matters (IO Indicator 2). Against a total women’s membership of 49 percent in the GB, representation of women in the Management Committee is 53 percent; 10 percent of the VSSs have a woman elected as the Chairperson, and 3 percent VSS have women as both Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson.
Social Development: Because of the nature of works entrusted to VSSs, there has been a process of self-selection in membership, with the most resource poor and forest-dependent households participating in VSS activities and becoming its members, which is in consonance with the GoAP Comprehensive Orders on CFM (IO Indicator 3). The VSSs have developed as inclusive institutions with adequate representation and involvement of vulnerable groups, indigenous peoples and women in VSS works and decision-making forums; unlike many other village-level institutions where decision-making is the prerogative of the dominant community or elite members. By and large, VSS decisions are made by the poorer households, who are forest- dependent and belong to the SC/ST communities, except in a few cases where the more dominant village households (from socially and/or economically higher categories) are found to hold sway. The autonomy in decision-making enjoyed by the SC/ST VSS population is an empowering process, and in the long run, is expected to bring about changes in social and political dynamics in rural communities.
Institutional Change/Strengthening
19 Policy Reform: GoAP as well as APFD showed commitment to bring about the necessary policy reform through proactive measures, including issuance of appropriate GOs, establishing the framework for CFM (intermediate outcome indicator 1); defining benefit-sharing arrangements in respect of forest produce from VSS areas; and delegation of financial and administrative powers to frontline APFD staff, including rationalization and re-distribution of work responsibilities.
As per the PAD, it was agreed that the GoAP and APFD would amend the AP Forest Act (1967) to provide a legal framework for CFM. Pursuant to this, the APFD forwarded a proposal to the GoI seeking permission for insertion of a chapter on CFM in the Act; having received concurrence for the same, the proposal was forwarded to the GoAP, cleared by Cabinet and is now waiting action by parliament. In the meantime, the GoI passed the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, which recognizes and vests the forest rights and occupation in forest land to ST and other traditional forest dwellers, including “the right to protect, regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource which they have been traditionally protecting and conserving for sustainable use.” Pending enactment of the amended AP Forest Act, 1967 by the GoAP, and given the overlapping objective of the Recognition of Forest Rights Act in respect of community rights, it was decided to invoke provisions of the said Act to grant legal status to eligible VSS. Accordingly, 1, 970 VSS with 100 percent ST membership have been granted community rights over allocated forest land.
Institutional Reform: Based on a meticulous review of work load and time available for officers and subordinates of various ranks, necessary institutional reforms regarding delegation of financial and administrative powers were effected in 2004; financial transactions, which had hitherto been confined to the level of the Forest Section Officer (FSO), were devolved down to the Forest Beat Officer (FBO), who was also authorized to check and record measurements for monitoring & making payments. Further, with direct transfer of funds from the District Forest Officer (DFO) to the VSS joint account (‘government’ account) on a quarterly basis, the funds flow mechanism to the VSS was simplified and made transparent. The practice of maintaining a cashbook for VSS at the Section and Range levels was dispensed with, and the VSS Cashbook is now recognized as the primary record of accounts for works carried out in VSS areas by APFD. These reforms have not only reduced paperwork, but also lent credibility to the institution and works of APFD, while simultaneously ensuring smooth, timely and unrestricted flow of funds to the VSS.
Capacity Building: The project evolved a strategy for training and outreach based on a systematic training needs assessment of stakeholders. The establishment of CEFNARM at Dulapalli and 14 Technology Dissemination Centers has already been discussed in Section 2.5. The project provided training to 382,397 persons in (i) forest management; (ii) financial management; (iii) social development; (iii) marketing management; and (v) information technology (see Annex 2 for details). Additional Outcomes and Impacts (Positive or Negative)
Improved ground water with resultant improved vegetation and agricultural productivity: The introduction of various soil and moisture conservation structures as part of forest improvement under the project has resulted in significant improvements in ground water and vegetation cover. Sample studies showed 50 percent of open and bore wells in project VSS areas had higher water tables compared to a 36 percent increase in non-project VSS. Similarly, vegetation cover
20 improvement was 12 percent higher in project areas; many species of NTFPs have reappeared, particularly in former podu areas. The increased water levels have enhanced agricultural yields in lands associated with project VSS (19 percent higher) as well as increasing the number of crops grown; both would have brought positive impacts on poverty.
Increase in wildlife presence in project VSS forest area: There is persistent anecdotal evidence that wildlife is returning to forests under project VSS control. This is most likely as a result of improved forest habitat, including enhanced regeneration and shrub growth providing browsing opportunities, plus the increased availability of water.
Reduction in numbers of unproductive cattle and small ruminants in VSS areas: With VSS taking charge of forest protection in areas allotted to them, many communities have devised innovative systems to self-regulate the use of forest areas. In most places, this meant a need to stop or control grazing in forest areas. As a result, most families either disposed of their unproductive cattle, or replaced them with high-yielding breeds. Grazing of goats in VSS areas was almost universally banned, particularly in the northern district of Adilabad. In the project area as a whole, however, there has been an increase in income from livestock because of breed improvement and better livestock management.
No uptake of forest carbon financing opportunities: By establishing higher quality forests, an opportunity existed to develop forest carbon financing through the voluntary global carbon market as an additional source of income to communities. The APFD explored this option with qualified consultants, but decided the initial investment and transaction costs were too high relative to estimated benefits. Further, it was not clear how the longer term monitoring and verification costs could be covered by communities.
3.6 Summary of Findings of Stakeholder Workshop
A stakeholders’ consultation workshop was organized at Dulapalli on March 4, 2010. A total of 120 individuals participated in the workshop16. The following observations were made:
a) Wage days have increased due to forestry works, and equal wages have led to enhanced household income, with a reduction in seasonal out-migration. School drop outs have reduced, and there is an increased focus on health and education. There is increased social and political awareness. b) Members have received monetary benefits, and the poorest of poor, identified through micro-planning, have also been provided skill based training to strengthen their livelihoods. Training in value-addition and processing have brought about an increase in earnings from forest produce (e.g., income from adda leaf, incense sticks and honey). Many VSS members have received income from bamboo and timber harvest; in Isojipeta VSS, 16 families received INR63,700 (US$1,431) each from harvest of eucalyptus plantation.
16 There were 36 officials from the APFD, 13 representatives from NGOs, 11 CEWs, 54 VSS members, including 13 Chairpersons/ Vice-chairpersons; and 6 facilitators from CPF; a total of 27 forest divisions were represented in the workshop.
21 c) The status of women in society has improved as they are financially independent and have greater role in community decision making. VSS members are contributing more to thrift funds.
At the same time, participants identified key areas where further support is needed:
a) Microplans were not always prepared in a participatory manner in the Gram Sabha; forestry and other developmental works should be carried out only if at least 60 percent of the VSS general body members are in agreement. b) For sustainability of benefits under CFM, further capacity building support for VSS would be required, along with regular conduct of review meetings, facilitative support for six-monthly and annual VSS general body meetings, and awareness camps among non- members; training should be imparted to all VSS members and in a simple manner that they can follow. c) VSS records, except the muster rolls, are in custody of and maintained by the APFD; these should be entrusted to the respective VSS, with regular monitoring by APFD. There are delays by the APFD in issuance of permits for bamboo harvest, causing loss to VSS; the process needs to be simplified so that there are no delays in future; further, activities and trainings should be organized for bamboo harvesting and value addition. d) Market linkage support is crucial; enterprise development activities such as agarbathi stick making (Annapureddypalli VSS), adda leaves, bodha grass (Ammagaripalli VSS), etc. would realize their potential of income augmentation through such support. In addition, further support is needed to develop stronger entrepreneurial attitudes and skills in many VSSs as part of the evolution towards becoming independent forest enterprises. e) Lack of coordination between the Gram Panchayat and VSS is a constant challenge that requires policy and facilitative support. Networks of VSS should be formed across the state, and VSS provided recognition as a legal institution.
These messages are not unexpected. For example, longer-term training would be required for many VSSs that were not viewed as institutionally strong. The issue of who holds VSS records reflects older thinking from some APFD field staff, which will take more time to fully address. Improving coordination between Gram Panchayats (local authorities) and the VSS represents normal tensions as decentralization takes hold in India. It is expected that post-project operations being financed by other sources (see section 2.5) will support these needs.
A second stakeholders’ workshop was held on March 11, 2010 to focus on implementation of the R&R/RAP component. Highlights of the workshop included:
a) APFD staff and facilitating NGOs faced many challenges in correct and complete identification of PAFs in the initial stages because of distrust between village communities and APFD, and their lack of confidence in the implementation of RAP. Through regular meetings, training, orientation and other confidence-building measures, an atmosphere of mutual trust was established, which facilitated further activities. Measures adopted for identification of PAFs included series of discussions in Gram Sabha, one-on-one discussions with potential PAFs and village elders, confidential enquiry, GPS survey and physical verification of podu land, preparation of podu affected maps, and public disclosure of final list of PAFs.
22 b) Land-based activities included improvement to agricultural land and productivity, livestock, and inland fishing. It is estimated that per acre income levels have risen between INR15,000 (US$337) and INR25,000 (US$562) annually. c) Some of the other livelihood support interventions provided under RAP include mini grocery stores, cycle repair shops, tent house material, rice and flour mills, etc. d) NGOs were instrumental in bridging the chasm between the APFD and the affected communities to make RAP implementation a reality. Convergence and collaboration with other departments was also facilitated by NGOs:
4. Assessment of Risk to Development Outcome Rating: Moderate
Potential effects of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006: As indicated earlier, under this Act, forest lands have been allocated to ST and other forest dwelling communities with the right to cultivate these lands for subsistence purposes. While the Act was intended to undo the historical injustice done to these communities at the time of Land Settlement, it has been witnessed in some areas of the state that cultivators, including some from Chhattisgarh, are encroaching forest areas in the hope of obtaining entitlements to the land at some unknown point in future. By strengthening VSS capacities and building a stronger sense of community forest ownership, the project has helped VSSs resist these encroachments. Clearly the project has reduced this impact, but the possibility of future conflicts and threat to forest resources under VSS protection is real. Addressing this situation in the future may require increased education by the APFD and Tribal Affairs Department to potential encroachers about the Act and that new encroachment past the existing cut-off date will not result in land rights. (Risk: Moderate)
Lack of legal recognition of VSS: One of the project outcomes mentioned in the PAD is provision of a legal status to VSSs, through amendment of the AP Forest Act, 1967. Until Parliament passes the amendments currently before it, CFM hinges on a set of government orders, which may be unilaterally revoked by the government. However, in the opinion of the ICRR team, this is a negligible risk, as the government has shown a high degree of commitment to the cause, and the CFM program now appears to be well-entrenched in the state. (Risk: Negligible)
Conflicts and elite capture of enriched forest resources: With enhanced productivity of forest areas and an increasing flow of economic benefits from them, there is the possibility of increased conflicts among and between VSS members and non-members. There may also be attempts by locally dominant groups to seize the functioning of the VSS and benefits (elite capture). Systems and norms for cost and benefit-sharing are still evolving, and there is a need for facilitative support, particularly in areas that have mixed membership and where high value teak forests are due for harvest in the future. (Risk: Moderate)
23 5. Assessment of Bank and Borrower Performance
5.1 Bank: Satisfactory
Bank Performance in Ensuring Quality at Entry Bank performance in ensuring quality at entry is rated ‘satisfactory’. Project preparation was efficient and included a detailed Project Implementation Plan and linkage with key country/state and sectoral issues. However, the PDO indicators and log-frame were poorly formulated and inadequate to fully capture project impacts and outcomes. In addition, the original design did not fully elaborate livelihood development options even though the focus on poverty alleviation was clear in the PDO.
Quality of Supervision (including of fiduciary and safeguards policies) Bank supervision is rated ‘satisfactory’. Good recommendations were provided to the APFD through regular supervision. The Bank was responsive to changing demands of the project for achievement of the PDO and encouraged flexibility and measured risk taking by APFD to gradually ‘let go’ of some forest management responsibilities and devolve them to communities. The Bank supported GoAP policy and institutional reform throughout the project, which facilitated creation of an enabling environment for CFM in the state (see Attachment 1: Policy and Institutional Reform Matrix of Annex 2). The lack of focus on livelihood development in the original project design was mitigated through more frequent supervision from 2005. Change of Bank’s Task Team Leaders twice resulted in some gaps in handing over and follow-up (i.e. the revision of the log-frame carried out during the MTR was not officially filed). At the same time however, the third Task Team Leader stayed with the project for four years until closure, providing sustained focus and continuity. Complementary external expertise enriched project activities and especially contributed to livelihoods development.
5.2 Borrower Performance: Satisfactory
Government Performance Government performance in supporting project preparation and implementation is rated ‘satisfactory’. The GoAP made a strong commitment to the CFM approach through issuance of GOs and providing other forms of support to enable its implementation. Furthermore, GoAP is determined to carry CFM forward by maintaining and expanding the project achievements by the use of NREGA funds. On the other hand, GoAP’s decision to transfer all financial authority for procurement from the APFD to Department of Finance resulted in more cumbersome processing and delays in project disbursements.
Implementing Agency Performance Implementing agency’s performance is rated as “satisfactory.” The project exceeded its physical targets, and all indicators to measure project performance are very positive. To a large extent, APFD’s systematic approach to forestry, as well as its traditional but effective top-down approach (which this project tried to change), played a key role in delivering the outputs. There is no doubt that APFD officers at all levels have undergone varying degrees of change of perspective/attitude towards forest communities, particularly observable in their role from regulators to facilitators. However, the shift to implementing CFM as envisioned in the PAD still
24 has some way to go. Although the APFD is arguably considered the most progressive forest department in the country and has displayed innovation and adaptability in achieving the PDO, it needs further institutional reform in order to continue evolving into a more flexible institution. The APFD has demonstrated how to bring substantial economic benefits to communities in remote rural areas, where other agencies either do not have a presence, or are ineffective in their service delivery. Achievements in RAP areas in particular are a testimony to this fact.
6. Lessons Learned
Policy and Institutions
Clear agreement between the Bank and the client on necessary policy changes can lead to a sound framework for project implementation: Agreement reached during negotiations on the need for, and development of CFM and resettlement/rehabilitation policies led to a consultative process and adoption of these policies prior to credit effectiveness. The process considered the views and concerns of VSS members, NGOs and representatives of other departments and agencies in a transparent and participatory manner. GOs issued prior to start of the project and in the course of its implementation created a solid foundation for APFD to transform JFM to CFM, particularly in the areas of the project’s operational procedures, including planning and financial management, and benefit-sharing arrangements between the VSS and GoAP.
Required internal institutional reforms for CFM require time and commitment by forest departments. In India, forest department field officers mainly carry out regulatory and enforcement duties with communities. Policy changes enacted by the APFD under the project delegated new responsibilities for financial and administrative powers from FSOs to FBOs. This meant an increased workload at the FBO level and a significant transformation in their approach to dealing with communities, which proved challenging for some staff. Suitable restructuring of the terms and conditions of employment for field staff would have helped to formalize these arrangements, but these kinds of administrative policy changes in both the Indian and State Forest Services will take considerable time. The APFD helped address the challenge of shifting attitudes and skill sets of field staff from a command and control approach to a more facilitative role with communities through training and by transferring staff into project areas that were more amenable to CFM. At the same time, direct transfer of funds from the DFO to VSS accounts empowered communities, ensured transparency in financial dealings and enhanced the degree of awareness among VSS office-bearers and members.
Strong, sustained and visionary leadership is required to support a shift from JFM to CFM. To fully empower VSS groups to manage their forests requires sustained commitment by the forest department. The project benefited from the continued presence of a core team of senior officers in the project office, and highly supportive Principal Chief Conservator of Forests who had a shared vision for CFM. The Bank supported this by organizing relevant international exposure visits for selected APFD staff and bringing experts from China and Latin America to share their experiences with community forestry.
Community groups will vary in terms of their own commitment and performance. During the project, VSS groups emerged with different levels of institutional capacity, commitment and performance. Stronger groups were able to transform into fairly independent forest enterprises. A key lesson is that it is important to track VSS performance early on from a common baseline
25 using a range of institutional indicators and provide appropriate support in-line with the VSS goals, capacity and leadership.
Cooperation with NGOs is essential when working with communities. The project worked closely with many NGOs, especially at the inception phase, to formulate government orders in respect of the CFM framework; for community mobilization, and for preparation of VSS microplans. In particular, NGOs played a significant role in the design and implementation of activities under the RAP. The project has demonstrated the positive impact of synergistic relationships between civil society and government forestry organizations.
Resettlement Action Plan
Transparent knowledge of entitlements enhances trust and participation and paves the way for more cordial relations between implementing agency and the target/affected group. Implementation of the resettlement/rehabilitation program was preceded by substantial capacity building and awareness creation with the support of highly qualified NGOs. The PAFs had a very high awareness of the entitlement framework. Such transparency ensures participation and reduces potential of future conflicts.
Creation of an independent body for monitoring RAP is essential. The project established the IAG with representation from a range of highly respected external stakeholders. This body provided a transparent and objective review of implementation of this component and helped ensure that grievances from beneficiaries were properly addressed.
Livelihood Development
Early development of a viable income stream for communities is important to achieving CFM status and sustainability. At the MTR it was agreed that greater emphasis would be placed on livelihood promotion activities to enhance household incomes. This resulted in the establishment of CEGs, federated into clusters with common facility centers, which acted as production/supply/storage centers, as well as market focal points. Receipt of early revenue from forest resources and its reinvestment in forest management, as planned by the community, was significant in developing the link between sustaining forest management over the forests assigned to the VSS and seeing tangible cash benefits. It also helped develop a stronger sense of financial independence among participating communities with respect to their forests as opposed to simply being wage laborers for forest department programs under JFM. The APFD and the Bank were adaptive in their approach to accelerate early revenues to the communities from forests through various treatments to maintain a sustained interest in CFM among the participating communities. VSSs were quite aware of their roles, responsibilities and benefit sharing entitlements, and the need for reinvestment of at least 50 percent of the net benefit back into the forest as per the micro-plan.
Development of forest treatment and livelihood packages based on individual community’s existing forest resources and preferred livelihood demands requires a focused, market-driven approach, and committed support. The project’s cluster approach to value addition and marketing proved extremely effective, in conjunction with Community-Public-Private sector partnerships for commercial pulpwood, adda plates, and incense sticks. Forest based livelihood development requires a site-specific and market driven approach, but concurrently, communities need time to build capacities and gain experience, supported by motivators and facilitators.
26 Simple livelihood development and Self-Help Group (SHG) programs help the most vulnerable group members who do not have high value adding skills. The benefit margin of adopting low technology skills is usually modest, but this approach helped participation of women in many enterprises promoted by the project, which led to their economic empowerment. The nature of many enterprises (often home-based industries – incense sticks, adda leaf plates, etc.) allowed women (especially older women who often do not have opportunities to gain incomes) to work flexible hours from their homes, while simultaneously attending to other household chores.
Commercial wood production can accelerate ownership of CFM by communities. This project was unique in India by allowing communities to retain 100 percent of the gross revenue from commercial timber and pulpwood from new plantations or degraded stands rehabilitated through natural regeneration and other interventions. The APFD deserves credit for issuing the enabling GOs and also for facilitating business links between the state’s pulp and paper companies and communities able to produce commercial pulpwood. Many of these communities are now earning more than INR1 million per annum, reinvesting half the revenues into sustainable forest management, and the remainder for community development. As rehabilitated teak forests come on stream, these revenues will be even more substantial. Commercial timber is valuable and provides a powerful incentive for communities to maintain and as shown in this project, improve their forest resources.
Applied research can improve forest productivity. Applied research played a key role in increasing forest productivity, particularly through improving planting materials of both timber and non-timber species, and the treatment of teak forests. Relevant research programs were continued from the previous APFP, strengthened, and additional programs added as required. This included the development of world class programs to improve clonal material for eucalypts, NTFPs and teak. The basic premise was that improving forest productivity would increase growth and yield, and subsequently expand community forest revenues.
Monitoring and Evaluation
Independent monitoring should be supportive of internal M&E processes. M&E should ideally be an internally-driven process that incorporates the existing system of information flow and requirements of officers at different levels for decision making. Independent monitoring should then complement internal M&E systems. For M&E under this project, many consultancies and studies were commissioned, resulting in significant amounts of information and data. However, these studies were not always linked with internal M&E processes, which in some cases limited the use of these studies for internal decision making.
Replicating the Andhra Pradesh Model
Replicating the model in other states will require careful assessment of lessons learned. Andhra Pradesh is known as a progressive state, with a strong political willingness to try new approaches. Successful replication of this model in other states must be based on a willingness of the government and forest department to make a meaningful shift from JFM to CFM, particularly with the forest department becoming a facilitator with communities; sustained, committed, and visionary leadership in the forest department; focusing on improving both forest productivity and community livelihoods; strengthening forest tenure to communities and allowing retention of all gross revenues for new forests; and investing sufficient time and resources to build strong capacities in both communities and the forest department.
27 7. Comments on Issues Raised by Borrower/Implementing Agencies/Partners
(a) Borrower/Implementing Agencies There are no dissenting comments by the borrower. From Annex 7, the borrower has indicated that the contents of the draft ICR are in tune with the achievements and accomplishments of the Project and there are no additional comments.
(b) Cofinanciers As indicated in Annex 8, the project did not involve other co-financiers or major partners.
(c) Other partners and stakeholders As summarized in section 3.6 and Annex 6, a stakeholder workshop identified major achievements and areas where further support could be needed.
28 Annex 1. Project Costs and Financing
Table A-1. Project cost by component (in USD million equivalent) Actual/Latest Appraisal Estimate Percentage of Components Estimate (USD (USD millions) Appraisal millions) 1. Enabling environment for 20.61 32.03 155 community forest management 2. Forest management 71.97 73.15 102 3. Community development 21.98 11.94 54 Total Baseline Cost 114.56 117.12 102
Physical Contingencies 2.14 0.00 0.00 Price Contingencies 8.92 0.00 0.00 Total Project Costs 125.62 117.12 93 Front-end fee PPF 1.50 0.00 .00 Total Financing Required 127.12 117.12 92
Table A-2. Financing Appraisal Actual/Latest Type of Estimate Estimate Percentage of Source of Funds Cofinancing (USD (USD Appraisal millions) millions) Borrower Counterpart 18.91 17.57 93 International Development 108.00 99.55 92 Association (IDA)
29 Annex 2. Outputs by Component
Component 1: Establishing Enabling Environment for CFM
1.1 Policy Development
The PAD envisaged establishment of a policy development group within APFD, completing policy relevant studies, and organization of stakeholder consultations for policy development. All of these were accomplished by the project within the first 2-3 years of its start, and these policy changes continue to influence implementation of CFM in the state17. The following policy and legal achievements were made through the project:
Government Orders: The most significant achievements towards creation of an enabling policy and institutional environment for CFM in the state have been in the following respects:
a) Clear entitlements and benefit-sharing framework: Through issuance of the GOs 13 (dated 12.02.2002) and 4 (dated 12.01.2004), developed through a process of extensive and intensive consultation with a wide range of stakeholders, GoAP has very clearly laid down the benefit-sharing arrangements in respect of NTFPs, all usufructs including intermediate yields, bamboo, and timber from teak as well as other plantations and natural forests.18
b) Representation of women: GO No. 13 (Dt. 12.2.2002) laid down the mandatory representation of women in the VSS decision-making body by specifying that at least 8 of the 15 member Managing Committee shall comprise women; in addition, either one or both of the Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson shall be a woman.
c) Easing financial constraints in forestry: Through amendment of the APFD Code (vide GO 2, dated 7.01.2004), GoAP has recognized the VSS as an institution for implementation of works and managing financial allocations; it has authorized the VSS account for receipt of project funds and transfer of revenue from CFM for forest development activities, thus easing financial constraints on the forestry sector to some extent. The regular stream of benefits envisaged from harvest of plantations both through the project and otherwise, is expected to result in sizeable investments through VSS in improving forest productivity and/or developing forests.
d) Financial transparency and administrative decentralization: The VSS cashbook has been recognized as the primary record of the forest department, reducing repetitive paperwork pertaining to the VSS at the Section and Range Offices. Through GO 2, greater transparency in financial dealings has been ensured, and is likely to contribute to
17 The actions proposed in PAD in respect of policy and institutional reforms, and the corresponding outputs at the end of the project, are placed at Attachment 1 to this annex (Policy and Institutional Reform Matrix).
18 Details of the same are provided in Attachment 2.
30 empowerment of the VSS as a self-reliant institution. There was delegation of financial and administrative powers from the FSO to the FBO, with responsibility for recording the Measurement-Book being given to the FBO, who was hitherto bereft of any financial or administrative responsibilities.
e) Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy: The R&R policy was revised after a series of consultations at Range, Division and state levels during 2003, and notified by the GoAP through a GO dated 25.05.2004. The RAP was prepared covering all the VSS in the state that were implementing the project; the policy is applicable to all areas and people dependent on forest land, without limiting it to any single project.
Legal Status of VSS and AP Forest Act, 1967: One of the enduring concerns with the CFM framework in the state has been the absence of a legal status for VSS, which was proposed to be rectified through amendment of the AP Forest Act, 1967. Currently, the bases for CFM in the state are the policy directives and GOs issued from time to time, which specify the institutional and benefit-sharing arrangements, but lack a strong legal foundation. As per the PAD, it was agreed that the GoAP and APFD would suitably amend the AP Forest Act, 1967 to provide a legal framework for CFM. Pursuant to this, the APFD forwarded a proposal to the GoI seeking its permission to insert a chapter on CFM in the existing Act; having received concurrence for the same, the proposal was forwarded to the GoAP, where the legal amendment is pending before Cabinet.
In the meantime, the GoI passed the 2006 RoFR Act, which recognizes and vests the forest rights and occupation of forest land in ST and other traditional forest dwellers, including “the right to protect, regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource, which they have been traditionally protecting and conserving for sustainable use.” Pending enactment of the amended AP Forest Act, 1967 by the GoAP, and given the overlapping objective of the RoFR Act in respect of community rights, it was decided to invoke provisions of the said Act to grant legal status to eligible VSS. Accordingly, 1,970 VSS in the state with 100 percent ST membership have been granted community rights over 379,000 ha of forest land.
Less than 10 percent (390) of total project-supported VSS have been formed in areas designated as Wildlife Divisions, and therefore fall in the protected areas, being governed under provisions of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972. Being protected areas (sanctuaries or national parks) these forests are legally accorded a higher degree of protection, to be managed for the specific objective of protection and conservation of wildlife. Protection of forests is a very important function and outcome of CFM. Further in Andhra Pradesh, the Andhra Pradesh Forest Act 1967 is in operation, concurrent with the Indian Forest Act 1927. Ecotourism activities undertaken in some of these areas have proved very successful. Entitlements committed in the CFM policy of AP (GO 13 and GO 4) are categorical in that the policy specifies that silvicultural operations including harvesting will be carried out in accordance with the silvicultural principles laid down in the respective Working Plans and schedule detailed in respective micro-plans of the VSS that will have approval of the APFD.
1.2 APFD Institutional Development
The training and capacity building interventions spanned a range of initiatives at different levels, including training, workshops and seminars, study tours, establishment of new training centers and upgrading of existing ones. The project contributed to both software and hardware
31 development aspects of the implementing agency through support for human resource and infrastructure development respectively; the total cost incurred for APFD institutional development was around INR142.7 million (US$3.2 million); 76 percent of this was utilized for human resource development and 24 percent for development of infrastructure and procurement of equipment and vehicles (Figure A-1).
Figure A-1. Cost of Capacity Building of Government Agency (activity-wise)
A strategy for training and outreach was developed following a systematic training needs assessment conducted by an external agency, and thrust areas and themes for capacity building were identified in consultation with project stakeholders, particularly the field staff. Subsequently, training programs were offered by the Andhra Pradesh Forest Academy (APFA), the Research Wing of the APFD, NGOs and CEWs, other institutes as well as APFD staff at Range and Division levels in the following areas: (i) Forest Management; (ii) Financial Management; (iii) Social Development; (iv) Marketing Management; and (iv) Information Technology (the last for APFD staff only).
Human resource and institution development: The APFA was the central training hub for project-supported training programs. A total of INR101.4 million was spent towards capacity building at the state-level, including workshops, training programs and production of training materials; most of these were organized and conducted by APFA, which received a huge impetus during the course of Project implementation. The APFA has a number of experienced and competent faculty and resource persons; as of 2007-08, it deployed the services of 560 faculty members (463 external and 97 internal) to organize the training events. The trainee data base of APFA (Table A-3) shows that between 2003-04 and 2009-10, a total of around 397,000 personnel were trained at APFA as well as regional research centers at Hyderabad, Tirupathi, Warangal and Rajahmnundry, and designated training centers such as TDCs. The training programs covered the entire gamut of stakeholders from VSS members, CEWs, NGO workers, and field staff to senior APFD personnel. The number of FD personnel alone trained during this period was close to 100,000, which includes officials having received more than one round of training. The topics found most relevant and useful by the staff related to SMC works,
32 silvicultural techniques, communication skills, accounting procedures, NTFP value addition, and information technology (GIS in particular); staff in Nellore Division, where clonal plantations have been a remarkable success, cited training in modern nursery techniques as most useful.
As a part of human resource development, the project dispatched APFD’s officers to: (i) China (2 Officers) to study Bamboo enterprises; Canada (5 Officers) to acquire knowledge on forest management in the country and participate in the World Forestry Congress; and (iii) Tanzania, South Africa and Malaysia (5 Officers) to study Participatory Forest Management and Ecotourism activities. In total, INR12.55 million (US$282,000) was spent for these overseas trainings.
Table A-3. Number of persons trained at APFA between 2003-04 and 2009-10
Trainee Type NGO Training Type VSS APFD workers & Members personnel CEWs 1 Forestry – technical aspects 83,527 27,189 210 2 Financial Management 73,580 29,537 650 3 Social development aspects 92,422 23,965 1,202 4 Study Tours 20,249 6,614 669 5 Seminars 12,833 12,681 11,999 Total (Accumulative) 282,611 99,986 14,730
The Research Wing of APFD also carried out training programs for project stakeholders on various aspects of transfer of technology, along with interactive workshops and seminars at a total cost of INR2.7 million (US$61,000); details of training carried out in applied research areas is provided in Table A-4 below. The result of these trainings are observed in improved skill levels of staff (and eventually higher forest productivity), and higher awareness and technical competency of VSS members.
Table A-4. Trainings on Transfer of Technology conducted by the Research Wing of APFD
No. of Number of persons trained Type of Training trainings VSS APFD NGO CEW Total conducted 1 Propagation of medicinal 4 40 38 0 0 78 plants 2 Multi-locational clonal trials 7 129 85 7 0 221 3 Workshops on bamboo 6 236 142 32 0 410 4 Interactive seminars 29 89 732 6 0 827
To sustain the capacity building initiatives of the project, an autonomous institution, viz., the CEFNARM was registered in 2007; institution building support of INR2.2 million (US$50,000) was provided by the project for the purpose. CEFNARM benefits from the experience gained by APFA under the project, and functions from the premises of APFA. It also has the mandate to conduct action research and coordinate activities of the Research, Extension and IT Wing of the APFD, apart from coordinating and spearheading training programs, and has been recognized by the GoI for conducting regular and specialized training programs for forest department personnel.
33 Lessons learnt through the Project are likely to be carried forward and disseminated further through the activities of CEFNARM.
Infrastructure development: The Aranya Bhavan at Hyderabad, which houses the consolidated headquarters of the APFD, was also constructed under the project, with 98 percent of the total cost of building , INR 248.9 out of INR252.7 million (or US$5.7 million) being financed by the project.
APFA was established as the State Institute for Forest Training in 1987 and underwent significant infrastructural expansion under APFP. It was renamed APFA in 2001 and supported through APCFMP with the addition of a hostel and an indoor stadium, making it a comprehensive central training facility for undertaking and coordinating a wide range of training programs for APFD and stakeholders of the APCFMP. Facilities also include a conference hall, classrooms, computer laboratory, and library. It also houses the APFD Geomatics Centre and the CEFNARM.
Central nurseries in each of the 14 project districts were upgraded and structurally enhanced to function as TDCs, which act as training and demonstration hubs for neighboring Divisions. Apart from nursery facilities producing seedlings for continuing planting programs, they have lecture rooms and demonstration plots for various species of trees, NTFPs and medicinal plants; some have overnight accommodation for trainees. The TDCs have been used throughout the project as a means to decentralize and disseminate improved technologies by making them more accessible to the staff and VSS. The TDCs are expected to continue to function as an interface between the VSSs and APFD, with links to and coordination of training by CEFNARM.
1.3 Community Institution Capacity Building
A specific outcome of the PDO was “for the poor and primarily forest-dependent communities to assume full responsibility for the development and maintenance of forest areas formally placed under their stewardship.” This outcome, in the context of the project design, essentially translates into establishment of self-reliant and capable VSSs. The project intended to achieve this specific outcome through training and project activities under Component 2 and 3.
Membership, participation and decision-making in VSS: Barring a small percentage of VSS, membership in VSS is predominantly from among ST/SC households. However, the findings of the participatory evaluation indicate that there is still a need for VSS to be facilitated to review and renew membership: while in 54 percent of cases, all SC and ST families in the village are members of the VSS (as stipulated), in 34 percent of VSS there are still some SC and ST families that are not members and/or not aware of their eligibility to be members; in 9 percent of VSS, some SC/ST members have been left out as other communities are unwilling to allow them membership. It is possible that migration that had probably occurred earlier (while enrolment of members was done) may be a reason for this. This needs to be looked into to take required ameliorative measures. These findings also seem to reflect the usual range of internal community dynamics and capabilities across a large project with over 5,000 participating VSSs.
VSS members training: As shown in Table 1, the project trained a total of around 283,000 VSS members (cumulative). Initially, such training focused on three key areas – forest management, financial management and social development, targeting mainly VSS Management Committees and some active members. Around the MTR, and reflecting the change of project focus, the project started providing training related to livelihood development such as NTFP development,
34 value addition and marketing, and bamboo product development and utilization. The project used local study tours and seminars as means for such livelihood development training, and TDCs became the centers of such livelihood development. In addition, the Research Wing of APFD trained more than 6,600 VSS members in various topics as in Table 2. A total of 133 training programs were organized for RAP activities. Of the total 12,528 PAFs, around 3,904 PAFs (31 percent) are trained for skill up-gradation in livelihood based activities. These were mainly conducted by the local NGOs in association with CEFNARM.
Overall, in terms of subjects and numbers, the project was able to provide enough training to its VSS members, especially for members of VSS core groups, which are created by the more active, informed, responsive and responsible members. They are not necessarily the Management Committee members, but it is this core group that usually participates in VSS decision-making and implementation of works. Capacity building for core members and facilitative support from CEWs and project staff, as well as NGOs in the initial years has resulted in a high degree of awareness about VSS roles and responsibilities, and the quorum for decision-making. As benefits from harvest started flowing only towards the end of the project, however, the systems and norms for cost and benefit-sharing are still evolving, and therefore there is a need for continuation of facilitative support in this area, particularly in VSS that have mixed membership and which will have harvesting occurring in the near future. The extension of many APCFMP activities post- project through central government financing schemes is a positive development in this regard.
Impacts of VSS members training: A study19 on the impact of training commissioned by the project found that to some extent, VSS trainees passed on their knowledge and skills gained, to many of the other active VSS members. However, the study also suggested that the training lacked sufficient ongoing follow-up monitoring and support. The design of training programs was also not adequately integrated with other project activities. As a result the potential benefits from the training, particularly in strengthening livelihoods could have been higher, except for some successful cases of cluster based CEGs. It is important to note that capacity building was an important project component with a sizable budget allocation. While inputs and outputs were well-tracked, the impact of various capacity building initiatives was not fully monitored in the course of the project. At the same time however, it is recognized that training impacts often emerge only after some time, which can extend beyond the close of the project.
The participatory evaluation survey in 2009 found that over 1/3rd of the VSS assessed themselves as having the capability to independently undertake necessary accounting and documentation, including preparation of work estimates; this is probably the result of capacity building training provided by the project to three educated youth in every VSS. There is a high awareness of the VSS role (Figure A-2). While VSS capabilities in conducting financial and bank transactions have been considerably strengthened, in many communities, members are yet to take independent charge for these functions. For book-keeping and records, the sample of VSSs visited were still found to be largely dependent on the CEWs/APFD frontline staff, even where capabilities appeared to exist and there was strong potential for transfer of this responsibility to the VSS.
Forest protection and management: Project VSSs across the state are willing and capable of undertaking forest protection, and this is being done proactively in areas where benefits from harvest have already been realized (Figure A-3). Mechanisms include self-patrolling on a
19 CMSR (2010) Study of the Impact of Training and Capacity Building Programs under APCFMP.
35 rotational basis, or engaging services of a watchman paid from VSSs’ own funds. In other areas, members generally keep a watch on the forest area allotted to them and have imposed some self- regulations on use and extraction of forest produce from VSS areas. Some VSSs with a small membership base and located in high-value forest areas require external assistance, particularly from the APFD, to ward off threats from organized forest smugglers, particularly in Adilabad Division. While skills of VSS members in forestry and SMC activities, for example thinning, coppicing, etc., have improved, VSSs are still being capacitated to fully take charge of all forest management operations.
Figure A-2: Organizational Capacities of VSS
Notes for Figure A-2.
- Awareness of roles and responsibilities: In 48 percent of the VSS, there is high awareness of roles and responsibilities; awareness among both MC and GB members was low in about 1/3rd VSS. - Conflict resolution: In 41 percent of the VSS, all disputes are resolved through mutual discussions, whereas in 32 percent VSS, there is only a temporary resolution without reaching any consensus or agreement. - Transparency: In 46 percent of the VSS, all financial transactions are discussed in MC meetings and informed to GB; in 32 percent VSS signatures are taken in MC meetings but details are not shared unless asked for. - Self-reliance: In 36 percent of the VSS, members are capable of accounting and documentation; in 30 percent VSS it is done by members/ CEW with APFD help. - Based on participatory evaluation of 4670 VSS in 2009.
Benefit sharing, and inclusion of vulnerable groups: As far as participation in VSS activities is concerned, wage employment in 42 percent VSS is restricted to SC/ST families; in 28 percent VSS, employment is provided to whoever is available, whereas in 21 percent VSS, outsiders are also reportedly employed (Figure A-4). Selection of women/ other members for economic/ livelihood assistance is usually based on their economic and/or social status (poorest of poor, SC/ST being given first preference), but there are also VSS where selection was based on their presence at the time of decision making (23 percent); in 20 percent VSS, no activity for livelihood assistance was reportedly taken up. In an overwhelming majority of VSS (78 percent), access to forest produce is restricted to poor and active VSS members only; in 16 percent VSS all members get their domestic requirement from the VSS forest.
36 Figure A-3. VSS Capabilities to Protect Allotted Forests
Notes for Figure A-3.
- Grades A, B, C and D used in the charts pertain to the categories used in participatory evaluation, details of which are placed at Attachment. - Protection from theft & smuggling: In 1/3rd VSS, protection is through social fencing; 40 percent of the VSS employ watchers for protection; only in 13 percent of the VSS there is no protection against theft or smuggling. - Protection against encroachment: in 60 percent VSS, encroachment has been checked altogether by the VSS; however, encroachments happened in 20 percent cases after formation of VSS. - Protection against fire: Whereas 16 percent of the VSS forests are well-protected against fire, in 33 percent VSS, fire was checked with VSS support. - Protection against open grazing: remains unchecked in 10 percent of the VSS. - Based on participatory evaluation of 4,670 VSS in 2009.
1.4 Project Management
Project Monitoring Unit: The project set up a PMU at the APFD headquarters. The project design aimed to use M&E as a key instrument for tracking project implementation progress and also to serve as a useful feedback mechanism to all stakeholders. Thus, the institution was called a “Monitoring” Unit instead of “Management” Unit. However, it played more than an M&E role to attain PDO and outcomes. The unit often directed day-to-day operations even at the field level and provided close supervision to manage the project fund and procurement. It also prepared the PIP and annual plans as well as reports to the Bank. It facilitated policy development and institutional reform, as well as development of livelihood promotion activities; it liaised with key stakeholders including government departments, NGOs and the private sector. The uniqueness of PMU was that it was not isolated from the rest of APFD; rather, it played a facilitative role for the rest of APFD by sorting and directing project tasks to be carried out at different sections and divisions of APFD. Thus, project activities were not implemented in isolation; they were carried out as key tasks of APFD’s mandate. In retrospect, the GOs ratified by the GoAP set such a coherent/blended environment for the relationship between APFD and PMU.
37 Figure A-4: VSS performance on certain indicators of social development
Notes for Figure A-4.
- In 48 percent of the VSS, there is high awareness of roles and responsibilities; awareness among both MC and GB members was low in about 1/3rd VSS. - In 41 percent of the VSS, all disputes are resolved through mutual discussions, whereas in 32 percent VSS, there is only a temporary resolution without reaching any consensus or agreement. - In 46 percent of the VSS, all financial transactions are discussed in MC meetings and informed to GB; in 32 percent VSS signatures are taken in MC meetings but details are not shared unless asked for. - In 36 percent of the VSS, members are capable of accounting and documentation; in 30 percent VSS it is done by members/ CEW with FD help. - Based on participatory evaluation of 4670 VSS in 2009
1.5 Monitoring and Evaluation
The project’s internal monitoring and review system was supplemented with external concurrent monitoring as well as external impact assessments and participatory/ self-assessment exercises at the VSS and NGO levels. This formed the crux of the project M&E, and was used to inform decision-making at various levels. Additionally, studies and consultancies in the areas of ‘status of podu cultivators’ and ‘tribal development plan’ were carried out in compliance with the Bank’s R&R and Indigenous People’s Policy (Table A-5).
Internal progress monitoring: Internal monitoring was supported by the FMIS (Forest Management Information System), a computerized monitoring package that had been internally developed and installed at all offices from the state to the Range level, both in project as well as non-project areas/ Divisions. The FMIS consists of four modules: (i) Community Forest Management; (ii) Financial Management; (iii) Forest Inventory; and (iv) Forest Protection. Of these four, modules (i) and (ii) are routinely used by the Project for planning and monitoring purposes. Data was collected by CEWs and field staff at the VSS level and aggregated at Range, Division and state levels. There was, however, no systematic process for field verification of data furnished by the departmental and project staff, except through certification by the external agency engaged for concurrent monitoring. Preparation of Annual Work Plans at Division, Circle
38 and State level and also at the level of each VSS was being done using this package. In respect of Annual Plans for each VSS, plans prepared through a participatory approach were documented in this package. Monthly cash accounts at all accounting levels were also being generated through this package. One of the issues with the FMIS was that the physical and financial reporting was not synchronized, as the information was collected from two separate channels and data was not real-time.
Table A-5. Comparison of Baseline, Mid-Term and End-of-Project Impact Assessment Studies Mid-term Impact End-of-project Impact Description Baseline Survey Assessment Assessment 1. Agency Internal (forest External agencies (two External agency (two department staff separate studies for social/ separate studies as in and NGOs) institutional aspects and mid-term, but environmental/ ecological conducted by the same aspects) agency) 2. Year 2002 (PY1) 2006 (PY4) 2009-10 (PY8) 3. Purpose Microplanning Impact assessment Impact assessment 3. Sample size 100% (all VSS, 1% (48 VSS for both 3% + 50 project all member studies – same sites, 20% clusters (Common households) households subject to a Enterprise Groups) minimum of 10 per VSS) (150 VSS, 10% of households per VSS plus 50 CEGs) 4. Control NO NO YES - 40 control (counter- villages factual data)
Process monitoring: Process monitoring usually aims to improve quality of field activities through checking progress and identifying specific problems as they arise, allowing management to develop counter-measures against the problems. However, a large part of the ‘process’ monitoring was very quantitative in nature, restricted to numbers of meetings, numbers of training sessions, workshops conducted and so on. There are many variations among VSSs, and each VSS seems to have some issues, which requires a specific process for a solution to be supported by the project. Tailor-made counter measures using merits of process monitoring, however, were rarely developed. Monitoring processes of graduation into CFM like institution reforms and development (organizing CEGs, their federations), developing business plans, benefit sharing, reinvestment strategies and reinvestment of revenue to continue forest management have all been reviewed and monitored periodically. Social audit was a participatory evaluation or assessment of various initiatives.
Baseline and impact assessment: Baseline survey using the project’s internal resources (forest department officials and NGOs) was carried out in 100 percent of the VSS for micro planning purposes. Emphasis of the baseline was on forest resources and socio-economic status of VSS member households. The baseline data were used for making comparisons and assessment of impact at mid-term and end-of-project. However, there were certain methodological issues arising out of: (i) wide variations in sample sizes between baseline, mid-term and end-of-project assessments; (ii) end-of-project samples did not necessarily include the mid-term sample VSS; and (iii) equity concerns between members and non-members may be lost as data collection was restricted to VSS member households only. Table 3 below presents a comparative picture of these studies.
39 Participatory evaluation: A VSS Social Audit was at the core of the participatory evaluation. It was carried out in over 4,800 VSS, but a small part of the survey results had to be rejected because of data inconsistencies. The final results of this participatory evaluation were based on findings from 4,670 VSS. The OMR sheet based VSS Social Audit was an innovative though relatively expensive method for assessment of VSS capabilities. Details of the tool and method are provided in Annex 2 - Attachment 3. Findings of the evaluation have been used for grading project VSS into four performance categories; A: excellent, B: very good, C: good/ average and D: below average.
Component 2: Forest Management
2.1 Overview
The objective of this component, as stated in the PAD, was to “improve forest management and increase the returns to the community”. The focus was on improving productivity and sustainability of the forest ecosystems. Interventions were made to increase the quantum of produce on a per hectare basis through investments in protection and regeneration (both natural and artificial) of forest lands under VSS management coupled with improvements in technology and information. Achievement of this objective was judged to be highly satisfactory.
The total forest area under VSS management in the project was estimated in the PAD to be 1.31 million ha, consisting of the forest types as seen in Table A-6. However, GPS surveys conducted under the project and satellite imagery estimated the total project forest area to be approximately 921,000 ha. It will be noted that considerable additional forest treatments to those in the PAD have been undertaken and these are explained below. Except for the shelterbelts and mangrove rehabilitation all other treatments occurred within the VSS forest areas as in Table A-6 (see also Attachment 4. Year and activity wise forest area treated).
Starting under the previous APFP, the great majority of VSS have protected their allotted forest areas through APCFMP with anecdotal evidence suggesting that even without obtaining significant monetary benefits they had developed a sense of ownership. As a result, casual visual evidence as well as more empirical satellite imagery data shows a marked improvement in forest cover. Time series imagery (2000 to 2006) shows a 24 percent increase in dense forest cover in VSS forest areas. However, this imagery does not include most of the 30,000 ha of plantations established in badly degraded forests or the 12,000 ha planted through social forestry programs on communal and private lands. It is, therefore, estimated, that, including such plantations the increase in dense forest cover for VSS forests between 2000 and 2008 should be at least a 28 percent.
Using forest inventory data, overall wood volume in the project VSS forests is estimated to have increased by 2.56 million m3 between 2002 and 2006 (10 percent), based on the increase in dense and open forests. However, further gains in stocking volume will have occurred since 2006, while wood plantations are estimated to have added a further 2.9 million m3 from 2006 to 2009. Overall stocking gain to project close is, therefore, estimated at between 20 and 25 percent. By contrast, the recent AP Forest Inventory Report states that, overall in the state, forest growing stock has decreased by 20 percent between 1995 and 2008, indicating that non-CFM forest areas continue to suffer degradation.
40 Table A-6: Area of Forest Types and Treatment Targets as per PAD and as Achieved Area Treated PAD Targets Project Forest Type/ Total Area Number of Prior to Project for Treatment Achievement Treatment (ha) VSS (ha) (ha) (ha) Teak Forest 625,030 1,480 205,000 150,000 148,000 Non-Teak Forest 228,050 1,77920 77,840 100,000 95,016 Bamboo Forest 145,490 692 61,560 50,000 22,716 NTFP, Timber, Bamboo 260,750 4,62622 128,170 10,800 29,135 Planting21 Red Sanders Forest 53,140 183 18,300 5,000 1,14023 Bamboo Under-Planting 1,771 0 20,226 Multi-Location Trials 755 0 1,290 Gap Planting (Pongamia) 1,834 0 14,310 Barren Hill Afforestation 1,179 0 8,480 Gotti Grafting24 22 0 446 Coastal Shelterbelts 130 0 2,310 Mangrove Rehabilitation 20 0 2,190 Total 1,312,460 490,870 315,800 345,259 Note: *: total figure is cumulative.
2.2 Poverty Alleviation through Component 2
A total of INR3,808 million (US$85 million) was spent on forestry works. An amount of INR2,469 or US$56 (65 percent of the total forestry works) was disbursed as wage income to the project beneficiaries through this component. Data and reports suggest that the project contributed significantly to the reduction of poverty in its target areas through (i) providing wage labor; and (ii) income generation from extraction of NTFPs and harvest of bamboo and timber resources created with support under this component. The magnitude and spread of incremental income have alleviated poverty incidence in the landless households, which account for a significant proportion of the VSS members.
By end-project, overall average annual incremental income for the project benefited VSS HH is estimated at INR6,860 (US$154) with contribution under this component (Table A-7). HH income is expected to increase over time with the realization of improved production potentials
20 Includes 671 VSS, which also had preferential treatment carried out, as well as earlier singling and coppicing.
21 At appraisal, it was planned that 8,800 ha of NTFPs and eucalypts would be planted in the dry scrub area and 2,000 ha in teak and non-teak forests lacking adequate short term forest resources.
22 This is a cumulative total for all plantations with many VSS have more than one type of plantation.
23 Prescriptions for treatments proved to not be cost effective. However, protection continues under VSS, who get income from NTFPs, Pongamia and the harvesting of Boda grass.
24 In situ grafting of edible Ziziphus sp on non-edible Ziziphus sp in scrub forest.
41 of timber, pulpwood, bamboo and NTFPs established in 345,259 ha of forest land treated by the project VSSs.
Table A-7. Annual Incremental Income Impacts from Forest Treatment Sources of Income (INR/HH) % Share
1. Forest based income 5,475 80 • NTFP income 3,665 53 • Harvest income 1,810 26 2. Forest wage income 1,385 20 Total 6,860 100 Note: at 2009 real prices
Some of other important highlights of this component’s achievement in poverty alleviation aspect are as follows:
a) The forest management interventions generated 37.3 million person days of employment for the VSS members; b) 72 percent of the generated employment was provided to SC/ST members; c) Share of female members with such employment was 48 percent; d) Number of VSSs reporting migration has come down by 23 percent while average seasonal out migration for employment has come down by 37 percent; e) Migration of women almost completely halted; f) NTFP income has increased by 53 percent (INR 3,665/per HH/year in average) and HHs having access to NTFP income has increased by 21 percent; and g) Income from the harvest of rejuvenated bamboo and Eucalyptus plantations is estimated at about INR1,810 per HH/year.
2.3 Teak Forest Treatment
Stand improvement treatments over 148,000 ha have been undertaken within the teak-dominated VSS forest areas (2,044 VSSs). This is in addition to 205,000 ha treated under APFP. With the continued protection and these initial treatments (cleaning, coppice cutting and some singling) many areas of teak forest have been capable of producing small timber and poles for at least the last two years. Thinning operations undertaken in seven VSS, using prescriptions developed under the project have seen revenues accrued to the communities of between INR20,000 (US$449) and INR 420,000 (US$9,438), net of harvesting costs.
The teak forests being managed by the VSS vary considerably in quality because of their original condition and subsequent treatment. Unfortunately, treatment of the teak forests virtually ceased after 2004 when greater emphasis was given to establishing short-rotation plantations, and earlier treatments were not always of an acceptable standard. This has meant that much of the forest with at least reasonable potential still requires stand improvement to optimize productivity. Such
42 treatments are planned using NREGS funds, commencing in 2010. Further thinning will also take place from this year and should increase substantially in future years as the stands mature. Projections for thinning benefits over the next 11 years show an average annual gross revenue over of INR15 million (US$337,078) based on 500,800 ha being thinned (Table A-8).
Table A-8. APCFMP Natural Forest and Plantation Achievements, Projected Yields and Revenues No Average Annual Area Survival Average Species of Revenue (INR) Planted (%) Annual Yield VSS Total per VSS Plantations: Bamboo 1,900 444 65 2,000 MT + 1.2 million 21 M 47,000 culms Eucalyptus 13,460 1,345 75 180,000 m3 220M 164,000 NTFPs25 4,360 860 65 5,000 MT 41 M 48,000 Pongamia 8,160 1,977 70 10,000 MT 60M 30,000 Natural Forest Treatments: Teak Forest Regeneration 148,000 100 140,000 trees (6,000 to 15 M 150,000 8,000 m3) Bamboo Rejuvenation 22,720 692 4,000 MT + 4 million 72 M 104,000 culms Bamboo Under-planting 20,230 1771 60 1,300 MT + 500,000 11 M 6,000 culms Gap Planting (Pongamia) 14,300 1,834 60 5,000 MT 30M 16,000
2.4 Non-Teak/Miscellaneous Forests
The treatment methods proposed in the PIP were found to be not cost effective for the heterogeneous nature of these forests, which often had poor prospects for merchantable timber and NTFP production. It was agreed at a stakeholders’ meeting in 2004 that, having already carried out cleaning and coppice cutting operations in some 77,600 ha of miscellaneous forests, further treatment of such forests would be confined to “preferential treatment” of good potential NTFPs and bamboo. As a consequence 18,700 ha have been given such treatment, such as clearing of unwanted vegetation, soil working and digging of water-holding trenches, yielding significant benefits according to anecdotal evidence, e.g. production of Seethapal has reportedly increased at least 100 percent per tree with an increase in the size of fruit by as much as 50 percent, while other products, such as Buchnania nuts and Usiri fruit have increased by as much as 50 percent providing both subsistence and cash benefits to the VSS communities. Overall, in both Miscellaneous and Teak Forests, protection and stand improvements under the project have meant an increase in household income due to sale of NTFPs by 53 percent over the project period.
2.5 Bamboo Forest Rejuvenation
Bamboo occurs in separate forest patches or within some areas of teak and miscellaneous forests. Through a process of decongesting clumps combined with soil working to enhance rhizome growth and digging moisture retention trenches some 22,700 ha of such bamboo forest have been
25 NTFPs consisted principally of Usiri, Seethapal, Neredu, Tamarind and Neem
43 rejuvenated and are now yielding considerable quantities of bamboo and enriching the VSS households and communities involved. Total revenues from harvesting of long bamboo and industrial cuts (for pulp) amounted to INR15.7 million (US$352,000) in 2008/09, compared to INR 4.1 million (US$92,000) in 2002/03. This is projected to rise to an annual average of INR 72 million (US$1.6 million) over the next ten years as full production is achieved from rejuvenated clumps. Even greater yields and revenues are possible as there is much bamboo forest (approximately 29,000 ha) available in VSS forests for rejuvenation, although sales and revenue will depend on continuing market demand from both the paper industry and elsewhere.
2.6 Forest Improvement from Plantations
Eucalypt, NTFP and bamboo plantations: Originally, most of the 10,800 ha of eucalypt and NTFP plantations together with medicinal plants were to have been used to reforest the dry scrub forest areas to the south of the state. However, from 2004/05, the planting of such short-rotation wood crops and NTFPs together with bamboo was extended to other VSS forest areas that lacked the potential for short-term revenue generation in order to help achieve financial sustainability within the VSS. To ensure optimum growth clonal eucalypt stock was mainly planted, together with considerable grafted NTFP stock using semi-mechanical site preparation and maintenance. To a large extent the cultivation of medicinal plants was foregone due to inability to establish solid market links and difficulties with production with only a limited area of plantations was intercropped successfully with species such as Asparagus racemosa and Pongamia pinnata (kanuga), a bio-diesel plant was also introduced over wide areas as part of this semi-mechanical plantation program. As a result of this increased planting, a total area of 27,880 ha various species were established compared to the target of 10,800 ha.
The 13,460 ha of eucalyptus clonal plantations will provide significant wood yields and revenues for the VSS involved. Harvesting of eucalypt plantations established by APFD or under other programs are already yielding revenues and harvesting of APCFMP plantations should start in 2010 with an estimated average annual yield of some 112,000 Metric Tonnes (MT) or approximately 180,000 m3, and an average annual revenue generated of INR220 million (US$4.9 million) over the next 11 years. The 1,900 ha of bamboo plantations should have started to yield benefits, but insufficient attention has been paid to their maintenance and management, with survival being below satisfactory and growth quite variable. Nevertheless, this resource should give an average annual revenue of approximately INR21 million (US$472,000, refer Table A-8).
As a minimum of 50 percent of revenues is required to be re-invested, this will mean an annual average of some INR 155 million available for further forestry development from harvesting of eucalypt plantations and natural plus plantation bamboo, with such re-investment already occurring in 266 VSS, and a further 1,155 VSS poised for undertaking re-investment programs in the coming year. This future revenue is capable of establishing an additional 2,600 ha of wood or NTFP plantations or rejuvenating further forest bamboo each year. This could be in addition to the thousands of hectares plantations planned for establishment using NREGS funds over the next few years. Nevertheless, the 2,600 ha could add a further INR25 to 30 million (US$562,000 to US$674,000) in gross revenues annually to the VSS from about 2018 when products from these plantations or treatments are harvested.
Approximately 4,360 ha of various NTFPs were also planted. However, insufficient attention has been paid to their maintenance following the two years of maintenance specified in the Forest Schedule of Works (FSW). Annual soil working, soil moisture maintenance, fertilizing and, in
44 some cases, pruning should have been undertaken. As a result yields are expected to be delayed and poorer than should be expected, particularly for grafted stock. Under the NREGS funds will be provided to carry out such maintenance together with replanting of large gaps. Yields are expected to average 5,000 MT of fruit per annum with gross revenues of around INR41 million (US$921,300).
Semi-mechanical Pongamia plantations under the project cover 8,160 ha with a weighted average survival of 70 percent. Like the NTFPs, the lack of maintenance has commonly resulted in poor growth and fruiting is likely to be adversely affected. In fact, field observations suggest that in many cases fruiting is highly variable and perhaps as little 50 percent of plants. These factors have been taken into account in projecting future annual yields, which, are anticipated to be over 10,000 MT of seed valued at INR60 million (US$1.3 million) when full production levels are reached in the next few years.
2.7 Other Forest Improvement Planting Programs
In an effort to further improve forest cover and stocking as well as to provide future forest products for use by the VSS several other planting programs were undertaken within the VSS forests. These were:
a) Under-planting of bamboo: In 2005 and 2006, 20,230 ha of forests had bamboo rhizomes planted. The plantings were supposed to have been done in open areas or gaps were the bamboo would have access to light. However, field observations and reports have shown that many rhizomes were planted under canopy shade; even adjacent to existing trees in order to meet quotas or out of ignorance. The result is that the under- planting has been shown to have a weighted average survival of 60 percent, but field observations and reports from APFD field officers indicate that growth of the surviving plants is poor, being adversely affected by competition for light, unsuitable site conditions and severe browsing by livestock or feral animals. In estimating the projected future yields and revenue from these plantings it is, therefore, assumed that only about 30 percent of the bamboo plants are viable. Even with this low level of productivity these under-planted bamboos will potentially provide worthwhile benefits to the VSS involved. Starting from 20012/13 average annual revenue of INR11 million ($247,000) could be forthcoming. b) Gap planting (Pongamia): Following directives from GoAP to grow Pongamia for the production of bio-diesel, and with the objective of filling in forest gaps and revegetating soil and moisture conservation earth works, Pongamia seedlings were planted in VSS forest areas over an estimated 14,300 ha. Survival of these has been patchy (around 60 percent) and growth is poor due to often poor site conditions, including lack of soil moisture, and no follow-up maintenance. Nevertheless, with some future maintenance perhaps 25 percent of the surviving trees will yield as much as INR 30 million per year. c) Barren hill afforestation: Further planting within forest barren areas, particularly on the upper slopes where soil conditions were poor was undertaken with a variety of species, including Pongamia, bamboo and several NTFP species such as Neredu. Survival and growth has been poor due to the adverse conditions and lack of maintenance as well as browsing. Although there is likely to eventually be some yields coming from these plantings, their scattered and sometimes remote location plus poor survival and productivity mean the monetary benefits to VSS will probably not be significant.
45 2.8 Soil and Moisture Conservation
As part of forest improvement treatments, a series of soil and moisture structures were constructed, costing a total of INR540 million (US$12.1 million), with the objective of improving soil moisture within the forests and thus helping with plant growth. The result has been that water holding capacity within the forests has increased by about 500 million m3 and the water actually impounded in the wet season is estimated to have been as much as 2,000 million m3 (see Table A-9)26. This increased soil moisture has undoubtedly improved vegetation growth. Anecdotal evidence points to improved yields from NTFPs and leaf retention in the dry season is longer. Sampling showed a 12 percent improvement in vegetation cover in project forest areas over control areas. However, there has also been an unexpected benefit outside forests where sampling showed 50 percent of project VSS open and bore wells had higher water tables compared to a 36 percent increase in non-project VSS. The increased water levels have also enhanced agricultural yields in lands associated with project VSS (19 percent higher) as well as increasing the number of crops grown27.
Table A-9. Soil and Moisture Conservation Works Water Holding Water Impounded Type of Works Unit Total for Works Capacity per Wet Season (million m3) (million m3) Staggered trenches No 636,891 0.5 5.1 Continuous Contour Trenches M3 5,920,567 5.9 59.2 Check Dams No 13,339 33.3 133.4 Mini Percolation ‘Tanks No 33,007 82.5 330.1 Percolation Tanks No 6,383 31.9 127.8 Rock fill Dams No 19,968 1.0 10.0 Sunken Gully Pits No 136,969 342.4 1,369.7 Total 497.6 2,035.1
2.9 Social Forestry
The Social Forestry Component was prepared to reduce pressure on forests and provide alternative wood and NTFPs to communities without forest land, including those who had previously obtained products from forests now under VSS control. This was achieved by establishing plantations on communal/Panchayat land and along roadsides, distribution of seedlings under a group farm forestry program, and planting of household trees. The initial target for group farm forestry was 4 million seedlings. However, in response to the demand for trees on private lands the project finally distributed 77 million seedlings (mainly Casuarina and Eucalyptus), which is estimated to cover some 8,000 ha. Survival is reportedly high and yields are estimated to be in the vicinity of 100,000 m3 of pulpwood and 900,000 poles valued at INR164 million (US$3.7 million) annually for the next six years. Community block plantations are projected to yield an average of 46,000 m3 annually, worth INR55 million (US$1.2 million).
26 APFD ICRR, March 2010
27 Development and Research Services Report on Environmental Impact and Forest Resource Improvement under APCFMP, March 2010.
46 2.10 Tsunami Mitigation
Following the 2004 tsunami, the Project allocated INR247 million (US$5.5 million) for the establishment of approximately 200 km (2,310ha) of coastal shelterbelts and the rehabilitation of 2,190 ha of mangroves. Both programs have been successful, using 153 local VSS, who will not only benefit from the increased protection afforded, but will also obtain subsistence and financial benefits from the pruning and selective thinning of the shelterbelt trees (estimated 90 percent survival) as well as from associated planted NTFPs and livelihood programs introduced concurrently. The mangrove rehabilitation has not only promoted reforestation with mangroves, but, as a corollary, greatly enhanced the general ecology.
2.11 Applied Research
APCFMP is somewhat unique in that demand driven research was responsible for significantly improved benefits. Building on some programs already established under APFP, but also introducing new programs, research improved forest productivity through: increasing the yield potential of planting materials using genetically superior clones and seed; improved nursery practices; development of bio-fertilizers; and development of management practices in rejuvenated teak forests. The cost of this research was INR341 million (US$7.7 million). Research was also responsible for the establishment of 14 Technological Dissemination Centers to act as outreach and demonstration focal points for VSS and APFD field staff. Some of the research is world class such as development of teak tissue culture planting materials and the establishment of 925 multi-locational clonal trials (MLCTs) plus trials of valuable indigenous trees, covering 1,290 ha under the care of 755 VSS. The cost of the trials was INR133.4 million (US$3 million). Productivity gains through the use of clonal planting materials are estimated at 50 to 100 percent, while that from the use of improved seed from project established seed orchards is 20 percent. Provision is being made for the Research Wing to retain funds from the sale of seed and other products as well as consultancies through association with the newly established CEFNARM. This, together with funding from CAMPA will be used to continue worthwhile programs generated under the project.
2.12 Forest Inventory
Under the project an inventory of reserved forests in Andhra Pradesh was completed: the most detailed inventory of the state since the 1970s and the first of its kind in the country. The Andhra Pradesh Forest Inventory Report (2010) is a very detailed and comprehensive document, providing data not only on forest composition and stocking by species and regeneration, but also information on soils and erosion status as well as the incidence of fire and biotic factors on forests. The inventory data will now form an integral part of future forest management planning, including that for VSS forests, with data being made available at the division and range level.
47 Component 3: Community Development
3.1 CFM support
Micro plan preparation: Microplans were prepared as required in all the 5,153 VSS covered under the project, and physical works were executed only after approval of the microplans by the concerned DFOs. A total cost of INR26.5 million (US$596,000) was incurred on micro planning activities. Adoption of a participatory approach in planning has resulted in creation of awareness and a sense of ownership of assets created through the VSS. The microplans reflect community priorities and decisions to a large extent; office bearers and some active members of the Management Committee were found conversant with the contents of the microplans as well as the Annual Work Plans. Most of the microplans reviewed contained copies of resource area and treatment maps, details of VSS membership and profile of the Management Committee (see pictures below).
Picture 1. Review of Microplans by VSS members
Support to NGOs/community organizers and women volunteers: The PAD had specified association with NGOs to facilitate planning, implementing and monitoring of microplans, and engagement of CEWs in areas where NGOs were not available. The project initially engaged the services of 321 NGOs for planning, capacity building and strengthening communication and coordination between the VSS and APFD. However, the partnership tapered off around mid-term after the project’s renewed emphasis on improving livelihoods through enterprise development and focus on outcome-linked performance assessment of NGOs. At the time of project closure, 84 NGOs were associated with the project mostly in implementation of RAP. A total cost of INR178 million (US$4 million) was incurred by the project towards NGO support and facilitation.
Although the PAD suggested engagement of a Woman Volunteer in each VSS, the budgetary allocation for their engagement was too meager; it was therefore not implemented. Instead, CEWs (one for every 5 VSS) were engaged and trained by the Project, with 20 percent of them being female and many of them were recruited with the recommendations from project affiliated NGOs. Training Coordinators (TCs) were also hired (one per Division) to support execution of the project’s capacity building strategy.
48 A total of 14,730 NGO personnel, CEWs and TCs were trained under the Project at the APFA. A capacity building impact assessment survey (CMSR, 2010) revealed the following themes and topics as being the most relevant and useful to the CEWs:
a) Office procedures & accounts (budgeting, accounting, book-keeping, cash book, etc); b) SMC (soil & moisture conservation) activities; c) Plantation management or activities; d) Financial management in CFM; e) Group dynamics & leadership development; f) NTFP development, value addition and marketing; and g) Stress management.
A cadre of trained Community Silviculturists has been promoted by the project through provision of training and other support to 54 youth, who received training under a four-month certificate course in Natural Resources Management (NRM) at APFA, covering forestry, livelihood planning and monitoring aspects; the course was organized in collaboration with a training institution of national repute.
A state-level federation of VSS networks, Vana Samakhya, has been promoted and sustained by the Centre for People’s Forestry, a Hyderabad-based NGO, and its partner NGOs. It consists of 32 Range level networks representing 429 VSS. The Vana Samakhya has been influencing CFM policy in the state and is expected to emerge as a strong people’s institution, operating between the APFD, VSS and other civil society organizations.
3.2 Tribal Development Plan
The Project’s Tribal Development Strategy, released in February 2002, was based on thorough research and comprehension of issues ailing development in tribal areas; the underlying philosophy of the strategy was to reduce dependence of tribals on forests for their economic subsistence, and narrow the gap between tribal and non-tribal communities through socio- economic development and mainstreaming activities.
A budgetary allocation of INR100,000 (US$2,247) per tribal VSS and INR50,000 (US$1,123) for VSS with more than 30 percent ST members was made; this amount was generally utilized for ‘entry point activities’ such as the following, which were identified and included in the microplan:
a) Construction of community hall; b) Promotion of fuel-efficient cook stoves and alternative energy systems; c) Provision of tents and other material for community gatherings; and d) Provision of improved agriculture implements, etc.
49 The total project cost for implementation of the TDP was INR62 million (US$1.4 million), which included training and support for economic activities, infrastructure development and capacity building support. Issues of tribal representation and participation in decision-making, low levels of awareness and capacities, dependence on forests for subsistence needs, and issues of equity in cost and benefit-sharing among mixed groups were adequately addressed through a multi- pronged approach, which included, among other things, the following activities:
a) Mandatory representation in VSS GB and Management Committee (MC), supported through education of MC members, periodic review and verification and insistence on adhering to the required quorum; b) IEC strategy focusing on tribals, with use of folk art, mass media and PRA techniques; c) Customized training and capacity building of tribals on technical aspects; participatory planning and M&E; skills upgrading and NTFP value addition; d) Education on use and management of forests for sustainable livelihoods; support for alternative livelihood development initiatives; e) Preferential treatment in wage employment, and micro plans to reflect needs and concerns of tribals; and f) Guidelines and facilitative support for sharing of benefits from usufructs and final harvest.
Even though there was a plan to forge linkages with other line departments and agencies to bring benefits from other government programs to tribal communities through convergence at the village level, it did not fully succeed. Eight out of the 14 project districts are predominantly Schedule V areas, where the Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA) is the nodal agency for integration of all welfare and development programs for tribal development. District Forest Committees, which were formed for review and M&E of project progress at the district level, consisted of representatives from the ITDA, APFD, and eight other relevant agencies. These were chaired by the District Collector and though functional, the committees were not found to be very effective in enabling convergence or inter-departmental coordination. This problem is not unique to the APCFM project areas or Andhra Pradesh; it is an India-wide issue that needs major restructuring of government service delivery and coordination.
3.3 Resettlement Action Plan
The GoAP revised the R&R Policy following negotiations with the World Bank and representations from civil society organizations at the time of project formulation. After a series of state-wide consultations with stakeholders at various levels, particularly VSS members and project affected families, during the period May-August 2003, the R&R policy and RAP was revised by the GoAP, approved by the Bank for its adherence with OP/BP 4.20, and subsequently notified by the GoAP through GO 68, dated 25.05.2004.
No evictions or physical displacement of families was envisaged under the Project, but loss of livelihoods resulting from (voluntary) surrender of land under podu cultivation was a major concern. The RAP therefore explicitly defined key commitments for rehabilitation of such families, specified the procedures that the APFD would follow for seeking consent of PAFs, the
50 actions that it would take to mitigate any adverse effects, compensate losses for the families, and provide development benefits to persons and communities affected by the project.
Salient features of development and implementation of the RAP were:
a) Consultative process for evolving R&R framework and RAP; b) Transparent processes for identification of PAFs, and informing them of their entitlements; there was wide publicity in the local media of dates for commencement of PAFs identification; final list of selected PAFs was prominently displayed in the VSS and Panchayat offices; c) Engagement of civil society organizations for implementation of RAP, including identification of PAFs, preparation and implementation of family-specific livelihood restoration plans, obtaining consent letters from PAFs and affected communities, capacity building, follow-up support, and grievance redressal. 84 NGOs were associated with the Project for implementation of RAP; d) Prominent role of the Gram Sabha in identification of PAFs, demarcation and mapping of podu lands, resolution of any conflicts arising at the village level, and planning appropriate interventions for livelihood development; e) An IAG, comprising noted academics, civil society representatives and retired government functionaries was constituted by the GoAP vide GO 100, dated 11.11.2002, for advising on implementation of RAP and for grievance redressal at the state level. The IAG lent credibility to the entire RAP implementation and provided valuable advice during its field visits (IAG visits took place between 2004 and 2010); f) Capacity building of PAFs for appropriate realization of benefits from livelihood restoration activities; a total of 133 training programs were organized and 3,904 PAFs (31 percent) were trained for skill up-gradation and/or livelihood improvement; and g) Facilitation support from NGO, FD Officials and Management Committees of the concerned VSS for availing benefits from other government schemes being implemented in the area; about 71 percent of the PAFs have availed the benefits from other Government Schemes such as Indiramma Housing, Old Age Pension Scheme, and NREGS.
RAP activities were restricted to mainly 5 Forest Divisions in north coastal Andhra (Vizianagaram, Paderu, Narsipatnam, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam) where podu cultivation is prevalent. A total of 12,528 PAFs in 430 villages, 32 percent of them landless, were provided assistance to the tune of INR25,000 (US$562) per family for development of alternative livelihood sources, or augmentation of income from existing sources. Implementation of the RAP was carried out at a cost of INR334.55 million, of which INR313.8 million (~ 94 percent) was the R&R grant for procurement of productive assets.
As of March 31, 2010 a total of INR337 million (US$7.6 million) had been spent for various activities, including land based and non-land based activities, training and facilitation costs (see table A-10). The details of amount sanctioned and amount spent for various activities for all R&R activities are presented in Table A-10.
51 Table A-10. Division Wise Physical and Financial Progress of R&R Activity as of December 2009 Physical Microplans No. of PAFs Progress Name of the Total No. Total Amount Amount Division Land Land Prepared Approved Total of PAFs Sanctioned spent owned Less Grounded (INR lakhs) (INR lakhs) Visakhapatnam 139 139 2657 875 3,532 3,532 953.413 935.290 Narsipatnam 144 144 19931449 3,442 3,442 931.413 931.413 Paderu 128 128 33961507 4,903 4,903 1330.209 1330.209 Vizianagaram 12 12 388 93 481 481 130.420 128.148 Srikakulam 04 04 3986 125 125 34.032 34.032 Circle Total 427 427 8473 4010 12,483 12,483 3379.486 3359.091 Medak 2 2 24 2 26 26 7.566 6.64 Nizamabad Circle Kothagudem 1 1 12 7 19 19 4.863 4.863 Khammam Circle Grand Total 430 430 8509 4019 12,528 12,528 3391.915 3370.594
The key feature of the assistance provided was that support was given for creation or purchase of productive assets only, and there were no cash transfers. This policy created a massive procurement operation involving all levels of APFD officers. The following types of interventions were supported for livelihoods rehabilitation of landed and landless PAFs:
a) Land holding PAFs: Land development activities included land leveling and terracing (with machines and manual), land bunding, horticulture, agriculture, oil engines, plough bullocks, agriculture implements, bore wells, water canals and check dams. An average increase of INR3,564/ha (US$80) was noticed in annual income after completion of land development activities, despite the low rainfalls witnessed during the period under observation. Simultaneously, a shift from subsistence to commercial farming was also observed. b) Land less PAFs: Under the non–land based activity at individual level a majority of them have selected animal husbandry activity of dairy (32 percent), sheep rearing (31 percent), plough bullocks (15 percent) and so on. Other activities included petty provisional stores (13 percent), cloth units, mobile vegetable units, etc. Depending on the type of activity, the interventions were made at either the individual or the group level.
Situation before implementation of RAP: Most of the families had cultivated between 0.4-0.8 ha of podu land, which they voluntarily surrendered. The main crops cultivated were millets, maize and upland paddy, with some vegetable intercropping. Less than 20 percent of the affected families were found to be totally dependent on podu lands, and the average annual income received from these lands was about INR1,133 – 1,174/ha (US$25 – US$26). Based on a sample survey, it was found that only 60 percent of the families who owned Patta lands actually cultivated it, mainly because of its uneven terrain and unsuitable location. Annual income from patta lands was INR869/ha (US$20), with average area cultivated being 1.05 ha.
52 Situation after implementation of RAP: According to the report, “Impact Assessment of Implementation of Resettlement Action Plan in APCFM Project”, the general living standards of the surveyed people have increased during the post project period as shown in the table below. The income levels have increased by 22 percent from the pre-project levels while the outstanding debts have fallen by 45 percent. Similarly, there is general increase in the ownership of livestock and durable asset ownership. The particular increase is found in the ownership of telephone/mobile phones and bicycles/scooters. Table A-11 provides a detailed summary of impacts.
Table A-11. Change in Income Levels and Resource Base Increase/decrease over Pre-Project Post Project Item pre project PAFs % PAFs % PAFs % Income/debts Average Annual Family Income (Rs) 15598 100 19034 100 3436 (+) -- Families having outstanding loans/debt 29 8.01 13 3.591 16 (-) 4.42 (-) Loan/debt amount outstanding (Rs) 1,077,601 100 483,062 55 594,539 (-) 45 (-) Livestock ownership Buffaloes 6 1.66 15 4.14 9 (+) 2.49(+) Cows 127 35.08 160 44.20 33 (+) 9.12 (+) Bullocks/Ox 106 29.28 171 47.24 65 (+) 17.96 (+) Poultry/hen 190 52.49 194 53.59 4 (+) 1.1(+) Sheep 69 19.06 94 25.97 25 (+) 6.91(+) Pigs 0 0.00 2 0.55 2 (+) 0.55 (+) Goats 68 18.78 73 20.17 5 (+) 1.38 (+) Durable asset ownership Electric fan 59 16.30 86 23.76 27 (+) 7.46 (+) Radio/Tape Recorder 18 4.97 29 8.01 11 (+) 3.04 (+) Television 19 5.25 30 8.29 11 (+) 3.04 (+) Telephone/Mobile 9 2.49 41 11.33 32 (+) 8.84 (+) Washing Machine 1 0.28 3 0.83 2 (+) 0.55 (+) Tractor 1 0.28 9 2.49 8 (+) 2.21 (+) Scooter/bike 2 0.55 3 0.83 1(+) 0.28 (+) Bicycle 17 4.70 31 8.56 14(+) 3.87 (+) Bullock carts 2 0.55 5 1.38 3 (+) 0.83 (+) Plough 71 19.61 81 22.38 10 (+) 2.76 (+)
3.4 Village Development Plan
The village development plan consisted of support for village infrastructure development, procurement of goods and materials for IGAs and skills improvement training in IGAs. The total budget for this activity was INR68.08 million (US$1.5 million). Project interventions under VDP formed part of the overall support for livelihood development activities, described in the following section.
53 3.5 Livelihood and Enterprise Enhancement
This focus was brought in around the MTR by reconstituting Component 3. Activities under the component aimed at bringing about holistic development of VSS communities focusing particularly on the vulnerable groups through providing social safeguards and bridging critical gaps through income generation activities. Integrating activities of the sub-component, “Village Development”, the new focus provided support to the areas of community infrastructure, income generation, micro-enterprise and micro-business, and market support. The basic ideas of activities under livelihood and enterprise enhancement were introduced through training, such as workshops and study tours, and those VSSs demonstrated their interests in developing such activities revised their microplans and subsequently developed livelihood enhancement plans. As a result, 2,283 such plans were prepared (about 50 percent of the total VSSs). These were integrated into VSSs’ microplans, and more than 10 different types of activities were supported by the project providing benefits to some 285,000 VSS members. Figure A-5 below provides a comparative picture of the costs incurred on various types of enterprise promotion activities supported by the Project.
Figure A-5. Project Costs for Livelihoods Enhancement
According to the household income impact survey (2010), NTFP and enterprises, where available, generated INR3,665 (US$83) and INR1,740 (US$39) per household, per year respectively. A range of livelihood options were developed with major impacts (Table A-12).
54 Table A-12. Key Livelihood and Enterprise Enhancement Development and Number of VSS and Families per Activity
Developmental activities in VSSs with predominant Developmental activities tribal membership (more in other VSSs Activity than 30%)
No. of No. of No. of No. of VSS Families VSS Families 1 Agarbathi Stick Making 134 5,251 23 120 2 Apiculture 132 1,342 97 932 3 Pisciculture 52 1,515 9 223 4 Vermicompost 755 5,558 428 6,495 5 Bamboo Value addition 1 18 2 81 6 Leaf Plate making 731 19,502 69 976 Source: APCFMP
55 Annex 2 - Attachment 1. Policy and Institutional Reform Matrix (from PAD, Annex 2 - Attachment 2) Date of Area Issues and Effect Recommended Action Responsibility Present stage Completion 1. Policy Aspects 1.1 Policy for The Government of AP’s policy Review the AP forest policy and GOAP, APFD Prior to negotiation Complied. Forestry sector in for forest development issued in adopt a revised policy that has taken Andhra Pradesh. 1993 is outdated. into account NFP 1988, AP Vision 2020 and NFAP 2000. There is no mechanism for regular review and analysis of Establish policy development group APFD Prior to negotiation Complied. forest policy. within APFD. 1.2 Financial Forestry sector suffers from Ensure setting up of VSS revolving GOAP, APFD Prior to negotiation Complied constraints inadequate budgetary support for funds to finance reinvestments forest management. through issuance of GO authorizing VSS accounts and transfer of CFM At present revolving funds have revenue for forest development. been set up covering revenue from AP Forest Academy for Policy development group of APFD GOAP 31st December external training and Geomatic will explore options and alternatives 2003. and sale of high value seedlings. for resource mobilization and make Similar initiatives are needed for recommendations to GOAP. revenue mobilization to thwart financial constraints. st 1.3 Collection, Lack of a well defined strategy • Conduct a study and prepare a APFD. 31 December This study was awarded to M/s TERI, processing and for NTFP management including plan of action on the basis of 2002. New Delhi. Development of enterprises marketing of and marketing were undertaken based production and non-destructive recommendations. NTFP on suggestions made by this study. harvesting. Interactive seminars have been conducted educating the stakeholders on • Low income and earning capacity Liberalize trade in NTFPs and GOAP. sustainable management practices of of forest dwellers from NTFP improve market information 31st March 2003. NTFPs including their harvest. because of GCC monopoly • Remove restriction on NTFP NTFP based enterprises (adda leaf reduces the number of legal st processing. 31 March 2006 plates) and Bamboo based enterprises buyers and chokes the free flow have been taken up with adequate of goods. market support to address need for value addition. Adequate forward and backward linkages also were established.
56 Date of Area Issues and Effect Recommended Action Responsibility Present stage Completion 1.4 Community GOAP order of 1996 on Revise GO in consultation with GOAP Prior to negotiation Complied. participation and JFM needs revision various stakeholders and the Bank. CFM to facilitate transition to CFM approach st 1.5 Forest Sanctioned working plans do not APFD should prepare revised APFD 31 March 2003. All the working plans have been Management and exist in the project area. As a working plans in accordance with its prepared. Planning policy. result harvesting operations cannot be carried out. 1.6 Farm forestry Restrictions on tree felling, Review policies on restrictions on GOAP, APFD. Prior to negotiation Detailed guidelines have been issued marketing. transit, trade and marketing tree felling in private lands, (Circular No.1/2003 issued in Prl. CCF Rationalize transport and trade Ref.No.5357/ 2003/F5, dated:25-1- information constrain farm / agro barriers. Simplify procedure for non- 31st December 2002 2003) on the issue of removal of timber forestry from reaching its exempted species. and other produce from patta lands. optimum potential. 2. Legal Aspects st 2.1 Legal AP forest policy for participatory Suitably amend the AP Forest act GOAP, APFD 31 December Gov’t has issued Addendum to backing for CFM forest management is not legally 1967 to provide legal framework for 2003. G.O.Ms.No.13,EFS&T. (For.III) Dept., CFM. Dated:12-2-2002 in G.O.Ms.No.4 enforceable. EFS&T.(For.III) Dept., Dated:12-1- 2004. The Draft Bill for amendment of AP Forest Act was approved and proposals were sent to Government of India on 15-04-2006 for concurrence in GOI’s concurrence was obtained. In the meantime GOAP have recognized community rights of VSSs under the Forest Rights Act 2005 in respect of tribal VSSs. The others are being brought under the umbrella of FDAs which are registered societies. st 2.2 Panchayat Possibility of competing claims Notify rules under the amended A P GOAP 31 December GOAP have issued orders in G O Ms. laws and CFM for the share of benefits from the Panchayat Act 1994 to ensure that 2002. No. 50 EFS&T (For III) Dept. Dt. Panchayats do not undermine VSS. 23.2.2004 clarifying the position stating same resources by the Gram that Panchayat laws are applicable to Panchayat and Gram Sabha under Panchayat lands. Hence there is no the A. P. Panchayat Raj Act, conflict. 1994 and VSS under CFM.
57 Date of Area Issues and Effect Recommended Action Responsibility Present stage Completion st 2.3 Cultivation of The cultivation of medicinal A clarification or prior approval of GOI, GOAP 31 December 2002 The World Bank in their letter dt.30-4- medicinal plants plants is not allowed without MOEF (GOI) should be obtained by 2003, pleased to note that the agreed the GOAP/APFD before taking up action on the issue has been complied prior approval of the GOI under cultivation of medicinal plants in the with. the Forest Conservation Act forests areas. 1980. th 2.4 NTFP Legal framework discourages the Review and amend AP Scheduled GOAP 30 June 2003 Complied processing and value addition to NTFPs by the Area MFP (Regulation of Trade) trade Regulation 1979 to remove tribal community. restrictions on NTFP collection, transportation and value addition at village level. 3. Institutional st 3.1 Role and Lack of adequate delegation of Conduct a study to look into GOAP, APFD 31 December 2002 Government has issued orders in function of financial and administrative delegation of financial and G.O.Ms. No.2 EFS&T (For.III) Dept. Forest administrative powers and workload Dated 7.1.2004. powers to frontline staff. Present Department among the staff and formulate action distribution of workload of FD plan based on recommendations and staff is not suitable for implement it. implementing policy of CFM. st 3.2 Intersectoral Inadequate linkages between Initiate monitoring of existing APFD 31 December 2002 Various committees have been Coordination agencies/departments doing mechanisms for coordination among constituted in G.O.Ms. No. 13 EFS&T various government agencies at state (For.III) Dept. Dt.12.2.2002 and G O similar work. Village district and division levels and review Ms. No. 78 EFS&T (For III) Dept. Dt. development requires support the efficacy of coordination. 17.10.2003 including the Velugu (IKP) from many agencies. Project authorities in the above committees and for convergence. 3.3 Involvement Lack of clarity for Develop mechanisms and criteria for GOAP, APFD. Prior to negotiations Complied. of non-FD NGO/NGI/University greater NGO, and other civil society institutions in involvement in CFM. involvement. CFM 3.4 Research & Research Plan prepared in the Revise the research plan using GOAP, APFD Prior to negotiations Complied. Extension past is outdated. priority setting methodology and also develop mechanisms for identifying applied research questions. th 3.5 Monitoring Monitoring and Evaluation Prepare a detailed monitoring and APFD 30 June 2002 Government has issued orders in and Evaluation system in FD is weak not evaluation plan. G.O.Ms.No. 45, EFS&T(For.III) Dept., Dt.26-5-2003, appointing M/s. allowing learning opportunities Third party monitoring and 30th September CENPAP, Hired as Consultants for Need to develop an effective evaluation agency in place 2002 Monitoring and Evaluation of APCFMP. M&E system The consultants have submitted M&E framework and project monitoring is being done basing on this framework.
58 Annex 2 - Attachment 2: Benefit-sharing Framework (as specified in GOs 13, 4 and 43) VSSs are entitled to the following forest produce obtained from forests managed by them; this entitlement is subject to carrying out all silvicultural operations including harvesting in accordance with the silvicultural principles laid down in the respective Working Plans and schedule detailed in respective micro plans of the VSS, and adopting rotation age and rotation period (where relevant) as prescribed in the respective Working Plans.
a) All Non-timber Forest Produce b) All Intermediate yields obtained from silvicultural operations in natural forests c) All timber and bamboo (including yield from bamboo plantations) harvested from the forest managed by them except in case of plantations d) In case of teak plantations within VSS area, whose age is known, twice the proportionate yield harvested (including yield from thinning) with reference to age of the plantation and the period of maintenance by the VSS (maximum entitlement will not however exceed the total yield of the plantations) e) In case of other plantations, whose age is known, 50 percent of harvest (including thinning) if the period of management of plantation by VSS is less than 50 percent of the rotation period and 100 percent of volume harvested if such period of management by the VSS is more than 50 percent of rotation period of the plantation f) All the timber obtained from second and subsequent rotations of all plantations.
The benefit thus accrued shall be passed on to the VSS as prescribed below:
a) Domestic requirement of the forest products will be set apart and distributed among all the VSS members as per the norms evolved by the Managing Committee. The surplus quantity may be disposed as decided by the managing committee. b) Any expenditure incurred by the Government on the harvesting and disposal shall be reimbursed to the Government. c) Expenditure necessary to sustain the productivity of the forests as per the micro- plan shall be deposited in the VSS joint account. This amount shall not be less than 50 percent of the net income; guidelines for reinvestment have been subsequently developed and are in use across the state. d) Balance income shall be deposited in the VSS account and utilized as per decisions taken by the General Body of the VSS.
Since passing of GO 43 in 2006, the GoAP has been passing on all the net revenue realized from sale of beedi leaf collected and sold to the primary collectors. With this
59 initiative a whopping Rs. 39.50 crores has been realized by beedi leaf collectors, a majority of whom are VSS members, during the project period.
60 Annex 2 - Attachment 3: VSS Social Audit and Sample Selection for Household Survey Following were the objectives of the exercise:
a) To develop an effective tool for delivering good governance practices at grass roots (VSS) level b) To increase participation, transparency and promote accountability among VSS members in general and MC members in particular c) To play a crucial role in participatory monitoring and evaluation of APCFM and overall status at VSS level d) To make the user groups aware of, and sensitize both MC and GB members about their roles, responsibilities and rights The social audit tool consisted of 25 criteria covering 5 assessment areas with different weightings; the criteria and indicators used for the participatory evaluation, and the weightings assigned to different areas are provided in the table A-13.
The entire set of questions was converted in an OMR form, which was filled in by the consultant-coordinator after receipt of all responses from the field. A manual was developed by an external agency (Agency 1) to accompany the tool, which provided guidelines for its use. Another agency (Agency 2) was engaged for facilitating the exercise in the field. A total of 4808 (nearly 100 percent) VSS were visited and 45,859 responses collected. In every VSS, 10 representatives were selected as respondents; the questionnaire was administered to the group as a whole but responses were furnished individually. These consisted of VSS office-bearers (2), MC members (2), GB members (2), FD representative (1), NGO representative (1), CEW (1) and one non-member or member of GB if all households in the village were VSS members. A minimum of 5 respondents per VSS were necessary to qualify for inclusion in the response set. Based on this criterion, 1 percent VSS (39) and respondents (380) were rejected. The average number of respondents per VSS was 9.5.
All responses were first recorded in the printed (offset) questionnaire and scrutinized by FD officials for inconsistencies in responses. The questionnaire was to be scrutinized using the Scrutiny check list provided in the Manual; corrections were required to be made in the field and only in presence of the Social Auditor. After completion of the corrections the entire responses were to be transferred to OMR printed sheets by Coordinators from Agency 2. A third agency was responsible for interpretation of the OMR data sheets into Excel files, which were then passed on to Agency 1 for analysis and report writing.
61
Table A-13. Social Audit Criteria and Indicators Criteria Indicators Awareness on Roles and Responsibilities VSS Organizational Collaboration and Coordination Effectiveness Conflict Resolution (Q 1-5 of OMR) Transparency 25% Self Reliance Inclusiveness of Vulnerable Groups Social Equity Selection of members for wage employment (Q 6-10 of OMR) Selection of members for Livelihoods Assistance 15% Economic Assistance to Women Access to forests for domestic requirement Generation of Wage Employment Economic Benefits NTFP Collection (Q 11-15 of OMR) Livelihood assistance 15% Sharing of Income among Members Economic benefits from other departments Extent of Forest area Treated by VSS Development of Resources of VSS Natural Forest Resources Sustainability Areas (Q 16-20 of OMR) Development of plantations in Forest areas by VSS 15% Livelihood business generation Actual or projected harvesting Income Protection of Forest by VSS against Theft and Smuggling Environmental Benefits Protection of Forest by VSS against Encroachment (Q 21-25 of OMR) Protection of Forest by VSS against Fire 30% Protection of Forest by VSS against open Grazing Impact of SMC works
After the social audit, all 4,670 eligible VSS were arranged in descending order and every 9th VSS was selected for the purpose of ground truthing and conducting detailed household surveys. A total of 518 VSS were thus selected. Of the 518 VSS thus selected, 247 had also prepared and implemented a LDP. In order for the sample to include 20 percent LDP VSS, an additional 209 LDP VSS were added to the sample – these 209 were randomly selected. The number of VSS in the sample thus increased to 727 (518 from VSS Social Audit plus 209 additional randomly selected VSS involved with LDPs). Five percent of households in each VSS were surveyed for measuring increase in household income as compared with the baseline – this survey provided information necessary for household income impact assessment.
62 Annex 2 - Attachment 4. Year and Activity Wise Forest Area Treated (Ha) No. Treatment activity 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Total Forest Area Treated with 1 Improvement to Bamboo 140 9,450 6,622 2,503 2,593 1,409 22,717 rejuvenation Forest Area Treated with 2 2,971 133,308 86,596 1,945 379 244 225,444 Singling & Coppicing Under Planting of 3 15,312 4,915 20,227 Bamboo 4 Bamboo Plantations 4 342 1,053 2 497 1,898 5 Eucalyptus Plantations 106 1,102 3,875 3,266 3,733 1,376 13,459 6 Pongamia Plantations 5,616 5,616 7 NTFP Plantations 3 674 2,364 696 490 130 4,358 NTFP (Pongamia) 8 64 3,740 3,804 Plantations 9 MLCT / LRHT28 79 650 134 275 152 1,290 10 Barren Hill Afforestation 16 653 2,953 1,669 1,008 265 6,563 Barren Hill Afforestation 11 1,044 572 263 36 1,915 (Pongamia) 12 Gap Planting (Pongamia) 1,820 11,488 1,003 14,311 13 Gotti Grafting 38 396 13 446 14 Preferential treatment 75 381 6,831 3,820 5,467 2,139 18,714 15 Shelterbelt 2,308 16 Mangrove plantations 2,190 Total 3,379 147,849 118,000 41,418 22,864 7,251 345,259
Source: APCFMP
28 Multi-Location Clonal Trials and Long Rotation Hardwood Trials
63
Annex 2 - Attachment 5. Yield and Revenue Estimate from Forest Treatment
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Bamboo Rejuvenated Decongestion (ha) 140 9450 6622 2502 2593 1409 Pulpwood (MT) 74 Long Bamboo (No) 68,600 Total Revenue (Rs million) 4.1 9.0 19.2 8.6 16.6 9.3 15.7 0.9 Bamboo Plantations Established (ha) 4 342 1,053 2 497 Pulpwood (MT) 1,107 Long Bamboo (No) Total Revenue (Rs million) 2 Eucalypt Plantations Established (ha) 106 1,102 3,875 3,266 3,733 1,376 Pulpwood (MT) 5,300 55,100 Total Revenue (Rs million) 11 110 Teak Forest Improvement Thinnings (ha) 31 40 40 100 Trees harvested (No) 9,920 12,800 12,800 32,000 Total Revenue (Rs million) 0.8 1.1 1.1 2.7 Usiri Plantations Established (ha) 236 827 244 172 45 Fruit Yield (kg) 122,720 Total Revenue (Rs million) 0.98 Neredu Plantations Established (ha) 175 768 181 127 34 Fruit Yield (kg) 45,500 Total Revenue (Rs million) 0.36 Seethapal Plantations Established (ha) 81 284 84 59 16 Fruit Yield (kg) 63,180 Total Revenue (Rs million) 0.63 Pongamia Plantations Established (ha) 64 5,616 3,740 Fruit Yield (kg) 1,501,760 Total Revenue (Rs million) 9.01 Bamboo Under-Planting Established (ha) 15,312 4,915 Pulpwood (MT) Long Bamboo (No) Total Revenue (Rs million) Pongamia Gap Planting Established (ha) 1,820 11,490 1,000 Fruit Yield (kg) 163,800 Total Revenue (Rs million) 0.98 Group Farm Forestry Plantations Established (ha) 60 720 890 5,640 390 Pulpwood (MT) Poles (No) 42000 504,000 Total Revenue (Rs million) 1.68 20.16 Community Block Plantations Established (ha) 961 1,050 610 1,182 404 Pulpwood (MT) - - Total Revenue (Rs million) - - Source: ICRR Estimate
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Attachment 5 - Continued. 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 Bamboo Rejuvenated Decongestion (ha) Pulpwood (MT) 4,961 3,477 1,387 2,723 4,216 1,402 7,315 Long Bamboo (No) 4,630,500 3,244,780 1,294,580 5,901,070 3,935,190 1,308,300 6,827,170 Total Revenue (Rs million) 64 44 18 99 67 23 132 Bamboo Plantations Established (ha) Pulpwood (MT) 3,370 1,597 797 2,426 1,150 797 2,426 Long Bamboo (No) 744,038 2,264,371 1,073,050 744,038 2,264,371 Total Revenue (Rs million) 5 3 10 31 15 13 40 Eucalypt Plantations Established (ha) Pulpwood (MT) 193,750 163,300 186,650 59,280 44,080 155,000 130,640 Total Revenue (Rs million) 388 327 373 119 88 310 261 Teak Forest Improvement Thinnings (ha) 150 300 500 800 800 800 800 Trees harvested (No) 48,000 96,000 160,000 251,970 -8,430 241,570 228,570 Total Revenue (Rs million) 4 8 14 22 21 21 20 Usiri Plantations Established (ha) Fruit Yield (kg) 614,120 1,078,740 1,723,020 2,317,120 3,126,760 3,385,200 3,531,060 Total Revenue (Rs million) 5 9 14 19 25 27 28 Neredu Plantations Established (ha) Fruit Yield (kg) 290,680 628,420 1,153,360 1,489,020 1,610,960 1,661,660 1,670,500 Total Revenue (Rs million) 2 5 9 12 13 13 13 Seethapal Plantations Established (ha) Fruit Yield (kg) 326,820 582,140 819,520 906,360 945,360 953,680 953,680 Total Revenue (Rs million) 3 6 8 9 9 10 10 Pongamia Plantations Established (ha) Fruit Yield (kg) 3,036,800 4,706,000 8,356,400 9,815,000 12,246,000 12,246,000 12,246,000 Total Revenue (Rs million) 18 28 50 59 73 73 73 Bamboo Under-Planting Established (ha) Pulpwood (MT) 4,823 1,548 1,736 557 Long Bamboo (No) 1,620,622 520,204 Total Revenue (Rs million) 8 2 29 9 Pongamia Gap Planting Established (ha) Fruit Yield (kg) 409,500 1,607,400 3,404,250 4,663,350 6,304,500 6,439,500 6,439,500 Total Revenue (Rs million) 2 10 20 28 38 39 39 Group Farm Forestry Plantations Established (ha) Pulpwood (MT) 3,000 36,000 44,500 141,000 160,500 Poles (No) 623,000 3,948,000 273,000 Total Revenue (Rs million) 31 230 100 282 321 Community Block Plantations Established (ha) Pulpwood (MT) 38,440 42,000 24,400 47,280 16,160 26,908 29,400 Total Revenue (Rs million) 77 84 49 95 32 54 59
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Attachment 5 - Continued 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 Totals Annual Average Bamboo Rejuvenated Decongestion (ha) 22,716 Pulpwood (MT) 4,912 1,664 7,587 39,717 3,972 Long Bamboo (No) 4,584,146 1,553,496 7,081,284 40,429,116 4,042,912 Total Revenue (Rs million) 89 31 151 719 72 Bamboo Plantations Established (ha) 1,898 Pulpwood (MT) 1,150 957 2,911 18,688 1,869 Long Bamboo (No) 1,073,050 892,846 2,717,245 11,773,010 1,177,301 Total Revenue (Rs million) 19 18 54 209 21 Eucalypt Plantations Established (ha) 13,458 Pulpwood (MT) 149,320 59,280 38,570 1,234,970 112,270 Total Revenue (Rs million) 299 119 77 2,393 218 Teak Forest Improvement Thinnings (ha) 800 800 800 6,761 Trees harvested (No) 209,070 170,070 152,000 1,580,820 143,711 Total Revenue (Rs million) 19 16 15 162 15 Usiri Plantations Established (ha) 1,524 Fruit Yield (kg) 3,566,160 3,566,160 3,566,160 26,597,220 2,659,722 Total Revenue (Rs million) 29 29 29 213 21 Neredu Plantations Established (ha) 1,285 Fruit Yield (kg) 1,670,500 1,670,500 1,670,500 13,561,600 1,356,160 Total Revenue (Rs million) 13 13 13 108 11 Seethapal Plantations Established (ha) 524 Fruit Yield (kg) 953,680 953,680 953,680 8,411,780 841,178 Total Revenue (Rs million) 10 10 10 84 8 Pongamia Plantations Established (ha) 9,420 Fruit Yield (kg) 12,246,000 12,246,000 12,246,000 100,891,960 10,089,196 Total Revenue (Rs million) 73 73 73 605 61 Bamboo Under-Planting Established (ha) 20,227 Pulpwood (MT) 2,084 669 11,418 1,269 Long Bamboo (No) 1,944,746 624,244 4,709,816 523,313 Total Revenue (Rs million) 38 12 99 11 Pongamia Gap Planting Established (ha) 14,310 Fruit Yield (kg) 6,439,500 6,439,500 6,439,500 48,750,300 4,875,030 Total Revenue (Rs million) 39 39 39 293 29 Group Farm Forestry Plantations Established (ha) 7,700 Pulpwood (MT) 385,000 64,167 Poles (No) 5,348,000 891,333 Total Revenue (Rs million) 984 164 Community Block Plantations Established (ha) 4,207 Pulpwood (MT) 17,080 33,096 11,312 286,076 28,608 Total Revenue (Rs million) 34 66 23 550 55
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Annex 2 - Attachment 6. Activity/Year Wise Income Generation Income Generation Activity 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Total 1 Timber 86.772 133.275 922.102 493.829 283.896 401.737 403.564 2725.175 2 Poles 144.046 192.949 280.505 234.026 205.911 278.125 6.659 1342.221 3 Fire Wood 718.674 926.918 1028.843 1172.740 1113.738 1156.604 0.332 6117.849 4 Pulp Wood 0.251 10.978 51.697 115.599 264.910 227.962 0.000 671.397 5 Bamboo 28.082 57.633 116.979 67.710 126.036 51.231 101.429 549.100 6 Bamboo Industrial cuts 13.350 32.078 74.529 18.415 39.716 42.170 55.718 275.976 7 Adda Leaf Plates 10.029 15.204 20.158 26.250 94.914 50.151 3.329 220.035 8 Agarbathi Making 2.561 11.505 36.596 49.071 99.733 9 Amla based activity 0.199 0.874 1.107 1.091 1.546 1.519 6.336 10 Apiculture 0.700 0.685 0.963 3.777 4.931 2.826 13.882 11 Bamboo based activity(others) 0.048 0.450 0.550 1.048 12 Bamboo Furniture 0.046 0.046 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.060 0.266 13 Bamboo Handicrafts 0.250 0.510 0.447 1.207 14 Beedi leaf collection 465.839 438.996 526.740 506.403 978.166 1031.203 3.141 3950.488 15 Biodiesel based 0.118 0.315 0.914 1.455 2.332 1.638 6.772 16 Community Based Eco-Tourism 2.159 9.154 29.247 40.560 17 Fodder grass 171.610 205.117 220.836 245.006 268.356 192.222 1303.147 18 Gums 11.430 21.649 20.164 20.067 16.227 16.006 105.543 19 Hill Brooms 10.712 21.486 26.141 29.951 36.629 38.444 163.363 20 Lac Cultivation 0.171 0.102 0.680 0.953 21 Lantana based activity 0.025 0.025 22 Medicinal Plants 0.006 0.014 0.492 0.352 0.461 0.529 1.854 23 Moduga leaf plates 56.477 61.179 64.418 66.682 67.577 68.795 0.750 385.878 24 Mohwa Flower/Seed 44.316 54.617 45.918 50.413 49.623 55.317 300.204 25 Nursery raising 1.250 2.720 5.940 18.616 7.815 16.411 52.752 26 Tamarind based activity 3.390 9.749 11.035 12.013 15.233 15.701 67.121 27 Tassar 0.166 6.694 6.138 5.578 18.576 28 Seethaphal 3.995 4.412 4.208 3.424 4.406 4.915 25.360 29 Palmyrah Fruits 0.080 0.085 0.092 0.095 0.352 30 Bodha Grass 0.407 0.538 0.950 0.585 0.614 0.763 3.857 31 Eucalyptus 15.087 1.634 16.721 32 Uprooted Material 0.038 1.135 3.881 6.156 4.824 1.802 17.836 33 Somi Flower 0.760 0.760 34 Vermi Compost 0.223 0.184 1.287 11.219 37.918 54.755 0.504 106.090 35 Embroidery 0.200 1.060 1.460 0.510 3.230 36 Handmade Paper 0.000 37 Neem based activity 0.321 0.015 0.236 0.068 0.595 1.235 38 Bodha Grass based oil 0.562 0.808 1.926 1.206 1.292 0.586 6.380 39 Pisciculture 0.021 0.080 1.753 8.541 2.063 12.458 40 Others 0.038 1.135 3.881 6.156 4.824 3.435 19.469 41 C-Fees 0.000 1.442 1.228 0.777 1.031 1.993 0.000 6.471 Total 1772.608 2196.478 3439.953 3136.940 3711.445 3808.320 575.936 18641.680 Source: APCFMP
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Annex 2 – Attachment 7. Additional Technical Notes on Forest Management and Improvement
Introduction
The objective of Forest Management Component of APCFMP, as stated in the PAD, was to “improve forest management and increase the returns to the community”. As was proposed, this has been satisfactorily achieved through protection of the VSS forests and through interventions that greatly added to the productivity of the forests through stand improvement treatments to promote natural regeneration as well as through the establishment of plantations in badly degraded forests or interplanting within existing forests as shown in Table 1 and detailed in the following pages.
Table A-14. Area of Forest Types and Treatment Targets as per PAD and as Achieved
Total Area Treated PAD Targets Project Forest Type/ Area Prior to for Treatment Achievement Treatment Per PAD Project (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Teak Forest 625,030 205,000 150,000 148,000 Non-Teak Forest 228,050 77,840 100,000 95,017 Bamboo Forest 145,490 61,560 50,000 22,716 NTFP & Wood 260,750 128,170 10,800 17,817 Plantations29 Bamboo Plantations 0 0 1,898 Pongamia Plantations 0 0 9,420 Red Sanders Forest30 53,140 18,300 5,000 1,140 Bamboo Under-Planting 0 20,226 Multi-Location Trials 0 1,290 Gap Planting (Pongamia) 0 14,310 Barren Hill Afforestation 0 8,480 Gotti Grafting31 0 446 Coastal Shelterbelts 0 2,310 Mangrove Rehabilitation 0 2,190 Total 1,312,460 490,870 315,800 345,260
29 At appraisal, it was planned that 8,800 ha of NTFPs and eucalypts would be planted in the dry scrub area and 2,000 ha in teak and non-teak forests lacking adequate short term forest resources.
30 Prescriptions for treatments proved to not be cost effective. However, protection continues under VSS, who get income from NTFPs, Pongamia and the harvesting of Boda grass.
31 In situ grafting of edible Ziziphus sp on non-edible Ziziphus sp in scrub forest.
68 Improvement of High Forests
Teak Forests
The teak forests within project VSS forest areas were estimated in the PAD to be about 625,000 ha of which 205,000 ha had been given initial treatment under the previous APFP. This treatment, and the treatment of 148,000 ha carried out under APCFMP, was based on promoting regeneration and growth from existing viable root and seedling material available on the site. The first priority was protection to allow the regeneration to develop. Advanced works then consisted of clearing unwanted vegetation hindering growth of desirable species, such as teak, and cutting back of existing teak stumps to promote coppice growth. This was to have been followed by creation works, which involved the singling of the resulting coppice to produce pole and eventual timber crops.
It was recognized at appraisal that there was insufficient flexibility in the treatments to cover the different dynamics of forests regenerating from what was often a very badly degraded state on varying site conditions. However, as events unfolded under the project, the actual treatment of teak forests was largely limited to advanced works, with much of that being undertaken by 2005. At that point forest treatment focus shifted to the establishment of semi-mechanical plantations of eucalypts, bamboo, NTFPs and Pongamia to help ensure short term income generation for VSS. A limited area had singling operations undertaken. In many VSS forests where advanced works were undertaken, either under APFP or APCFMP, insufficient care was taken and supervision of the works was poor. The result was that coppice cutting left high stumps (up to one meter), which has hindered optimum coppicing, and with resulting coppice being unstable with limited life and growth potential compared to coppice from properly cut, low stumps. At the close of the project, as a result of generally conscientious protection, but less than adequate silvicultural treatment, we are left with VSS teak forest that varies considerably in quality, stocking and size of trees, but often having the following characteristics:
a) Trees have grown in height from an average of 2 to 3 m to 10 to 15m; b) Tree diameters at breast height (dbh) have reached 15 to 20 cm; c) Stocking of teak trees over 8 cm dbh are from 400 to over 2,000/ha; d) Natural teak regeneration varies from negligible to profuse. e) Much of the reasonable VSS teak forest has multiple shoots of substantial size, often coming from high stumps. f) Considerable potential exists to further improve the forests to produce valuable merchantable timber.
After some delay, mainly because working plans were not current, thinning commenced in 12 VSS forests in Karimnagar West Division covering an area of 3,760 ha. The project provided initial funding for the thinning operations, although this was to be used as a revolving fund with the cost of thinning being replenished from thinning revenues
69 and then used for future thinning. The thinning prescriptions and intensity of removals varied with the stocking, spacing between eligible trees and forest conditions, making use of guidelines provided by the Research Wing. The approximate age of the stands also determined the thinning intensity of trees above 25cm girth at breast height (gbh - the standard lower limit), although removals tended to be on the conservative side. Lowering the minimum cutting girth was discussed in the field, but no amendments were made. A cutting cycle of seven years was adopted for a VSS forest area, with trees on slopes over 30 degrees not being included. It has been heartening to see that many VSS leaders and members have understood the principles involved in both the coppice cutting and thinning process, while actual removals have taken into account community wishes, such as retaining two or three coppice shoots till they could be harvested as a saleable product.
Actual teak thinning have yielded between INR100,000 (US$2,247) and INR400,000 (US$9,000) per year per VSS or between INR17,000 (US$382) and INR34,000 (US$764) per ha. The ages of thinned stands have been estimated at between 12 and 14 years and between 200 and 500 trees per ha were removed. Although, it was recommended and agreed on several missions that the area of teak thinning be increased as it was obviously a lucrative operation, this did not happen.
Beyond the project, commencing in 2010, considerably more areas of teak forests will be treated and thinned using National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) funds, at least to initiate the process. Of the approximately 600,000 ha of teak dominated forest within project VSS forests 350,000 has had at least some initial treatment under APCFMP and APFP. Nevertheless, there are considerable areas of such treated teak forest, as well as possibly other areas not having been treated, with reasonable potential that could benefit from stand improvement treatments and yield poles and timber through coppice cutting, singling and thinning. This includes approximately 110,000 ha of forest already partially treated under this or the previous project. Although teak thinning operations were delayed by the late approval of working plans, there is scope for a great deal more thinning to be undertaken.
However, given the age and current condition of at least the more reasonable teak forests, a site-specific approach is required for both basic stand improvement and thinning. The Research Wing, together with the World Bank mission forestry consultant have spent some time examining the state of teak forests under the project and the most suitable prescriptions for their improvement. Following this the Research Wing issued a note “Teak Stand Improvement Prescriptions”.
The note places the project teak forests into three categories and prescribes treatments for each category, although, it is stressed that it is not practical to give general prescriptions given the highly variable nature of the stands and so prescriptions need to be given after careful consideration of the stocking and condition of the stand in each case. The three broad categories are as follows:
a) The quality of the teak is poor, with high stumps, poor form and great variability in diameter and height growth, while uneconomic miscellaneous growth is much in evidence. This site is most probably best suited to removal of the existing
70 growth, which has very poor potential to produce more than firewood, and replant with teak or other timber species. However, the potential for the economic success of any replanting will depend on the soil and site conditions. In many instances, this category occurs on sites where the soil has become quite impoverished in depth and nutrients. If replanting is not an economically viable option, improvement may be attempted by systematically harvesting on an annual coupe basis what wood products are available through coppice cutting to about 10cm above the ground followed by singling of the resulting coppice. In both improvement scenarios soil and moisture works would play an important role. b) The quality of coppice is quite good in terms of form and growth. However, there is almost no natural regeneration of teak visible. This situation could be due to a combination of soil degradation, fire and/or bovine interference. The first requirement for stand improvement is complete protection against fire and grazing. Depending on the nature of the stand and whether satisfactory earlier treatments have been undertaken, stand improvement would involve a combination of coppice cutting, singling and thinning. Given the age of the stands now and over the next few years, the growth that has occurred even without proper treatments would likely be sufficient to ensure that even coppice cutting and singling will yield revenue from the sale of firewood, poles and even small timber. This has been the case in Nirmal Division where Sainagar Thanda VSS sold high stumps and poles from coppice cutting 30 ha for Rs 100,000. Gaps may be planted or sown with seeds of teak or other merchantable hardwoods. Soil and moisture conservation works also need to be repaired or build. c) There is reasonable quality coppice in terms of form and growth, with a majority of stems originating from low cut stumps, and there is good teak natural regeneration. Some singling may be required, but thinning is likely to be an important need. This would follow procedures developed already in Karimnagar West Division with annual coupes being determined and removals being based on the site-specific nature of the stand following a complete enumeration.
Miscellaneous, Non-Teak Forests The Miscellaneous Forests accounted for approximately 228,000 ha of the forests under APCFMP VSS control. This forest was quite variable in composition and condition. Valuable merchantable species may be present from seedlings and coppice to reasonably sized trees. Such species include Adina cordifolia, Mitragyna parviflora, Albizzia odorissima, Terminalia tomentose, T. bellerica, Dalbergia latifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Schleichera trijuga, Schrebera sweitinoides, and Xylia xylocarpa. There are also varying quantities of NTFPs, including Phylanthus emblica (Usiri), Sterculia urens (Gum Karya), Diospiros melanoxylon (Beedi Leaf), Buchnania lanzan, Pongamia pinnata (Kanuga), Tamarindus indica (Tamarind), Annona squamosa (Seethapal), Wrightia tintoria, Andrographis paniculata, Aegle marmelos, and Asparagus racemosus.
These forests were often not as badly degraded as the teak forests and some had reasonable stocking of trees, while in other areas they had been badly degraded. After
71 several years of protection by the VSS there has also been considerable regeneration and growth, particularly in the previously degraded forests. However, after treating 76,300 ha with cleaning and coppice cutting it was found that this method of stand improvement was not cost effective. Many desirable species did not coppice and in a number of sites there was a lack of either readily merchantable timber trees or NTFPs. A stakeholders’ meeting then agreed that a more targeted approach was appropriate. This involved the preferential treatment of desirable NTFP trees and bushes. The treatment consisted of clearing unwanted vegetation around the chosen NTFP plant, working the soil for about a meter around the plant and digging a semi-lunar trench to improve water retention.
This preferential treatment was undertaken in over 18,714 ha of forest managed by 670 VSS, with an average of 50 to 100 trees per ha being treated. The main species involved were Seethapal and Usiri and, anecdotal data shows that the treatment has successfully improved yields, both in terms of numbers of fruit and size of fruit. E.g. in Mahabubnagar and Karimnagar Divisions Seethapal fruit production per tree has risen around 100 percent or an increase of 20 to 30 fruit per tree, while fruit size has increased by as much as 50 percent. However, it also should be pointed out that, as a general rule, VSS with NTFPs available in their forests have experienced improved yields over the project period, presumably because of protection as well as soil and moisture conservation measures. Income from the sale of NTFPs was shown to have risen by 56 percent (INR1,334/household or US$30).32
Using NREGS funds, work should continue to expand the preferential treatments for NTFPs where this is appropriate and communities desire it. Such treatment should also include the planting of more Terminalia tomentosa and T. arjuna, plus the pollarding and improvement of existing trees, for the production of tassa silk as is being done in Paloncha Division.
Bamboo Forest Rejuvenation
The rejuvenation of bamboo in natural forests has been a major source of forest products and revenue through project interventions. Out of a target of 50,000 ha, 22,700 ha were treated; mainly Dendrocalamus strictus, the more thick-walled species, preferred for pulp and paper, and construction, although there is also D. hamiltonii included in the treatments. By 2005, 16,200 ha of the treatments were completed, after which the emphasis shifted to the under-planting of bamboo rhizomes as a means of supplementing future bamboo resources and enhancing the productivity of the forests. Bamboo clumps within the forest were usually heavily congested with many dying and dead culms. Treatment involved decongestion and soil working together with the digging of water- holding trenches around the clumps. Initially, the practice followed earlier guidelines that called for substantial mounding of soil around the clumps. However, this was determined to promote further congestion and inhibit spreading of the rhizomes. So the prescription was changed to include only limited mounding over about a one meter radius to a height no higher than 20cm.
32 CENPAP (2010), based on a sample of 5,065 households.
72
The decongestion often yielded reasonable quantities of industrial cuts for pulp furnish and a few long bamboos. Over the life of the project revenue from these decongestion operations and subsequent harvesting has provided a total of INR82.5 million (US$1.9 million). Without further expansion of such treatments, harvesting of forest bamboo is projected to yield, on average, 4,000 MT of industrial cuts and 40 million long bamboos annually over the next ten years, providing some INR72 million (US$1.6 million) in gross revenue.
However, the potential for expansion of the program is there with only 84, 000 ha of the estimated 145,000 ha of bamboo forest having been treated under APCFMP or APFP. Future plans for the VSS forest should include expanding the rejuvenation of naturally occurring bamboo clumps, particularly in those VSS where only limited forest-based assets have been developed and short as well as long term revenue prospects are low. For those clumps already undergoing harvesting at least annual maintenance with soil working and trenching around each clump is required and should be part of the micro- plan/re-investment plan. Re-investment funds will be increasingly available for rejuvenating and managing further natural bamboo stocks. Using 50 percent of the expected average annual revenue of INR72 million (US$1.6 million) would enable some 9,000 ha of new bamboo rejuvenation each year.
Eucalypt Plantations
The initial project design had 10,800 ha of short-rotation woody crops and NTFPs to be planted mainly in the dry scrub forests and 2,000 ha planted in poor teak and miscellaneous VSS forest areas. However, from 2004/05, the plantation program was expanded, both within the scrub forest and in other areas in order to help ensure VSS communities had sufficient short-term forest-based revenue. By project close 13,460 ha of eucalypt plantations had been established, using mainly clonal planting material. Weighted average survival over all divisions was 74 percent, ranging from lows of around 50 percent to highs or over 90 percent. However, growth estimates and projections were harder to come by, despite repeated requests from several missions. The benefit of monitoring growth and predicting yield while plantations are growing has been slow to be accepted by APFD field staff.
The Research Wing developed a one-way volume table, based on girth at breast height (gbh) and this was finally used for an inventory of sample plantations in Nellore Division in 2009. This showed an average mean annual increment (MAI) of 7.7 m3/ha/year, giving an average annual yield at a seven-year rotation of 54 m3/ha (35 MT). However, the results are highly variable with MAIs ranging from 3.7 and 15.4 m3/ha/year for trees planted in 2005, and between 3.4 and 18.7 m3/ha/year for trees planted in 2004. There is also evidence that make the sampling somewhat dubious. Firstly, a number of non- project plantations established prior to 2002 are included and these are generally of poorer growth. Secondly, the average gbh is low overall for each age class (e.g. the average gbh for 2003 trees is 29cm, ranging from 22 to 37cm, while that for 2004 plantings is 28.5 cm, ranging from 21 to 34 cm), and more inconsistent between age classes within VSS than could be attributed to site quality differences.
73
The Energy Research Institute (TERI) carried out an extensive survey of eucalypt plantations as part of a study on carbon sequestration. Their findings showed an average stand volume of 58 m3/ha at five years of age; an MAI of 12 m3/ha/year. Projecting this, using the same MAI for the sixth and seventh year gives a volume of 84 m3/ha (55MT) at seven years. Field observations and measurements gave MAI estimates of between 14 and 20 m3/ha/year giving projected yields at seven years of 100 to 140 m3/ha (65 to 90 MT/ha) except in Bhadrachalam North, where yields of around 100 MT/ha have been achieved and are expected with MAIs of approximately 25 m3/ha/year.
For comparison, Andhra Pradesh Forest Development Corporation (FDC) clonal eucalypt plantations, planted at 1,666 plants per ha (3X2 m) yielded, on average 60 MT/ha in poor sites and 80 to 90 MT/ha on good sites in Nellore Division, while in Kothagudem Division actual yields have been 92 and 100 MT/ha with survival of between 85 and 94 percent. APCFM Project eucalypt yields are, therefore, below what could be expected with good care and management, but, overall, it would not be unreasonable to expect yields, on average, of 75 to 80 m3/ha or 50 MT/ha considering the above data, and possibly more on some sites.
Although, it has generally been considered that the clonal planting materials provide far better growth prospects for the eucalypts, and other species, nevertheless, field observations on several sites have shown that clonal seed orchard (CSO) planting stock has produced comparable results. Consideration may, therefore, be given to using more CSO stock for planting as it is less expensive to produce and may be less liable to attacks of the gall wasp. This pest has infested many clonal plantations; particularly clone No 10 plants, during the first year or two of growth. No lasting damage has occurred, although growth of infected trees would have been adversely affected. No widespread control measures were able to be employed.
Overall, the semi-mechanically established plantations of eucalypts under the project have successfully provided a short-term source of revenue as well as turning relatively unproductive, badly degraded forest into a productive resource providing primarily pulpwood, but also with the potential to provide roundwood for other products. Harvesting of project established plantations is due to start in 2010 with an estimated average annual yield of some 112,000 MT (180,000 m3) and an average annual revenue generated of INR220 million (US$4.9 million) over the next 11 years. Re-investment in further plantations is already underway in 266 VSS using revenues received from harvesting of plantations established prior to APCFMP. A further 1,155 VSS are poised for undertaking re-investment programs in the coming year and eventually 1,345 VSS should be reinvesting with funds derived from eucalypt plantations. Planning for and undertaking this re-investment will be a substantial undertaking requiring expert knowledge. It was felt that clustering the VSS and using FDA will facilitate the provision of the required ongoing technical support, including the hiring of experts using VSS funds. An FDA has already incorporated all VSS as members in Nellore Division and it is planned to expand this program.
74 Future revenue from eucalypt plantations is capable of establishing an additional 3,000 to 2,000 ha of short or long rotation wood plantations each year. This could be in addition to the thousands of hectares plantations planned for establishment using NREGS funds over the next few years. These new plantations could add a further INR200 million (US$4.5 million) in gross revenues annually to the VSS from about 2018 when product harvesting commences. Such plantations, established on badly degraded forest sites, would help to optimize productivity from the forest land base, which is currently being underutilized. Future market demand for wood is projected to be high. Total roundwood equivalent demand of 74 million m3 in India in 2005 is expected to rise to 153 million m3 by 2020, with paper, paper board and newsprint roundwood equivalent demand rising from 12 million m3 in 2005 to 42 million m3 in 202033.
In planning for further plantations consideration should be given to the planting of alternative short and long rotation species. Alternative short rotation species with possible potential are Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba), Melia azardirach, Acacia auriculaformis/A. mangium hybrid and Casuarina junghuhniana. Gmelina arborea was considered as a short or long rotation species; however, trials have shown it to be highly variable in growth and form, indicating it should not be relied upon except on proven sites. Long rotation timber species, which would give a valuable alternative, could include Mitragyna parvifolia, Albizzia odorissima, Dalbergia latifolia (Rosewood), Tectona grandis (Teak), Radamachera xylocarpa (Rangoon Teak), and Soymida febrifuga (Somi). These have all shown promise in trials undertaken through the project.
NTFP and Pongamia Plantations
Approximately 4,360 ha of various types of NTFP and 9,420 ha of Pongamia plantations were established under APCFMP using semi-mechanical methods. The main NTFP species planted were Neredu, Usiri, Seethapal, Tamarind and Neem. The objective was to provide short-term income to the VSS involved. However, insufficient consideration was given to the special needs of these horticultural crops, as distinct from trees grown for wood. The same Forest Schedule of Work maintenance schedules were applied, whereby maintenance was only carried out for two years after the planting year. As a result survival, growth and potential yield have been adversely affected on many sites. Weighted average survivals ranged from 45 to 66 percent and 68 percent for Pongamia, although, many plants surviving are not in good condition. The impression gained from field visits has been that many VSS tend to concentrate on the eucalypt plantations and pay only minimal attention to the NTFP and Pongamia plantations with few if any plans for further maintenance.
As was discussed during several missions over the last two or three years of the project, maintenance of these NTFPs and Pongamia needs to be continued beyond the FSR period, in some cases indefinitely. In the final year of the project protocols for the management of NTFP plantations were produced by the Research Wing. These include
33 Pandey C.N. and Rangaraju T.S. (2008). India’s industrial wood balance. International Forestry Review Vol.10 (2) 2008.
75 ongoing soil working, fertilizing with vermicompost, urea and DAP, appropriate pruning of branches to promote flowering and fruiting, and spraying with hormone to prevent flower drop, which tends to be quite prevalent. The concept of interplanting medicinal plants or non-climbing legumes was also discussed. This would utilize the ploughed space between the NTFP and Pongamia plants at 5 x 5 m spacing. As was suggested earlier, it might also be beneficial to determine the responsibility for plantation management; whether the whole VSS or individual CEGs or families.
Despite the poorer than expected maintenance, the NTFP and Pongamia plantations established under the project should still yield valuable revenues, particularly if work is now undertaken to rehabilitate and maintain them. A conservative estimate is that some 5,000 MT of NTFP produce should be harvested annually providing roughly Rs40 million in revenue. The Pongamia plantations are projected to produce about 10,000 MT of fruit worth approximately INR60 million (US$1.3 million). However, the flowering and fruiting potential of Pongamia plantations has yet to be verified and there is some suspicion that possibly only 50 percent or so of plants will bear fruit. On the optimistic side a number of Pongamia plants established in 2005 and 2006 (seed origin) were observed to be flowering and fruiting in Cuddapah Division during the ICRR mission.
Table A-15. Plantations Established under APCFMP
Planted Species Area Planted Weighted Average Survival (ha) (percent) Eucalypt 13,460 74 Pongamia 9,420 68 Usiri 1530 63 Seethapal 530 61 Neredu 1,130 66 Tamarind 180 45 Neem 450 72 Bixa 520 64 Bamboo 1,900 64 Bamboo Underplanting 20,230 60 Pongamia (Gap Planting) 14,310 63
Bamboo Plantations
The project planted 1,900 ha of bamboo plantations using semi-mechanical methods, again as a means of VSS members obtaining early income. The success has been varied with overall weighted survival rates being 60 to 65 percent. However, growth is highly variable. In some cases, particularly when two-year old rhizomes were used, growth rates and culm development have been exceptional. In Khammam Circle two and a half year old plantings had between 15 and 35 culms per clump with reasonable height and culm diameter growth. On the other hand, a number of sites have had poor growth and inadequate culm development, e.g. less than 10 culms in seven-year old plantations in Khammam Division. In some cases, the soil conditions may not have been suitable for
76 reasonable bamboo growth resulting in poor performance. Unfortunately, reports on monitoring of growth of all plantations have been grossly deficient.
Although there is no empirical data on the status of plantations apart from survival counts, observations and anecdotal evidence from field officers indicates that in most cases maintenance has been lacking, despite the issue being raised in supervision missions from 2008. Following the FSR ploughing was only done for two years after planting and often only for one year. No further soil working around the clumps has been done. In cases where growth of culms has been good, congestion and culm deaths have occurred due to a lack of timely decongestion. Cases of congested six-year old clumps have been sighted. By 2013, when full harvesting will be underway, yields from these plantations should average nearly 2,000 MT of industrial cuts and 1.5 million long bamboo culms for an average annual revenue of approximately Rs21 million.
It would seem the best prescription for bamboo plantation maintenance is ploughing at least till the first decongestion/harvest or for at least for the first three years. FDC are now ploughing every second non-harvest year. Soil working should be done each year to a one meter radius around the clump with construction and upkeep of a circular trench. Mounding should be no higher than 20 cm and extend to the trench. Decongestion needs to start when there are 20 to 30 culms, after at least two years. Other bamboo species may be considered for sites unsuitable for Dendrocalamus strictus. There is also good potential in some divisions, such as Kakinada, to interplant bamboo with eucalypts, as trials have shown, thus improving returns per unit area.
Other Forest Improvement Plantings
Bamboo Underplanting: Some 20,200 ha of teak and miscellaneous forest have been underplanted as part of forest improvement treatments. The concept was that such underplanting would be done where the forest canopy was open or sparse, allowing sufficient light for bamboo growth. However, in reality, it seems that this guideline was not often followed and, in the interests of meeting planting targets or approximately 125 plants per hectare, the bamboo rhizomes were planted on a somewhat regular spaced basis without regard for canopy cover. In some cases rhizomes were planted adjacent to existing timber trees. Sufficient thought was also not always given to the suitability of sites for bamboo.
As a result, considerable bamboo rhizomes were planted, with survival averaging 60 percent, but ranging from 15 to 90 percent. However, growth, as reported by FD divisional staff and mission field observations, is generally poor. Protection has been minimal and a lot of browsing has taken place, while little follow up maintenance has been undertaken. In some areas culm diameter and height growth is poor because of unsuitable site conditions. Nevertheless, the bamboo underplanting program will add to the forest stocking, particularly in areas with suitable soils, adequate canopy openings and less biotic interference. A conservative estimate at potential yields considering the poor state of the crop has an annual average cut of about 1,200 MT of industrial cuts and 800,000 long bamboo culms for an average revenue of some INR11 million
77 (US$247,000), which is about half of what should be expected with reasonable survival and growth.
Gap Planting: A further exercise in stand improvement was the widespread planting of Pongamia and other NTFPs in forest gaps. Unfortunately, very little follow-up care and maintenance was taken with these plantings and in some cases any species available in nurseries were planted without due regard for the suitability of the site. The result is that much of the plantings could be deemed as failures. Although overall survival rates are 63 percent (ranging from 30 to 90 percent), growth is generally very poor. Projected yields from these plantings will be low with only 15 to 20 percent of planted Pongamia potentially bearing fruit. As a means of improving forest cover and productivity this operation was not satisfactory.
Barren Hills Afforestation: As with the Gap Planting, this was another exercise instigated mainly from 2004 as a means of reforesting poor, bare hilly sites with the VSS forest areas. A total of 8,480 ha were planted with a mixture of NTFPs, including Pongamia, and bamboo. Again, this was not an overall success. Survival is estimated to be similar or less than the Gap Plantings and growth equally disappointing due to poor, often harsh, site conditions, minimal site preparation, inappropriate choice of species in some instances, an almost total lack of follow-up care and maintenance, and browsing of palatable species.
Tsunami and Cyclone Mitigation
Coastal Shelterbelts
In order to help establish a coastal bioshield for protection against tsunamis and cyclones approximately 200 km (2,830 ha) of Casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia) have been established by VSS on sand dunes. The plantings have followed a somewhat regular format depending on the width of coastal land available above the high tide mark. For the first 50 m Casuarina seedlings were planted at a spacing of 2x2 m with Palmyra Palm nuts being interplanted. Then for the next 100 m or so the Casuarina spacing was 1x1m. In many instances further woody crop or NTFP species were then planted to the rear of the shelterbelts, including Pithecellobium dulci, cashews, Neem and Neredu. Survival has generally been very good for the Casuarina (averaging about 90 percent) and growth is also good, except on some saline patches.
These shelterbelt plantations have augmented existing Casuarina plantations that vary in their condition and stocking. They provide a shield to help counter tidal surges and tsunamis that have in the past caused considerable lost of life and property. They will also provide wood for subsistence and income to the VSS involved, many of whom are greatly impoverished. The growth of the closely spaced trees together with their tendency for heavy branching or plagiotrophism has resulted in the agreed recommendation (September 2008) that low pruning be undertaken after two years and thinning also be undertaken from the third year. Both these operations will yield
78 firewood for subsistence and sale and not adversely affect the integrity of the shelterbelt. It is understood that such operations were commencing as the project closed.
Mangrove Rehabilitation
As a further bioshield measure as well as to restore the ecology of badly degraded mangroves 2,190 ha of mangroves were restored in the Godavari and Krishna river deltas. This was an expensive operation involving the digging of fishbone channels and desilting to allow estuarine water to move into the degraded areas. Mangrove seedlings, principally Avicennia officinalis and A. marina, were then planted along the channels. Survival has been good (as observed on field inspections and as reported). However, it was also observed that considerable natural regeneration of mangroves was also occurring as fruit or propagules were washed in and deposited by the tidal flows. Although this may provide an alternative to planting seedling, the latter still appears to be needed, particularly where water movement is more frequent and seed or propagules aren’t as easily deposited. After two years of regeneration the rehabilitated mangrove sites are also showing signs of improved ecology with various ground vegetation occurring and crabs are becoming plentiful. The restored mangroves should eventually also add to the marine ecology. As has been suggested on earlier missions, an inventory or study or the current biodiversity would provide useful empirical information on the actual changes that have taken place.
Applied Research
The applied research undertaken through the project has had a highly beneficial effect on the outcome of the project and on the future of community-based and farm forestry in AP. The research which, to some extent, followed up on earlier work done under APFP as well as introducing several new programs, followed several themes:
a) Improvement of planting stock; b) Natural forest improvement treatments; c) Development of bio-fertilizers
Improvement of Planting Stock
Following work started under APFP, research enhanced the productivity of wood plantations through the propagation of clonal planting materials for Eucalypts, Casuarina and Teak. In the case of Eucalypts, this has meant an improvement in productivity of between 100 and 150 percent, which has enabled plantation managers to reduce the pulpwood and pole rotations from 10 to 6 or 7 years. Although not all of the 13,460 ha of Eucalypts planted were clonal, the majority was. Thus assuming 80 percent was clonal planting stock, with an incremental yield over the first rotation averaging 28 MT/ha, then the total incremental yield from the use of clonal Eucalypt planting materials under the project is 300,000 MT valued at INR600 million (US$13.5 million). And this incremental
79 yield extends to subsequent coppice rotations producing a project further 300,000 MT for the second rotation.
Research has also established clonal and seedling seed orchards for Eucalypts and Casuarina. The use of seed from these is estimated to improve yields of Eucalypts and Casuarina by about 25 percent. So for the estimated 2,690 ha of Eucalypts planted with CSO seed the average incremental yield over the first rotation would be about 8 MT/ha, giving a total incremental yield of 20,000 MT, valued at INR40 million (US$900,000). This gives a total estimated incremental yield for Eucalypts in their first rotation through improved planting stock of 320,000 MT valued at INR640 million (US$14.4 million).
Similarly, the development of clonal stock for direct planting or grafting of NTFPs has greatly added to the yield potential for species such as Pongamia, Tamarind, Usiri and Seethapal. With progeny trials having been established and advanced to the second or third generation for eucalypts and Casuarina there is potential for further improvement over succeeding years.
Table A-16. Value of Improved Eucalypt Planting Materials
Type of Rotation Yield Mean Incremental Average Avg. Total Value of Planting Length for 1st Annual Yield with Value of Incr. Yield Incr. Yield Stock (years) Rotation Increment Improved Incremental Projected Project (MT/ha) (MT/ha/yr) Planting Yield Plant Plantations Stock (Rs/ha) (MT) (Rs mill) (MT/ha) Unimproved 10 25 to 30 2.5 to 3 seedling stock Clonal 7 45 to 54 6 to 8 20 to 35 56,000 300,000 600 planting stock Clonal Seed 7 28 to 4 to 4.5 7 to 9 16,000 20,000 40 Orchard 30 Stock
With the objective of providing alternative species for short-rotation wood production as well as for the production of longer rotation timber production, a series of trials were laid out for such species as Gmelina arborea, Casuarina junghuhniana and Ailanthus excels plus progeny trials for a series of valuable timber species that are disappearing from the AP forests, including Dalbergia latifolia (Rosewood), Albizzia odoratissima, Adina cordifolia, Mitragyna parviflora, Radernachera (Rangoon Teak), and Pterocarpus marsupium.
As part of the program to ensure optimal planting stock for varying conditions a series of 925 multi-locational clonal trials (MLCTs) plus trials of valuable indigenous trees, covering 1,290 ha under the care of 755 VSS were established. Unfortunately, a number of the trials have not been properly maintained or monitored and deterioration has set in. However, many are in a position to provide valuable insights into the correct clones for
80 various NTFPs to plant in a given area and are being monitored. These MLCT will also provide a source of future revenue for the VSS involved from the sale of fruit plus, potentially, clonal planting materials.
Natural Forest Management Treatments
As stand improvement treatments in the natural forests were taken from existing working plan prescriptions it was felt that research should be done to determine if these treatments actually were the most optimal for the forest and site conditions encountered in the VSS forest areas. Accordingly, the following research was undertaken:
a) Determining a simple methodology to estimate growing stock and growth rates in treated and untreated forests. b) Trials to determine the optimal teak thinning regime, including the thinning intensity and resulting spacing as well as the age at which various thinnings should be undertaken. Preliminary results have given initial guidelines and these have been further developed based on actually thinning experiences. c) Trials to determine the effect of singling intensity and timing for teak coppice shoots on subsequent growth of the remaining coppice shoots. d) Trials on canopy density and silvicultural operations effect on bamboo growth. e) Trial plots to study the impact of SMC works on forest growth, productivity and regeneration. f) Trials on the outcome of in-situ grafting of several NTFPs.
Development of Bio-Fertilizers
Like many trees, the roots of eucalypts form symbiotic relationships with fungi. In India the most common of these mycorryhiza is Pisolithus tinctorius (PT), and work was undertaken to produce and supply this bio-fertilizer to the nurseries with the aim being to improve growth. However, data on the extent to which growth was improved, if at all, by the application of PT is not available.
Forest Management Planning and Monitoring
As a prelude to any further actions within the VSS forests micro-plans need to be up- dated together with livelihood and forest re-investment plans. For most, if not all VSS the current micro-plans expired in 2007 or 2008, which coincided with the original closing of the project and included most, if not all, forest improvement treatments and plantations planned for each VSS. However, with new treatments, maintenance works and plantations proposed, these need to be set within a planning framework for each VSS forest. It is suggested that the micro-plans be integrated with harvest and re-investment plans. They should not be as detailed as was previously the case, being as short and simple as possible, giving a description of the forest and its condition, plus a brief history
81 of treatments and plantation work undertaken to date. They should then provide details of the proposed maintenance of existing plantations, new forest improvement treatments, including thinnings, and new plantations plus the costs estimates for each operation. Harvesting and re-investment plans should also include projected harvests and revenues from NTFP plantations, plus further investment in maintenance and new NTFP plantations. And all plans should be prepared on a fully participatory basis.
One of the key functions originally considered for the FMIS at Appraisal was for it to act as a data base for forest and plantation growth data so that this could be used to predict future yields of various forest products. Unfortunately, this did not happen. However, it should now be possible to collect growth data from at least Eucalypt, Casuarina and Bamboo plantations as well as from teak forests undergoing thinning. When this is combined with the area and planting year data already available for these plantations and plantation establishment dates a valuable tool will exist to monitor the growing stock and predict yields. Each VSS needs to be trained to undertake and record the data from a 5 percent inventory using the one-way (gbh) volume table available for Eucalypt plantations. A similar exercise can be undertaken in Casuarina plantations and a method determined to inventory bamboo plantations. Pre-thinning enumeration data from the teak forests may also be recorded. The extremely valuable resources represented here require this sort of monitoring, considering the investment undertaken by GoAP and now by VSS, as well as the need to match market demand for products with growing stock and projected yields.
82 Annex 3. Economic and Financial Analysis
PAD Estimated Project Benefits and Rate of Return
Project cost benefit analysis in the PAD focused on quantifying benefits from two major sources namely; (a) NTFP collection; and (b) VSS income by the sale of poles, small timber, pulp wood and timber, generated through various forest treatments. Ten forest treatment models are used to quantify the benefits from different forest type/land treatment strategies. They are (i) rejuvenation of teak forest, (ii) non-teak forest, (iii) bamboo forest, (iv) teak with bamboo forest, (v) non-teak with bamboo forest, (vi) teak forest with NTFPs, (vii) non-teak forest with NTFPs, (viii) NTFP with fodder and medicinal plants plantations, (ix) NTFP with small timber plantations, and (x) red sanders forest rejuvenation. The analysis was done for a 35-year period at October 2001 prices using 12 percent as opportunity cost of capital.
The PAD estimated that VSS income for forest models of (ii) non-teak forest, (iv) teak with bamboo forest, (v) non-teak with bamboo forest, and (vi) teak with NTFPs generate on an average 5.5 times more incremental income as compared to other forest treatment types. Financial rate of return (FRR) varied from 15 percent for red sanders to 29 percent for teak forest and teak with bamboo treatments. NTFP with fodder and medicinal plants yielded 18 percent FRR. For all other forest treatment types, FRR was above 22 percent. Aggregate FRR for all the forest treatments was 27 percent. Benefits from social forestry and community development are not included. With the inclusion of all project costs in the analysis, except community development cost, FRR was estimated at 21 percent which came down to 19 percent with the inclusion of community development costs.
The economic analysis in the PAD used a standard conversion factor (SCF) of 0.9 for internationally non-tradable project inputs and outputs except for timber for which VSS farm gate value was considered to represent adequately its economic value. The project costs are converted to economic costs with SCF and used after netting out taxes. The ERR for the project was estimated at 20.9 percent, without including the community development costs. The difference between FRR and ERR was only marginal.
The PAD documentation of cost benefit analysis in Annex 4 is incomplete. The paragraph on summary of benefits and costs and main assumptions (page 56 of PAD) underlying the ten forest treatment models and cost benefit analysis are blank. This is also not discussed in the text. The PAD cost benefit analysis work sheets were also not available to the mission and could not be located by the Bank team in hard or electronic files. Hence, it is impossible to compare the results of ICRR estimations with PAD to explain the differences in terms of assumptions and findings. One can speculate that the ex ante evaluation might have used overly optimistic assumptions regarding growth and yield or product prices for example, but it is impossible to determine.
83
ICRR Estimation Methodology
The project has treated 345,259 ha of forest lands through 5,153 VSSs. Following the forest treatments adopted in the project, nine forest treatment models are formulated to quantify the benefits from (i) bamboo rejuvenation, (ii) bamboo plantations, (iii) bamboo under planting, (iv) eucalyptus plantations, (v) teak rejuvenation, (vi) Pongamia plantations, (vii) non teak miscellaneous species rejuvenation, (viii) casuarinas and (ix) alma plantations, all of which will cover 301,745 ha, 87 percent of the total VSS forest area treated. Benefits are quantified for each treatment type and then aggregated for forest treatment as a whole. The project has focused on livelihood enhancement around MTR with an emphasis on cluster based livelihood enterprises and individual/CEG based livelihood income activities. Two major cluster-based livelihood enterprises namely adda leaf plates and agarbathi stick production from bamboo, plus community based eco tourism are evaluated for assessing the benefits. Income generated from about 39 individual/CEG level income generating activities is quantified. The RAP covering 12,528 PAFs during the project is evaluated to quantify the benefits.
For cost benefit analysis, data from multiple sources are compiled and used. They include special studies commissioned by the project for evaluating the project impacts. Concurrent M&E and a Socio economic impact assessment study of APCFMP provided the database covering 12,676 HHs drawn from 625 VSSs for assessing the income, employment and poverty alleviation impacts of project interventions. The RAP impact assessment study provided database covering 433 PAFs from 55 VSSs for quantifying the livelihood income impacts of the project on PAFs. Project documents provided the database for 3,053 members linked with 14 adda leaf plate clusters; 3,249 members linked with 23 agarbathi stick clusters; and 87 members linked with 5 CBET sites for assessing the income impacts of project beneficiaries participating in forest-based activities. These databases are supplemented by the secondary data sources, ICRR mission’s field visits, Bank’s supervision reports and interactions with the project implementing agencies for quantifying the physical benefits and assessing the project costs. All project costs are included in the analysis at constant 2009 prices. Total project cost at constant 2009 prices is INR7,429 million.
Project Benefits
Forest treatment benefits: Forest treatment covered 345,259 ha of VSS managed forest lands, 9 percent more than the PAD target. The forest treatment cost accounted for 42 percent of the project costs. The nine types of forest treatments, based on the predominant type of species in each of the treatments, are used for quantifying the benefits from forest treatments implemented by the project VSSs. Except for teak and non-teak forest regeneration, other treatments are not comparable between the PAD and ICRR. Semi- mechanical (SMM) eucalyptus plantations are planted in 13,459 ha. Eucalyptus yield data is projected at 45 MT per ha, based on the growth of eucalyptus clonal plantations taken up in 478 blocks, totaling 4,236 ha, spread over 137 VSSs covering one to five years of
84 age after planting. Teak thinning yield is taken based on the actual yield realized in the teak forests with treatment starting 1994-96. Thinning in 22.5 ha of teak forests during 2009 removed 30 percent of the plants, yielding poles and small timber valued at INR28,000 to 40,000 per ha. The estimated productivity, thinning cycles and harvesting cycles used for the nine forest or plantation types are outlined in the models in an annexure separately.
Livelihood enterprises: NTFPs provide a major source of income for over 80 percent of the project benefited families. Three forest based livelihood enterprises, initiated through CEGs/CFCs/Clusters providing forward and backward linkages to the participating poor families, are evaluated for employment generation and livelihood enhancement.
Adda leaf plates: The project has facilitated the formation of 43 clusters with a total membership of 20,480 spread over 800 VSSs with an average functioning period of 18 months at an investment cost of INR6.6 million (US$148,000). Data available from 14 clusters covering a sample of 3,053 members is analyzed and projected for 43 clusters. The value addition process involves collection of adda leaves, stitching into plates and selling them to CFCs, who in turn market them to the wholesale buyers. About 8 percent of the members are very active members, who collect the adda leaves, stitch them into plates and selling them to CFCs. About 4 percent are active members who buy the raw leaves, stitch them into leaf plates and sell them to CFCs. The remaining 88 percent are normal members who collect the raw leaves and sell them directly to others including the CEG members. Value addition in the conversion of raw adda leaves into leaf plates is substantial. One head load of raw adda leaf costing INR200 (US$4.50) produces about 1,500 leaf plates selling them at INR488 (US$10.07), generating a value addition of 2.4 times as compared to selling as raw adda leaves. Annually, each member collects/procures 12 head loads of adda leaves, converts them into 91 bundles of leaf plates and sells them through CFCs. Wage income is linked to productivity. In this process, three categories of project participants are benefited.
Figure A-6. Adda Leaf Enterprise: Income Impact (INR/Year/member)
85 Adda leaf plats are being used mainly by pilgrims. Markets of the plates are enormous having Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in Tirupati (the most visited holy place in the world), Andhra Pradesh, for example, which is visited by about 50,000 to 100,000 pilgrims daily, while on special occasions and festivals, like the annual Brahmotsavam, the number of pilgrims goes up to 500,000.
There are 17,930 VSS members, who collect adda leaves and directly sell them as raw adda leaves to make an annual gross margin income of INR2,400 (US$54) per annum. Second, there are 865 active members, who buy the raw adda leaves, stitch them into leaf plates and sell the plates to the CFCs to make an annual income of INR3,450 (US$78) per annum, 44 percent more than the normal members. Third, there are 1,685 very active members, who collect adda leaves, stitch them into leaf plates and then sell the plates to CFCs to make an annual income of INR 5,850 per annum, 144 percent more than the normal members and 70 percent more than the active members (Figure 1). Weighted average annual income for 2,550 members involved in the value addition process is INR4,650 (US$105) per year per member, 94 percent more than the members who are not participating in the value addition process.
Value addition through adda leaf plate enterprise generated an income of INR22 million (US$494,000) from 43 CFC clusters during the project period. Since this activity is done by the female members from most poor and predominantly landless households, even though incremental income is only INR2,250 (US$51) per annum per beneficiary, this has equity, gender and poverty alleviation implications. What is needed to sustain this adda leaf enterprise is to make the cluster/CFC performance more efficient. Currently, the CFC incurs a transaction cost of INR13 (US$0.31) per bundle of leaf plates bought by them from the members and sold them to the wholesale buyers, which is 30 percent more than the unit sale price gained. If this is not improved, the revolving fund with the CFC will be eroded, shrinking the scale of activity and making the CFC unviable. While this enterprise is highly profitable at participating individual HH level, cluster operations need to be more efficient to minimize the transaction cost and make them viable and self- sustainable.
Agarbathi sticks from bamboo: The project has facilitated the formation of 23 CFC clusters with a total membership of 6,450 spread over 157 VSSs with an average functioning period of 22 months at an investment cost of INR10.8 million(US$243,000). Data available for 50 percent of the beneficiaries is analyzed and projected for all 23 CFCs. The value addition process involves, harvesting/collection of bamboos, cross- cutting bamboo into 8” to 10” long pipes, slivering the pipes into strips, stick making and selling the sticks through the CFCs to the agarbathi manufacturing units. Participating VSS members were trained in different skills to be engaged in various stages of value the addition process and their capacity developed to work together in CEGs under CFCs at cluster level.
On an average, one cluster of CEGs with an active participating membership of 70 processes 30,000 bamboos to produce 17,200 kg of bamboo sticks for selling through CFCs to agarbathi manufacturing units. Income flow (INR per bamboo culm) for the
86 members involved in various stages of bamboo the value addition process is shown in Figure 2. Raw bamboo harvesting generates a wage income of INR3 (US$0.07) per bamboo. Three categories of works are involved in the processing of bamboo and wage income is linked to productivity. Cross cutting of bamboo into pipes generates a wage income of INR1 (US$0.02) per bamboo. Slivering of bamboo pipes into bamboo strips generates a wage income of INR 3.5 per bamboo. Converting strips into sticks generates a wage income of INR4.7 (US$0.11) per bamboo. Recurrent costs account for INR1.8 (US$0.04) per bamboo for the entire processing to cover transport and other operational expenditures incurred by CFCs. Average sale price of bamboo sticks is INR15 (US$0.34) per kg, which leaves a gross margin of INR1 (US$0.02) per bamboo for the CFC. Across various skills, each member participating in the value addition process generates an average income of INR4,380 (US$31) per year, which is about 3.4 times the income from just bamboo extraction. This additional income generated by value addition is shared by participating members including CFCs.
Figure A-7. Income Flow in Bamboo Value Addition (INR/ Bamboo)
Bamboo value addition through agarbathi stick making generated an income of INR10 million (US$225,000) from 23 clusters during the project period. Bamboo extraction, cross-cutting and slivering is done by male members while more labor intensive stick making job is done by female members from mostly poor and predominantly landless households. Since this is done during off-season, the bamboo value addition enterprise helps in reducing the under employment in the participating VSSs while enhancing the labor productivity.
Community based eco-tourism (CBET): The project has implemented CBET at 20 sites at an investment cost of INR 74 million. An estimated 355 family members from 25 VSSs are getting direct employment by participating in CBET. Infrastructure development has been taken up in these locations to provide facilities and enhance the quality of forest based tourism for the visitors. A sample of five CBETs with a total
87 membership of 87 is evaluated based on the available data from project documents and mission’s field visits. Out of 87 members, 58 are male members and 29 are female members. Operating costs and profit are assessed for the sample CBETs based on which the income impact per member is quantified and incremental operating profit is projected for all CBETs. The sample CBETs have started functioning in different years during the last five years. The participating members have two sources of income; wage income and annual bonus from the profit. Averaged over five CBETs, annual income per member is showing an increase trend (Figure 3). By 2009/10, annual income for each member has gone up to INR26,900 (US$604), coming from wages (89 percent) and bonus (11 percent). As of now, five CBETs have also built up a total corpus fund of INR2.7 million (US$61,000) while contributing INR1.6 million (US$36,000) towards VSS share. The sample CBETs has so far generated INR 5.4 million of operating profit during the last five years, which is 36 percent of the total operating costs. For all project CBETs, projected operating profit during the last five years is assessed at INR10.6 million (US$238,000).
Figure A-8. CBET Enterprises: Income Impacts (INR/member/year)
Individual/CEG livelihood activities: Project interventions helped in improving livelihood income for 284,379 beneficiaries in the project VSSs. A household level income impact study based on concurrent M&E estimated that on an average livelihood enhancement participating beneficiary has realized an incremental income of INR1,740 (US$39) per year at 2009 prices. Total incremental income generated from livelihood income generating activities is estimated at INR495 million (US$11.1 million) per year. Even after netting out the incremental income generated by the three livelihood enterprises above, income impact of 39 types of individual and CEG based livelihood enhancement interventions is assessed at INR452 million (US$10.2 million) per year.
Resettlement Action Plan: During the project period, a total of 12,528 project affected persons (PAFs) are assisted with viable livelihood options. 68 percent of them are land
88 owning HHs and 32 percent are landless HHs. A total amount of INR330 million (US$7.4 million) was spent implementing the RAP. A sample of 433 PAFs from 45 project VSSs and control VSSs are analyzed to assess the income impacts of RAP interventions. Out of the sample PAFs, 126 PAFs opted for only land based activities, 105 PAFs opted for both land based and non-land based activities and 131 PAFs opted for only non-land based activities. PAFs are benefited in several ways; increased irrigated area for land owning HHs; individual non-land based activities like buffalo, sheep, plough bullocks, and shops; group activities like tractors, transport vehicles and flour mills; and by hiring assets like plough bullocks, oil engine and sprayers.
Average income for each PAF increased from INR9,690 to INR 13,585 (US$218 to US$310) at 2009 real prices, an increase of 40 percent due to the implementation of RAP. While income from the cultivation came down due to the surrender of podu lands, additional income from non-land based individual and group activities along with income from hiring of assets have not only compensated for the surrendered land but yielded incremental annual income of INR3,895 (US$88) per PAF.
Figure A-9. RAP: Income Impacts for PAFs (INR/PAF/year)
Rate of Return Analysis
The PAD estimated ERR was 21 percent for the entire project (Table A-17). For individual forest treatments, the PAD estimated internal rate of return varied from 15 to 29 percent. For the ICRR, incremental benefits from nine forest treatments are quantified using appropriate plantation models and aggregated for the project as a whole. Incremental benefits from three forest based enterprises (adda leaf, agarbathi and CBET) are estimated. Incremental benefits from RAP interventions are assessed for the 12,528 PAFs. ICR estimated ERR for the project as a whole is 19.7 percent and FRR is 20.9 percent which are marginally lower than the PAD estimates.
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Table A-17. APCFMP: Project Analysis Summary
ICR Estimation PAD Project Analysis PVC PVB NPV IRR IRR Financial analysis 5,211 10,161 4,950 20.9% 21.0% Economic analysis 4,690 8,595 3,904 19.7% 20.9%
All project costs are included in the analysis at constant 2009 prices. For individual forest treatments, the ICRR estimated rates of return varied from 12 percent for Pongamia plantations to 25 percent for bamboo rejuvenation treatment (see Table A-18).
The financial rate of returns estimated for teak and non-teak forest regeneration are much less than the PAD estimates. The bamboo rejuvenation treatment provided high returns with 25 percent FRR which is the same as the PAD but, under planting of bamboo and bamboo plantations gave less returns with 12 and 13 percent FRR.
Table A-18. APCFMP: Project Analysis Summary by Species PAD Estimates ICRR Estimates FRR FRR Forest Type (%) Forest Type (%) Teak 29 Teak Regeneration 17 Non-Teak 27 Non Teak Regeneration 13 Bamboo 25 Bamboo Rejuvenation 25 Teak/Bamboo 29 Bamboo Under Planting 12 Non-Teak/Bamboo 28 Bamboo Plantations 13 Teak/NTFP 27 Eucalyptus Plantations 18 Non-Teak/NTFP 22 Pongamia Plantations 12 NTFP/Fodder/Medicinal 18 Casuarina Plantations 13 NTFP/Small Timber 23 Amla Plantations 15 Red Sanders 15 Note: at 2009 real prices
The project interventions have helped not only in generating incremental benefits for the VSS HHs, but also promoted diversification of income sources. Forest management accounted for 58.4 percent of the total incremental benefits followed by NTFPs (22.9 percent) and livelihood income (17.1 percent) sources. Another noteworthy feature is that enhanced NTFP and livelihood income have helped to generate early incremental benefits for the project VSSs to sustain their interest in the project interventions till harvest income from the plantations start flowing.
As can be seen in Table A-19, the share of forest management benefits in the discounted total incremental benefits has come down to 46.6 percent and NTFP income has gone up
90 to 30.6 percent and livelihood income to 20.8 percent. RAP activities accounted for about 2 percent of the incremental benefits.
Table A-19. APCFMP: Average Incremental Benefits from Various Sources Sources Unit Undiscounted Discounted Forest Management % 58.4 46.6 NTFP Income % 22.9 30.6 Livelihood Activities/Enterprises % 17.1 20.8 RAP Activities % 1.7 2.0 Total incremental benefits INR million 2,442 296
Employment and Poverty Alleviation Impacts
The project interventions have specifically targeted the poor and landless households (HHs) dependent on forest resources for their livelihood. Prior to the project, incidence of poverty is 57 percent in the project villages. A total of 5,153 VSSs are supported by the project with a total membership of 778,100 persons representing 390,000 HHs with an average family size of five. About 83 percent of the VSS HHs are landless while 57 percent of the VSS HHs belong to the SC/ST category. Better inclusiveness, while implementing the project interventions by the VSSs, is aided by the fact that the SC/ST category is well represented in the management committees of VSSs. Together for all VSSs, 77 percent of the management committee members belong to the SC/ST category, which is 35 percent higher than their share in the overall VSS membership. During the project period, the forest management interventions have generated 37.3 million man days of employment for the VSS members and an amount of INR2,469 or US$ 56 (65 percent of the total forestry works) was disbursed as wage income to the project beneficiaries through this component. 72 percent of the generated employment has gone to SC/ST members. The share of female members in the employment is 48 percent. Forest based income generation activities covering adda leaf, agarbathi and CBET have benefited 27,077 poor VSS HHs. Among these IGA beneficiaries, 98 percent belong to the SC/ST categories and 94 percent are women members.
VSS managed forest resources have enhanced the forest productivity and income and also diversified the sources of income for the project participating HHs. At 2009 real prices, annual forest based income increased from INR1,940 to INR4,625 (US$44 to US$104) per HH by end-project. NTFP collection remained the single source of income prior to the project. But with VSS participation in the forest management, income from NTFP collection increased by 85 percent. By end-project, annual HH income from the forest sources is contributed from NTFP (78 percent), harvest income (9 percent) and livelihood enterprise income (13 percent). More importantly, NTFP and livelihood income are generated during the lean farming seasons, thereby providing stable cash flow to the poor HHs.
91 Forest management interventions have generated 37.3 million person days of employment for the VSS members. Forest management interventions have generated 37.3 million person days of employment for the VSS members and a total of INR2,469 million (US$55 million) was disbursed as wage income to the project beneficiaries during the project period. Forest management interventions have annually generated 5.3 million person days of employment for the VSS members. Average annual wage income received by the participating VSS members during the project period is INR352 million (US$7.9 million). Annual average wage income from forest activities is estimated at INR1,385 (US$31) per HH during the project implementation period. With this wage income, total income for the project VSS HH is estimated at INR6,010 (US$135) per annum. Incremental annual income of INR4,070 (US$91) per HH is expected to increase over time with the realization of improved production potentials of timber, pulpwood, bamboo and NTFPs established in forest land treated by the project VSSs. Based on the GOI estimates, at 2009 real prices, annual PCI needed in rural AP is INR4,300 (US$97), to be above poverty line. Hence, incremental per HH annual income in the project area has the potential to lift at least one member above poverty line over time. For the project villages, poverty alleviation impact is estimated at about 19 percent by the end-project with the incidence of poverty falling from 57 to 38 percent
Table A-20. Annual Incremental Income Impacts from Forest Treatment Sources of Income (INR/HH) % share
Total Forest Income 4,070 100 Forest based income 2,685 66 NTFP income 1,650 41 Enterprise income 610 15 Harvest income 425 10 Forest wage income 1,385 34 Poverty line income level 4,300
92 Annex 4. Bank Lending and Implementation Support/Supervision Processes
Table A-21. Task Team Members Names Responsibility Lending Irshad A. Khan Task Leader/Forest Planning and Management Peter Jipp Forestry, M&E, FMIS Madhavi M. Pillai Community Development Non-Timber Products Mohammad Hasan Social Development Harshadeep Nagaraja-Rao Environment, GIS Malcolm Jansen Environment, Biodiversity D.J. Baxi Procurement Raj Soopramanien Senior Counsel Manvinder Mamak Financial Management Barry Deren Economics Paul Ryan Forestry Treatment Jacqueline Julian Cost tables M.S.S.Varadan Institutions S.N. Desai Agrostology and livestock Robert Saum Financial Management Terrence Abeyesekhara Economics, Policy Analysis Yoshiko Masuyama Program Assistant Deborah Ricks Program Assistant Juderica Dias-Khetarpaul Team Assistant
Supervision Rajeev Aggarawal Consultant – Civil Engineering, Quantity Surveyor Papia Bhatachaarji Senior Financial Management Specialist Atul Bhalchandra Deshpande Senior Financial Management Specialist Deepal Fernando Senior Procurement Specialist Vishal Gandhi Financial Management Sanchita Ghosh Consultant – Marketing Reena Gupta Natural Resources Mgmt. Specialist and Co-Task Team Leader Mohammed Hasan Senior Social Development Specialist Priti Jain Senior Procurement Specialist Irshad Khan34 Senior Forestry Specialist and Task Team Leader Vibhuti Narang Khanna Team Assistant and Marketing Consultant Santhanam Krishnan Consultant - Procurement
34 TTL from project effectiveness to May 2003
93 Shivendra Kumar E T Consultant – Procurement Grant Milne35 Senior Natural Resources Management Specialist and Task Team Leader Madhavi M. Pillai Consultant – Natural Resources Management Specialist Sandra Meryl Ruckstuhl Consultant – Conflict Management Paul A. Ryan Consultant – Forest Management Parmesh Shah36 Lead Rural Development Specialist and Task Team Leader Pazhayannur K. Subramanian Lead Financial Management Specialist Sanjay Upadhyay Consultant Ryma Pitts Program Assistant
ICRR Takayuki Hagiwara FAO Forestry Consultant and Team leader (ICRR) Varsha Mehta Consultant – Social Development/Institutions (ICRR) Paul Ryan Consultant – Forest Management S. Selvarajan Economist (ICRR)
Table A-22. Staff Time and Cost Staff Time and Cost (Bank Budget Only) Stage of Project Cycle USD Thousands No. of staff weeks (including travel and consultant costs) Lending FY01 25 66.99 FY02 68 197.03 FY03 8 16.72 FY04 0.00 FY05 0.00 FY06 0.00 FY07 0.00 FY08 0.00 Total: 101 280.74
Supervision/ICR FY01 0.00 FY02 0.00 FY03 20 75.23
35 TTL from August 2006 to March 2010 (closure)
36 TTL from May 2003 to August 2006
94 FY04 22 70.94 FY05 29 123.04 FY06 39 184.87 FY07 24 110.43 FY08 13 116.14 FY09 13 0.00 Total: 160 680.65
95 Annex 5. Beneficiary Survey Results
Beneficiary surveys were undertaken periodically as part of social and institutional assessment. No final survey was carried out as part of the ICRR. Instead, stakeholder workshops were implemented – see Annex 6.
96
Annex 6. Stakeholder Workshop Report and Results
Project-wide Stakeholders’ Consultation (March 4, 2010)
A stakeholders’ consultation workshop was organized at the APFA - Dulapalli, on the outskirts of the AP state capital Hyderabad on March 4, 2010; the responsibility for organizing the workshop was shared jointly by Vanasamakhya, APFD, CEFNARM and CPF. Participants for the meeting were identified by Vanasamakhya, drawing on inputs from the other organizers. A total of 120 individuals participated in the workshop, including 23 females and 97 males. There were 36 officials from the APFD, 13 representatives from NGOs, 11 CEWs, 54 VSS members, including 13 Chairpersons/ Vice-chairpersons; and 6 facilitators from CPF; a total of 27 forest divisions were represented in the workshop. Following opening remarks by the Director-APFA, Director-CPF, and APFD officials, the workshop objectives and approach were explained in detail by the Project Director, APCFMP. Participants’ observations on the project and its impact, including challenges and recommendations for future action are summarized below.
Impact of APCFMP on Livelihoods
Project activities have benefited VSS communities by way of enhanced income and empowerment in areas with rich forest resources. Where forests are being regenerated, benefits from wages for forestry operations have been the mainstay of the project. In East Godavari and Nellore districts, substantial gains have been made from harvest incomes. Participants emphasized that VSS members had achieved financial stability through forestry works and returns. In their presentations, they made the following observations:
a) Members have received monetary benefits, and the poorest of poor, identified through micro-planning, have also been provided skills-based training to strengthen their livelihoods; b) VSS members have gained knowledge and skills on NTFP collection and value addition; availability of fodder has increased in some areas; c) Wage days have increased due to forestry works, and equal wages have led to enhanced household income, with a reduction in seasonal out-migration; d) The status of women in society has improved as they are financially independent and have greater role in community decision making; e) VSS members are contributing more to thrift funds; f) Many VSS members have received income from bamboo and timber harvest; in Isojipeta VSS, 16 families received INR63,700 (US$1,430) each from harvest of eucalyptus plantation; g) School drop outs have reduced, and there is an increased focus on health and education; and
97 h) There is increased social and political awareness.
Functioning of VSS and Their Capability Development through APCFMP
As a result of project activities and benefits there from, the VSS is now recognized as an institution in its own right. Provided below is a summary of their presentations:
a) For efficient forest management, VSS members conducted general body meetings once every six months; topics of priority are discussed and resolutions passed in these meeting; b) The VSS maintains the M-book and Cash book to show utilization of government funds by the VSS; accounts are transparent and accessible to all; c) Participation of women in all VSS works is high; and d) There is equal benefit sharing of returns from forest produce harvest in VSS areas.
Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development in Project Areas
Project impact in the area of livelihoods development through enterprises was presented with examples to highlight the achievements:
a) Training in value-addition and processing have brought about an increase in earnings from forest produce (e.g., income from adda leaf, incense sticks and honey); b) The project provided three months of training on embroidery to fuel wood collectors, who practice it now to earn supplementary income; this exceeds the income they obtained from fuel wood collection; c) CBET in Maredumilli and Mannanur, in particular, have provided sustainable income to many households in the area; d) NTFP plantations (Amla/ gooseberry) have started yielding good returns, e.g., 25 ha of Amla plantation in Ammuvaripalli VSS in Kadappa Division yielded 7 tonnes of fruit in 2009-10; and e) In Gogubaka VSS, training was provided in Eucalyptus cloning, which is being put to use in nurseries for development of Eucalyptus clones.
Forestry Works (including SMC Activities) and Forest Protection
Forests had developed because of VSS members’ active role in their protection, and effective collaboration between the APFD and VSS. As a result of the various SMC works taken up in VSS areas, productivity of NTFPs, viz., Amla, soapnuts, adda leaf, gum, beedi leaf, bamboo and medicinal plants, has increased manifold.
98 Challenges and Recommendations for Future Action
Participants in the workshop also brought out many areas of challenge and constraints, and made many useful suggestions for future action:
a) Microplans were not always prepared in a participatory manner in the Gram Sabha; forestry and other developmental works should be carried out only if at least 60 percent of the VSS general body members are in agreement; b) For sustainability of benefits under CFM, further capacity building support for VSS would be required, along with regular conduct of review meetings, facilitative support for six-monthly and annual VSS general body meetings, and awareness camps among non-members; training should be imparted to all VSS members and in a simple manner that they can follow; c) On financial matters, there were irregularities in some VSS, which requires closer monitoring and support; cases of compounding fees are not being filed – this should be corrected; d) VSS records, except the muster rolls, are in custody of and maintained by the APFD; these should be entrusted to the respective VSS, with regular monitoring by APFD; e) There are delays by the APFD in issuance of permits for bamboo harvest, causing loss to VSS; the process needs to be simplified so that there are no delays in future; further, activities and trainings should be organized for bamboo harvesting and value addition; f) Market linkages support is crucial; enterprise development activities such as agarbathi stick making (Annapureddypalli VSS), adda leaves, bodha grass (Ammagaripalli VSS), etc. would realize their potential of income augmentation through such support; g) In NTFP-rich areas, NTFP procurement centers supported by APFD should be established for collectors to realize better returns; training on sustainable harvesting techniques should be provided; h) For prevention of forest fires, fire trenches should be created extensively every year; i) There are wide variations in the extent of plantation activities undertaken in different VSS and Forest Divisions, which has a bearing on VSS income and other benefits; effort should be made to bring more areas under plantation in VSS which have not benefited much from the project j) Lack of coordination between the Gram Panchayat and VSS is a constant challenge that requires policy and facilitative support; and k) Networks of VSS should be formed across the state, and VSS provided recognition as a legal institution.
99 Stakeholders’ Consultation on Resettlement Action Plan (March 11, 2010)
A second stakeholders’ consultation was held at Vishakhapatnam on 11th March 2010, to specifically focus on implementation of the RAP. Participants at this workshop included Project Affected Families (PAFs) from the 5 forest divisions where RAP was implemented, APFD personnel, NGO representatives, Training Coordinators, World Bank (WB) staff and consultants, and members of the IAG. The program was organized and facilitated by Srujana Welfare Association, Chodavaram, with financial support from CEFNARM. Forty four PAFs participated in the workshop, including 4 women and 40 men. There was good representation from NGOs (25), APFD Forest Range Officers (FROs), FSOs and FBOs (26), Training Coordinators (5) and senior APFD personnel, including the Project Director/APCCF, CCF-Vishakhapatnam, and 5 DFOs.
Opening remarks were made by the former Co-Convener of APNGOs Forum, which had been instrumental in raising R&R issues in the project, and revision of the state R&R Policy in 2004. Observations made by the participants are summarized in the following paragraphs.
Identification of PAFs
APFD staff and facilitating NGOs faced many challenges in correct and complete identification of PAFs in the initial stages because of distrust between village communities and APFD, and their lack of confidence in the implementation of RAP. Through regular meetings, training, orientation and other confidence-building measures, an atmosphere of mutual trust was established, which facilitated further activities. Measures adopted for identification of PAFs included series of discussions in Gram Sabha, one-on-one discussions with potential PAFs and village elders, confidential enquiry, GPS survey and physical verification of podu land, preparation of podu affected maps, and public disclosure of final list of PAFs.
Impact of Land Development Activities
Fallow, undulating and unproductive lands have been leveled, bunded and converted to productive cultivable assets, and sometimes irrigated by channels, check dams, diesel pump sets, bore wells, etc. This has changed the cropping pattern, enhanced productivity, increased land value, and created permanent assets for PAFs. Extent of cultivable land has increased as a result of leveling & terracing, and soil erosion arrested through bunding. Vegetable cultivation has been taken up by some farmers, and planting of horticulture crops on these lands is expected to result in long-term income on a sustained basis. It is estimated that per acre income levels have risen by INR15,000 (US$337) – 25,000 (US$562) annually.
100
Impact of Livestock Support – Cow and Sheep Units, and Plough Bullocks
Land less PAFs, in general, preferred going for support in the form of cow and sheep units; convergence with Pashu Kranti Patham scheme of GoAP enabled each PAF opting for a cow to receive one more cow as matching support. In addition, insurance cover has also been provided and PAFs with milch cattle are earning up to INR 4,500 net income every month. PAFs with sheep units are expected to double the number of livestock owned within 12-18 months. Insurance cover was provided at the time of purchase, but provision of adequate health care is an issue because of lack of veterinary services in remote forested areas. Farmers opting for plough bullocks are able to till and plough their lands on time, and also provide the bullocks to other farmers in the village on rental basis. Insurance has been provided. Some PAFs are also using the bullocks for transportation services.
Other Support
PAFs residing in areas adjacent to reservoirs, rivers and canals opted for and received boats and nets to support their livelihood activities. This reduced the cost they incurred on having to procure the items on rent, and supplement their income to the extent of INR 1,500 per month. A popular group-based enterprise supported under RAP is transportation vehicle. Groups of 4-5 PAFs obtained vehicles such as auto rickshaw (motorized three-wheel passenger carrier) and jeep, for which they received training and matching loan from banks where required. Apart from providing reliable transportation services to villagers, the vehicles are also used for transportation of farm produce to markets at reasonable rates. However, lack of sufficient knowledge among PAFs regarding transport policies and high maintenance costs are beginning to gnaw into their profit margins. Some of the other livelihood support interventions provided under RAP include mini grocery stores, cycle repair shops, tent house material, rice and flour mills, etc.
Role of NGOs in Implementation of RAP
NGOs were instrumental in bridging the chasm between the APFD and the affected communities to make RAP implementation a reality. Convergence and collaboration with other departments was also facilitated by NGOs:
a) Revenue department – verification of land particulars provided by PAFs, and verification of land ownership; b) Mandal Parishad – Obtaining clearance certificates for applying under Pashu Kranti Pathakam; c) Banks – opening accounts and facilitating receipt of credit; d) Agriculture and horticulture departments – obtaining subsidies for agriculture implements and other inputs; and
101 e) Insurance companies – Purchase of policies for movable and immovable assets created under RAP, and facilitating application for claims, where required. NGOs faced many challenges in playing facilitators, especially in the following areas: correct identification of PAFs, grouping of PAFs for group-based enterprises, identification of appropriate interventions for landless PAFs, revision of microplans, accounting system for group-based activities, issues with bankers in opening bank accounts for individuals/ groups of PAFs, keeping records and making payments for land leveling works using machines, supporting PAFs for insurance claims, and village social- political dynamics. In addition, there were issues with regular disbursement of NGO facilitation charges. Based on lessons learned from RAP implementation, NGO representatives suggested the following for future R&R activities/ other projects:
a) To conduct social audit/ maintain display boards for expenditure on each activity; b) To enable better returns, facilitate market linkages and provide support through follow-up activities and trainings; and c) To proactively collaborate with other departments and traders/ processing units.
Remarks of IAG Members
Two IAG members were present during the day’s deliberations, including the IAG Chairperson. They expressed satisfaction at the implementation process and results achieved under RAP.
102 Annex 7. Summary of Borrower’s ICR and Comments on Draft ICR
The Andhra Pradesh Community Forest Management Project was launched on 1st November 2002, and become effective since 26th November 2002. This is a unique project in the Forestry sector in that it linked forest conservation to livelihoods of the people depending on the forests and living in its vicinity and aims at ameliorating their living conditions and economic lot. The PDO of ‘alleviation of rural poverty through improved forest management with community participation’ was achieved through three interdependent components viz creation of enabling environment for community forest management, forest management and community development. This being a follow on project to the earlier implemented AP Forestry Project (1994 to 2000) drew its contents heavily from the experiences of that Project.
During the first three years of implementation the project focused on development of policy framework, creation of an enabling environment for community forest management apart from improvement and consolidation of forests. After the mid-term review, focus of the project was more on livelihood enhancement and poverty alleviation. This was accomplished through suitable institutional reforms done in through a participatory consultative process, and promoting forest based enterprises with appropriate technology and developing robust and replicable models for benefit and cost sharing arrangements among the target groups in the light of complex forestry environment. Through improved forest management ad community participation,
The highlights of the achievement however are the initiatives taken for ensuring benefit sharing among the members of the community, simplifying otherwise complex financial procedure of fund flow to communities, developing replicable models for cost sharing through reinvestment of benefits flowing from forest management, developing vibrant pro poor institutions to undertake forest and forest enterprise management, addressing issues of equity both from the perspective of gender and of vulnerable groups, successfully implementing a challenging package of R&R through a transparent and participatory approach, ushering in confidence among the participating communities that they can manage their forestry and financial support without substantially depending on forestry staff through adequate investments in developing human capital and para forestry professionalism and above all ensuring a sense of ownership and belonging among the VSSs by fulfilling what was promised. The project has proved possibilities of hitherto unexplored areas of Participatory Forest Management providing ample space for Communities to participate in core forest management decision making issues in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
The borrower has reviewed the draft ICR. Some suggestions were made regarding the constitution of the Independent Advisory Group that was constituted and functioned in the context of R&R issues dealt in the Project. These have been incorporated. The suggestions made with regard to legal issues also have been adequately incorporated.
The contents of the draft ICR are in tune with the achievements and accomplishments of the Project and there are no additional comments from the borrower.
103 Annex 8. Comments of Cofinanciers and Other Partners/Stakeholders
The project did not involve other co-financiers or major partners.
104 Annex 9. List of Supporting Documents
1. APFD (2009) Revised Forest Schedule of Rates 2009 to 2010 2. APFD (2010) Implementation Completion Report, March 2010. 3. APFD (2010) Andhra Pradesh Forest Inventory Report 2010 4. APFD (2010) Various VSS Profile Data provided during ICRR Field Visits 5. CENPAP (2003) Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for APCFMP 6. CENPAP (2008) Manual for Undertaking Social Audit of VSS 7. CENPAP (2010) Impact on Household Income of VSS Members under APCFMP. 8. CENPAP (2010) Social Audit of VSS under APCFMP. 9. CMSR (2010) Study of the Impact of Training and Capacity Building Programs under APCFMP 10. CMSR (2010) Impact Assessment of Implementation of Resettlement Action Plan under APCFMP 11. CPF (2008) Study Report on “Harvesting and Marketing of Bamboo” in Manchiryala, Kakinada, Narsipatnam and Visakhapatnam Forest Divisions of Andhra Pradesh. 12. CPF (2008) Assessment of the Performance of VSSs in CPF Project Area 13. CPF (2010) A Brief Summary of the Participatory Assessment Study on “Forest Returns and Benefits Sharing Mechanisms to the VSS Members” in Andhra Pradesh 14. DRS (2006) Impact Assessment of APCFMP for Mid Term Review 15. DRS (2010) Assessment of Environmental Impacts and Forest Resource Improvement through APCFMP 16. DRS (2010) Assessment of Socio Economic Impacts of APCFMP. 17. D. Kesava Rao (2007) Making a Difference – Forest Projects Providing Sustainability to Communities of Andhra Pradesh 18. FAO (2005) Exploring Options for Joint Forest Management in India. 19. FAO/World Bank, M&E Stocktaking draft report on APCFMP 20. Forest Survey of India (2009) State of Forest Report 2009 21. GoAP (2002) Entitlement framework for mitigating any adverse impact due to the project; Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for the Project Affected persons, Issued vide G.O.Ms.No.10 EFS&T (For III) Dept. dated: 05-02-2002 22. GoAP (2002) Andhra Pradesh Forest Department Code – Delegation of enhanced financial powers at various levels – Orders – Issued, vide G.O.Ms.No.2 EFS&T (For III) Dept. dated: 07-01-2004
105 23. GoAP (2004) Comprehensive Orders on Community Forest Management, Issued vide G.O. Ms.No.13 EFS&T (For III) Dept. dated: 12-02-2002 as amended vide G.O.Ms No.4 EFS&T (For III) Dept. dated: 12-01-2004 24. GoAP (2004) APFD – Execution of works through VSS – Observing transparency - Issuing of certain guidelines – Regarding, Circular issued from Office of the PCCF Ref.No.12060/2004/PMU-III/1, dated 04-08-2004 25. GoAP (2004) Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy (RAP) Issued vide G.O. Ms No. 68, EFS & T (For III) Dept., Dated: 25-05-2004 26. GoAP (2006) A.P Community Forest Management Project Guidelines for Preparations of Livelihood Development Plan (A part of Tribal Development Strategy and Action Plan) 27. GoAP (2006) Beedi Leaves Trace in Andhra Pradesh – Distribution of net revenue generated from Beedi leaf scheme to the Beedi leaf collectors – Orders, Issued vide G.O. Ms No. 43, EFS & T (For III) Dept., Dated: 10-04-2006 28. IAG (2006) Visit of Independent Advisory Group (IAG) to the RAP Areas in the Districts of Vijayanagaram and Visakhapatnam on 20th and 21st of March 2006 29. Samaj Vikas Development Support Organization (2008) A Study on the Socio- Economic Status of Podu Land Cultivators in VSS Areas in Andhra Pradesh 30. The World Bank (2000) Implementation Completion Report on ANDHRA PRADESH FORESTRY PROJECT (Cr. No 25730). 31. The World Bank (2002) Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Credit in the Amount of SDR 85.5 Million (US$ 108 Million Equivalent) to INDIA for the Andhra Pradesh Community Forest Management Project. 32. The World Bank (2002) Environmental Management Plan 33. The World Bank (2002) Pest management Plan 34. The World Bank (2002) Social Assessment 35. The World Bank (2002) Tribal Development Strategy and Action Plan (Indigenous Peoples Plan) 36. The World Bank (2004) RP87 AP Community Forest Management Project Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) 37. The World Bank (2006) Mid-term Review Mission Aide Memoire. 38. The World Bank (2002) Development Credit Agreement 39. The World Bank, Supervision Mission Aide Memoire # 1- 15 Archived 40. The World Bank, Implementation Status and Result Reports (ISRs) # 1-15 Archived
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Borrower’s ICR Report
Andhra Pradesh Community Forest Management Project
June 18, 2010 Table of Contents
1. Overview of Project Achievements ...... 3 2. Achievements by Components: ...... 4 3. Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 22 4. Procurement of Goods, Works and Services ...... 28 5. Financial Management and Audit: ...... 41 6. Initiatives...... 47 7. Compliance to operational Directives ...... 53 8. Strategies for Sustainability and Follow up actions ...... 63 9. Project Impacts...... 70 10. Annexes...... 101
2
Andhra Pradesh Community Forest Management Project Implementation Completion Report
1. Overview of Project Achievements
The Andhra Pradesh Community Forest Management Project was launched on 1st November 2002, and become effective since 26th November 2002. This is a unique Project in the Forestry sector in that it seeks to link forest conservation to livelihoods of the people depending on the forests and living in its vicinity and aims at ameliorating their living conditions and economic lot. The Project Development Objective of „alleviation of rural poverty through improved forest management with community participation‟ was initially sought to be achieved through three interdependent components viz creation of enabling environment for community forest management, forest management and community development. This being a follow on Project to the earlier implemented AP Forestry Project (1994 to 2000) drew its contents heavily from the experiences of that Project.
During the first three years of implementation the focused areas are mostly on improvement and consolidation of forests, artificial regeneration of SRWP including medicinal species in the area under the management of the VSSs and on building their capacity to ensure the same. After the mid term review during 2006, focus of the Project was more on livelihood enhancement and poverty alleviation. This was accomplished through suitable institutional reforms done in through a participatory consultative process, and promoting forest based enterprises with appropriate technology and developing robust and replicable models for benefit and cost sharing arrangements among the target groups in the light of complex forestry environment. Through improved forest management ad community participation, the benefits accrued to the VSSs are: The VSSs have earned a direct benefit of Rs.1864.17 Million through harvest, utilization and sale of timber and non-timber forest products etc. The Project activities have generated 37.322 Million person days of employment. An area of 3,45,259 ha of forests vested with VSSs have been improved. This includes an extent of 57,712 ha of productive plantations raised through Community participation.
3
The Project has developed replicable models of cost sharing models through reinvestment of part of revenue realised from forest management. This is being demonstrated in 111 VSSs. There has been an impressive 53% % improvement in household incomes among the VSS members (from Rs. 20,237 per household in 2005 to Rs. 30,999 during 2009). Proportion of income from forest usufructs has increased by 3% paving way for symbiotic dependence of VSS members on forests and sustainable forest management. VSSs have recorded a growth of 29.48% in asset value of their forests with increase in growing stock from 208.67 Cum in 2002 to 270.18 cum in 2006. This was possible primarily due to improvement in quality of forest cover by migration of open and scrub forests as dense forests. The Project, could achieve 109% of physical targets fixed in the Project Appraisal Document while utilising 94 % of the financial allocation.
From all the above, it can be inferred that the Project has made sincere attempts and achieved the Project Development Objective of poverty reduction through forest management and community participation by creating an enabling environment for Community Forest Management through proactive policy reforms in making the process of Community Forest Management a reality. Simplifying complex procedures in financial management and forest management have been daunting challenges well accomplished. The Project has proved possibilities of hitherto unexplored areas of Participatory Forest Management providing ample space for Communities to participate in core forest management decision making issues in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
Details of the Project achievements, highlights and impacts are given in the ensuing chapters.
2. Achievements by Components:
Livelihood enhancement: This component was reconstituted from the earlier (before Mid Term Review) component of Community development. This component aims at bringing about holistic development of VSS communities focusing particularly on the vulnerable groups, social safeguards, bridging critical gaps in the endeavour of achievement of the project objective of poverty reduction through income generation activities to bring in an
4 element of sustainability in the project implementation. Following are the activities contemplated:
Supporting development of community infrastructure (on a limited scale) for VSS groups. Supporting the processing and marketing of wood and non-wood forest products (NTFPs) through APFD and NGO extension and training. Supporting poor, landless, women and other vulnerable groups especially the tribals by improving livelihood opportunities based on forest and non-forest activities through income generation activities and micro-enterprises. Encouraging and facilitating Participatory planning through micro-planning exercise for development of holistic plans, Evolve and implement suitable mitigation measures to ward off adverse impacts if any on any person due to Project implementation.
Activities in the areas of community infrastructure, income generation, micro- enterprise and micro business, market support were taken up in accordance with the prioritised felt needs as documented and articulated in the microplans that were modified subsequently as Livelihood Plans and also in the VSS specific Resettlement Action Plans.
About 42% of the membership of the VSSs supported under this Project is of Scheduled Tribes. Project design includes investments in Tribal Development Plan and also for development of Non Tribal VSS Villages. However, in the initial Project design, a cap on investment was fixed at Rs. 100,000 per VSS in respect of VSS with significant Tribal population (more than 10%), the limit for other VSSs is Rs. 50,000 per VSS and investment was required to be made duly taking care not to repeat investments in VSSs that have already received such benefit during implementation of APFP. However after the Mid Term Review with revised focus on livelihood enhancement, the strategy was modified and cluster approach with institution development coupled with skill enhancement and market support was followed for implementation of all livelihood enhancement activities on mode of enterprises. This also led to a new approach of linking forest conservation to enhancement of livelihoods.
As a part of this revised strategy, microplans in certain VSSs were revised as livelihood enhancement plans. This revision was done after a household survey in which
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income and expenditure profile of families, nature and extent of their dependence of members of VSSs on forests and extent of contribution of forests to their livelihoods were documented. 2283Livelihood Enhancement Plans were prepared duly revising the Microplans.
Further in order to maximise impacts from these investments, activities that ensure sustainable management of natural resources available and vested with the VSSs were planned and their value additions by the Common Enterprise Groups. Following is a statement indicating activity wise participation of VSS members in some key income generation activities.
Developmental activities in VSSs with predominat Developmental activities tribal membership (more in other VSSs Sl. No. Activity than 30%)
No. of No. of No. of No. of VSS Members VSS Members
1 Agarbathi Stick Making 134 5251 23 1201
3 Apiculture 132 1342 97 932
4 Pisiculture 52 1515 9 223
5 Vermicompost 755 5558 428 6495
6 Bamboo Value addition 2 18 4 81
7 Leaf Plate making 731 19502 69 976
8 Eco tourism 7 114 3 33
So far 284,379 VSS members have derived benefits from various income generation activities. Details are given in the annexure. Among various enterprises taken up the following enterprises have done exceedingly well:
Support for value addition and marketing of bamboos: Bamboo occurs in abundance in Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh accounts for about 7.4% of India‟s Bamboo resources. More than 1000 VSSs have abundant resources of Bamboo and their economy can scale up significantly with Bamboo related intervention. Bamboo is also known as poor man‟s timber. Converting bamboo into agarabatti sticks, bamboo handicrafts and bamboo matboards were tried. Of all, converting bamboo into raw agarabatti sticks has stabilised and is doing well in parts of Adilabad District. As against a paltry Rs. 5 per Bamboo the VSSs are now able to
6 generate Rs. 25 per Bamboo most of it being in the form of wage employment to VSS members in converting Bamboo into Agarabatti sticks. So far nearly 700 tonnes of Agarabatti sticks were supplied by VSSs and their cluster federations. Encouraged by the success of the activity, clusters of Bellampalli Division have decided to organise themselves as Producer Company in Tiriyani.
Leaf plate making with Adda leaves: Traditionally the tribals of Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, East Godavari and Bhadrachalam areas have been collecting Adda leaf (leaves of Bauhinia vahlii) and selling to GCC and middlemen in Shandies. Conversion of the leaves so sold into leaf plates has been in the domain of plainsmen. Essentially the tribals though are primary collectors of this resource have not had the benefit of value addition and market intervention. Infact the plainsmen have been benefited most by these activities. Thus the forest dependant tribals have remained poor and their drudgery of travelling long distances on foot many a times for days together have added to their misery. A simple intervention of training the tribal women in stitching leaves into leaf plates has been taken up through participation of 40 NGOs in 322 villages covering 7427 families in Visakhapatnam and Vizianagaram districts. Marketing tie up was made with Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanam, Simhachalam and Annavaram Temple apart from local markets.
Community based Eco-tourism: This is a new activity included in the Project after the Mid Term Review. Community Based Eco-tourism involves participation of local communities constituted as VSSs and Eco Development Committees (EDCs) in management of tourism aspects of protected areas and areas that have rich biodiversity and that are ecologically sensitive but have tremendous tourism and educational importance. Economic benefits that accrue from Eco-tourism will be shared among the VSS/EDC members. The economic benefits are expected to bring about social upliftment of the forest dwellers and thereby reduce the poverty in the rural areas. Activities taken up under eco-tourism include:
Planning for community based eco-tourism. Capacity building of community, training in visitor management, catering etc. Designing and establishing eco friendly infrastructure through community participation. Basically, this programme is being carried out as a poverty alleviation measure in the villages adjoining protected areas and forests, while aiming at biodiversity and forest
7 conservation in the long run, though people‟s participation. The following is a brief account of some of the sites that have sparkled:
Talakona: The eco-developmental works are being taken up actively through Nerabailu YC VSS. On an average 20,000 Nos. visitors visit Talakona every month and the tourists are from Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu & Karnataka. Infrastructure provided here include Log Huts (6 Nos), Dormitories (2 Nos), Kitchen and Nature friendly dining room, Canopy walk amids the sylvan groove of Shorea talure endemic to the area, treck path to the nearby waterfall, trecking and safari drive. The facility is managed by the local Yanadi tribes is running on sustainable grounds. The amount spent of infrastructure is Rs.57.227 lakh. So far the facility has earned a gross revenue of Rs. 63.519 lakhs with an expenditure of Rs. 37.77 lakh.
Mamandur: Visitors from Andhra Pradesh and neighboring Tamilnadu visit the area and the spot is located 30 Kms. away from the Tirupathi on Tirupathi – Kadapa highway. A dormitory that can accommodate around 30 people, improvement of Forest Rest House & Kitchen, construction of (6) Cottages, a museum, tracking facility to the nearby forests and water bodies are in place and in use. The facility is managed by local members of EDCs belonging to Mamandur. Being adjacent to a busy highway, this site is growing in popularity.
Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Visakhapatnam District: The Sambhuvanipalem VSS members have taken up the CBET project in Kambalakonda area. Already the area has been developed by fencing 80 Ha., establishing watch towers & view points, sit-outs for public, etc. There is a good potential for visitors coming to the spot as it is hardly 10 Kms. from Visakhapatnam city. Tent huts have been erected at three locations identified in consultation with Tourism Department and Youth hostels. Cafeteria with kitchen and Store and two trails of 3 Kms and 5 Kms each are provided in addition to a view tower that overlooks the landscapes and spots the nearby Bay of Bengal, sign boards and visitors‟ amenities like common toilets, visitor sheds & machans are constructed. Angling and Boating are the seasonal attractions in the reservoirs at the heart of this facility. An amount of Rs.70.63 lakh has been incurred as expenditure towards infrastructure while the revenue earnings are of ten order of Rs. 65.25 lakh with an expenditure of Rs.57.62 lakh.
Maredumilli, East Godavari district: Maredumilli Community Based Eco-tourism is being implemented by Somireddy palem VSS of Rampa Chodavaram Range (Kakinada Division). On pilot basis during the month of Kartika Masam season of 2005 the project commenced.
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Nearly 6000 members visit the area annually. An amount of Rs. 150.46 lakh has been spent on developing infrastructure such as Construction of cottages, providing tent accommodation (at Jungle star on the banks of the River Pamaleru), trecking and visit to Biodiversity hotspots to appreciate nature conservation needs apart from education etc. Maredumilli is one of the success stories since it has done exceedingly well within a short time. The facility has earned a gross revenue of Rs. 42.12 lakh with an expenditure of Rs. 30.83 lakh so far.
Tatipudi Reservoir: The community based Eco-tourism project at Thatipudi on the bank of Gosthani River with the involvement of members of 1) Nakkalavalasa, 2) Rallagaruvu 3) Panasalapadu, (4)Addatheega & (5) Diguvakondaparti VSS is being taken up. A Managing Community was constituted with 20 members with the participation of VSS members of Panasalapadu, Addatheega, Rallagaruvu, Nakkalavalasa & Diguvakondaparti VSS. Two suites with reception hall and cafeteria and two toilets were constructed in the down hillside. Two suites were constructed and both the places are connected with pathways. Facilities such as angling and trecking in natural forests are the special attractions. Embroidery as a Livelihood Alternative for Lambada Tribal Women in VSSs of Telengana Region of Andhra Pradesh: An extensive survey conducted through the Center for People‟s Forestry (CPF) in the year 2004 across 680 Vana Samrakshana Samithis (VSS) representing all three Regions of Andhra Pradesh revealed that the practice of collection and sale of fuel wood, generically termed as „head-loading‟, exists in many parts of the State and is particularly prevalent among resource poor forest dependent communities. One of the study findings is that large populations of Lambada women, who are members of VSS, earn their livelihood by doing different kinds of wage works. Apart from these sources of livelihood “fuel wood selling” is an important source of income to meet their supplementary (soaps, cosmetics etc.) needs. Fuel wood sale is done throughout the year and the activity increases during Summer when no other work is available.
CPF engaged the Lambada women in Medak in July 2005 with an idea of engaging them in embroidery design works and halting or, at least, reducing collection of fuel wood from forest. Subsequently, CPF demonstrated the whole process of implementation to the Forest Department (FD). Impressed by CPF‟s work, FD extended support to initiate project activities in Medak and five other clusters: Kamareddy, Achampet (two clusters), Mehaboobabad and Amangal) under the APCFM project. CPF organised skill-up gradation trainings and preparation of catalogue in all the clusters. CPF also took lead in developing and maintaining market linkages for obtaining orders. Partner NGOs of CPF made efforts in
9 terms of forming CEGs, managing Common Facility Centre (CFC) and orders distribution among artisans and delivering finished products in market.
Other than financial support, FD has given other supports like allocating space for CFC in Medak and Achampet, as well as moral support by DFOs and other field officials in these cluster regions.
Forest Management: The main thrust of APCFM Project is aimed at the various activities proposed under this component as this component accounts for lion share of the investment under the project. The various activities carried out under this component are:
- Improvement of natural forests vested with VSS‟s through rejuvenation of the existing root stock and artificial regeneration along with sound silvicultural interventions of selective thinning and stand management practices coupled with intensive soil and moisture conservation works. - These activities have improved the productivity of the existing forests giving sustained yield of forest produce to the community under the management of VSS‟s. - The forests with reasonably good root stock of valuable and important species have been rejuvenated and improved, yielding sustained incomes to the community under VSS‟s. Also degraded bamboo forests have been improved by carrying out decongestion and soil working around the clumps. - Forests with scrub growth without any economically important species have been replaced by high yielding short rotation timber yielding, NTFP and medicinal plant species through artificial regeneration. - Social forestry is executed through the development of forest resources out side the reserve forests through extension and support for the farm and community forestry. Also considerable extents of shelter belt plantations were raised under Tsunami mitigation under the project as social forestry activity. - Applied research was concentrated on the genetic improvement of selected species and standardization of their propagation techniques. Research also improved the silvicultural prescriptions for the management of degraded forests from time to time. - Important development of mechanisms and tools for forestry inventory and impact assessment of various inventions under the project. - Development of comprehensive Forest Management Information system is a reality The gist of the achievement under these components are given below:
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Forest Treatment: Under the project, the target for improvement of forests under the VSS‟s management in 315800 ha. This target includes improvement of 150,000 ha teak forests 100,000 ha non-teak forests, 50,000 ha of degraded bamboo forests, 5000 ha of red sanders forests and conversion of 10,800 ha scrub forests by artificial regeneration with short rotation, woody, NTFP and medicinal plant yielding species. As against these targets, an area of 3,45,259 ha of natural forests were treated. The details of area treated so far under different categories since the inception of the project are given below:
Sl. Percentage of Category Unit Project Target Achievement No. Achievement 1. Rejuvenation of degraded teak & 95.92% Ha 255000 244603 non teak Misc forest
2. Bamboo Forests including under Ha 50,000 42944 85.89% planting
3. Artificial Ha 10,800 57712 534% regeneration
Total 315800 345259 109%
Under the project, treatment of forests was the main activity and it has generated lot of wage and other employment opportunities of the community under the VSS‟s management especially during lean agricultural working season.
Rejuvenation of degraded forests: The Project targeted rejuvenation of 150,000 ha of degraded Teak Forests, 100,000 ha of degraded non teak misc. Forests and 5000 ha of Red sanders forests for rejuvenation. As against this, an area of 244,603 ha (95.92% of the target) of forests have been rejuvenated. Treatment under this model consisted of shrub cutting as advance operation, cutting back and coppicing viable root stock. And high stumps that have resulted due to hacking and illicit cutting in the past, have been cut and coppicing the resulting stumps and singling the multiple shoots that emanate from the coppiced stump. These operations have been coupled with soil and moisture conservation works like continuous contour trenches, mini percolation tanks, gully plugging structures and staggered trenches.
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Also works like fire control measures and protection from grazing, trenches to conserve moisture around economically important and naturally occurring NTFP species plants in the treated area were carried out in good measure. As teak forests are deciduous forests, these forests become highly susceptible for fire damage and due to frequent fire damage, the forests become degraded making the top soil compact and depleted.
To mitigate this, however, SMC works were carried out on total watershed concept to consolidate the gains made from the treatment of forests. Fire control works were taken up in the form of shallow contour trenches of 0.5 M depth, 1.5 M top width and 1m bottom width of convenient length. These trenches are performing the dual purposes of soil and moisture conservation structures during rainy season and as fire control measure during the dry summer season. Leaf litter all along these contour trenches are being swept into these trenches and control burning is being done during summer to prevent fire accidents to the forests.
Non – Teak miscellaneous forests including red sanders forests of the state are distributed in coastal Andhra and Ralayaseema regions viz Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Vishakapatnam and East Godavari districts of coastal Andhra and Kadapa, Kurnool and Chittoor of Rayalaseema. The non – teak miscellaneous forests distributed in coastal Andhra are forming a transition between sal forests of north India and the Central India teak tract. Without any major species dominating the scene, these forests are rich in bio – diversity and are home to many tribal communities.
These forests were under various degrees of degradation due to intense biotic pressure and inadequate management practices, they were subjected to in the past. Many of these forests were subjected to coppice cutting and gap planting irrespective of coppicing ability of the individual species. The net result was the aggressive coppicers dominated and shy coppicers remained suppressed and subsequently perished. The areas with Clistanthus collinus, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia alata, Acacia sundra etc., responded to coppicing.
Although these developed in to pole crop of smaller diameter and is being used by the community for their domestic use. There is noticeable absence of species like Dalbergia latifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Adina cordifolia, Mitragyna parvifolia in these mixed forests which make economic returns poor from these forests. The forest cover has increased in terms of enhanced canopy but it has not given productive economic returns. However, the
12 treatment helped in the growth of NWFP species such as Terminalia chebula, T. belerica, Phyllanthus emblica, Bauhinia vahlii and some other useful medicinal plant species responding quite well in terms of regeneration and the protection offered by the community. The preferential cultural treatments to the wild NWFP species like clearing of other miscellaneous growth around these plants, soil working and semi-lunar trenches around the plants and going in for in-situ grafting have helped in the growth of Annona squomosa, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Phyllanthus emblica and thus benefiting the VSS community immensely.
Non-teak forests of Rayalaseema are predominated by abundant occurrence of pterocarpus santalinus (Red sanders). As the Red sanders forest, are also copiously infested with Boda grass (Chloroxylon coloratus) and it is traditionally used as thatching material by the community. But during the summer it was acting as fire hazard. Under the project, a new utility has been found for this Boda grass as it yields oil, which was extracted by the VSS people by setting up of units in Rayalaseema region, benefiting the community economically.
Extensive soil and moisture conversation measure on total saturation of watershed area concept were taken up along with fire control measures in these forests.
Significant and novel intervention was of preferential treatment to promising NTFP and Timber yielding species. In normal forestry practices there was no space to pay attention to such scattered trees as forestry was oriented to either raising plantations or rejuvenating rootstock of timber species. It is probably for the first time that some attention was paid to scattered NTFP trees that were struggling to survive and grow. The intervention was also quite simple in that a semi lunar trench was provided near such plants about a meter away with a cross section of 30cm x 30 cm. The moisture impounded in such trenches was of tremendous advantage to these plants and results were immediate and perceptible. Another novel intervention taken in Kadapa district was bud grafting natural Zizyphus trees with high yielding counterparts. Infact more than 19,000 ha (of effective area) was treated with such intervention and yields of these NTFP trees have nearly doubled.
Rejuvenation of Bamboo forests: Bamboo occurs abundantly in some parts of state forests. About 1000 VSS‟s supported under this project have good bamboo resources. Atleast in half these VSS, there is gregarious occurrence of bamboo and in the balance sporadic. The Dendrocalamus strictus is the species that is occurring in 90%. Under the rejuvenation of degraded bamboo forests, the bamboo forest has been treated with cultural operations like
13 clump mounding to increase the annual recruitment of culms, digging of trenches around clump for moisture conservation.
This was also supplemented by gap planting, which did not give encouraging result. In later stages, an aggressive approach of under planting of bamboo in the miscellaneous forests, of less than 0.4 density class was followed to augment the bamboo resource in the forests. Studies by the research wing reveal that rhizomes planted in teak plantation areas and in the areas with more than 0.4 was not giving required growth and the annual recruitment of culms is very poor although rhizomes are surviving the menace from cattle population in all such plantations is perceptible, wherever, peripheral fencing or individual plant fencing has not been provided by the community.
The field operations in bamboo forests include decongestion, saucer weeding, mounding to young clumps, staggered trenches near the clumps to conserve moisture, fire control measures and SMC works like CCT‟s, gully control structures, Mini percolation tanks etc. Selective felling of mature bamboo culms duly retaining 6 to 8 culms per clump to support the clump is a silvicultural operation that ensured the health of the clump and also fetched revenue to the VSS‟s as bamboo so removed can be sold as green bamboo or as value added products like Baskets, Mats and Agarbathi stricks. The recent enterprise development in the form of Agarbathi sticks has picked up in some of the bamboo rich VSS‟s earning them good incomes to the VSS‟s. As against the project target of treating 50,000 ha of Bamboo forests, an area of 42944 ha has been treated. This includes treatment of 20,226 ha under planting.
Under planting is a new initiative taken under the current project. Where it is done in the forests where it is not occurring naturally. Two years old rhizomes were planted in the existing gaps in the natural forests of VSS‟s, where these gaps were caused due to silvicultural thinnings and tending operations and due to natural causes. This technique has helped in the upgrading of the quality of the forests, otherwise, which cannot ensure adequate returns as they are primarily timber species bearing forests. Bamboo would ensure intermittent returns and this contribute to the success of forest management by VSS‟s, duly ensuring regular flow of returns.
Artificial regeneration: As against a project target of 10,800 ha of artificial regeneration in scrub forests with SRWP, NTFP and medicinal plant species, an area of 57712 ha has been treated.
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A thrust area of plantation activity has been the plantation of high yielding NWFP clones like Phyllanthus emblica, Syzygium cumini, Annona squomosa Tamarindus indica etc., in small patches in large No. of VSS‟s under semi-mechanical method. As already stated an area of 57712 ha has been planted with seedlings of SRWP, NTFP and medicinal plant species. Species planted are Pongamic pinnata, Emblica officianalis, Eucalyptus clones, Tamarindus indica, Annona squomosa, Sapindus emarginatus, Dendrocalamus strictus, Gymnema sylvestris, Decalyptus hamiltanii, Asparagus racemosa, Palmrosa etc.
As the converted areas earlier supported only scrub forests, but have fertile soil to ensure good amount of success, planting is preceded by good and intensive land preparation. This included the removal of all un wanted growth, ploughing the soil and planting healthy and robust seedlings in pits of 45 cm at escapement of 5m x 5m for Pongamia pinnata, Emblica officianalis, Tamarindus indica, Annona squomosa, Sapindus emarginatus and Dendrocalamus strictus 10m x 10m for Artocarpus integrifolia, 3m x 1.5m for Encalyptus clones and 2.5m x 2.5m for Tectona grandis. Planting of medicinal herbs like Gymnema sylvestris, Decalyptus homiltonii, Asparapus racemosa was done as intercrop in the plantation of NTFP species and in natural forests as under-crop. Over all this activity, Bamboo Encalyptus, pongamia and other NTFP species were planted with semi-mechanical techniques.
A very good and successful attempt was made to revive the mangrove forests under the project by taking up artificial regeneration of mangrove plantation in Krishna, East Godavari Districts.
Social Forestry: This activity was implemented by planning and extension wing of the Andhra Pradesh Forests Department. Under the component, forest resources were developed outside the reserve forest, mostly, shelter belt plantations in Government lands along the coast under the Tsunami mitigation component of the project and plantation in the community lands such as tank fore share areas and Avenues for avenue plantations. Detailed note on the achievements of the social forestry in this regard in annexed.
Applied Research: Activities pertaining to forestry research have been implemented by the R&D Circle of the Forest Department. The salient features of the activities and sub- activities of the R&D wing implemented under the project are:
- Consolidation and expansion of the benefits achieved under APFP.
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- Integration of research activities under the project with the prioritized research themes of the department and provide continuity and flexibility to the research projects initiated under APFP. - Standardizing package of practices supported by good extension strategy to accelerate production and improve yields by producing superior planting stock. - Transfer of technology from the lab to the land. Forest Inventory: This activity has been contemplated for implementation during the third year of the project. However, as part of micro planning base line survey of forest resources has been done through field inventory as per the methodology prescribed in the PIP. Data collected in this exercise has been made use of along with regular inventory by a cell with competent officers with a clear mandate. A detailed note on this exercise is given in the annexure.
Institution strengthening
In the original Project design Creation of Enabling Environment for Community Development was an important component. This component included activities such as Policy and institution development and awareness and capacity building as key activities apart from Monitoring and Evaluation strategies. Developing a conducive policy environment was the prime concern and in that regard after a series of consultations, a number of policy initiatives on framework of Community Forest Management in the state, benefit sharing arrangements, decentralized financial management and policy on participation and addressing issues of indigenous people and involuntary resettlement were evolved. Till the Mid Term Review, apart from policy development major activities under this component revolved around awareness building and capacity building and developing an M&E frame work. In the light of this and keeping the needs of that phase of the Project, strategy for training and outreach were evolved as below:
1. All the training programmes to be conducted were broadly categorized into training in forest management, training in financial management, training in social development and training in business management and training in information technology 2. Training programmes were organized at A P Forest Academy, Dullapalli, Regional Research Centres Hyderabad, Tirupathi, Warangal and Rajahmundry, designated training centres in each forest division and in each VSS.
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3. Training in forest management: Trainings were organized for all the VSS members in specific field operations for forest management to be undertaken to implement the activities included in the approved microplans. 4. The A P Forest Academy Dullapalli trained trainers identified by the Regional Research Cum Training centres, Hyderabad, Warangal, Tirupathi and Rajahmundry on the field operations to be undertaken in the months of July and August this year. 5. The State Silviculturists Hyderabad, Tirupathi and Rajahmundry and Forest Geneticist Warangal shall conducted two day training programmes for the respective nominees of the forest department (of the rank of ABO/FBO/FSO who have been specifically nominated by the respective FRO for coordinating with the respective VSSs), nominees of NGOs associated with the VSSs and all the Chairpersons and one or two active members. This training programme shall be conducted only for the VSSs where microplans have been approved and where implementation of works is to commence. The subject matter of this training will focus on the field operations to be undertaken in the months of July and August. These training programmes should be organized in consultation with the respective territorial divisional forest officer and the FROs either at the Regional Research cum Training Centre or at headquarters of respective division or range or in one of the VSSs. This training programme shall include a half-day visit to a VSS where works are to commence. 6. The Chairpersons and other VSS members, the NGO and FD nominees so trained shall the conduct a one day training programme for all the members of the VSSs in the VSS village itself on all the field operations to be taken up during July and August this year. 7. Separate set of such training programmes will be organized during August on the field operations to be undertaken during September to December. 8. Training in financial management: A separate financial management manual prepared for use by the VSS was used as training material. This specifies the book keeping activities, registers etc. to be maintained in each VSS. Training was imparted to two to three selected literate members in each VSS on financial management and book keeping activities required to be undertaken at the level of VSSs. 9. For this purpose the A P Forest Academy conducted training of trainers. The PMU has identified designated training centres in each division for conducting these raining programmes.
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10. Training in social development: Training under this theme include training in conflict resolution, gender issues, issues of other vulnerable groups, social safeguards needed under the Project, leadership development, communication skills, health, family welfare etc. These programmes were organized at VSS level through the NGOs associated with the respective VSSs and the Community Extension Workers engaged. The AP Forest Academy Dullapalli conducted regular training programmes for the NGOs and the Community Extension Workers and the nominees of the forest department. 11. Training in information technology: Training in information technology primarily focussed on officers and staff of the forest department. Training in Geomatics including use of GPS equipment will be imparted at the AP Forest Academy Dullapalli. Training in use of FMIS was imparted at the designated training centres identified by the PMU in addition to the A P Forest Academy. This training was imparted to the officers and staff who possess basic knowledge of computers and who will be using FMIS. To assist the Conservators of Forests in organizing and coordinating these training programmes, training coordinators were provided.
By the Mid-Term Review in 2006, most of the targets set for forest management were accomplished and policy and administrative reforms were in place. Focus then shifted to linking livelihoods to forest management, looking at alternative especially non-forest livelihood opportunities especially for (forest) resource poor VSSs and concomitant institutional reforms. The Project was then reorganized with increased focus on livelihood enhancement. Institution strengthening then became an important component of the project aiming at addressing issues of skill upgradation, building social capital and social and economic equity with suitable institutional reforms to enable the communities to meet the emerging mandate of forest management through business planning and enterprise development and marketing.
The structure of VSS that has emerged during JFM phase. CFM initiative brought in certain improvements especially in gender issues. With commencement of flow of benefits and usufruct to the VSSs there is now need to look carefully into the structure and functioning of the VSSs especially with regard to profile of membership. Experience has brought out that heterogeneity of membership of VSSs in terms of economic profile, degree of forest dependence, extent of participation in protection and management of forests, viewed
18 in the context of commencement of benefit flow is likely to complicate matters in the coming years and conflicting relations are likely to emerge on account of these. Thus there is a need to address these issues adequately and at the earliest. This is required more to ensure that all active members of VSSs who invariably are the poorest of the poor and who really depend on the forests and who have built their institution of VSS derive maximum benefits from the forests. To ensure livelihood enhancement of forest dependant families to development and management of forest based enterprise a new institution development strategy was evolved. The poor and more dependant members of VSSs were organised as Common Enterprise Groups (CEGs) at the village level. These informal groups federated at Cluster level where they functioned as Common Facility Centres providing facility of aggregation, training and market support. Since these institutions functioned more on an enterprise mode, they did inculcate a strong business sense.
The Common Enterprise Groups (CEGs) that operate on adda leaf trade constituted a Society at Division level (in three Divisions of Paderu, Narsipatnam and Visakhapatnam) and the ones operating on Bamboo based enterprise of manufacturing agarabatti sticks have now constituted a Producer Company in Tiriyani (Bellampalli Division).
Active involvement of local communities, sustained inter-sectoral coordination, involvement of NGOs and improvement in technical specialization of the Forest Department personnel were the key tasks identified for the changed approach to forest management. It was therefore considered that training was one of the vital means for strengthening institutional capacity of the APFD for ushering in structural changes. Accordingly the project developed and implemented a comprehensive capacity-building programme for its stakeholders.
A couple of training needs assessment studies were also commissioned in order to identify training requirements of the APCFM stakeholders and to design appropriate training modules and strategies for them. The needs assessment endeavour was led by Indian Institute of Bio-Social Research and Development (IBRAD), Kolkatta. Based on the IBRAD's study, the experience of needs assessment studies and training programmes already conducted under the AP Forestry Project and the requirements of the APCFM project, the thrust areas and themes had been identified in consultation with the project stakeholders, particularly the field functionaries, and others for conducting training programmes at the State level (A.P. Forest
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Academy), regional level (Regional Research Centers) and Divisional level (Divisional and Range Training Centers).
The training and capacity building interventions spanned a range of initiatives at different levels; these include establishment of new training centres and upgradation of the existing ones. In some areas, the training centres or infrastructure of other Government Departments or institutions such as Agriculture Department (FTCs), Rural Development Department (DTDCs), Women Welfare Department (Mahila Pranganams) and Agricultural Universities (KVKs) were also availed. The Andhra Pradesh Forest Academy (APFA), situated at Dulapally on the outskirts of Hyderabad, acted as the training hub for the Project. It played a major role in conducting and coordinating a wide range of training programmes for the stakeholders in addition to its regular activities in the field of forest development and management. In order to meet the field level training needs, particularly at the Divisional or Regional level, the Academy organized Training of Trainers (ToT) courses on a variety of subjects related to CFM. These trained trainers act as resource persons for capacity strengthening programmes at the Divisional level. Selected NGO representatives, CEWs and Training Coordinators have been trained under the ToT programmme. Livelihood promotion is one of the priority objectives of CFM. The Academy, therefore, developed and conducted training sessions for stakeholders and service providers on livelihood planning; livelihood enhancement strategies; NTFP - development, value addition and marketing; medicinal plants – conservation, cultivation and marketing; and bamboo – development and utilization. The methods of workshops/seminars and study tours have been extensively used by the Academy to equip the stakeholders in different subjects of forestry. The APFA joined hands with a number of reputed national institutes for imparting training to the CFM Project stakeholders. Under this component Forest Department staff (senior officials as well as field level staff) and NGOs were trained at the associate national institutes such as Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad; Institute of Rural Management, Anand; Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal; National Institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad; Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad; and Indian Institute of Bio-Social Research and Development (IBRAD), Kolkatta. The broad areas covered by the training programmes at the national level include Human resource development and management, Effective human relations, Rural marketing, Participatory practices and management of natural resources for sustainable livelihoods (including NTFP),
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Microfinance and promotion of SHGs, Qualitative research methods, Biodiversity, Gender- related subjects (such as sensitization and empowerment), Team building and conflict management/resolution, Change management, Cultivation, conservation and marketing of medicinal plants, Inter-personal relations and communication skills, Information technology for development (including GPS/GIS and remote sensing in natural resource management) etc. Technology Dissemination Centres (TDCs): The project set up14 Technology Dissemination Centres (TDCs) in the project Districts, by upgrading one central nursery per district, which serve as training and dissemination centres in implementing the capacity strengthening interventions in the themes identified under the CFM project. The TDCs serve as a means to decentralize and disseminate improved technologies by making these technological breakthroughs more assessable to the staff and VSS members so that the technologies would be popularized and adopted. The TDCs will not only continue to function as propagation units but also function as an interface with the VSSs and field level functionaries of the Forest Department. Trainings at these Centres focus on interactive seminars and field demonstrations or visits with respect to new applied research findings and act as platforms for training the CFM stakeholders operating at the field level. Improved plant material would continue to be produced in the TDCs and they will also perform the function of high-tech nurseries. All the essential facilities and equipment that are needed for the training and dissemination activities have been provided at the TDCs. The APFA is the designated hub for coordinating and facilitating training programmes hosted by TDCs by providing the relevant guidance and inputs. Table 1.3 presents the details of TDCs. The trainers and resource persons for the training programmes were drawn from a variety of sources. They include retired and serving Forest Department officials, members of NGOs and specialists from a range of institutions. The APCFM project adopted a range of methods to impart training to the stakeholders as there is a great deal of diversity among stakeholders not only in terms of the level of capacity to learn and apply the skills but also by way of their roles and responsibilities in various aspects of participatory management of forest resources.
Workshops and Seminars: In order to facilitate dissemination of information, exchange of best practices, sharing of experiences and effective participation, workshops and seminars were conducted at the Divisional level. The themes for workshops were picked mostly from the four broad fields mentioned above.
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Study Tours and Exposure Visits: Experiencing something first-hand is one of the most effective ways of learning. Exposure of Forest Department staff, NGOs and VSS members to the best practices in forest management within and outside the State will facilitate effective learning and up-gradation of skills. As part of this component. a number of study tours have been conducted. For instance, in the financial year 2004-05 almost 100 study tours were organized within and outside the State,
Training Events Abroad: Overseas training events were also organized – mostly for senior officials involved in the project implementation – to enhance the technical capacity of senior project managers by keeping them abreast of the recent developments in the forestry sector.
CEFNARM: An autonomous Society viz Centre for Forest Resources and Natural Resources Management (CEFNARM) emerged by 2007(which functions from the premises of the AP forest Academy, Dulapalli) to carry forward the training and capacity building initiatives of the Project and to expand them to other similar schemes and Projects and to other Departments and NGOs. This Society, apart from coordinating and sphere heading training programmes, also has mandate for conducting action research and coordinating activities of Research, Extension and Information Technology wing within the APFD. It has been recognised by the GOI for conducting some of its training programmes and wok shops. Constitution of CEFNARM as an autonomous institution and its activities has ensured an element of sustainability to the initiatives of capacity building and development of social capital in forestry sector in Andhra Pradesh.
All these initiatives needed development of human capital to sustain community participation in the longer run. A four months certificate course was designed for promoting a cadre of Community Silviculturists with adequate training in core forestry issues coupled with livelihood planning and monitoring aspects. The AP Forest Academy emerge as training hub for these trainings and in three batches 56 youth have been trained in professional forestry and forest based livelihoods management. This training included class room lectures, field visits and project work. This human capital was subsequently utilized in conducting House Hold Survey to assess the Project impacts on livelihoods.
3. Monitoring and Evaluation:
M&E Frame work: At the beginning of Project implementation a framework for Monitoring and Evaluation was prepared in consultation with M/s CENPAP, Consultant to the Project on
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M&E. This framework outlined the various parameters, methods and indicators for monitoring and evaluation. It provides for Input-Output monitoring, Participatory monitoring, concurrent monitoring (at six monthly intervals) and broad framework for Mid-term and end of the Project evaluations and certain special studies. It outlines the role of various agencies such as Forest Department, CEWs, NGOs (NGO Coordinators and Training Coordinators) in monitoring and evaluation, criteria for assessment of performance of VSSs and CEWs and others involved in Project implementation. This framework was suitably upgraded during the course of Project implementation to incorporate the new initiatives that were taken in the field of livelihood enhancement and market support. Copy of this M&E framework was shared with the World Bank. Details of monitoring reports for various indicators are detailed in the annexure.
Monitoring through Logframe: Logframe prepared at the time of Project preparation is the basis for monitoring the Project implementation and assessing its performance. This logframe was however suitably upgraded during mid-term review to provide for revised focus on livelihoods. It provides for an organic linkage between Project Goal, Project Objective, its Outputs, anticipated outcomes and activities. Status of achievement against each indicator for the hierarchy of Goal, Objective, Outputs and Activities is given in the annexure.
Forest Management Information System: A computerized monitoring package (Forest Management Information System – FMIS) was developed with in house capabilities and installed in all the Ranges, Divisions, Circles and in PMU at Head Quarters. It is a comprehensive package covering all the Project components and activities. It was developed suitably upgrading (and revising the platform and front end with MS Access and Visual BASIC respectively) the Integrated Computer Based Management Information System (ICMIS) that was developed with the assistance of the World Bank while implementing the AP Forestry Project (1994-2000). It was redesigned not only to suit the requirement of APCFM Project but all other developmental Projects that would be implemented by the Forest department. To handle this package effectively and to provide implementation support, IT Project Scientists were engaged on contract basis at all Project Divisions, Circles and at PMU. All the Financial transactions of the project including the ones pertaining to VSSs and claims for reimbursements are made through this package. The package also provides for capturing various other indicators such as physical progress, income generation, employment generation and many other indicators. The monitoring reports including the Financial Management Reports (FMRs) generated from this package are given in the annexure.
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Participatory Monitoring: One of the approaches to monitoring is Participatory monitoring where the VSS members themselves participate and monitor their performance and performance of Project in general. A schedule with 20 parameters for assessment with 4 options to each parameter was prepared. The same was translated in Telugu and disseminated using symbols for use by illiterate members. Services of NGOs and Community Extension Workers were utilized in carrying out Participatory monitoring. Analysis of the data gathered during participatory monitoring was used to grade the VSSs. This participatory monitoring was conducted for two years i.e. 2004-05 and 2005-06 after which the format was revised to avoid repetitiveness. During 2004-05, VSSs (3736) were graded on the basis of participatory monitoring. 1353(36%) VSS were graded as Excellent, 1179(32%) as Very Good, 856(23%) as Good, 206(5%) as Average and 142(4%) rated as below Average. Similarly 4754 VSSs out of 5000 were graded on the basis of participatory monitoring reports received during 2005-06. Further analysis of the data on participatory monitoring revealed that 1426 VSSs (30 %) are Excellent followed by 1429 (30 %) as Very Good, 797 (17 %) as Good, 532 (11 %) as Average and 570 (12 %) as Below Average. This exercise covered 4824 VSSs during 2006-07 during which 1116 (23%) were graded as Excellent, 1850(38%) as Very Good, 1505 (31%) As Good, 281 (6%) as Average and 75 (2%) as Below Average. This information was used for designing specific training programmes for members of VSS as per their grading. This exercise was then replaced by Participatory Evaluation (Social Audit).
Concurrent Monitoring: Concurrent monitoring was done by an independent agency (M.s CENPAP). This consultant obtained MIS data from the Project and certified the same independently and conducted independent corroborative studies throughout the Project period. The consultant has furnished 10 reports through concurrent monitoring all of which are shared with the World Bank. The Consultant on Concurrent monitoring also helped in developing the M&E Framework, format and indicators for Participatory monitoring and Participatory evaluation (Social Audit).
Participatory Evaluation/Social Audit: Participatory evaluation or Social audit was used as a tool through which community can evaluate its and Project‟s performance on a set of criteria and indicators. Social Audit of VSS was carried out at two levels. One was at the organization level (VSS) and another at beneficiary/ community level (VSS members or forest dependant community). The internal component corresponds to institutional aspects of VSS, whereas the external component involves verification of social account by an
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independent social auditor or an audit panel. Social audit included scrutiny of book of records and registers at VSS level and discussions with stakeholders and community in their settings. Methodology of audit comprised social accounting, stakeholder consultation, interviews (of staff, NGO functionaries, and beneficiaries among others who benefited directly or indirectly from VSS activities or played a role in its functioning). Social Audit examined each VSS through five criteria of critical importance to assess the performance of the VSS towards sustainability for CFM. Each criterion was in turn assessed through five key indicators to get measure the performance of VSS. The following are the criteria and indicators adopted under social audit.
Criteria Indicators Awareness on Roles and Responsibilities Collaboration and Coordination VSS Organizational Effectiveness Conflict Resolution Transparency Self Reliance Inclusiveness of Vulnerable Groups Selection of members for wage employment Social Equity Selection of members for Livelihoods Assistance Economic Assistance to Women Access to forests for domestic requirement Generation of Wage Employment NTFP Collection Economic Benefits Livelihood assistance Sharing of Income among Members Economic benefits from other departments Extent of Forest area Treated by VSS Development of Resources of VSS Natural Forest Areas Resources Sustainability Development of plantations in Forest areas by VSS Livelihood business generation Actual or projected harvesting Income Environmental Benefits Protection of Forest by VSS against Theft and
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Smuggling Protection of Forest by VSS against Encroachment Protection of Forest by VSS against Fire Protection of Forest by VSS against open Grazing Impact of SMC works
Social Auditors assessed each VSS on a four point scale each of which represented an outcome or practice adopted at the VSS level in order to provide more objectivity to the whole assessment. The final scores of each VSS (100) were arrived through assigning weightages for each criterion as per their importance in sustaining the VSS beyond project period. The weightages assigned were (a) Environmental Benefits-30% (b) VSS Organizational Effectiveness -25% (c) Social Equity- 15% (d) Economic Benefits-15% and (E) Resource Sustainability-15%. Responses were captured on OMR sheets and analysed. The process of social audit commenced from developing criteria and indicators and was evolved through participatory process involving all concerned stakeholders and other professional agencies. Results analysed are shared with the Mission.
House Hold Survey: For the purpose of data for the study, two separate surveys were conducted one during 2005 (at the time of preparation of livelihood plans for APCFMP) and other during 2009 to study the impact of various project activities on household income. Selection of VSSs for study during 2009 was done on the basis of rank scored by the respective VSS in Social Audit. The data for the study was collected from the same households twice – once during 2005 and second time during 2009. Discussions with officials and VSS leaders were made for gaining qualitative insights into the implementation of project activities and its impact on livelihood needs of VSS members. The key areas of issues covered under the study were profile of sample households, income sources during 2005 & 2009, annual household income by source during 2005 & 2009, livestock ownership during 2005 & 2009, sources of energy and energy consumed by source during 2005 & 2009, pattern of household expenditure during 2005 & 2009, savings, credit and group activities of VSS members during 2005 & 2009 and other Livelihood needs and usufruct needs met from project activities. The required information under various components was generated using both qualitative and quantitative research techniques. The qualitative research techniques included informal discussions and Focus Group Discussions with stakeholders, in-depth
26 interviews among state, district, division, range, and village level officials. The quantitative research techniques employed includes structured interviews among VSS members and official information pertained to sample VSS from forest officials, official information from FMIS and M&E reports. The result of this study gives an insight into the profile of dependence of VSS members on the forests and contribution of forests to livelihoods of the people.
Independent Evaluation of Project Impacts:
Following special studies were conducted for Mid Term Review:
Study of Change Vegetative Cover and Forest Type in sample VSSs: This study was awarded to M/s NSRA, Hyderabad. The report has been used in Mid Term Review of the project.
Study of Impact Assessment (Institutional & Economical): This study was commissioned to study impact of project implementation for Mid Term Review of the project. This consultancy was awarded to M/s Development and Research Services, Pvt. Ltd, Secunderabad. The consultant has completed the assignment and submitted final report, which has been used in Mid Term Review.
Study of Impact Assessment (Environmental and Ecological): This study was commissioned to study impact of project implementation for Mid Term Review of the project. This consultancy was awarded to M/s.ENVID Group, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. The consultant‟s report has been used in Mid Term Review of the project.
Study of Socio Economic Status of Podu land Cultivators in VSS areas: This study was commissioned to study Economics of Podu Cultivation in the light of the P&R Policy and Resettlement Action Plan under the Project. The report was used to analyze Resettlement Package under the project during Mid Term Review of the project.
Special studies for Implementation Completion Review:
Concurrent Monitoring and Evaluation of project implementation: This is an on going Independent Third Party monitoring of project implementation as required under the APCFM Project agreement. This consultancy was awarded to M/s. Centre for Public Perception and Policy, Hyderabad (CENPAP). The consultant has submitted a report on the M&E Frame
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Work. Further the periodical monitoring reports as per the M&E Frame Work are being submitted by the consultant. This is a consultancy for concurrent monitoring.
Consultancy on “Assessment of Socio Economic Impact”: This study has been awarded to M/s Development and Research services Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad. On approval of proposals of the committee by the Government, this consultancy was awarded to M/s Development and Research services Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad.
Consultancy on “Assessment of Environmental and Ecological Impact”: This study has also been awarded to M/s Development and Research services Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad.
Impact of Capacity Building Programmes under APCFM Project: M/s Center for Management & Social Research, Hyderabad have undertaken this study.
Study of Impact of Implementation of Resettlement Action Plan: This study is also being done by M/s Center for Management & Social Research, Hyderabad.
4. Procurement of Goods, Works and Services:
Procurement of Forestry works: Procurement of all Forestry works relating to VSSs were done through Community participation. Since development objective of this Project is to reduce the rural poverty through improved Forest Management with community participation, empowerment and improving capacity of impoverished forest fringe communities to undertake forest management and protection were of utmost importance. ALL forestry works except those relating to Applied Research and Forest Inventory were carried through Community participation. Forestry works relating to Applied Research and Forest Inventory were carried through Force Account.
Civil Works: Among Civil Works construction of FROs Quarters, Construction of Aranya Bhavan and Hotel Building and Indoor Stadium in AP Forest Academy Dulapalli were taken up. (33) Forest Range Officers Quarters cum Office Buildings have been constructed through Force Account with an expenditure of Rs.1,87,23,965 and are in use. Construction of Aranya Bhavan and Hostel Building and Indoor Stadium were taken up through M/s APIIC, Hyderabad through National Competitive Bidding. Details of these works are as below:
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1.2.1 Forest Head Quarters Building (Aranya Bhavan): This work was taken up through AP Industrial Infrastructure Corporation Ltd., Hyderabad. The construction of Forest Head Quarters Building is organized into following packages as shown below:
(a) The dismantling of the old structure of building was completed at a cost of Rs. 15.11 lakhs under NCB.
(b) Civil works, sanitary and water supply, internal electrical wiring etc. at a cost of Rs. 1408.31 lakhs under NCB.
(c) Supply and installation of AC‟s, lifts, Fire fighting, and electrification etc., under NCB for an amount of Rs.717.53 lakhs.
(d) Providing Interiors including partitions, Wall Panelling, false ceiling and paintings under NCB document for an amount of Rs. 189.50 lakhs.
(e) Providing work station and furniture under NCB for an amount of Rs. 196.79 lakhs.
The total amount spent on this building is Rs. 2527.24 lakhs out of which an amount of Rs. 2489.48 lakhs has been reimbursed by the World Bank.
Hostel Building, Indoor stadium cum Auditorium at AP Forest Academy, Dulapally: An executive Hostel and an Indoor Stadium cum Auditorium have been constructed through NCB with an expenditure of Rs. 391.25 lakhs out of which an amount of Rs. 350.23 lakhs has been reimbursed by the World Bank. Both these structures are in use.
Procurement of Goods and Equipments Vehicles: Government in their GO No. 139/EFS&T /Dept., dt.13.11.2003, GORT No.100/ EFS&T /Dept., dt.21.8.2006 and GORT No.324/ EFS&T /Dept., dt.17.7.2006 have accorded permission to procure (18) cars and (43) Jeeps. Accordingly, the above vehicles have been procured through National Shopping Procedure incurring the expenditure of Rs.77,18,205/- on (18) cars and Rs.2,07,46,925/- on (43) Jeeps. Thus the total amount was incurred on the above vehicles comes to Rs.2,84,65,120/-.
Goods: On approval of procurement plans for the goods and equipments by the World Bank, the following goods and equipment have been procured through the APTS Ltd., Hyderabad and some of the Goods and Equipment have been procured under National Shopping / Local Shopping Procedure under APCFM Project as shown below:
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Sl. No Item Procurements completed so far Qty Expenditure (Rs.in lakh) 1 Desk Top Computers 352 134.813 2 Laptops 85 107.773 3 Hand held data loggers 60 15.683 4 GIS Software ARC 02 2.370 Info NT 5 GIS Software ARC 05 12.500 View 6 Printers 323 38.469 7 Plotters 02 11.439 8 Scanners 06 1.190 9 GPS 400 51.590 10 A3 Colour Laser 2 10.151 Printer 11 Digital Cameras 50 23.048 12 Xerox Machines 01 1.135 13 UPS 50 7.823 14 Office Equipment, (a)Photo Copiers 65 82.455 (b) DVD Players 70 13.831 (c) LCD Projectors 58 60.537 Total 574.807
Services: Services of Consulting firms and experts were engaged for conducting certain studies for Project preparation, to assess impacts at Mid Term review and at the end of the Project status. Following is a brief account of the studies commissioned that helped in the Project design and its contents: Social and Environmental Assessment: This study was entrusted to the National Institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad as part of project preparation to design the project components and activities and assess their likely impact especially with reference to operational directives and guidelines of the world Bank like Resettlement and Rehabilitation,
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Tribal Development etc., and provide for strategies and action plans to address the issues that emerge. The report has been used for preparing the Project Implementation Plan, R&R Policy and Tribal Development Strategy. Institutional Assessment: This consultancy was undertaken as part of Project Preparation through M/s Om Consultants (India) Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore. It dealt mainly with implementation arrangements and strategies for Capacity Building. The report has been utilized in preparation of the Project Implementation Plan especially the training plan. Study of Sustainable Harvesting, Conservation, Cultivation and Marketing Linkages for medicinal plants: Since medicinal plants was an emerging subject at the time of preparation of the project, a detailed study was felt essential to understand the nuances medicinal plants with regard to their conservation needs, Cultivation practices, Harvesting and Post Harvesting issues etc. The study covers all these aspects. This consultancy was awarded to Ms. Foundation of Revitalization of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), Bangalore. The report has been utilized in various activities relating to conservation of medicinal plants. Preparation of Sub Project for development of Tsunami Sensitive Areas in A.P: After the Tsunami hit the coastal areas in the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal during December 2004, the Government and the World Bank decided, in consultation with the Government of Andhra Pradesh to invest in development of Tsunami Sensitive area. To implement activities upon this reallocation a detailed sub project was to be prepared. Hence this consultancy was commissioned. This consultancy was awarded to M/s. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai. The suggestions made in the report have formed the basis for developing strategies and action plans for restoration of Mangrove Forest and for raising Shelter belt Plantations for development areas sensitive to Tsunamis.
Development & Implementation support for accessing Carbon Revenue: This consultancy has been commissioned to get projects prepared for accessing revenue from international market towards Carbon sequestration as a major to attempt to address issues of climate change. This consultancy was awarded to the M/s. Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi. The consultant has prepared and submitted a Draft Design Project Document on accessing carbon markets basing of Eucalyptus Plantations in Nellore district and rejuvenated Teak forests of Karimnagar District.
Special Studies for Mid Term Review:
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Study of Change Vegetative Cover and Forest Type in sample VSSs: This study was commissioned to study impact of project implementation for Mid Term Review of the project. This consultancy was awarded to M/s. NRSA, Hyderabad The consultant has completed the assignment and submitted final report, which has been used in Mid Term Review of the project.
Study of Impact Assessment (Institutional & Economical): This study was commissioned to study impact of project implementation for Mid Term Review of the project. This consultancy was awarded to M/s Development and Research Services, Pvt. Ltd, Secunderabad. The consultant has completed the assignment and submitted final report, which has been used in Mid Term Review during May, 2006.
Study of Impact Assessment (Environmental and Ecological): This study was commissioned to study impact of project implementation for Mid Term Review of the project. This consultancy was awarded to M/s.ENVID Group, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. The consultant‟s report has been used in Mid Term Review of the project.
Study of Socio Economic Status of Podu land Cultivators in VSS areas: This study was commissioned to study Economics of Podu Cultivation in the light of the R&R Policy and Resettlement Action Plan under the Project. This consultancy was awarded to the M/s. Samaj Vikas Development Support Organisation, Hyderabad. The consultant has completed the assignment and submitted final report, which was used to analyze Resettlement Package under the project during Mid Term Review of the project.
Special Studies:
NTFP study: NTFPs have tremendous potential to generate immediate incomes to VSS members. To study critical issues of some major NTFPs with reference to their conservation needs, cultivation practices, value addition and Enterprise Development and Management etc., this consultancy was initiated. This consultancy was awarded to the Energy and Research Institute, New Delhi. The consultancy selected Adilabad, Chittoor and Visakhapatnam districts for the purpose of field study. The report of this study has been used extensively for development of Enterprise packages and for providing market linkages for various NTFPs.
Study of Delegation of financial powers and administrative reforms:
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This study was commissioned to study possibility of reforms to financial procedures and delegation of administrative and financial responsibilities in the light of increase in workload due to implementation of APCFM Project. Basing on the report of the study, the Government have amended the AP Forest Department Code enhancing Delegation of financial powers, introduction of tender system, streamlining financial management involving VSSs etc.
Consultancy on study of Financial Management System in VSSs and their Common Enterprise Groups and Federations: The consultancy was commissioned to streamline and lay down guidelines for financial management by Common Enterprise Groups and Federations of VSS members involved in forest and forest based enterprise management. The report is being used in streamlining financial management as outlined in the objective of the study.
Consultancy on the Value Addition, Technology transfer and Commercialization for Micro enterprises Development of Bamboo in A.P: This study was felt essential to document and explore the various possibilities of value addition to bamboo in the state of Andhra Pradesh that can be promoted to the benefit of VSSs. This consultancy was awarded to M/s.A.P. Technology Development and Promotion Center, Hyderabad. The consultant has completed the assignment and submitted final report, which is being used for developing bamboo based Micro Enterprises like Agarbathi making, Bamboo furniture etc.
Data collection for social audit: On approval of TOR by the World Bank, the task of data collection for social audit/participatory evaluation was outsourced. Data from randomly selected VSS members following the criteria laid down in the manual for conducting this audit was carried by this outsourced agency. The data collected on OMR sheets was scanned by another agency again selected through competitive process. The data gathered and scanned was then analysed by M/s CENPAP, Consultants on M&E to the Project and report was prepared.
Establishment of One Model Hand Made Paper Unit based on Boddha Grass as a Raw material: On approval of TOR by the World Bank this consultancy was awarded to M/s Kumarappa National Hand Made Paper Institution, Sanganer, Jaipur. Basing on the advise given by this Consultant construction of a work shed and procurement of equipment (through National Shopping) have been done. The unit is now being operationalised.
Special studies for Implementation Completion Review:-
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Study on preparation of material for implementation of the Pest Management Plan: Pest Management is an agreed covenant for implementation under the project. Since Forest Department does not have adequate expertise in Integrated Pest Management Strategies, services of a consultant have been engaged. This consultancy was awarded to M/s. Centre for Environment Concerns, Hyderabad. The consultant has worked closely with the Research and Development wing and has submitted IPM Strategies and Training material which have been disseminated in interactive seminars and workshops.
Independent Audit of VSS Related Financial Management: As suggested by the World Bak during MTR, Chartered Accountant Firms were engaged to carry out a special audit of expenditure of a sample (5%) of VSSs in the Project area. This audit looked at books of accounts and accounting systems and fund flow mechanisms at VSSs level and suggested certain monitoring arrangements to help ensure efficiency of accounting systems at VSS level. These recommendations were disseminated to implementing agencies and accounting centres in the Project and improvements suggested were implemented. The same are being monitored now through the Internal Audit wing of the Forest Department. Details of suggestions made and action taken there on are given in the annexure.
Physical verification of VSS Assets: This verification was envisaged to have an Independent Assessment of status of VSS assets provided under the project. The suggestions made consequent to this study are being complied. Details are given in the annexure.
Survey of all VSS for data collection for integrating MIS and GIS data base: This task has been envisaged to upgrade the available VSS data base on GIS mode using GPS. All the VSS boundaries have now been surveyed through GPS and their maps are now available in GIS environment.
Development of Integrated Forest Management System: This task has been envisaged to upgrade the available VSS data base on GIS mode using GPS and integrating both data. This consultancy was awarded to the ANTRIX Corporation, ISRO, Bangalore. The consultant has submitted draft report after systems analysis and design. The consultant has also given training to the IT consultants of PCCF‟s office and DFO‟s office of Kakinada and Karimnagar (E) divisions on usage of Range Development. The consultant has submitted the report on Design, Development and Prototype Demonstration in One pilot division. The work is under progress.
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Consultancy on Monitoring and Evaluation of project implementation: This is an on going Independent Third Party monitoring of project implementation as required under the APCFM Project agreement. This consultancy was awarded to M/s. Centre for Public Perception and Policy, Hyderabad (CENPAP). The consultant has submitted a report on the M&E Frame Work. Further the periodical monitoring reports as per the M&E Frame Work are being submitted by the consultant. This is a consultancy for concurrent monitoring.
Consultancy on “Assessment of Socio Economic Impact”: This study has been awarded to M/s.Development and Research services Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad. The draft report subnmitted has been shared with the Mission.
Consultancy on “Assessment of Environmental and Ecological Impact”: M/s.Development and Research services Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad have undertaken this study. The draft report submitted by the consultant has been shared with the Mission.
Consultancy on “Impact of Capacity Building Programmes under APCFM Project: This study has been entrusted to M/s.Center for Management & Social Research, Hyderabad. The draft report submitted by he consultant has been shared with the mission.
Consultancy on Impact Assessment Implementation of Resettlement Action Plan under APCFM Project: This task has been awarded to M/s Center for Management & Social Research, Hyderabad. The Consultant has submitted draft report which is shared wityh the Mission.
Procurement procedure adopted (Pl. see para 4(a) (i) of Schedule 2 to the Project Agreement): The Project Implementation Plan prepared and adopted for implementing the Project provides for details of implementing arrangements, roles, responsibilities, capacity building arrangements, financial management, procurement, safeguard measures such as R&R policy, Policy regarding Indigenous people, Environmental management and Pest Management etc. for all Project activities including Procurement of works, Goods and Services. These Procedures described therein are in tune with the agreed procedures detailed in the Project Appraisal Document and the Project Agreements. The same were followed. Training to the staff involved in Procurement was conducted during the Project launch on the 2nd November 2002 and subsequently elaborate training programmes were organized in the AP Forest Academy, Dulapalli wherein Procurement Officers from the World Bank were invited as resource persons. The Conservator of Forests (MEP) in the PMU who was
35 responsible for Procurements was deputed for a specialized training on Procurement procedures in the Administrative Staff College of India, Bella Vista, Hyderabad. Refresher courses on Procurement were organized again during 2005 on Procurement procedures for the staff of APFD. Staff of APFD and NGOs and VSS members was also trained in important Project activities such as Microplanning, Social mobilization, Conflict resolutions and various Forest management techniques such as Soil and Moisture Conservation Works, Nurseries, Management of Plantations, Natural Forests etc. These training programmes were held in the AP Forest Academy, Dulapalli and (14) Technology Dissemination Centres set up under the project. NGOs who were trained in the AP Forest Academy Dulapalli functioned as trainers in the TDCs to impart training to VSS members.
To meet further training needs of the sector, an autonomous Society viz Centre for Forest Resources and Natural Resources Management (CEFNARM) emerged by 2007(which functions from the premises of the AP forest Academy, Dulapalli) to carry forward the training and capacity building initiatives of the Project and to expand them to other similar schemes and Projects and to other Departments and NGOs. This Society, apart from coordinating and sphere heading training programmes, also has mandate for conducting action research and coordinating activities of Research, Extension and Information Technology wing within the APFD. It has been recognised by the GOI for conducting some of its training programmes and work shops. Constitution of CEFNARM as an autonomous institution and its activities has ensured an element of sustainability to the initiatives of capacity building and development of social capital in forestry sector in Andhra Pradesh.
All these initiatives needed development of human capital to sustain community participation in the longer run. A four months certificate course was designed for promoting a cadre of Community Silviculturists with adequate training in core forestry issues coupled with livelihood planning and monitoring aspects. The AP Forest Academy emerge as training hub for these trainings and in three batches 56 youth have been trained in professional forestry and forest based livelihoods management. This training included class room lectures, field visits and project work. This human capital was subsequently utilized in conducting House Hold Survey to assess the Project impacts on livelihoods.
Delegation of powers: The Government during January 2004 have amended the AP Forest Department Code through G O Ms. No. 2 EFES&T Dept Dt. 7.1.2004 providing for direct funding to VSSs without routing the funds through Forest Range Officers. This amendment
36 has come on account of a study conducted under the APCFM Project and the amendment was issued in due consultation with the World Bank. This, while addressing the workload on the implementing staff has ensured enhanced awareness and participation of the VSSs in financial transaction. This amendment ensures that the cashbook of the VSS is the primary cashbook of the Forest Department. Thus the financial responsibility is now with the VSSs. There is clarity in the role and responsibility of VSS and Forest Department and this ensures decentralization and transparency.
Guidelines for preparing and implementing microplans (Pl. see para 4(a) (ii) and para 8 (d) of Schedule 2 to the Project Agreement): A comprehensive policy on Community Forest Management was issued in G O Ms. No. 13 EFS&T Dept Dt 12.2.2002 detailing elaborate procedure for implementation of CFM. This policy detailed the microplanning process and roles and responsibilities of VSSs and APFD in preparation, approval and implementation of microplans. The Project Implementation Plan prescribes detailed guidelines for preparation of microplans, their approval and implementation. The Managing Committee and members of the V.S.S. through a participatory and equitable process including scheduled tribes, scheduled castes, women, and other disadvantaged sections shall prepare a micro-plan and annual plan in accordance with the guidelines issued by the forest department. The micro-plan shall include various operations of village and forest development, maintenance of bio-diversity, soil and moisture conservation, and livelihood support for the forest dependent members and keeping sustainable forest management as the broad objective. The V.S.S. shall decide the choice of the species for planting subject to the Forest Laws in vogue. The Micro-plan shall contain a detailed harvesting and regeneration plan, which shall be consistent with the overall prescriptions of working plan covering the area. The managing committee shall at the beginning of the financial year prepare an annual plan of operation. During annual plan preparation the micro-plan will be reviewed and updated as needed. All estimates of works to be undertaken will be prepared by the responsible officer of the Forest Department and will be reviewed by the Managing Committee. The Managing Committee will seek advice from the Advisory Council as needed. All Micro-plans and proposed changes to micro-plans shall be put before the General Body for approval. Where the General Body does not agree with any of the provisions of the Micro-plan, the Managing Committee shall carry out such changes as are necessary. Where the advisory council does not agree with the provisions made in the Micro-Plan they shall discuss the same during a General Body Meeting and their advice will be incorporated if a majority of Members agree. Finally the micro-plan will be
37 placed before the Divisional Forest Officer for approval. If the Divisional Forest Officer finds that any of the provisions of the Micro-plan are in contravention of the National and/or State Forest Legislation, the Managing Committee shall carry out such changes as are necessary to conform to said legislation, obtain approval of the General Body, and resubmit the micro-plan to Divisional Forest Officer for approval. At the close of the financial year a completion report showing the activities planned in the micro-plan, activities taken up during the year, funds received, amounts spent on each item of works shall be placed before the General Body and seek its approval for the deviations if any.
Reinvestment strategy: At the time of Project launch, the policy on CFM entailed only incremental benefits to the participating communities. As discussed and agreed during Project negotiations detailed consultations were held with various stakeholders and the policy on CFM to the extent of entitlement of benefits and benefit sharing arrangements was revised through G O Ms. No. 4 EFES&T (For III) Dept Dt. 12.1.2004. In terms of this policy reform VSSs are entitled to all Non-timber Forest Produce, all intermediate yielding obtained from silvicultural operations in natural forests, all timber and bamboo (including yield from bamboo plantations) harvested from the forest managed by them except in case of plantations that were raised initially by the Forest Department and handed over to the VSS for management where their entitlement in the first rotation is in proportion to the period of management of the plantation by them and all the yield in subsequent rotations. However this entitlement is subject to carrying out all silvicultural operations including harvesting in accordance with the silvicultural principles laid down in the respective Working Plans and schedule detailed in respective micro plans of the Vana Samrakshana Samithi and adopting rotation age and rotation period (where relevant) as prescribed in the respective Working Plans. The benefit thus accrued shall be passed on to the Vana Samrakshana Samithi for meeting their domestic requirement of the forest products. The forest product shall have to be distributed among all the V.S.S. members as per the norms evolved by the Managing Committee. The surplus quantity may be disposed as decided by the managing committee. In the event of such sale any expenditure incurred by the Government on the harvesting and disposal shall be reimbursed to the Government and expenditure necessary to sustain the productivity of the forests as per the micro-plan shall be deposited in the V.S.S. joint account. This amount shall not be less than 50% of the net income. Balance income shall be deposited in the V.S.S. account and utilized as per decisions taken by the General Body of the Vana Samrakshana Samithi.
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To ensure sustainable community forest management and self sufficiency, an element of cost sharing was envisaged while implementing the Project. The revision of policy on benefit sharing arrangements detailed above looks into this aspect as well as it lays down reinvestment of atleast 50% of net benefit from sale of timber and bamboo by the VSSs. While this policy revision was made as early as 2004 itself, the operational mechanics evolved through a process of consultation. Since major revenue to the VSSs is from management of pulp wood and bamboo resources, procedures for reinvestment from these sources are now evolved and under implementation. As regards Bamboo sale of surplus harvest is made through traditional outlets of the Forest Department to ensure wider participation of purchasers and competitive prices. Saleable Bamboo from various VSSs is aggregated and sold through public auction in the presence of VSS members. The receipts from such sale are then apportioned to the respective VSSs basing on the quantities sold and the net revenue after deducting the expenses incurred are then passed on. While the VSSs utilise 50% of this net revenue as a development fund either distributing it equitably or investing in bonds and deposits, the remaining 50% is utilised a s regeneration fund and is used for harvesting bamboos in subsequent seasons. This procedure apart from fetching further revenues, provides for undertaking silvicultural operations necessary to ensure good health of bamboo clumps.
In respect of reinvestment of revenue from sale of pulp wood, an elaborate process of developing reinvestment plans has been evolved wherein cycle of harvest, cycle of reinvestment and corresponding details of benefit accrual and cost investment are worked out duly following the silvicultural prescriptions of harvesting regime, post harvest operations and plans are then drawn up. Here again sale of pulpwood is done at aggregate level with due participation of VSSs to ensure competitive prices and the benefit accrued is passed on to the respective VSSs basing on the actual removals. To ensure such aggregation and technical support for reinvestment planning and implementation all the VSSs of a Division are have joined the respective Forest development Agency as members.
Similarly the cluster involved in manufacture and sale of adda leaf plates and agarabatti sticks are also reinvesting net revenue realised from sale of value added products to continue the business.
Engaging NGOs (Pl. see para 9 of Schedule 2 to the Project Agreement): The Project Implementation Plan prescribed detailed arrangement for engaging NGOs. Services of Non
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Governmental Organizations were engaged in the areas of Social mobilization, Capacity building and training the VSS, Planning and Monitoring the various Project activities at VSS level.
Only those NGOs whose firms are appropriately registered under the Society‟s Act or Trust Act or Company‟s Act and whose accounts have been audited independently for the past 3 years by a Chartered Accountant and who are not blacklisted by any Government agency, were considered for receiving financial support from this Project. The selection of NGOs would generally take into account, amongst others, the following criteria:
The NGO should be non-political and should be having a proven track record of satisfied beneficiaries; It should consist of an adequate number of experienced field staff conversant with the local culture and language, and the socio-economic dimensions of the beneficiary groups; The staff of the selected NGO should have excellent communication skills; It should be registered as a Society or have other Corporate status; It should have facilities to maintain separately, records and accounting and auditing of funds allocated for the assignment, internal checks and balances and transparency; It should possess internal stability so as to ensure long term support; and It should not have been blacklisted by the Central Social and Welfare Board (CSWB) or Council for the Advancement of Peoples Action and Rural Technology (CAPART).
Internalizing Bank procedure for procurement: The Forest Department in Andhra Pradesh, has been adopting procurement procedures of the World Bank for procurement of goods for implementation of NREGS and other schemes and for procurement of services of Consultants for evaluation of some of its developmental programmes. The procurement procedures of the World Bank are found to be robust and transparent and are being adopted for internal utility within the APFD with due modification.
Management Information System: A computerized monitoring package (Forest Management Information System – FMIS) has been developed and installed in all the Ranges, Divisions, Circles and in PMU at Head Quarters. It is a comprehensive package
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covering all the Project components and activities. To handle this package effectively IT Project Scientists have been engaged on contract basis at all Project Divisions and at PMU. This package facilitates monitoring all works and financial reports pertaining to the project. All reimbursement claims and Financial Monitoring Reports are generated from this package. The package also has been suitably upgraded to capture key indicators of physical progress, employment generated, income generated and survival of plantations planted.
Since enormous amount of database in GIS and MIS environments are developed almost paralelly within the APFD, their integration and hosting through a Web enabled application has been accomplished with the help of M/s Antrix Corporation, Bengaluru. This package has all features that are available in the FMIS as detailed above, is integrated with GIS database available within the APFD with regard to information on VSSs and various other administrative and management units within the APFD. This package is being tested in Kakinada Division at present. The plan for the future is to add a few modules on Production Forestry, Social Forestry and other developmental activities of the Forestry Sector and host on a dedicated server. Further financial support to this is assured from the APFD.
5. Financial Management and Audit:
Annual Work Plans: The total outlay of the project at the time of launch was assessed at Rs. 653.971 Crores. The Project is supported by IDA Credit of 85.50 Million XDRs. However due to fluctuations in conversion rates between XDR, US Dollar and Indian Rupees, the total outlay has been reassessed to be of the order of Rs. 680.89 Crores. Delayed start, inclusion of new activities relating to development of Tsunami sensitive areas led to delay in implementation and consequently extension of the Project for two years. Following is the year wise achievement.
(Rs. in Millions)
Year Target Target Actual expenditure expenditure expenditure (Original) (Revised) 2001-02 (PPF) - 12.359
2002-03 (PPF) - 6.880
Total PPF - 19.239
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2002-03 996.845 87.443
2003-04 1567.210 1189.410
2004-05 1867.269 1144.817
2005-06 1357.874 1046.461
2006-07 750.516 999.719
Total 6539.714 3467.5 2007-08 1337.3 749.196
2008-09 1330.70 786.842
2009-10 626.40 246.134
2010-11 0 47.10
Total 6808.90
Total PE 6250.029
Grand Total 6539.714 6808.90 6269.268
Financial Management and Disbursements:
Financial Management System: A detailed functional manual on financial management under the Project is a part of the PIP. Financial Management under the Project is being undertaken strictly in accordance with the prescriptions of this manual and the agreed covenants and thresholds. To facilitate accurate and efficient book keeping at PMU level and implementation level (in Circle, Division and Range Offices) an exclusive module on financial management has been developed in the Forest Management Information System and is operational through out the Project area since Project launch. This module ensures adherence of reimbursement limits of various categories of expenditure budget releases and annul work programme. All financial reports required for monitoring project performance are generated from this module. At the VSS level also simple financial management and accounting manual has been developed and is in use. This manual includes formats of books of accounts (cash book, muster registers, products received register, products disposal register etc.,) required to account for all revenues generated and expenditures incurred, formats of periodic financial reports required to be submitted to APFD and requirements of reporting to the community (like display of summary of finances in public etc.,).
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Reimbursement claims and disbursements: The total outlay of the Project is US$ 127.12 Million. Out of this the share of IDA is US$ 108.91 Million (85.50 Million XDRs) and that of the GOAP is US$ 18.91 Million. Following are the reimbursements claimed and received since inception of the project till the end of March 2010. According to the agreement, the Project is to be closed by 31.3.2008. However, due to late commencement of the Project, non achievement of the targeted activities, to consolidate the achievements made, make the VSS. members self sustainable, the World Bank have agreed to extend the Project year after year upto 31.3.2009 and further 31.3.2010.
(Rs. In Millions)
Period Expenditure Reimbursement Reimbursement claimed received
2001-2002 PPF 12.359 11.727 11.727
2002-2003 PPF 6.880 6.520 6.520
Total PPF 19.239 18.247 18.247 2002-2003 (Year-1)PE 87.443 74.446 74.446
2003-2004 (Year-2) PE 1189.410 1033.213 1033.213
2004-2005 (Year-3) PE 1144.817 885.077 885.077
2005-2006 (Year-4) PE 1046.461 933.597 933.597
2006-2007 (Year-5)PE 999.719 775.931 775.931
2007-2008 (Year-6) PE 749.196 627.749 627.749
2008-2009 (Year-7) PE 786.842 554.576 554.576
2009-2010 (Year-8(PE) 246.134 298.001 298.006
Grand Total 6269.268 5200.842 5200.842
The category wise reimbursement details of PPF and Project expenditure from 16-06-2002 to March, 2010 are as follows. (Rs. in Millions) Period of claim Category of Expenditure Amount Amount expenditure incurred claimed reimbursed
Project Works 4.302 3.872 3.872 Preparation
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Fund
Goods 2.808 2.246 2.246
Studies and 5.873 5.873 5.873 Consultancies
Training 6.256 6.256 6.256
Sub Total (A) 19.239 18.247 18.247
Forestry Operations and 3349.882 2985.991 2985.991 Works
Civil Works 533.984 413.841 413.841
Goods and 162.769 141.853 141.853 Project Equipment expenditure from Training 16-06-02 to Workshops and 743.764 727.358 727.358 December, 2009 Study Tours
Consultancy 110.729 88.472 88.472 services
NGO Support 373.553 364.550 364.550
Operating Costs 645.519 172.129 172.129
TSU- Forestry 216.277 194.648 194.648 Operations and Works
TSU- T.W.S 10.588 10.045 10.045
TSU-NGO 4.125 4.125 4.125
Total PE 6250.021 5182.595 5182.595
Grand Total (A+B) 6269.268 5200.840 5200.840 Quarterly Financial Management Reports: According to the Agreement, the following financial reports have to be made to World Bank, Government from time to time. The quarterly financial reports are being sent from the inception of the project. Details of reconciliation of particulars furnished in the FMRs and Reimbursement claims are given in the annexure.
Year FMR Certified by Expenditure reported Remarks
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C&AG Reimbu Reimbu Reimb (Audit Total rsement rsement urseme Certificate) claimed received nt due 2001- 12.359 12.359 12.359 11.727 11.727 0 02 2002- 6.880 943.223 6.88 6.52 6.52 0 03 (PPE 2002- 87.443 87.443 74.446 74.446 0 03 (PPE 2003- 1189.410 1189.410 1189.410 1033.213 1033.213 The revised 04 (PE) FMR. Upto 31.03.2007 2004- 114.816 1144.816 1144.816 884.874 884.874 sent on 27- 05 08-2007 2005- 1046.461 1046.461 104.461 933.597 933.597 06 2006- 999.719 999.719 999.719 775.931 775.931 07 2007- 749.196 749.196 749.196 627.749 627.749 08 2008- 786.842 786.842 786.842 554.576 554.576 The revised 09 FMR. Upto 31-03-2007 Total 6023.134 6023.134 6023.134 4902.836 4902.836 sent on 30- upto 09-2009. 31-03- 09 2009- 246.134 Due 246.134 298.006 298.006 10 Total 6269.268 6023.129 6269.268 5200.840 5200.840
Statutory Audit: The statutory audit by Prl. Accountant General is to be done annually and the report is to be sent to World Bank by end of September of next financial year. The amounts objected to have to be deducted/settled. The Principal Accountant General Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad is verifying the expenditure under APCFM Project annually and issuing Annual Audit Certificates from 2001-02 onwards. The Annual Audit certificates have been issued in the following letters by Prl. Accountant General. The same have been sent to World Bank as soon as the annual audit certificate is received.
Year Letter No. and date 2001-02 and AG Lr.No AP.Cell/WBP/ 2003-04641,dt.12.2.2004
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2002-03 2003-04 AG‟s Ref.EAP. CELL/WBP/ APCFM 2004-05/438, dt.30.12.2004 22.06.2006 and 23.08.2006 2004-05 AG Ref No.PAC(CA) EAP.Cell/WBP/ APCFM/2005-0649, dt.25.11.2005. 2005-06 AG.Ref.PAG(CA)EAP.cell/APCFM/2006-07/22 DT.28.12.06..sent to World Bank in Lr.41937/06/PMU-II/2 dt.13.1.07 2006-07 Prl.AG (CA)No.PAG (CA)FCS /U-II/APCFM/2006-07/98, dt. 02.01.2008 2007-08 Prl.AG (CA)No.EAP.cell/WVP/2008-09/265, dt. 28.11.2008 2008-09 Prl.AG (CA)No.EAP.cell/WVP/2009-2010/769, dt. 13.10.2009.
Following is the position of amounts held under objection and settled/deducted
Rupees in lakhs.
Year Expenditure Amount Amount Amount certified held under Settled deducted objection 2001-02 123.586 0.492 0.492 0 2002-03 943.233 2.980 2.980 0 2003-04 11894.09 232.092 232.092 0 (19 paras) (19 paras) 2004-05 11448.160 1243.43 1241.78 1.650 (22 Paras) (21 paras) (1 para) 2005-06 10464.600 190.273 159.473 30.80 (47 Paras) 29 Paras) (18 pars) 72.54 61.43 11.11 2006-07 9997.18 (9 paras) 4 paras (5 paras) 0.480 9.52 9.04 2007-08 7491.96 (9 paras) (6 paras) (3 Paras) 209.53 209.53 2008-09 0 7868.42 (9 paras) (9 Paras) Total 6023.129 1960.857 1707.287 253.570
Special Audit:
Independent audit of VSS. related to Financial Management: As suggested by the World Bank during Mid Term Review, audit of expenditure of 5% of the VSSs was carried out through Chartered Accountant Forms engaged exclusively for this purpose. The observations of this audit and action taken thereon are detailed in the annexure. This audit routine procedural lapses all of which were rectified and a 100% check of the books of accounts of all VSSs was carried out through the Internal Audit wing of the APFD. Details of these are annexed.
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Internal Audit: As suggested by the World Bank, audit of VSS expenditure on a half yearly basis for 20% of the VSSs at a time is being done. This provides for immediate action if any inconsistencies are noticed.
6. Initiatives:
Policy development: All actions agreed for policy reforms have been taken. A statement detailing progress in this regard is given in annexure.
Policy reforms on Community Forest Management: The Government of Andhra Pradesh through G O Ms. No. 13 EFS&T (For III) Department, dated 12.02.2002 as amended vide G.O. Ms.4 EFS&T (For III) Department, dated 12-01-2004 have issued comprehensive orders for implementing Community Forest Management in the state as an advancement over Joint Forest Management duly addressing issues relating to gender, inclusion of vulnerable groups, transparency in transactions, duties and responsibilities, usufruct sharing, administrative decentralization and sustainability. The institution of VSS now has a strong managing committee of 15 committed members of whom 8 are women. It also has a vice chairperson in addition to chairperson with one of them being a woman. This has ensured a steady but sure empowerment of women in the scheme of things.
Policy reforms on benefit sharing arrangement: At the time of Project launch, the policy on CFM entailed only incremental benefits to the participating communities. As discussed and agreed during Project negotiations detailed consultations were held with various stakeholders and the policy on CFM to the extent of entitlement of benefits and benefit sharing arrangements was revised through G O Ms. No. 4 EFES&T (For III) Dept Dt. 12.1.2004. In terms of this policy reform VSSs are entitled to the following forest produce obtained from forests managed by them: a) All Non-timber Forest Produce. b) All Intermediate yielding obtained from silvicultural operations in natural forests; c) All timber and bamboo (including yield from bamboo plantations) harvested from the forest managed by them except in case of plantations; d) In case of teak plantations within VSS area, whose age is known, twice the proportionate yield harvested (including yield from thinning) with reference to age of the plantation and the period of maintenance by the Vana Samrakshana Samithi (maximum entitlement will not however exceed the total yield of the plantations)
47 e) In case of other plantations, whose age is known, 50% of harvest (including thinning) of the period of management of plantation by Vana Samrakshana Samithi is less than 50% of the rotation period and 100% of volume harvested is such period of management by the Vana Samrakshana Samithi is more than 50% of rotation period of the plantation. f) All the timber obtained from second and subsequent rotations of all plantations. However this entitlement is subject to carrying out all silvicultural operations including harvesting in accordance with the silvicultural principles laid down in the respective Working Plans and schedule detailed in respective micro plans of the Vana Samrakshana Samithi and adopting rotation age and rotation period (where relevant) as prescribed in the respective Working Plans.
The benefit thus accrued shall be passed on to the Vana Samrakshana Samithi as prescribed below:
i) Domestic requirement of the forest products will be set apart and distributed among all the V.S.S. members as per the norms evolved by the Managing Committee. The surplus quantity may be disposed as decided by the managing committee. ii) Any expenditure incurred by the Government on the harvesting and disposal shall be reimbursed to the Government. iii) Expenditure necessary to sustain the productivity of the forests as per the micro-plan shall be deposited in the V.S.S. joint account. This amount shall not be less than 50% of the net income. iv) Balance income shall be deposited in the V.S.S. account and utilized as per decisions taken by the General Body of the Vana Samrakshana Samithi.
Further through another remarkable reform issued in G.O. Ms. No. 43, EFS&T (For.III) Dept., Dt. 10-04-2006, GOAP have been passing on all the net revenue realised from sale of Beedileaf collected and sold to the primary collectors. With this initiative a whopping Rs. 39.50 crores has been realised by VSSs during the Project period. Policy on reinvestment of surplus revenue generated: To ensure sustainable community forest management, an element of cost sharing was envisaged while implementing the Project. The revision of policy on benefit sharing arrangements detailed above looks into this aspect as well as it lays down reinvestment of atleast 50% of net benefit from sale of timber and bamboo by the VSSs. While this policy revision was made as early as 2004 itself, the
48 operational mechanics evolved through a process of consultation. Since major revenue to the VSSs is from management of pulp wood and bamboo resources, procedures for reinvestment from these sources are now evolved and under implementation.
As regards Bamboo sale of surplus harvest is made through traditional outlets of the Forest Department to ensure wider participation of purchasers and competitive prices. Saleable Bamboo from various VSSs is aggregated and sold through public auction in the presence of VSS members. The receipts from such sale are then apportioned to the respective VSSs basing on the quantities sold and the net revenue after deducting the expenses incurred are then passed on. While the VSSs utilise 50% of this net revenue as a development fund either distributing it equitably or investing in bonds and deposits, the remaining 50% is utilised a s regeneration fund and is used for harvesting bamboos in subsequent seasons. This procedure has been since perfected and 40 out of 88 VSSs of Kakinada Division who had realised returns from sale of bamboo harvested have utilised the net revenue for subsequent harvesting operations which apart from fetching further revenues, is a silvicultural necessity to ensure good health of bamboo clumps.
In respect of reinvestment of revenue from sale of pulp wood, an elaborate process of developing reinvestment plans has been evolved wherein cycle of harvest, cycle of reinvestment and corresponding details of benefit accrual and cost investment are worked out duly following the silvicultural prescriptions of harvesting regime, post harvest operations and plans are then drawn up. Here again sale of pulpwood is done at aggregate level with due participation of VSSs to ensure competitive prices and the benefit accrued is passed on to the respective VSSs basing on the actual removals. To ensure such aggregation and technical support for reinvestment planning and implementation all the VSSs of a Division are required to join the respective Forest development Agency as members. Since most of harvesting and reinvestment have been happening in Nellore Division the FDA Nellore now has membership of all the VSSs in its geographical area. So far 42 out of 92 VSSs that have realised revenue from harvest and sale of Eucalyptus and Casurina Pulp wood have reinvested a part of the regeneration fund and raised 207 ha of plantations.
Similarly the cluster involved in manufacture and sale of adda leaf plates and agarabatti sticks are also reinvesting net revenue realised from sale of value added products to continue the business.
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The initiative of reinvestment is species specific and activity specific. Modalities have been evolved and are now in operation. Though the number of VSSs actually reinvesting revenue are seemingly few, the process has begun and the Project has successfully established replicable models.
Legal status to VSSs and Community Forest Management: As an initiative to empower the communities involved in participatory forest management, legal status was sought to be accorded to the VSS by amending the A.P. Forest Act 1967. The GOAP has consulted the GOI on the proposals of the Forest Department of amending the AP Forest Act 1967 by inserting a separate chapter on Community Forest Management. The Draft bill has been sent to the GOAP for amending the A.P. Forest Act, providing legal status to the VSS.
In the meantime, the GOAP have decided to invoke the provisions of the Forest Rights Act 2005 of identification of Community Rights of the Communities that have requested for the same for the purpose of Conservation and sustainable management of forest resources. Accordingly Community Rights have been recognised in respect of VSSs with 100% tribal membership for conservation and sustainable development of forest resources within the framework of GOAP‟s policy on Community Forest Management.
The remaining VSSs are being brought under the ambit of Forest Development Agencies that are registered under the A P Societies‟ Act 2001. Further three Division level federations (in Visakhapatnam, Narsipatnam and Paderu Divisions) dealing with trade in Adda leaf plates have also been registered under the A P Societies‟ Act 2001 and one Federation of CEGS (sub group of VSSs) involved in conversion and marketing of Bamboo products (agarabatti sticks) is in the process of being registered as a Producers‟ Company under the Company‟s Act.
Decentralization of planning and financial management: The Government during January 2004 have amended the AP Forest Department Code providing for direct funding to VSSs without routing the funds through Forest Range Officers. This amendment has come on account of a study conducted under the APCFM Project. This while addressing the workload on the implementing staff has ensured enhanced awareness and participation of the VSSs in financial transaction. This amendment ensures that the cashbook of the VSS is the primary cashbook of the Forest Department. Thus the financial responsibility is now with the VSSs. There is clarity in the role and responsibility of VSS and Forest Department and this ensures decentralization and transparency.
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Reforms to VSS structure: The structure of VSSs of envisaged at the time of Project launch had emerged during JFM phase. CFM initiative brought in certain improvements especially in gender issues. With commencement of flow of benefits and usufruct to the VSSs a need was felt to look carefully into the structure and functioning of the VSSs especially with regard to profile of membership. Experience has brought out that heterogeneity of membership of VSSs in terms of economic profile, degree of forest dependence, extent of participation in protection and management of forests, viewed in the context of commencement of benefit flow is likely to complicate matters in the coming years and conflicting relations are likely to emerge on account of these. Thus there is a need to address these issues adequately and at the earliest. To ensure livelihood enhancement of forest dependent families to development and management of forest based enterprise certain reforms to the structure within VSSs emerged.
The structure revolves around a set of institutions that operate at village, cluster and division levels. Common Enterprise Groups (CEGs) at the village level, federations of CEGs at Cluster level and a society or Producer Company at Division (aggregated) level have emerged.
While the CEGs are informal groups of primary collector and agent for value additions to forest produce, the Clusters provide the required infrastructure, goods and services. The society/producer company take care of marketing arrangements.
Revision and implementation of R & R Policy: During negotiations held with the World Bank on the Project clearance, it was decided to revise the Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy and Resettlement Action Plan documents as agreed to by the GOAP. Accordingly the revised draft R&R policy and RAP were furnished to the World Bank and as suggested by the World Bank on 1-5-2003, the revised R&R Policy and RAP were put for series of consultations with all the stakeholders, particularly with VSS communities, during May to August, 2003, at Range/Division/Circle and State Level. Based on the outcome of these consultations, the R&R Policy and RAP have been revised and sent to the World Bank for approval. The World Bank has approved the revised RAP and R&R Policy and requested the Government to notify these documents superseding the existing orders. The Government, have notified the revised Resettlement Action Plan and Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy documents vide G.O.Ms.No.68 EFS&T(FOR-III) Department dt. 25-5-2004.
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Consequent to issue of this revised policy, implementation of Resettlement Action Plan has been taken up and completed.
As agreed during Project negotiations, the Government of AP vide G.O.Ms. No.100 EF&ST (For-III) Department dated-11-11-2002 constituted an Independent Advisory Group at State level under AP Community Forest Management Project for advising on Resettlement Action Plan implement by AP Forest Department. This groups comprising one Judicial member, one forestry specialist, one academician and two members from civil society have been meeting regularly and visiting the areas where the R&R policy and action plans drawn thereupon are under implementation and monitoring their implementation. Details of suggestions made by the IAG and action taken thereupon are furnished in the annexure.
Initiatives in Capacity Building and development of Social Capital: The Project has laid ample stress on Capacity building of various stake holders including those from the participating communities and various service providers such as Forestry staff, NGOS and Community Extension Workers (CEWs). Initial phase of the Project supported training in Social mobilization, Conflict resolution, Microplaning, Participatory Rural Appraisal, Watershed development activities through Soil and Moisture Conservation measures, Nursery and Plantation techniques etc.
Revision of the policy on financial management by VSSs that was introduced around 2004 necessitated building capacity among the VSSs in book keeping. Three educated youth from each VSS were trained along with the respective CEWs in book keeping skills such as maintenance of cash books, minutes and resolution registers etc.
By the mid-term review with enhanced focus on livelihood concerns of the target group, training activities were reoriented towards development and implementation of Livelihood Enhancement (Development) Plans as opposed to routine microplans, value addition, development of enterprises, formation of Common Enterprise Groups and their federations at Cluster levels, marketing issues, quality control issues, skill enhancement in processing (forest) raw materials such as agarabatti stick making, adda leaf plate making (these were new skills to the target groups) etc.
All these initiatives needed development of human capital to sustain community participation in the longer run. A four months certificate course was designed for promoting a cadre of Community Silviculturists with adequate training in core forestry issues coupled
52 with livelihood planning and monitoring aspects. The AP Forest Academy emerge as training hub for these trainings and in three batches 54 youth have been trained in professional forestry and forest based livelihoods management. This training included class room lectures, field visits and project work. This human capital was subsequently utilized in conducting House Hold Survey to assess the Project impacts on livelihoods.
The project supported supplementing infrastructure in the AP Forest Academy at Dulapalli with addition of a hostel and an Indoor Stadium which also provides ample space for conducting workshops. It supported enhancement of infrastructure in 14 Central Nurseries to enable them function as Technology Dissemination Centres. These TDCs function as training hubs at district level and cater to the training needs of the neighbouring Divisions. Training to cutting edge staff and VSS members are organised in these centres. Project supported a Training Coordinator for each Division (in addition to the TDCs) to assist the Project staff in all matters of Capacity Building and Monitoring.
An autonomous Society viz Centre for Forest Resources and Natural Resources Management (CEFNARM) emerged by 2007(which functions from the premises of the AP forest Academy, Dulapalli) to carry forward the training and capacity building initiatives of the Project and to expand them to other similar schemes and Projects and to other Departments and NGOs. This Society, apart from coordinating and spear heading training programmes, also has mandate for conducting action research and coordinating activities of Research, Extension and Information Technology wing within the APFD. It has been recognised by the GOI for conducting some of its training programmes and workshops. Constitution of CEFNARM as an autonomous institution and its activities has ensured an element of sustainability to the initiatives of capacity building and development of social capital in forestry sector in Andhra Pradesh.
7. Compliance to operational Directives
The Development Credit Agreement and the Project Agreement mention four Operational Directives that are mandatory and are required to be complied for successful completion of this Project. They are – (i) Directive on involuntary resettlement, (ii) Directive on Indigenous People, (iii) Environmental management and (iv) Pest management. Following is an account of compliance to each of these directives:
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Directive on involuntary resettlement: During negotiations held with the World Bank on the Project clearance, it was decided to revise the Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy and Resettlement Action Plan documents. Accordingly the revised draft R&R policy and RAP were furnished to the World Bank and as suggested by the World Bank on 1-5-2003, the revised R&R Policy and RAP were put for series of consultations with all the stakeholders, particularly with VSS communities, during May to August, 2003, at Range/Division/Circle and State Level. Based on the outcome of these consultations, the R&R Policy and RAP have been revised and sent to the World Bank for approval. The World Bank has approved the revised RAP and R&R Policy and requested the Government to notify these documents superseding the existing orders. The Government, notified the revised Resettlement Action Plan and Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy documents vide G.O.Ms.No.68 EFS&T(FOR-III) Department dt. 25-5-2004. With this implementation of Resettlement Action Plan commenced. The revised R&R Policy focused elaborately on the issue of loss of livelihoods of those who were into Podu cultivation (a form of shifting cultivation) in notified Government Forests and who had given up such individual occupations in favour of community management of those forests by the VSSs. All the VSSs were surveyed with reference to likelihood of triggering of R&R policy. Joint teams comprising NGOs, Forest and Tribal Welfare Officials visited VSSs where R&R issue was likely and Project Affected Families were identified in Gramasabhas. The podu lands surrendered by these PAFs where surveyed using GPS and documented. Only those individuals who had given up podu lands I that were now under management by VSSs were identified and listed as eligible to receive benefits under the R&R Policy. Lists of these PAFs were notified in news papers to call for objections if any and to ensure that no eligible was left out.
Village specific RAPs were then prepared by NGOs in due consultation with PAFs and keeping the viability of the schemes opted. While R&R grant provided was Rs. 25,000/- per PAF efforts were also made to dovetail other Government programmes and where needed, institutional funding was also arranged. Elaborate training programmes were organised for PAFs, VSS members, NGOs and Forest Officials involved in implementation of RAP. RAP has been successfully implemented in 430 VSSs covering 12528 PAFs with an outlay of Rs. 3370.595 lakhs with the help of 84 NGOs. A detailed account of RAP is given in the annexure giving various steps taken in identification of PAFs, identification of schemes, planning, implementation and monitoring. The impact of processes of planning,
54 implementation and monitoring RAP has been evaluated by an independent agency, the report of which is shared with the Mission.
Indigenous People’s development Plan: The Social and Environmental Assessment undertaken during Project preparation identified that Project implementation is likely to trigger World Bank‟s Operational Directive dealing with indigenous People. A separate policy and action plan was drawn as part of the Project implementation in this regard. This action plan aimed more on coordination with various Government and Non Governmental Organizations involved in Tribal Welfare in addition to supplementing VSS level community infrastructure and income generation activities. In the course of implementation of the AP CFM Project, by the Mid Term Review, certain new initiatives were taken and these include identifying user groups or common enterprise groups among VSSs from among tribal members and developing their networks and federations at various levels. These common enterprise groups and federations planned and took up value addition of certain forest commodities like bamboo, Adda leaf, Tamarind, Honey etc. Subsequently Community based Ecotourism also was added to this list of enterprises. In certain villages around Hyderabad where the women belonging to Lambada Community are more in number, refining their native skills embroidery activity with market tie up also was initiated in close association with the Centre for People‟s Forestry, an NGO. The Tribal Development Plans were thus revised as Livelihood Enhancement Plans focusing on income generation and enterprise management as listed above. Details of economic benefits derived from various enterprises are given in the annexure.
Apart from direct intervention as above, all the vulnerable groups involved in implementation of the Project have benefited from the GOAP‟s policy on Community Forest Management through automatic membership to SCs and STs has in that they could have uninhibited access to forest resources for meeting their domestic needs (the participatory evaluation revealed that 94% of the VSSs enjoyed improved access to forest resources for their domestic use), and the GOAP‟s policy on benefit sharing also has benefited tribals and other vulnerable groups adequately. The Household Survey conducted as part of Project‟s impact assessment reveals that members of VSSs belonging to SC and ST community have benefited more than the others from project interventions. Further the performance of VSSs with predominantly tribal membership is far superior than the performance of other VSSs. All these go to prove that the Project has substantially benefited tribal members of VSSs and other vulnerable groups.
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Further with implementation of Forest Rights Act 2005, VSSs with 100% tribal membership now enjoy Community Rights over the Forests managed by them for the purpose of conservation and sustainable management of these forest resources. Thus the operational directives on Indigenous People‟s development are fully implemented.
Environment Management Plan: This being a Forestry project aiming at poverty reduction, essentially had no issues with environment. However the Environmental management plan prepared as part of Project document sought to maximise the benefits from forest management. While the details of forest management practices undertaken in this Project are given in chapter 2 dealing with achievement by components, this chapter deals with certain innovative environmental management practices and their impacts as detailed below:
Soil Conservation measures: Soil and Water are the most important natural resources with in the eco-system. And they form the basis of all life. With the increasing pressure of the ever growing human and cattle population, deforestation, erosion of soil have cumulatively depleted the soil and its productivity .It is in this back drop that all the initiatives of forest improvement invariably have built in provision for conservation of soil and moisture. Execution of various soil and moisture conservation works will, apart from improving the in- situ soil moisture regime and there by improving the soil quality, have tremendous potential of recharging Ground water. This has long term positive impact on rural economy.
In execution of soil and moisture conservation works the selection of proper site is most important. For this Water Harvesting Structures (WHS) site suitability analysis was done in a complex GIS environment and Beat wise maps for entire forest area of the state with site suitability index for construction of various Water Harvesting Structures were prepared. The input themes like stream network, the DEM and slope generation, the vegetation canopy density, watershed area etc have been used for this analysis. A sample map showing suitability index for construction of WHS of Islampur Beat of Jannaram division is shown below.
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This map will be used by the field staff and VSS members in selection of site for different Water harvesting structures for the VSS areas of that Beat.
One of the main objectives of the SMC works is to increase the ground water level. As the forests are the main ground water recharge source, lot of SMC works were taken up in the VSS areas. Under SMC works the construction of Check dams, Rock fill dams, digging of Percolation tanks, Mini percolation tanks, Continuous contour trenches, Staggered contour trenches, and sunken gully pits were taken up.
The water holding capacity and water impounding capacity in a rainy season was calculated based on the guide lines issued by the APFD. According to these guide lines the SMC structures will have the following water holding capacity and water impounding capacity in a rainy season.
S.No. Type of SMC work Unit Water holding Water impounding capacity ( Cmt ) capacity in a rainy season (Cmt).
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1 Percolation tank 1 No 5000 4 times of the holding capacity. ( 20000) 2 Mini percolation 1 No 2500 4 times of the holding tank capacity ( 10000) 3 Rock fill dam 1 No 50 10 times of the water holding capacity ( 500 ) 4 Check dam 1 No 2500 4 times of the holding capacity ( 10000 ) 5 CCT 1 Cmt 1 Cmt 10 times of the water holding capacity. 6 ST 1 Cmt 1 Cmt 10 times of the water holding capacity. 7 Sunken gully pits. 1 No 2500 4 times of the holding capacity ( 10000 )
The Ground Water department, Andhra Pradesh monitors the ground water level through a network of 2986 observation wells distributed in different hydrogeological formations. These wells are monitored six times a year. Based on the observations they calculate the Net ground water availability per annum, Ground water draft for all users, Actual balance ground water available for future use, and stage of development %, for command and non- command area of each mandal in all districts of the state.
Based on the stage of development %, entire area has been classified in to the following categories.
S.No. Ground water category type Stage of development % 1 Safe 0 – 70 % 2 Semi Critical 71 – 90 % 3 Critical 91 – 100 % 4 Over exploited Above 100 %
The GIS layers of the ground water category type layer and VSS layer are analyzed in GIS environment. The VSS areas falling under different ground water categories like Safe,
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Semi critical, Critical and Over exploited were identified. For all these VSS areas the details of the SMC works taken up, the water holding capacity created in each VSS, and the water impounding capacity in a rainy season are correlated with ground water category types as follows.
Sl. Ground water No Water Water Weighted Weighte Water Water No development of holding impounde average of d holding impoundin . category VS capacit d in a water average capacit g capacity S y rainy impoundin of water y per per VSS (LCM) season g capacity holding VSS (LCM) capacity
1 Safe 42 5099.06 23230.67 7.293 1.599 1.211 5.517 11
2 Semicritical 45 212.72 1316.55 4.243 0.580 0.466 2.887 6
3 Critical 11 46.85 348.48 4.534 0.574 0.404 3.004 6
4 Overexploited 19 151.88 797.03 6.018 1.047 0.791 4.151 2
Averages of 6.018 LCM of water impounding capacity in Over Exploited region, 4.534 LCM of water impounding capacity in Critical areas, 4.243 LCM of water impounding capacity in Semi Critical areas and 1.599 LCM of water impounding capacity in safe region, were created in a rainy season.
Fire control measures: One of the main causes for forest degradation is forest fires. The forest fires affect the soil fertility and causes loss of biodiversity. In the light of above fire control assumes lot of importance. It is in this context that fire control and management have been included as a crucial item of work in all the forest improvement activities.
The forests of entire AP have been categorized based on the degree of hazard. Fire Risk Zonation maps were created for entire forest area in the GIS environment based on the factors influencing forest fires like, forest type, topography, and proximity. The inter
59 relationship for these factors were established and finally integrated for identification and Zonation of fire prone areas from lowest to highest risk. The forests of entire AP have been categorized based on the degree of hazard like Lowest, Low, Medium, High, Higher, and Highest. As an example map prepared for Badrachalam (South) Division is shown below.
These maps helped in selecting the locations for taking up fire control measures in the forest areas.
The forest fire occurrences were monitored on daily basis, by getting the fire incident location data from the MODIS of NASA (MODIS –MOD 14 – Thermal Anomalies – Fires and Biomass Burning). The MODIS data of fire occurrence will have the Lat- Long position of the fire occurred place and the intensity of the fire i.e. fire index. Using this fire incident location data and fire index (highest, high, medium, low and lowest) data, in GIS environment a layer was prepared. Using this forest fire layer and with the existing forest administrative layer the exact place ( VSS name, Beat name , Section name and Range name and Division name) of forest fire occurrence was determined in the GIS environment , and the was communicated to the field staff for verification and further taking up fire control measures in those areas.
The forest fire occurrence data for the VSS areas were collected for the year 2008 and 2009 (Annexure- I), and also the details of the fire control measures taken up in those VSS were collected (Annexure – II). During this period the forest fires occurred in 167 VSS areas with different fire intensity. These fire intensities were categorised in to high, medium and low and the VSS which fall in each of this category, and the quantity of fire control measures taken up in all those VSS were studied.
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Fire Control Measures Avg. per S.No. Fire Index No. of VSS (Cmt) VSS(Cmt)
1 High 62 109026 1758
2 Medium 41 56977 1390
3 Low 64 56070 876
167 222073 1330
An average 1758 cmt of fire trenches were taken up in the High fire intensity VSS areas, 1390 cmt of fire trenches were taken up in medium intensity VSS areas and 876 cmt of fire trenches were taken up in Low intensity VSS areas.
Carbon sequestration studies: To assess the Carbon foot prints and sequestration details and to explore possibilities of harvesting upcoming carbon markets two Projects were prepared as part of the APCFM Project. The first Project encompasses the improvements made by way of rejuvenating degraded teak forests in 34 VSSs in Jagtial Range of Karimnagar West Division covering 5952 ha of forest area. The carbon stock as on 2003-04 based on the base line survey conducted as part of microplanning exercise of the APCFM Project was taken and compared with the growth assessed during 2008-09. A total of 138 plots were surveyed, and DBH and height of trees were recorded. The standing biomass was estimated using the data from the sample survey. The baseline biomass (2003-04) and the standing biomass (2008-09) were calculated using species specific volume equations. The following table gives the biomass in terms of tonnes of Carbon per hectare in the baseline (2003-04) and the standing biomass (2008-09).
Mean baseline C/Ha 21.2
Mean standing C/Ha 33.2
Difference 12.0
Years 5
Mean diff C/Ha per year 2.4
To calculate the mean Volume/Ha, the mean Carbon/Ha has been used. (Given that the calculation thus far have been carried out with the (total of above ground (AG) and below
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ground (BG)) Carbon number in mind, this is the best approximate). For converting biomass into carbon, the default value of 0.5 as per IPCC Good Practice Guidance has been used. Similarly, 26 % of the above ground biomass has been assumed to be below ground biomass. To convert biomass into volume the wood density of 0.75 for teak has been used as an average. (IPCC average of 1.9 has been used to calculate the AG Biomass in the calculations instead of going the volume to biomass route using wood density) Total AG AG Carbon/Ha Carbon/Ha Biomass/Ha Volume/Ha
Mean baseline 21.2 16.8 33.7 44.9
Mean standing 33.2 26.3 52.7 70.3
Difference 12.0
Years 5.0
Mean diff C/Ha per year 2.4 1.9 3.8 5.1
The second Project was developed covering Eucalyptus plantations (478 plantations) in 137 VSS raised since 2003. Details are as below:
Year of Age of planting Plantation Area (ha)
2003 5 394.97
2004 4 1197.25
2005 3 943.50
2006 2 984.50
2007 1 716.50
Total 4236.72
For estimating the standing biomass, and subsequently the carbon stored, stratified random sampling based on year of planting and soil type was employed. For soil information, soil type map developed by NBSS&LUP (National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning) was used. Based on discussion with officials of NBSS&LUP, the traditional soil classes were merged into 8 classes. The soils in the plantation area were found to fall under
62 four classes: red clayey soil, red loamy soil, black soil, and rocky and 63gravely land/soils. However 2007 plantations (one year old plantation) were not considered while sampling. In order to estimate the crop height, Lorey‟s mean height equations were used; the mean height of a quadrant was used to calculate the standing biomass of a quadrant. The average volume/ha was calculated as the weighted average (based on area under each soil type) and using the wood density 0.55 for Eucalyptus as below:
Age of Eucalyptus Weighted average plantation of biomass (t/ha) Volume/ha
2 14.48 26.33
3 18.36 33.39
4 24.75 44.99
5 31.97 58.13
Pest Management Plan: Yet another Operational Directive was to develop a strategy for Pest Management. In this regard a comprehensive study on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices that are required for Forestry sector in Andhra Pradesh in general and the Project interventions in particular were developed and various stake holders including Forestry Officials and VSS members were trained in IPM techniques and related issues. A note on the IPM strategies evolved is detailed in the annexure.
8. Strategies for Sustainability and Follow up actions :
Convergence with National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme: Building upon the principles of Community participation in forest management, continuing sustainable forest management principles initiated, ensuring continuity to linkages of livelihood enhancement and forest management established under the CFM regime, the GOAP has decided to ensure convergence of CFM and National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme(NREGS). NREGS is a scheme being implemented by the GOI through various state Governments for implementing the provisions of the National Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA). NREGA primarily seeks to ensure 100 days of employment to the needy in rural areas and minimum wages prescribed therein duly following participatory and transparent procedures. The
63 essence of NREGS is participatory planning and identification of works, ensuring prescribed minimum wages for the given work, providing atleast 100 days of employment at the door step of the wage seeker, transparent implementation and disbursement arrangements and independent evaluation or social audit. The provisions of NREGA are statutory and thus mandatory. Therefore the Government has developed robust systems for implementation of NREGS as below:
i. The Government has provided adequate Budget provision and the scheme is not budget driven but is need based. Targets have a limited purpose of planning and budgeting. They are not sacrosanct and there can be variations basing on the need. ii. The Government has provided ample human resources to enable planning, implementation and monitoring. The Government has provided human resources in the form of Field Assistants and Mates to mobilize Job cards for the wage seekers, to ensure participatory planning and identification of works, to provide worksite amenities, to mobilize and supervise implementation of works at worksite and to maintain musters and other basic worksite documents. iii. The Government has provided adequate technical assistance for monitoring and supervision of the works in the form of Technical Assistants who apart from providing technical assistance, measure the work turned out and record it in the measurement books and assist in assessing remuneration for the work turned out. iv. The Government has made arrangement for disbursement of wages through Post Offices, Smart Card Agencies, Banks, Village Organizations and VSSs. v. To track and assist implementation of the programme, robust web enabled software has been developed which has an end to end application and ensures monitoring at all stages right from identification to disbursement. All the efforts of the implementing staff are oriented to field work and issues and all the office work is taken care by the software. vi. Social audit by an independent society comprising of stakeholders ensure evaluation and audit and is transparent and authentic. vii. The Programme provides financial support to all the above in addition to implementation of works.
NREGS provides an excellent platform to carry forward all the forestry activities initiated and productive utilization of institution development taken up and human and social
64 capital developed under the APCFM Project. It has now been planned to cover 6000 VSSs (including all the 5000 VSSs that were assisted under the APCFM Project) for various types of silvicultural interventions such as assisting natural regeneration by rejuvenation of degraded forests with viable rootstock, management of rejuvenated forests through appropriate silvicultural interventions such as thinning and harvesting basing on silvicultural availability, rejuvenation of degraded bamboo forests through decongestion and management of rejuvenated bamboo forests including selective removal of mature culms, maintenance of existing plantations of NTFP, Pulp, Timber species, Tank foreshore and Avenue and raising fresh plantations of these types with adequate maintenance support, Nurseries for planting in VSS forests and for farm forestry, support to farm forestry, improvement of habitats and Soil and Moisture Conservation works including preferential treatment to promising NTFP and Timber species in natural stands.
An action plan covering 5990 VSSs with an outlay of Rs. 287.91 Crores has been prepared. Since monitoring implementation of this scheme is completely computerised, details of all the forestry operations, details of VSSs that will be implementing these activities have been included in the MIS developed for implementation of NREGS and implementation of field operations has begun.
Universalization of Forest Development Agencies: Forest Development Agencies (FDAs) have been set up at the initiative of the Government of India as institutions for implementation of Joint Forest Management through a coordinated approach. However, hitherto, in Andhra Pradesh, FDAs were associated only with implementation of the National Afforestation Programme (NAP) funded by the National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board (NAEB). The guidelines issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India however aim at FDAs as federations of Joint Forest Management Committees (Vana Samrakshana Samithies or VSSs in Andhra Pradesh). Since in Andhra Pradesh state, FDAs at present are associated with implementation of NAP, only those VSSs associated with this programme have been members of FDAs sofar. Thus advantages of federating are not available to many VSSs that are not funded under the NAP. The potential institutional strength of FDAs is also not fully harnessed. A number of initiatives like Community based Eco-tourism, development and management of forest and non forest based microenterprises involving VSSs and their groups can be better served through the FDA model. FDAs can also mobilize additional financial resources for VSSs and can provide better market linkages.
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In the light of this imminent and urgent need, a process of graduating FDAs as institutions rather that treating them as a scheme or a project has been initiated. With this the structure and configuration of FDAs will not change, but they function as institutions covering and serving all the VSSs of a given Division irrespective of source of funding. When and where harvesting and reinvestments become key activities of VSSs, FDAs will be in a better position to deal with issues than at present. Action has since been taken to revise membership of FDAs and include all VSSs within the respective jurisdiction of FDAs. The FDAs in Kakinada and Nellore have already revised their membership and incorporated all the VSSs within their jurisdiction as members. Others are following suit.
Reinvestment of surplus revenue for sustainable forest management: To ensure sustainable community forest management, an element of cost sharing was envisaged while implementing the Project. The revision of policy on benefit sharing arrangements detailed above looks into this aspect as well as it lays down reinvestment of atleast 50% of net benefit from sale of timber and bamboo by the VSSs. While this policy revision was made as early as 2004 itself, the operational mechanics evolved through a process of consultation. Since major revenue to the VSSs is from management of pulp wood and bamboo resources, procedures for reinvestment from these sources are now evolved and under implementation.
As regards Bamboo sale of surplus harvest is made through traditional outlets of the Forest Department to ensure wider participation of purchasers and competitive prices. Saleable Bamboo from various VSSs is aggregated and sold through public auction in the presence of VSS members. The receipts from such sale are then apportioned to the respective VSSs basing on the quantities sold and the net revenue after deducting the expenses incurred are then passed on. While the VSSs utilise 50% of this net revenue as a development fund either distributing it equitably or investing in bonds and deposits, the remaining 50% is utilised a s regeneration fund and is used for harvesting bamboos in subsequent seasons. This procedure has been since perfected and 40 out of 88 VSSs of Kakinada Division who had realised returns from sale of bamboo harvested have utilised the net revenue for subsequent harvesting operations which apart from fetching further revenues, is a silvicultural necessity to ensure good health of bamboo clumps.
In respect of reinvestment of revenue from sale of pulp wood, an elaborate process of developing reinvestment plans has been evolved wherein cycle of harvest, cycle of reinvestment and corresponding details of benefit accrual and cost investment are worked out
66 duly following the silvicultural prescriptions of harvesting regime, post harvest operations and plans are then drawn up. Here again sale of pulpwood is done at aggregate level with due participation of VSSs to ensure competitive prices and the benefit accrued is passed on to the respective VSSs basing on the actual removals. To ensure such aggregation and technical support for reinvestment planning and implementation all the VSSs of a Division are required to join the respective Forest development Agency as members. Since most of harvesting and reinvestment have been happening in Nellore Division the FDA Nellore now has membership of all the VSSs in its geographical area. So far 42 out of 92 VSSs that have realised revenue from harvest and sale of Eucalyptus and Casurina Pulp wood have reinvested a part of the regeneration fund and raised 207 ha of plantations.
Similarly the cluster involved in manufacture and sale of adda leaf plates and agarabatti sticks are also reinvesting net revenue realised from sale of value added products to continue the business.
The initiative of reinvestment is species specific and activity specific. Modalities have been evolved and are now in operation. Though the number of VSSs actually reinvesting revenue are seemingly few, the process has begun and the Project has successfully established replicable models.
Institutional support to Forest Enterprises: The Project has supported substantially a number of initiatives of promoting forest and non forest based enterprises. Of all the enterprises, the most successful ones are „converting bamboo into agarabatti sticks‟ and „addaleaf plate making‟. There are other enterprises such as Vermicomposting, Pisciculture (in Percolation tanks), Community based Ecotourism which also are doing well. Forest Enterprises have been promoted under this Project in order to ensure income generation to the poor and needy members of VSSs whose dependence on forests is relatively more than others and also to maximise income from forest products coming from the harvest by the VSSs. Agarabatti sticks have been fetching an revenue of around Rs. 24000 per tonne against Rs. 1500 per tonne if the same bamboo was supplied to Paper Industries as pulp wood. The benefit of such value addition is harnessed by the poor members of the VSSs who have been organised as CEGs and who operate through Clusters. Similarly adda leaf plate making intervention has nearly doubled the income at household level of the primary leaf collectors. This enhancement in income from plate making has been result of simple intervention of teaching the tribal women, the skill of stitching leaves that they normally collect and sell in
67 raw form into leafplates. To ensure sustainability of these enterprises, it was felt essential to organise the institutions involved on a sound legal footing with adequate transparency and accountability. The adda leaf clusters have been organised into Societies and registered under the AP Societies Registration Act 2001. 3 such Societies in Paderu, Narsipatnam and Visakhapatnam have been registered. As regards agarabatti activity, the Clusters involved along with CEGs and all the members are organised as a Producer Company and being registered under the Company Registration Act.
The VSS members of Tiryani and Asifabad who have been involved in producing Agarbathi sticks from bamboo, Bamboo articles/handicrafts, bamboo charcoal and Bamboo furniture have resolved to form forest produce Producer Company and get it registered with Regional office of companies.
To facilitate the registration of the company a company's Secretary was consulted who has prepared the Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association (Bye- laws) of the producer company. As per Memorandum of Association, the main objectives of the company are as follows:
1. To undertake cultivation, production, harvesting, procurement, cutting, pooling, handling, marketing and selling of Bamboo, Bamboo furniture and Agarbathi sticks and other bamboo products for the benefit of members. 2. To provide education on the principle of mutual assistance to its members. 3. To render technical services, consultancy services, training, research and development and all other activities for the promotion of the interests of its members. 4. To undertake insurance of its members or their produce. 5. To promote techniques of mutuality and mutual assistance. 6. To undertake welfare measures or facilities for the benefit of its members. 7. To provide financing of procurement, processing, marketing, extending credit facilities or financial services to its members.
For the incorporation of Producer Company the following are required
1. Identification of the name of the producer company. 2. Membership of the eligible persons (minimum 10)
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3. Directors shall be minimum of five and not more than fifteen. 4. Apply the DIN (Director Identification Number) to proposed Directors. 5. Apply for Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) for one Director.
After getting all the above, apply for name availability to Regional office of companies. After getting the name, need to file Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association with ROC for issue of certificates of incorporation.
For Tiryani forest produce producer company (12) members, who are required to be literate, have been identified. From out of this (5) Directors have been identified. After getting the DIN to proposed directors and DSC for one Director, along with Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association application have been filed on 17/03/2010 with ROC for incorporation of the producer company.
The other enterprises including Community based Ecotourism, Pisciculture, Vermicomposting and marketing of Bamboo and Pulp wood (of Eucalyptus and Casurina) are being done under the aegis of Forest development Agencies which are registered as Societies under the A P Societies Registration Act 2001.
Vana Samakhya as arm of the Civil Society: Vanasamakhya is a State level federation of VSSs networks nurtured and promoted by Centre for People‟s Forestry (CPF). Sustained efforts of CPF and its partner NGOs from 1998 to 2000 led to the formation of strong VSS networks at the Range and Section levels. The local networks came together to form a State level federation in 2002, which was registered as Vanasamakhya under the Societies Act in 2003. The local Vanasamakhyas, a federation of VSSs in a Range, represents the concerns of the VSS at the local level. The State Vanasamakhya represents the concerns of the local Vanasamakhyas at the State and National fora. The Executive Committee of State Vanasamakhya consists of 11 members with adequate representation from different communities as well as equal gender representation. The Executive Committee also is responsible for undertaking activities of Vanasamakhya as an organisation. Currently, 33 local networks representing 429 VSSs are member networks of the State Vanasamakhya.
Vanasamakhya works to achieve its goal of promoting sustainable forest development by strengthening VSSs towards sustainable management of forest resources and promoting sustainable forest-based livelihood activities to people dependent on forests for their
69 sustenance and with the objectives of promoting people‟s participation in the functioning of VSS and local networks; to give prominence to women, tribal communities, Dalits and poor in all forest-related activities, development activities and promote their livelihoods. It is evolving as an arm of the civil society with its roots in the organization of VSSs and has all the prospects of ensuring liason between the Forest Department, Civil Society Organizations and other Community based Organizations. The manner in which this organization is evolving provides a hope for ensuring sustainability for Community Forest Management through social and environmental activism since it can be a pressure for ensuring social accountability in Community Forest Management.
9. Project Impacts:
The developmental objective of the Project is to reduce rural poverty through improved forest management with community participation. There is focus on both forest improvement and community participation in achieving this objective. While CFM as a concept is a process rather than an event, it is a further evolution of JFM that was started a decade ago which itself was a major paradigm shift in forest management in India. CFM initiative sought to address issues of gender and of vulnerable sections more clearly than its JFM counterpart. It also attempts to institutionalize self reliance of VSS as an institution for ensuring sustainable forest management in the long term and clarifies role of forester as facilitator rather than implementer which is urgently needed especially in the light of escalation work pressure and shift in focus of forest management. This Project being a major instrument for implementation of these changes has contributed a lot to ensure the same.
Given below is a brief account of the impact documented:
Overview of Impact: The development objective of the project is “to reduce rural poverty through improved forest management with community participation”. Although considerable benefits to rural livelihood have been made through the wage employment to rehabilitate degraded forest resources and plant plantations it is the revenue earned from the creation of forest assets that will help ensure the sustainable long-term enhanced livelihood of the communities.
Although major benefits and impacts will accrue beyond the project period, there is still significant impact contributing to the achievement of the project objective at this point:
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Impact on Forests through treatment practices:
Forest treatment is an important component of the Project and accounts for 58.19 % of the Project outlay. This component and its activities are key to achieving the development objective while the tone and tenor of all the activities of other components also are associated with this component and its activities in one way or the other. Activities here include rejuvenation of degraded forests of the VSSs through a series of treatment practices, replacement of misc scrub forests with productive plantations, preferential treatment to promising NTFP and Timber species, soil and moisture conservation works to prevent run off and enhance forest productivity. Support of Applied Research and Extension and Monitoring through IT enabled services also was made available to the Project implementing authorities and participating communities.
Achievement made in the area of treatment of forests for their improvement is substantial. Infact as against the Project target of treating 315,800 ha, an area of 345,259 ha was treated which represents 109% achievement. Out of this area treated by way of improving productivity of natural regeneration is as high as 244,603 ha (70.85% of the area treated). Since productivity enhancement and income realisation through pulp wood plantations has been demonstrated to be very high as much as 57112 ha of plantations have been raised through artificial regeneration technique. The major species here are Eucalyptus clones (13459 ha representing 23% of the area covered by artificial regeneration). The remaining being Pongamia, Casurina and a host of NTFP species. Returns from Eucalyptus clones is very impressive in as much as these clones have yielded upto 60 tonnes of pulpwood per ha as against an average of 10 tonnes from plantations of seed origin. These plantations alone have an average productive potential of Rs.2400 lakh annually.
Rejuvenation of Bamboo forests that has occurred over an area of 42944 ha as against the Project target of 50,000 ha is also a significant achievement. In the VSSs in Adilabad Circle utilizing the Bamboo poles coming on account of decongestion operations for converting them into Agarabatti sticks. Since congestion of these Bamboo clumps had put these poles under tremendous stress and competition for nutrition, as a natural phenomena, these culms (poles) are sturdy with very little lumen and consequently yield of Agarabatti sticks is quite high from these compared to the culms growing under more favourable conditions. Thus operations in these forests, apart from improving the condition of the crop
71 and future potential yield from them also have become a source for quick short term revenues from ancillary activity of Agarabatti stick making.
Highlight of the Project‟s achievement is raising 57712 ha of high quality plantations of Eucalyptus clones, Bamboo, Pongamia and NTFP grafts of Emblica, Tamarind etc. This is as against the Project gtarget of 10,800 ha. In fact a plantation of Eucalyptus clones in Khammam District that was raised during the JFM phase was harvested during 2005-06 and the yield obtained was a whopping 70 tonnes per ha compared to 10 tonnes per ha that was being obtained from traditional plantations of Eucalyptus hybrid. These plantations bear tremendous potential for sustainability of the Project initiatives in the years to come.
The various clonal multi location trials raised have potential of emerging as gene banks of high yielding potential and are ex situ conservation sites as well as sources of plant material for further extension.
Impact on improvement in vegetation cover: Independent studies made by National Remoting Sensing Agency and by the Geomatic Information Centre of AP Forest Department in 20 VSS forest areas has shown significant positive impact on the vegetative cover consequent to implementation of Participatory Forestry Management in general and AP Community Forestry Management Project in particular. The study by the NRSA, Hyderabad has reported as follows:
…Based on the study involving multispectral remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess the change in VSS areas following conclusions could be drawn.
Barren and scrub areas have shown clear addition of forest cover in at least one third of VSS area out of the total. Prominent among them showing increase of vegetation were Line Thanda (53.9ha), Mahaveerthanda (36.7ha), Irukuvalasa (19.2ha), Gadela (29.8ha), Gaddiganapally (14.3ha) and Nallavelly (39.6ha). In general vegetation within the VSS limits has been preserved intact and has shown no degradation trend as such. This in itself can be a sizeable accomplishment especially in view of pressures prevail in forest edge areas. Majority among the rest showed improvement in terms of increase in crown density within existing forest canopy and fresh plantation activities. Among
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them Dhantalpally (15.3 ha), Behrunguda (13.1ha) Indarpur-SC (16 ha) Vanjavarigumpu figured prominent. ….. Some smaller patches in particular VSS areas have also shown removal of vegetation as illustrated in Ambuka (1.0ha) and Indrapur-SC (0.6ha). Considerable portion of the positive changes accrued are due to planting activities taken up in 2004 and 2005 planting seasons. These activities showed up as removal of vegetation at places in satellite data at the first instance, later confirmed from ground as removal of vegetation for planting purpose. General increase of crown density was found mainly due to resurgence pioneers like bamboo (Kothrupadu) Xylia, Anogeissus (Tatiwada), Teak (Mahaveertanda, Linethanda), red sanders mixed (Gadela) in protected areas. Strict protection regimes implemented in VSS areas seems to have drastically brought down the illicit cutting and aided stock improvement. Middle infrared-based combination could enhance such cases and interpretation carried out to capture it…….”
Further analysis through Remote Sensing by the Geomatics wing of the AP Forest Department has revealed an improvement of forest cover from lower density classes to higher density classes. Following matrix explains these observations conclusively.
Year/area in Ha Dense forest Open forest Scrub forest Others
1996 16.144% 28.259% 40.249% 14.648%
2000 20.816% 35.376% 35.442% 8.264%
2006 25.457% 38.578% 31.098% 4.865%
While the above data testifies vegetation improvement in the state of Andhra Pradesh in general, following matrix outlines productivity enhancement in the Project area (area covered by APCFM Project):
Year Dense Open Scrub Volume in Volume in Volume in (lakh ha) (lakh ha) (lakh ha) Dense Open Scrub
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(lakh cum) (lakh cum) (lakh cum) 1996 1.46 2.47 3.72 87.04 72.12 49.51 2002 1.73 3.38 3.38 102.98 98.67 42.97 2006 2.15 3.61 2.75 128.05 105.57 36.56
Note: Volume per ha is taken as 59.58 cum in sense forests, 29.21 cum in open forests and 13.31 cum in scrub forests (Source Andhra Pradesh State Forest Inventory (APFD sources)
Impact of Soil and Moisture Conservation Works: Soil and Water are the most important natural resources with in the eco-system. And they form the basis of all life. With the increasing pressure of the ever growing human and cattle population , deforestation , erosion of soil have cumulatively depleted the soil and its productivity .It is in this back drop that all the initiatives of forest improvement invariably have built in provision for conservation of soil and moisture. Execution of various soil and moisture conservation works will, apart from improving the in-situ soil moisture regime and there by improving the soil quality, have tremendous potential of recharging Ground water. This has long term positive impact on rural economy.
In execution of soil and moisture conservation works the selection of proper site is most important. For this Water Harvesting Structures (WHS) site suitability analysis was done in a complex GIS environment and Beat wise maps for entire forest area of the state with site suitability index for construction of various Water Harvesting Structures were prepared. The input themes like stream network, the DEM and slope generation, the vegetation canopy density, watershed area etc have been used for this analysis. One of the main objectives of the SMC works is to increase the ground water level. As the forests are the main ground water recharge source, lot of SMC works were taken up in the VSS areas. Under SMC works the construction of Check dams, Rock fill dams, digging of Percolation tanks, Mini percolation tanks, Continuous contour trenches, Staggered contour trenches, and sunken gully pits were taken up.
The water holding capacity and water impounding capacity in a rainy season was calculated based on the guide lines issued by the Prl.Chief Conservator of Forests vide Circular No.5/2002/PMU-I/3 which was issued based on the discussions held with Sri T.Hanumantha Rao, Chairman, Technical Committee, Water Conservation Mission, Andhra
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Pradesh. According to these guide lines the SMC structures will have the following water holding capacity and water impounding capacity in a rainy season. It is verify interesting to note that addressing the grave concerns if overexploitation of ground water, the Project has contributed substantially to recharge of ground water especially in critical zones of its exploitation. Averages of 6.018 LCM of water impounding capacity in Over Exploited region, 4.534 LCM of water impounding capacity in Critical areas, 4.243 LCM of water impounding capacity in Semi Critical areas and 1.599 LCM of water impounding capacity in safe region, were created in a rainy season.
Fire control measures: One of the main causes for forest degradation is forest fires. The forest fires affect the soil fertility and causes loss of biodiversity. In the light of above fire control assumes lot of importance. It is in this context that fire control and management have been included as a crucial item of work in all the forest improvement activities. Continuous Contour Trenches were specially designed to act as fire barriers. An overlaying of information of fire occurrence and amount of trench work done reveals the preparedness set up by the Project to address damages due to fire in the event of its occurrence as can be appreciated from the fact that an average 1758 cmt of fire trenches were taken up in the High fire intensity VSS areas, 1390 cmt of fire trenches were taken up in medium intensity VSS areas and 876 cmt of fire trenches were taken up in Low intensity VSS areas.
Effect on Carbon sequestration: To assess the Carbon foot prints and sequestration details and to explore possibilities of harvesting upcoming carbon markets two Projects were prepared as part of the APCFM Project. The first Project encompasses the improvements made by way of rejuvenating degraded teak forests in 34 VSSs in Jagtial Range of Karimnagar West Division covering 5952 ha of forest area. The carbon stock as on 2003-04 based on the base line survey conducted as part of micro-planning exercise of the APCFM Project was taken and compared with the growth assessed during 2008-09. A total of 138 plots were surveyed, and DBH and height of trees were recorded. The standing biomass was estimated using the data from the sample survey. The baseline biomass (2003-04) and the standing biomass (2008-09) were calculated using species specific volume equations. The following table gives the biomass in terms of tonnes of Carbon per hectare in the baseline (2003-04) and the standing biomass (2008-09).
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Mean baseline C/Ha 21.2
Mean standing C/Ha 33.2
Difference 12.0
Years 5
Mean diff C/Ha per year 2.4
To calculate the mean Volume/Ha, the mean Carbon/Ha has been used. (Given that the calculation thus far have been carried out with the (total of above ground (AG) and below ground (BG)) Carbon number in mind, this is the best approximate). For converting biomass into carbon, the default value of 0.5 as per IPCC Good Practice Guidance has been used. Similarly, 26 % of the above ground biomass has been assumed to be below ground biomass. To convert biomass into volume the wood density of 0.75 for teak has been used as an average. (IPCC average of 1.9 has been used to calculate the AG Biomass in the calculations instead of going the volume to biomass route using wood density)
Total AG Carbon AG Biomass Volume Carbon /Ha /Ha /Ha /Ha
Mean baseline 21.2 16.8 33.7 44.9 Mean standing 33.2 26.3 52.7 70.3 Difference 12.0 Years 5.0 Mean diff C / Ha per year 2.4 1.9 3.8 5.1
The second Project was developed covering Eucalyptus plantations (478 plantations) in 137 VSS raised since 2003. Details are as below:
Year of Age of planting Plantation Area (ha) 2003 5 394.97
2004 4 1197.25
2005 3 943.50
2006 2 984.50
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2007 1 716.50
Total 4236.72
For estimating the standing biomass, and subsequently the carbon stored, stratified random sampling based on year of planting and soil type was employed. For soil information, soil type map developed by NBSS&LUP (National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning) was used. Based on discussion with officials of NBSS&LUP, the traditional soil classes were merged into 8 classes. The soils in the plantation area were found to fall under four classes: red clayey soil, red loamy soil, black soil, and rocky and 77gravely land/soils. However 2007 plantations (one year old plantation) were not considered while sampling. In order to estimate the crop height, Lorey‟s mean height equations were used; the mean height of a quadrant was used to calculate the standing biomass of a quadrant. The average volume/ha was calculated as the weighted average (based on area under each soil type) and using the wood density 0.55 for Eucalyptus as below:
Age of Eucalyptus Weighted average plantation of biomass (t/ha) Volume/ha
2 14.48 26.33
3 18.36 33.39
4 24.75 44.99
5 31.97 58.13
Detailed Project reports of both these Projects are given in the annexure.
Gains from investments in applied research initiatives: APCFM programme initiated by the AP Forest Department with the World Bank assistance incorporated the research and development as a major component. The mandate fixed for research and development wing under the project was to attain the goal of improved planting stock by various means of various tree improvement methods to increase the productivity of the plantations. Under the tree improvement works, deployment of various short-rotation crops, high-value timber species and high-yielding NWFP species were the major focus areas. The development of a sound propagation strategy and standardizing the propagation structures for the clonal planting stock production was also given the priority. The genetic gain of the planting
77 population can be achieved only when the quality planting stock is subjected to the appropriate site management protocols and therefore one of the goals set for the R&D was to standardize the intensive site preparation methods and the other cultural operation methods like application of bio-fertilizer and biopesticides etc. To conserve some of the high-value species for the future, domestication of lesser-known species was also given importance in the project. The dissemination of technology to the field was also another major component of the project. In short, Applied Research under the project is being concentrated more on the issues which are directly relevant for improving the productivity and sustainability in the VSS such as silvicultural treatments of degraded forests, clonal technology, improved nursery practices, collection and marketing of NWFP species including medicinal and aromatic plants, training and extension etc.
As a mid term appraisal, attempting to assess the impact of research in achieving the objective of the project is a mammoth task because out of all the outputs of the research, some can be quantified and others cannot. Probably, one can comment on the qualitative impact on such outputs like training which cannot be quantified
Against the above backdrop, an attempt is made here to catalogue the impact of research outputs on the productivity of the plantations in terms of quality planting stock. However mention of other achievements like improved nursery practices, standardization of propagation technique of some of the NWFP species including medicinal plants, production of bio-fertilizers, services offered by the establishment of laboratory facilities in BIOTRIM, taking up some natural forest management trials, establishing the multi-locational trials, initiation of idea of technology dissemination centres and grounding them, transfer of technology from the research centres to the field through trainings etc. will be made.
Improved Nursery practice: The introduction of Root Trainers for growing seedlings, standardization of appropriate organic potting medium, culling to grade the seedlings keeping in view the size and other physiological parameters, pre-treatment chambers to treat the seeds before sowing in the primary beds vermin compost preparation, use of bio-fertilizers like VAM, PT spore and Rhizobium to fortify the planting stock, establishment of clonal multiplication areas for mass propagation of the selected clones, mist chamber / poly- propagators, appropriate irrigation system are some of the innovative outputs of the R&D wing of the APFD. To start with, 4 Research Nurseries were established in 4 Research Centre
78 and as a part of the decentralization of the production system, the same structure of the nursery was replicated in 60 Central Nurseries.
Production of genetically improved clonal panting stock: The major mandate of the R&D was to improve the genetic quality of the planting stock which when deployed in the field increases the productivity and with greater refinement of the site management and silvicultural operations reduces the gestation of the crop. It was observed that comparative gains from clonal plantation are very high over seed-route plantations based on unimproved, genetically poor quality seeds. Clonal development and deployment costs for short-rotation species are lower and gains can be generally larger and quicker compared to long-rotation species. Short rotation will mean faster turnover of capital, improved cash flow and lesser interest burden in respect of fast growing clonal plantations. High value of biomass/wood from clonal plantations, because of uniformity and most desirable properties, will result in better economic gains. Low interest rates reduces capital cost and production costs leading to increased gains.
Apart from the genetic superiority of the clonal planting stock, economic gains also depends on the intensity of the management, quality of the planting site, soundness of the silvicultural practices, protection including weed/pest and fire control measures. Economic gains can also be increased by minimizing the constraints to site productivity to the extent possible like cost-effective management of soil salinity/acidity, providing mineral nutrients in short supply through fertilizers, use of bio-fertilizers, green manuring etc.
Gains in improvement of productivity, yield and up-gradation of desirable traits of the produce also depend upon the intensity of the selection of clones. Specific adaptability of each clone and strong genotype-environment interactions suggest that clonal trials should be planted on diverse sites for finding out most suitable clone(s) for each site quality. Generally, higher the intensity of selection and lesser the number of best performing clones used in the plantation programme, better will be gains in terms of productivity and economic returns. However, too narrow genetic base of clonal plantations will mean taking serious future risks in respect of possible insect pests/ disease attacks. Wide genetic base of clonal plantations with large number of clones can minimize such risks. One has to carefully weigh the potential gains and risks and decide the optimum number of best available clones to be included in commercial plantations.
The clonal technology was applied to the following species in a large scale:
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a) Eucalyptus b) Casuarina equisetifolia c) Gmelina arborea d) Tectona grandis Apart from clonal technology method, the planting stock improvement was attempted by establishing Clonal Seed Orchard (CSO) and Seedling Seed Orchard (SSO). They proved to be the most common method of mass producing genetically improved seed. Seed Orchards were established by planting grafts or clones of short-listed high-yielding clones in a selected mating design to maximize cross-pollination within the orchard, taking care to reduce the contamination by outside pollination. Similarly, the SSOs of different species were established from the open pollinated plus tree seed, usually at a closer spacing than in CSO. Sometimes, Progeny Trials were converted to SSO after thinning of the inferior families. The seeds from both these CSO and SSO were tested by deploying the plants from both these sources and it was found that the productivity is enhanced by these improved planting stock.
R&D wing not only delivered these improved genetic outputs, both reproductive and vegetative propagules, for the plantation programme under APCFM in the VSS areas but also provided the selected clones to the territorial central nurseries to take up their production by establishing clonal multiplication areas (CMA) and mass multiplying.
The below given paragraphs will depict the economic gain achieved by the R&D wing towards the fulfilment of the project objective of improving the productivity of few of the species deployed in the plantation programme
Eucalyptus: Eucalyptus is one of the largest and most widely cultivated short-rotation tree species in Andhra Pradesh. Traditionally seedlings are raised from the seed and used for planting with 20-25 MT/ ha after 8-10 years. The high demand for Eucalyptus pulp by the paper industries initiated the Forest Department to find out the way to increase the yield per unit area. A remarkable progress has been achieved in improving the productivity of Eucalyptus plantations through Clonal Forestry. The economic gain from the clonal plantation of Eucalyptus was facilitated by the short rotation of the crop, easy rooting ability of the juvenile leafy-cuttings to root and the competitive price of the pulp associated with ready demand.
The Research wing has so far supplied 14.66 lakhs of clonal planting stock of Eucalyptus under CFM programme for planting in the VSS area following intensive site
80 preparation methods and kept ready 19 lakhs of clonal planting stock to be planted during 2006 planting. While production from the seed origin plantation at 10 years rotation is about 25 MT/ Ha, through Clonal Forestry it could be raised to 50 MT / Ha in 7 year rotation, which is an improvement of 80% over ordinary seedlings. The seedlings raised from the seed collected Clonal Seed Orchards would improve the productivity by 20 – 25%
No. of Area Expected yield Expected yield if Excess Value in Clones that by deploying the planted with yield as a terms of Produced can be clonal planting ordinary result of money for & Supplied plante stock seedlings genetic excess yield till last d in gain season Ha. Phy Fin Phy Fin (in Rs. Lakhs) (M.T.) (in Rs. (M.T.) (in Lakhs) Lakhs)
14,65,793* 1173 58650 1085 29325 543 29325 542
19,00,000# 1520 76000 1406 38000 703 38000 703
Total gain 134650 67325 1245
* (Rajahmundry : 5,17,658. Titupati: 1,53,100. Hyderabad: 6,48,415. Warangal: 1,46,620)
Espacement is 3m X 3m. (1250 plants/ha including casualty replacement of 10%)
Expected yield per ha after 7 yrs –50 MT if planted with clonal material (the yield figure is taken from the APFDC clonal plantation harvesting figure) and 25 MT if planted by ordinary seedlings. Cost per MT Rs.1850/- is considered.
# R&D Circle kept ready 19 lakh of committed clonal planting stock of Eucalyptus for supply to the VSS plantation to be taken up during 2006 planting season.
Potential for production of Clonal planting stock of Eucalyptus from the existing CMAs in R&D Circle: Plants that Value of the can be Sl. No. of plants Name of the CMA produced in No. plants produced 6 years (in Lakhs) (3 harvests) 1 Eucalyptus CMA at Rajahmundry 17840 2890000* 202.30
2 Eucalyptus CMA at Tirupati 13800 2235000 156.45
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3 Eucalyptus CMA Hyderabad 20000 3240000 226.80
4 Eucalyptus CMA, Warangal 10000 1620000 113.40
TOTAL 61640 9985000 698.95
* Felling of stock plants 3 times by giving a gap of 18 months between 2 felling
* Harvesting of leafy cuttings 3 times in each felling by giving a gap of 45 days.
* 54 rooted cuttings will be produced in each felling (17840 stools x 54 = 963360 / felling.
* 963360 rooted cuttings x 3 times = 2890000 number
* Cost of rooted cutting is Rs. 7/- each.
Production potential / per year of CSO/SSO of Eucalyptus:
Excess yield due Area to genetic Value of Seedlings that Expecte gain when the Name of the No. of that can can be Yield d seed compared Yield CSO / SSO Trees be plante (M.T.) (Kgs) to (in produced d ordinary Lakhs) (Ha) plantations (M.T.) SSO, RJY 120 6* 660000 528 15840 2640* * 48.84#
SSO, HYD 847 42 4620000 3696 110880 18480 341.88
SSO, SVFRS 2880 158 17380000 13904 417120 69520 1286.12
CSO, RJY 920 46 5060000 4048 121440 20240 374.44
CSO, HYD 4459 223 24530000 19624 588720 98120 1815.22
CSO, TPT 120 6 660000 528 15840 2640 48.84
Total from 9346 481 52880000 42328 1269840 211640 3915.34 CSO/SSO
* On an average, a tree yields 50 gm per year. No of seedlings that can be raised for plantation with 1 kg of seed is 1,10,000.
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** Yield per Ha, if planted with seedlings from unknown source, the yield is around 25 M.T. / Ha. Due to genetic gain from the seeds of CSO/SSO, 20% improvement in the yield (30 MT/ Ha) can be expected.
Espacement of the plantation is assumed as 3x3 m(1250 plants including 10% casualty replacement)
# Value of the pulpwood is taken as Rs. 1850/- per MT
Casuarina equisetifolia
It is most widely planted and domesticated species of India. It is most preferred species for coastal area of Andhra Pradesh. Farmers of Andhra Pradesh accepted it as an important agricultural crop and growing it. Efforts have been made on genetic improvement of Casuarina equisetifolia by selecting superior trees from plantations, their vegetative propagation and establishment of Clonal Seed Orchards, Clonal Multiplication areas and progeny trial pots. New germplasm was also introduced through provenance testing with seed sources from the entire range of natural and introduced plantation. Ten years have elapsed since the inception of 20-years Casuarina Breeding Programme. It is time to assess the impact of the project with interim results.
The seedlings raised from the seed collected from CSOs would improve the productivity by 20 – 25%.
No. of Area Expected yield Expected yield if Excess yield Value in Clones that can planted with as a result of terms of produced be ordinary genetic gain money for and planted seedlings (in MT) excess yield supplied (in Ha.) during Phy Fin Phy Fin (in Lakhs) CFM (M.T) (in (M.T) (in Lakhs) Lakhs) 114596 45 4050. 81.00 2700 54.00 1350* 27.00
*Yield per Ha. if planted by ordinary seedlings is around 60 M.T. per Ha. Due to genetic gain of improved seed, 50% improvement in the yield can be expected.
Cost of Casuarina wood is Rs. 2000/- per M.T. Espacement followed is 2x2 m
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Potential for production of Clonal planting stock of Casuarina per year
Value of the Plants that can be Sl. No. of plants plants Name of the CMA produced in 5 years (3 No. in CMA produced harvests) (in Lakhs) 1 CMA 1999 210 210000* 6.30**
2 CMA 2005 1800 1800000 54.00
2010 2010000 60.30
* In one year, 1000 successful rooted cuttings can be produced from a single plant.
** Cost of ramet is taken as Rs. 3/- per plant.
Potential production Seed / Seedlings from Casuarina CSOs / SSOs per year
Excess yield due Expect Value of Area that to genetic No. of ed the Name of Seedlings can be Yield gain when Trees seed Yield the CSO / that can be planted compared (M.T.) SSO (Female) (in produced to ordinary (in (in Ha) Kgs) plantations Lakhs) (M.T.)
CSO, 1995 40 1.2 579600* 231 16632 2772** 55.44
CSO, 1996 107 3.2 1545000 618 44496 7416 148.32
CSO, 1997 250 7.5 3622000 1449 104328 17388 347.76
CSO, 1998 300 9.0 4347000 1738 125136 20856 417.12
CSO, 1999 450 13.5 6520000 2608 187776 31296 625.92
CSO, 1999 450 13.5 6520000 2608 187776 31296 625.92
CSO, 2000 300 9.0 4347000 1738 125136 20856 417.12
Total 1897 43.4 34937000 10990 791280 131800 2637.20
* Yield of seed per female tree is 0.030 Kgs. No. of seeds per Kg. 8,05,000 Nos.
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Planting is expected to be done @ 2500 Nos. per Ha. (75% germination is expected and 80% survival percentage is considered)
** Yield for ordinary plantation is taken as 60 MT / Ha. for 4 year rotation and for plantation raised from genetically improved planting stock, yield is expected to be 72 M.T. / Ha. for 4 year rotation.
Non-Timber Forest Products species: NTFP have both utilitarian and socio-economic importance. They not only provide useful material to human and cattle populations but also earn income to a sizeable section of tribal and rural populations. The Collection, consumption and marketing of NTFP are also part and partial of the life style and livelihood of the tribal and rural populations living in and around the forest areas. Previously NTFP was considered in the category of Minor Forest Produces (MFP) and given secondary importance to them. As a result of this, there is no significant management practice, and in almost all areas, their extraction is neither regulated nor controlled. Knowing the importance and potential of such plants in human life, steps are taken to draw specific prescriptions for their better management on a sustained basis. Efforts have been made for boosting the production of NTFP in their natural abode and in other available lands. The species such as Tamarind, Jamun, Amla, Feronia, Seethaphal, Jack etc. are introduced under this project.
Species No. of NTFP Area that Expected yield Value in terms of grafts can be money produced & planted (in Phy Fin supplied no Ha.) (in Lakhs) (M.T.) (average unit rate in Rs)
NTFP 371655 929 3716 5000 / MT 185.80
The value of existing plantation in research Centers:
Sl. Name of the Area Yield Value No. Plantation in Ha. (M.T.) (in Rs. Lakhs)
1 Amla CMA 8 120 6.00
2 Tamarind 16 320 16.00
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3. Jamun 6 120 12.00
4. Seethaphal 5 27.5 1.00
5. Soapnut 2 30.0 3.00
38.00
Production potential of NTFP grafts in Res. & Dev. Circle:
Potential of production of NTFP Unit rate Value of the production in grafts Rs. Lakhs.
500000 per year Rs. 10 / each 50.00
Multilocational clonal trial plots (MLCT)
MLCT have been established to shortlist the site specific clones for different species. Not only MLCT will be helpful to the research wing to shortlist the site-specific clones but also they will be the income-generating asset for the VSS in the long run. The VSS can take up the multiplication of these clones for mass production and earn income by selling these high- yielding clones outside market. The species and area wise list and probable returns that could be expected are as follows:
Sl. Area No. of Production Value of Value of Total No (Ha.) plants potential of the the value (in Species Planting planting produce if Rs. stock (50% stock 50% of Lakhs) Yielding stocks plants) (Rs. yields Lakhs) (Rs. Lakhs) (in Lakhs)
1 Feronia 2.7 1080 5400 1.08 0.54 1.62 elephantum
2 Syzygium 11.5 3228 16140 3.23 1.60 4.83 cuminii
3 Annona 13.33 4200 21000 4.20 2.10 6.30 squomosa
4 Emblica 13.37 4044 22000 4.40 1.01 5.41 officinalis
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5 Sapindus 3.05 1220 6100 1.22 0.61 1.83 emarginatus
6 Tamarindus 11.60 3168 15840 3.17 1.60 4.77 indica
7 Pongamia 13.41 3456 - - - - pinnata
8 Azadirachta 4.85 1440 - - - - indica
9 Aegle 3.50 752 3760 0.75 - - marmelos
10 Madhuca 7.15 980 - - - - latifolia
11 Sterculia 1.0 1111 - - - - urens
12 Strychnos 3.0 560 - - - - nux-vomica
Total 93.45 49509 24.76
Tectona grandis
Teak has been used for decades in plantation establishment as a long-rotation high value species. This species is easily established in plantation regimes compared to many other high value timber species. Teak is interesting for tree improvement point of view because a) it is used on large scale; b) the timber is of high value; and c) it is normally regenerated artificially, which allows introduction of improved genetic material.
In Andhra Pradesh, the Teak Improvement trials have started since last 30 years. Basically the improvement comprised of selecting areas having phenotypically superior trees and specially managing them for high production of seeds which are being deployed in the plantation programme. The second tree improvement programme was the selection of the CPTs from different areas of Andhra Pradesh. Subsequently, under the World Bank assisted programme, the R&D wing of APFD has developed the Clonal Seed Orchard (CSO)with an objective to further improve the genetic quality of the reproductive propagules. But the cost of improving teak is unfortunately increased by poor setting capacity and low seed quality. The seed shortage is increased by wasteful nursery practices, which only produce one
87 seedling per 20 sown fruits. It is estimated (assuming planting of 1200-1600 stumps/ha) a seed demand of 12-16 kg of teak seed per ha of plantation to be afforested. Hence this would require at least 1 ha of clonal seed orchard for each 16 ha of plantation to be established annually. At the same time the seed requirement used to vary from region to region because of differences in germination percentage and sub-optimal nursery technique.
Teak is slow-growing species, and tree improvement therefore a long term investment. The rotation is traditionally high (50-60 years). Application of improved material with good site preparation and cultural operations can reduce the rotation age, because of the improved growth rate. The rotation age of teak plantings grown for traditional products could therefore be reduced to 35-40 years. Still, ten to fifteen years may pass from the initiation of an improvement programme before the first improved seeds are available, and another 40-50 years will then pass before the timber from the first rotation of improved planting stock is harvested.
The slow growth rate of the species is a drawback in tree improvement context for two reasons: the internal rate of return (IRR) may be low due to discounting factor, eve if the tree improvement activities result in large increase in annual value production on harvesting. Further, the superior plus trees will be selected at a mature stage, but their breeding value will be assessed from progeny tests and these must be evaluated at a young stage in order to save time. One must therefore rely on a good correlation between the juvenile performance and the performance at the harvesting stage.
Keeping in view the above factors, the mandate before the research wing was to increase the productivity of the plantation by enhancing the genetic quality of the planting stock and at the same time improves the germination practice of the seeds. The two major objectives of the Teak Improvement Programme in Andhra Pradesh are: development of strategies and techniques for the multiplication of superior half-sib open pollinated families by cuttings; and the mass propagation of superior individual clones. Assuming that the first level of improvement by using the seeds from the specially managed Seed Production Areas (SPA) there will be 5% genetic gain and the second level of improvement by using the seeds of CSO/SSO there will be an increase of 10% in the yield, 689 ha of SPA was established and 105 ha of CSO was established in Andhra Pradesh. Keeping in view the productivity of teak (All India average) of 2.86 cum/ha/yr over 50 years rotation, we expect that by deploying the SPA seeds the yield will be 149 cum per ha after 50 years and 156 cum per ha after 50 years.
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For the further enhancement of the genetic gain of the teak planting stock, APFD has resorted to the application of vegetative propagation like serial cutting and micropropagation methods. It is assumed that the gain will be at least a minimum of 50%, i.e., 213 cum per ha after 40 years. In BIOTRIM center, the micropropagation of 35000 short-listed clonal planting stock will be ready for deployment in this planting season. Similarly, we will be producing approximately 1 lakh of serial cutting from this planting season. Similarly, under serial cutting method of macropropagation, a total number of 70,000 improved clonal ramets of short-listed clones of teak will be deployed in the plantation programme under APCFM this year.
Extra Yield due to deployment of vegetatively-propagated clonal planting stock
No. of Area Expected yield Expected yield in Excess yield Value in Clones that can in 40 yrs 50 yrs, if planted as a result of terms of Produced be with ordinary genetic gain money (@ & to be planted seedlings (in cum) Rs. 0.35 supplied in Ha. lakh/cmt)for under Phy Fin Phy Fin excess yield APCFM (in (in cum) (in cum) (in (in Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs)
100000 80 17040 5964 11360 3976 5680 1988.00
Potential production of Seed / Seedlings from CSOs / SSOs.
Name of the No. of Expected Seedlings Area Yield Excess Value of CSO / SSO Trees seed that can that can yield due the be be (cmt) to genetic Yield (Kgs) produced planted gain when compared (in (Ha) to ordinary Lakhs) plantations @ Rs. 0.35 (cmt.) lakh
CSO, RJY 5700 285 142500 114** 17784 1778* 622.30
CSO, SVFRS 468 23 11500 9 1404 140 49.00
CSO, WGL 3900 195 97500 78 12168 1217 425.95
Total 10068 503 251500 201 31356 3135 1097.25
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* Taking the MAI of teak of 2.85 cum/ha/yr over 50 years rotation (All India average), one can expect the yield per ha as 142 cum. Assuming a genetic gain of 10% in the CSO, the yield per ha after 50 years can be taken as 156 cum per ha.
** On an average 50 gms of seed per tree is expected and 500 seedlings / kg can be produced. A stock of 1250 (including 10% casualty replacement) per Ha is required which can be planted in 3x3 m espacement under intense site preparation method.
Potential production of improved planting stock of Teak by mass multiplication of the seedlings derived from CSO seed
Keeping in view the low output from the Teak CSO orchard, the R&D wing standardized a protocol to amplify the genetic gain by vegetatively propagating the seedlings obtained from the CSO seeds. The mini-cuttings can be taken and rooted which form the improved planting stock. Therefore on an average we can multiply the planting stock at least 10 times. The same genetic gain of 10% is expected from such planting stock. A projection of the planting stock which can be obtained with the harvest of 503 kg of CSO seed is 25.15 lakh. This planting stock can be planted in 2012 ha and with a minimum of 10% increase in the yield one can expect a total yield of 313872 cum over 50 years of rotation. The monetary value of this increased yield accruing due to the deployment of the improved planting stock is Rs.9859/- lakh.
Domestication of lesser known species: It was felt that many of the secondary species are disappearing from the forest in a very faster space and may be after a decade there will be no stand available for the collection of seeds. Moreover, as a part of long term strategy, it was considered worthwhile to introduce these high-value timber species in the plantation programme in the VSS area. Keeping these things in mind, the domestication programme of Dalbergia latifolia, Albizia odoratissima, Adina cordifolia, Mitragyna parviflora, Pterocarpus marsupium, Pterocarpus santalinus, Ougeinia oojeinensis, Radernachera xylocarpa, Gmelina arborea etc. was initiated. The CPTs were identified and the seeds were collected and progeny trial were laid. It is also proposed that the clonal propagation of few of the amenable species will be tried for deployment of the clonal propagules in the field. Apart from that the CSOs of these species will be laid in the research centres to address the seed demand in the future. It is too early to assess the impact of the research activities taken up on these projects. But, in future, it has a lot of potential to meet the timber requirement of the future.
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Production of Bio Fertilizers: As a part of improving the nutrient status of the seedlings, the need to produce biofertilizers and introduction of these in the nursery programme was felt. The species specific strain of Rizobium are being produced in the BIOTRIM laboratory at Tirupathi and supplied to the different nurseries for application to the organic potting medium of the root trainer seedlings. Similarly the production of VAM has been taken up and supplied to the various central nurseries to start the production of VAM in those site. The Eucalyptus specific biofertilizer i.e, Pisolithus tinctorus was taken up in BIOTRIM lab and supplied to the nurseries where the clonal planting stock production of Eucalyptus was taken up.
Establishment of TDCs: TDC forms a part of the activity of the attempt to transfer the technology transfer from the research centres to the field. Regular meetings were conducted with the help of the research staff which exposed the field staff, community workers regarding the new developments in the research area. In these TDCs, the infrastructure like meeting hall, dormitory etc. were established. The propagation structures like CMAs, demonstration gardens of medicinal plants, propagation units, RT nursery, vermicompost unit, value addition units etc. were established to expose the staff regarding the development on the technology front.
Training: The following trainings/ workshops were so far conducted by the Research Wing on transfer of technology from the inception of the project.
Type of No. of No. of persons trained training trainings conducted VSS FD staff NGOs CEW Total
Forest 178 3788 926 156 0 4870 Management
Financial 54 1631 138 0 0 1769 Management and Book keeping
Preparation of 13 273 86 26 0 385 Microplans
Business 3 0 89 0 0 89 Management
Propagation of 4 40 38 0 0 78 Medicinal
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CEW 38 218 142 74 261 695
Multilocational 7 129 85 7 0 221 Clonal Trials
Interactive 29 89 732 6 0 827 seminars
Study Tours 17 272 53 2 0 327
Workshops on 6 236 142 32 0 410 Bamboo
Total 349 6676 2431 303 261 9671
The objective of the trainings, seminars and workshops is to expose the VSS and FD personnel to various research trials propose under APCFM Project and to get their feed back and opinion on the transfer of technology initiated under APFP and how to improve it further and also to clarify their doubts and demonstrate on improved nursery technology, NTFP including medicinal plants, clonal technology, natural forest management etc. Some of the topics that are covered in the interactive seminars are:
1. Co-ordination and collaboration with territorial officers and staff by Research wing on laying and conducting Multilocational Clonal Trials and Natural Forest Management Trials. 2. Treatment of various types of degraded natural forests involving the VSS 3. Sustainable harvesting of Bamboo 4. Evaluation of performance and shortlisting of NTFP clones 5. Expansion of CMAs in central nurseries with shortlisted NTFP clones including oil yielding species such as Semarouba glauca, Pongamia, Neem, Mohwa etc. 6. Improved nursery technology 7. Issues pertaining to maintenance and expansion of central nurseries and vegetative propagation units 8. Allotment of NTFP grafts produced in the Research centres for planting in the VSS areas 9. Development of Technology transfer centes @ 1 each in all the 14 districts where APCFM Project is being implemented 10. Production and utilization of bio-fertilizers, compost and vermicompost
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11. Conservation, cultivation, harvesting and value addition of Medicinal plants.
Further, almost every day officers, staff, VSS members, NGOs from some part of the state or other, visit the Research centers to learn various techniques and a no. of technologies are demonstrated to them.
The Research and Development wing conducted the interactive seminars regularly to all categories of forest staff in the research centres. This not only helped the field staff in knowing the things done in the research wing but also gave an appropriate opportunity to know the areas where the intervention of the research is required.
It is very difficult to quantify the impact the effect of training but the skill improvement particularly among the staff and the VSS is very clearly visible in the field. At the same time the awareness level and technical competency of the VSS members has increased many fold.
Impact of research on Natural Forest Management trials: It was contemplated that the research should provide results, though preliminary, to demonstrate the impact of research undertaken on natural Forest Management (NFM) on the improvement of forest productivity and VSS livelihoods. It was also thought to develop specific education programme for VSS on forest treatment practices and treatment and harvesting of NTFPs. Apart from that it was stressed to develop simple technique for NTFP quantitative assessment. Similarly, it was suggested to consider alternative species for short rotation woody crops and long-rotation higher value trees in VSS plantations.
In this connection following actions have already been initiated:
1. Basically, to assess the impact of the various treatment practices adopted by territorial staff on the productivity and site quality, the following types of NFM trials have been undertaken in the VSS areas. a) Simple methodology of finding growing stock and MAI in degraded natural forests treated with coppicing and singling has been evolved. The parameters of the study are growing stock and MAI estimation and dynamics of vegetation in treated area vis-à-vis untreated areas. b) Trial plots have been laid to determine the optimum thinning regime in the degraded natural forest. The objective of singling and thinning experiment is
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to determine the thinning regime (including intensity and interval) in order to produce maximum financial returns of which the site is capable. The parameters of the study are the number of stems to be retained in the degraded natural forest and the age at which the reduction is made to an accepted minimum. c) Trial plots have been laid to assess the effect of shoot reduction (singling of coppice) at various intensities and intervals on the volume and growth of the coppice. d) Similarly the trial plots in bamboo forests have been laid with three objectives of study: i) Effect of the canopy intensity on the growth and yield of bamboo. This experiment assumes greater significance because of the fact of large areas have been planted under bamboo under-planting in the natural forests of different canopy intensity. Sample plots are being laid in pure bamboo areas, bamboo plantation areas, bamboos growing under the teak plantations and the bamboos planted under different canopy intensity of miscellaneous plantations. ii) Effect of silvicultural operations taken up in natural bamboo forest areas under TP-7 of the APFP. iii) Effect of clear felling of congested bamboo clump area to find out the new clump recruitment and annual productivity. e) Trial plots have been laid out to assess the impact of SMC works on existing vegetation and on natural regeneration. f) Trial plots have been laid out to find the performance of in-situ grafting. g) Demonstration plots have been raised taking teak, Eucalyptus, Casuarina and Gmelina arborea to demonstrate the growth variations of the Clonal (rooted cuttings, bud grafts, serial cuttings, tissue culture seedlings) CSO/SSO seed and unknown source seed originated planting stock. These plots are being laid not only in all the field research stations but also in the farmers fields also.
Social and economic impacts: The other major set of initiatives contributing to the achievement of Project development objective is community participation and social mobilization. VSS has been evolving as a managed and more technically competent
94 institution that considers gender and social equity over the last decade. The initiatives taken under the Project of addressing gender issues, issues of vulnerable groups, of participation in decision making will have long term positive repercussions even in the post project scenario. Out of 5000 VSSs being assisted under this Project, 3182 (63.6%) have significant Tribal membership. Thus including and assisting these VSSs will have a significant positive bearing on the overall relationship between Forest Department and tribal communities. As a consequence of reservation of forests since late 1880s, there have been conflicts between the forest department and tribal communities. Such conflicts escalated in Andhra Pradesh during 1980s due to increase in activities of certain anti social elements. But the initiative of Joint Forest Management that started during 1992 which has now been upgraded as Community Forest Management has virtually rewritten the relation between Forest Department and Tribal communities. Forest Officials no longer consider Tribals as wage earners or merely as a workforce and the Tribals consider Forests as their common property resource and themselves as stakeholders in forest management. A sense of ownership has developed and with this the responsibilities for protection and management are no longer the mandate only for the Forest Department. The role of Foresters also is changing gradually and significantly from implementers to facilitators.
Gender issues being addressed: The constitution of VSS mandates that 8 out of 15 members of managing committee are women and at least one of either Chairperson or Vice chairperson is a woman. While forests play a significant role in the lives of women through utilities as water source and source of domestic energy (fuel wood), by and large we are dealing with a male dominated society and many forest management operations and forest protection tasks are traditionally male oriented. It is heartening to note that in 450 VSSs Women have been functioning as Chairpersons (in others as Vice chairpersons) and in 160 VSSs both the Chairpersons and Vice Chairpersons are women. Even in the profile of employment generation under the Project, women have a share of 48.31 % Thus gender issues are slowly getting addressed.
Income Generation: The institution of VSS is more than a decade old and the existing resources in the VSS managed forest area had been treated on the sound principles of forest management by the VSS with an idea of making them productive. Besides this lot of assests created by way of raising artificial regeneration of SRWPs, NTFPs, medicinal plants and by way of taking soil and moisture conservation works. The community leadership at places have become strong enough to take up further activities in the area of value addition and
95 marketing for making the VSS sustainable. Cumulative income generated from VSSs is Rs. 186.42 Crores. This is the total income generated which essentially includes the value of the forest produces consumed by the VSS members locally as the domestic needs as well as the quantities sold. The various sources of income in the VSSs are small timber, poles, firewood, bamboo, grass, NTFPs from the natural forests, Compound fees, harvesting and thinning of regenerated Teak forests and short rotation species like Eucalyptus and Bamboo. There are some value addition activities going on especially in the area of apiculture, pisciculture, lac cultivation, adda leaf plate making, bamboo based enterprises like agarbathi sticks, mats, furniture, handicrafts, basket making etc., extraction of essential oils from bodha grass, hill brooms etc. for generating income to the VSS members.
Self sufficiency in financial management and book keeping: Historically Forest Department has been a conventional and regulatory department with well defined systems and procedures. It has been a very conservative organization and guarded in adopting changes. VSSs are institutions primarily promoted by the Forest Department as the ones to lead and guide the Community in shifting from estate approach to participatory approach in forest management. Success of Community Forest Management is heavily depends on the level of maturity of VSSs and their ability to decide and implement their decisions. One of the indicators of success in this regard is self-sufficiency of the VSSs with regard to keeping their own books of accounts. Unlike many other initiatives, which provide external support in financial management, this Project planned to create and enhance ability within VSS institution in book keeping. With this in view, 3 educated youth in each VSS were selected and trained adequately in book keeping and financial management. Similarly Community Extension Workers also were trained in this regard. During January 2004, the Government amended the AP Forest Department Code with reference to financial powers and financial management. Through this amendment, the Government recognized VSS as an institution in implementation of works and in handling and managing financial allocations. In accordance with this amendment, financial allocations made for VSS works are now being released by the DFOs directly to the VSSs. The Chairperson of the VSS is the disbursing authority with regard to funds for VSS works. The VSSs are able to handle and manage the otherwise elaborate accounting procedure of the Forest Department virtually on their own. Thus the role of the APFD has now been clearly defined in the APFD code as that of facilitators and the role of VSS as that of implementers. This clarity has brought in tremendous amount of confidence and responsibility to the VSSs enhancing their participation. There is a
96 perceptible improvement in the level of awareness in the VSSs on account of this policy change.
Employment generation: Forestry has always been a heavy source of employment generation especially in the rural sector. In fact more than 50% of the contribution to livelihoods from forestry is from employment generation potential of forestry operations. Bulk of the area of Andhra Pradesh state, due to historical and geographical reasons is in rain shadow region. This being the case the state has suffered from drought for the last four years. This on one hand and the fact that majority of the members of VSSs are poor and landless, makes them highly vulnerable and compels them to migrate for want of adequate livelihood opportunities. Migration is one of the most cruelties that nature imposes on such target group especially when there is drought. While migration disrupts and nearly destroys families, it also adversely affects these vulnerable groups in that none of the welfare measures taken by the Governments reach them as they are not physically available to receive them. Considering these situations creation of 37.322 million person days of employment is laudable. Coming particularly in lean months, this Project has provided an opportunity to all poor members of VSSs in staying back in their respective villages and access employment available through VSS works. This is a very important and humane fall out of Project implementation.
Focusing on livelihood enhancement as means of sustainable forest use: Focus so far in any Forestry Project has been on creation and Management of Forest resources through rejuvenation of degraded forests, artificial regeneration, soil and moisture conservation activities, fire control etc. No Forestry Project generally deals with linking forest management with livelihood of the people living in its vicinity and depending on it. Generally the people living in the vicinity have invariably been regarded as work for forestry regeneration, harvesting, management etc. In this context, the APCFM Project has made a distinct difference in that it has linked up forest management to livelihood enhancement.
Bamboo based enterprises: A comprehensive sector analysis and development of an action plan for harnessing Bamboo resources in Andhra Pradesh has been made. The state of Andhra Pradesh accounts for about 7.4% of area and about 10% of production of Bamboo in India. But the diversity of Bamboo is limited as most of the Bamboo is Dendrocalamus strictus with little area under Bambusa bambus and Dendrocalamus hamiltonii. On an experimental basis Melacona baccifera, Bambusa tulda, B. polymorpha and B. Balcoa have been introduced this year. Their performance is yet to be tested. The Project has invested
97 significantly in rejuvenation of degraded Bamboo forests. 22,717 ha of degraded bamboo forests have been treated so far. In addition to this, 20,227 ha of bamboo plantations have been raised. Significant initiative in addition to creating resource base is in the area of value addition and market support.
Value addition to Bamboo in the form of Bamboo Agarbathi stick making has been taken up in Adilabad district in the tribal areas. Marketing of these sticks is being done locally as well as to ITC, Chennai. So far 768 tonnes of such sticks have been produced and marketed. This activity is fetching revenue of Rs.26,000 per tonne as against Rs. 1500 per tonne being realized from Paper and pulp mills. It is pertinent to note adapting appropriate technology in ensuring wide participation in this activity. The tools supplied are locally made and very simple to use and maintain. Significant achievement here is adopting a cluster approach and providing common facility centres which also function as training com production centres. This approach has brought in a new dimension of necessity of federating and networking around the common facility centre and the host of service that it provides. The CFCs provide great community feeling and function as enterprise and marketing hubs. To scale up the activity and to bring in an element of stability a Producer Company has been constituted at Tiriyani in Bellampalli Division. From a virtual insignificant species that was valued only for its potential for pulp making, Bamboo is making inroads into the VSS economy slowly but significantly.
Adda leaf: Another significant development which certainly has a long term positive impact on the economy of tribal families especially in the North Coastal Pradesh is initiation of Adda leaf based enterprises with appropriate technology. Traditionally the tribals of Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, East Godavari and Bhadrachalam areas have been collecting Adda leaf (leaves of Bauhinia vahlii) and selling to GCC and middlemen in Shandies. But the benefits of value addition that was undertaken by plainsmen has never reached tribals before. Thus the forest dependant tribals have remained poor and their drudgery of travelling long distances on foot many a times for days together have added to their misery. A simple intervention of training the tribal women in stitching leaves into leaf plates taken up through participation of 40 NGOs in 322 villages covering around 20478 members in Visakhapatnam and Vizianagaram districts has had salutary results. Each tribal woman trained in this activity is able to earn any where between Rs. 30 and Rs. 50 per day as additional income after attending to other routine activities. Though this activity has been initiated only three months back, it is picking up like wild fire and is becoming very popular in the tribal belt. The
98 enthusiasm seen among the tribal women in this activity is only to be seen to be believed. This initiative will certainly bring a new perspective on the role of GCC, Forest Department and NGOs in future as far as Adda leaf trade is concerned.
Community based Ecotourism: Community based ecotourism is under implementation in areas rich in biodiversity. This activity has brought in a new concept of marketing environmental values for sustainable forest management. This activity is under implementation in 22 locations in 10 districts. 355 families of 25 VSSs are getting direct employment on account of this activity. So far an amount of Rs.745.6 Lakh has been incurred on development of infrastructure in these locations (treck paths, tracks for safari drive, accommodation for visitors, interpretation facilities, canteen facilities, canopy walk (Talakona) etc.). An amount of Rs.228.785 lakhs of revenue is generated from eco tourism in these centres. All the revenue generated is utilised by the respective VSSs/EDCs towards payment of remuneration to their members who are providing services at the centre (as guides, in catering, in places of accommodation, watch and ward and for maintenance of sanitation and cleanliness)
Impact on house hold income: An independent study conducted (in association with M/s CENPAP) in a sample of 474 VSSs covering 5174 house holds has revealed that the proportion of single income households had declined from 31 percent in 2005 to nil in 2009 due to increase in sources of income during the later period. Analysis on the sources of household income clearly indicated that 74.5 percent of the households had income sources of three or more during 2009 in comparison to just 57.5 households in 2005.
Total Household Income of 5,174 VSS members when analyzed revealed that the annual household income for the VSS members had increased from Rs. 104.70 millions to Rs. 160.39 millions an increase of 53.2 percent over the four years period. The share of non-forest income in annual household income has declined from 84.2 percent to 82.5 percent whereas the share of forest-based income has increased from 15.8 percent to 17.4 percent. While the share of wages from forest sector had declined, the share of non- wages income from forest sector had increased by more than e percentage points. The increase in the share of non-wage income of forest sector was found significant within the short period. It is in this context, essential to understand the contribution of various sources of wage and non-wage income from forest and non-forest sources. The subsequent paragraphs analyse the findings of the study in this regard.
Participatory Evaluation and Social Audit has revealed the following:
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Ninety four point three percent (94.3%) of VSS members get their requirement of firewood, fodder and small timber for domestic use.
Sixty two percent (62%) of VSS Villages have experienced positive impact of Soil and Moisture Conservation works in terms of increase in water levels in open wells in the villages. In these villages there has been a significant improvement in agriculture yields.
Forty four percent (44%) of VSSs need further strengthening I terms of book keeping an accounting abilities as they still depend on community extension workers (CEW) and Forest Officials in this regard.
Fifty four point six percent (54,6%) of VSSs opined that further investments are needed for creation of plantation assets as the existing plantations are not adequate to ensure sustainability.
Sixty two point one percent (62.1%) of VSSs are functioning in transparent manner whereas thirty seven point nine percent (37.9%) need to improve on this count.
Seventy six point one percent (76.1%) of VSSs have adopted inclusive practices in respect of vulnerable groups while the rest twenty three point nine percent (23.9%) need to improve their performance in this regard.
Conclusion: From all the above, it can be inferred that the Project has made sincere attempts to achieve the Project Development Objective in terms of creating an enabling environment for Community Forest Management by proactive policy reforms in making the process of Community Forest Management a reality. The highlights of the achievement however are the initiatives taken for ensuring benefit sharing among the members of the community, developing replicable models for cost sharing through reinvestment of benefits flowing from forest management, developing vibrant pro poor institutions to undertake forest and forest enterprise management, addressing issues of equity both from the perspective of gender and of vulnerable groups, successfully implementing a challenging package of R&R through a transparent and participatory approach, ushering in confidence among the participating communities that they can manage their forestry and financial support without substantially depending on forestry staff through adequate investments in developing human capital and
100 para forestry professionalism and above all ensuring a sense of ownership and belonging among the VSSs by fulfilling what was promised.
10. Annexures
a. Policy matrix b. Key indicators c. Research and Development Status d. Integrated Pest Management Strategies
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Annex 1. Policy Matrix
Andhra Pradesh Community Forest Management Project
Policy and Institutional Reform Matrix Present stage
Issues and Effect Recommended Action Responsibility Date of Area Completion
1. Policy Aspects 1.1 Policy for The Government of AP‟s Review the AP forest policy and GOAP, APFD Prior to Complied. Forestry sector policy for forest adopt a revised policy that has taken negotiation into account NFP 1988, AP Vision in Andhra development issued in 2020 and NFAP 2000. Pradesh. 1993 is outdated. There is no mechanism for Establish policy development group within APFD. regular review and
analysis of forest policy. Prior to APFD negotiation Complied.
1.2 Financial Forestry sector suffers Ensure setting up of VSS GOAP, APFD Prior to Complied constraints from inadequate budgetary revolving funds to finance negotiation reinvestments through issuance support for forest of GO authorizing VSS management. At present accounts and transfer of CFM revolving funds have been revenue for forest development. set up covering revenue Policy development group of from AP Forest Academy APFD will explore options and
102
Present stage
Issues and Effect Recommended Action Responsibility Date of Area Completion
for external training and alternatives for resource Geomatic and sale of high mobilization and make recommendations to GOAP. value seedlings. Similar initiatives are needed for GOAP 31st December revenue mobilization to 2003. thwart financial constraints.
1.3 Collection, Lack of a well Conduct a study and prepare APFD. 31st December This study was awarded processing and defined strategy for a plan of action on the basis 2002. to M/s TERI, New NTFP management marketing of of recommendations. Delhi. Development of including production NTFP and non-destructive enterprises and harvesting. marketing are undertaken basing on suggestions made by
this study. Interactive
seminars have been
31st March conducted educating the GOAP. 2003. stakeholders on
Low income and sustainable management practices of NTFPs earning capacity of forest dwellers from including their harvest.
NTFP because of GCC monopoly
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Present stage
Issues and Effect Recommended Action Responsibility Date of Area Completion
reduces the number of legal buyers and chokes the free flow of goods. NTFP based enterprises (addaleaf plates) and Bamboo based enterprises have been taken up with adequate Liberalize trade in NTFPs market support to and improve market address need for value
information addition. Adequate
31st March forward and backward Remove restriction on NTFP 2006 linkages also were processing. established
1.4 Community GOAP order of 1996 on Revise GO in consultation with GOAP. Prior to Complied. participation JFM needs revision various stakeholders and the Bank. negotiation and CFM to facilitate transition to CFM approach
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Present stage
Issues and Effect Recommended Action Responsibility Date of Area Completion
1.5 Forest Sanctioned working plans APFD should prepare revised APFD 31st March All the working plans Management do not exist in the project working plans in accordance with its 2003. have been prepared. and Planning area. As a result harvesting policy. operations cannot be carried out.
1.6 Farm Restrictions on tree felling, Review policies on restrictions on GOAP, APFD. Prior to Detailed guidelines have forestry transit, trade and marketing tree felling in private lands, negotiation been issued marketing. information constrain farm / agro forestry from (Circular No.1/2003 issued in Prl. CCF reaching its optimum Rationalize transport and trade st barriers. Simplify procedure for non- 31 December potential. Ref.No.5357/ 2003/F5, exempted species. 2002 dated:25-1-2003) on the issue of removal of timber and other produce from patta lands.
2. Legal Aspects 2.1 Legal AP forest policy for Suitably amend the AP Forest act GOAP, APFD 31st Govt have issued backing for participatory forest 1967 to provide legal framework for December Addendum to CFM management is not legally CFM. 2003. G.O.Ms.No.13,EFS&T. enforceable. (For.III) Deptt., Dated:12-
105
Present stage
Issues and Effect Recommended Action Responsibility Date of Area Completion
2-2002 in G.O.Ms.No.4 EFS&T.(For.III) Deptt., Dated:12-1-2004. The Draft Bill for amendment of AP Forest Act was approved and proposals were sent to Government of India on 15-04-2006 for concurrence in GOI‟s concurrence was obtained. In the meantime GOAP have recognized community rights of VSSs under the Forest Rights Act 2005 in respect of tribal VSSs. The others are being brought under the umbrella of FDAs which are registered societies.
2.2 Panchayat Possibility of competing Notify rules under the amended A P GOAP 31st GOAP have issued laws and claims for the share of Panchayat Act 1994 to ensure that December orders in G O Ms. No. CFM benefits from the same Panchayats do not undermine VSS. 2002. 50 EFS&T (For III)
106
Present stage
Issues and Effect Recommended Action Responsibility Date of Area Completion
resources by the Gram Dept. Dt. 23.2.2004 Panchayat and Gram Sabha clarifying the position under the A. P. Panchayat stating that Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 and VSS laws are applicable to under CFM. Panchayat lands. Hence there is no conflict.
2.3 Cultivation The cultivation of A clarification or prior approval of GOI, GOAP 31st The World Bank in their of medicinal medicinal plants is not MOEF (GOI) should be obtained by December letter dt.30-4-2003, plants allowed without prior the GOAP/APFD before taking up 2002 pleased to note that the approval of the GOI under cultivation of medicinal plants in the agreed action on the the Forest Conservation forests areas. issue has been complied Act 1980. with.
2.4 NTFP Legal framework Review and amend AP Scheduled GOAP 30th June Complied processing and discourages the value Area MFP (Regulation of Trade) 2003 trade addition to NTFPs by the Regulation 1979 to remove tribal community. restrictions on NTFP collection, transportation and value addition at village level.
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Present stage
Issues and Effect Recommended Action Responsibility Date of Area Completion
Institutional: 3.1 Role and Lack of adequate Conduct a study to look into GOAP, APFD 31st Government have issued function of delegation of financial and delegation of financial and December orders in G.O.Ms. No.2 Forest administrative powers to administrative powers and workload 2002 EFS&T (For.III) Deptt. Department frontline staff. Present among the staff and formulate action Dated 7.1.2004. distribution of workload of plan based on recommendations and FD staff is not suitable for implement it. implementing policy of CFM.
3.2 Intersectoral Inadequate linkages Initiate monitoring of existing APFD 31st Various committees Coordination between mechanisms for coordination among December have been constituted in agencies/departments various government agencies at state 2002 G.O.Ms. No. 13. doing similar work. Village district and division levels and Government have issued development requires review the efficacy of coordination. Order issued in G.O.123, support from many EFS&T (For.III) Deptt. agencies. Dt.13-12-2002 and G O Ms. No. 78 EFS&T (For III) Dept. Dt. 17.10.2003 including the Velugu (IKP) Project authorities in the above committees
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Present stage
Issues and Effect Recommended Action Responsibility Date of Area Completion
and for convergence.
3.3 Involvement Lack of clarity for Develop mechanisms and criteria for GOAP, APFD. Prior to Complied. of non-FD NGO/NGI/University greater NGO, and other civil society negotiations institutions in involvement. involvement in CFM. CFM 3.4 Research & Research Plan prepared in the Revise the research plan using GOAP, APFD Prior to Complied. Extension priority setting methodology and negotiations past is outdated. also develop mechanisms for identifying applied research
questions.
3.5 Monitoring Monitoring and Evaluation Prepare a detailed Government have issued monitoring and evaluation and Evaluation system in FD is weak not th orders in G.O.Ms.No. allowing learning plan. APFD 30 June 45, EFS&T(For.III) opportunities Need to 2002 Deptt., Dt.26-5-2003, develop an effective M&E Third party monitoring and appointing M/s. system evaluation agency in place CENPAP, Hyd as Consultants for Monitoring and 30th Evaluation of APCFMP. September
109
Present stage
Issues and Effect Recommended Action Responsibility Date of Area Completion
2002 The consultants have submitted M&E framework and project monitoring is being done basing on this framework.
110
Annex 2. Key Indicators
Report 1
Distribution of VSS households by No of sources of Income (2005 & 2009) No of HHs with sources of income source 2005 2009 s No of HHs % No of HHs % 1 1603 31 0 0 2 599 11.6 1320 25.5 3 2643 51.1 1806 34.9 4 329 6.4 811 15.7 5 0 0 1176 22.7 6 0 0 61 1.2 All 5174 100 5174 100
Income by sources of sample households-2005 & 2009
Source of Income Total % of HH Total % of HH Increase % of income (Rs.) Income income (Rs.) Income income increase 2005 (2005) 2009 (2009) (2005 to 2009) Rs. Share of harvesting - 0 2,193,562 1.4 2,193,562 100 income from VSS NTFP Collection and 7,089,853 6.8 10,582,922 6.6 3,493,069 49.3 sale Works in VSS from Forest 9,460,823 9 12,083,915 7.5 2,623,092 27.7 LDP Activities - 0 3,148,440 2 3,148,440 100 Income from 31,677,764 30.3 39,069,446 24.4 7,391,682 23.3 WagesAgriculture from farm and 56,476,258 53.9 93,312,898 58.2 36,836,640 65.2 off-farm sectors Total Income 104,704,697 100.0 160,391,183 100.0 55,686,486 53.2
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Reduction of Poverty in study areas
Categories of Both years BPL BPL in 2005 & Non BPL in Non-BPL in both Total Household 2009 Years Households No % No % No %
Total- All households 2223 43.0 1969 38.1 982 19 5174
Total- Landless 1466 34.2 1837 42.9 980 22.9 4283
Total- Landholding 757 85.0 132 14.8 2 0.2 891
Total - SC families 411 41.6 379 38.4 198 20 988
SC- Landholding 114 73.5 40 25.8 1 0.6 155
SC- Landless 297 35.7 339 40.7 197 23.6 733
Total ST families 834 41.9 733 36.8 424 21.3 1991
ST - Landholding 287 94.1 18 5.9 0 0 305 ST- Landless 547 32.4 715 42.4 424 25.1 1686
Share of Household income of BPL households (BPL in 2005) increase
Source of Income 2009 % Total 2005 % Total Diff (09-05) % income income Share of Harvesting - 0 1,874,812 2.4 1,874,812 0 Income NTFP collection & sale 3,524,009 9.6 7,525,047 9.8 4,001,038 113.5
Wage employment from 4,680,658 12.8 8,703,525 11.3 4,022,867 85.9 VSS LDP Activities - 0 2,429,340 3.2 2,429,340 0
Income from cultivation 1,964,650 5.4 2,535,286 3.3 570,636 29
Agri & Non- agri 26,454,583 72.2 53,689,856 69.9 27,235,273 103 Wages Total Income 36,623,900 100 76,757,865 100 40,133,965 109.6
Total No of Households: 2223
112
Changes in Household income of BPL households (BPL in 2005) who have become Non- BPL in 2009
Sources Household income in 2005 Household income in 2009 Increase in income
Amount (Rs) % of HH Amount % of HH Amount % of income income total increase Share of Harvesting - 0 1,606,732 2.6 1,606,732 0.0 Income NTFP collection & sale 2,282,276 8.8 5,722,239 9.2 3,439,963 150.7
Wage employment from 2,987,079 11.5 6,939,638 11.1 3,952,559 132.3 VSS LDP Activities - 0 2,066,023 3.3 2,066,023 0.0
Income from cultivation 1,948,244 7.5 2,517,240 4.0 568,996 29.2
Agri & Non - agri 18,650,733 72.1 43,494,478 69.8 24,843,745 133.2 Wages Total Income 25,868,332 100 62,346,349 100.0 36,478,018 141.0
Total No of households:1969
Total Household income by Type of Household
2005 2009 % increase in income Type of Household Total No.of HH Avg income Total No.of HH Avg income(RS) income(Rs) income Total - All households 104,704,697 5,174 20,237 160,391,183 5,174 30,999 53.2 Total Landless 68,631,194 4,283 16,024 108,152,959 4,283 25,252 57.6 Total - Landholding 36,073,503 891 40,487 52,238,224 891 58,629 44.8 Total -SC families 18,997,351 988 19,228 29,084,658 988 29,438 53.1 SC-Landholding 5,401,313 155 34,847 8,181,876 155 52,786 51.5 SC- Landless 13,596,038 833 16,322 20,902,782 833 25,093 53.7 Total ST families 40,756,998 1,991 20,471 61,364,569 1,991 30,821 50.6 ST- Landholding 14,170,590 305 46,461 18,370,131 305 60,230 29.6 ST- Landless 26,586,408 1,686 15,769 42,994,438 1,686 25,501 61.7
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Harvest income by type of Household
Harvesting 2005 2009 % Total No.of HH Avg income Total No.of HH Avg increase in Type of Household income(Rs) income(Rs) income income Total - All households 0 0 0 2,193,562 1,212 1,810 100.0 Total Landless 0 0 0 2,032,800 1,130 1,799 100.0 Total - Land holding 0 0 0 160,763 82 1,961 100.0 Total -SC families 0 0 0 376,857 205 1,838 100.0 SC-Land holding 0 0 0 34,830 15 2,322 100.0 SC- Landless 0 0 0 342,027 190 1,800 100.0 Total ST families 0 0 0 1,022,615 565 1,810 100.0 ST- Land holding 0 0 0 82,656 42 1,968 100.0 ST- Landless 0 0 0 939,960 523 1,797 100.0
NTFP income by Type of Household NTFP 2005 2009 % Total No.of HH Avg income Total No.of HH Avg increase in Type of Household income(Rs) income(Rs) income income Total - All households 7,089,853 3,232 2,194 10,582,922 4,956 2,135 -2.66 Total Landless 6,152,012 2,837 2,168 9,293,521 4,139 2,245 3.54 Total - Land holding 937,841 395 2,374 1,289,401 817 1,578 -33.53 Total -SC families 3,260,229 1,480 2,203 4,433,329 1,929 2,298 4.33 SC-Land holding 136,328 51 1,673 199,831 137 1,459 -45.43 SC- Landless 1,099,359 534 2,059 1,751,150 803 2,181 5.93 Total ST families 1,235,687 585 2,112 1,950,980 940 2,076 -1.74 ST- Land holding 551,211 233 2,366 518,437 280 1,852 -21.73 ST- Landless 2,709,018 1,247 2,172 3,914,892 1,649 2,374 9.28
Forest wage income by Type of Household Forest wages 2005 2009 % Total No.of HH Avg income Total No.of HH Avg increase in Type of Household income(Rs) income(Rs) income income Total - All households 9,460,823 3,366 2,811 12,083,915 3,443 3,510 24.87 Total Landless 8,286,293 2,971 2,789 10,895,985 2,898 3,760 34.81 Total - Land holding 1,174,530 395 2,973 1,187,930 545 2,180 -26.70 Total -SC families 1,729,466 604 2,863 2,141,451 639 3,351 17.04 SC-Land holding 185,950 56 3,321 226,084 94 2,405 -27.57 SC- Landless 1,543,516 548 2,817 1,915,368 545 3,514 24.77 Total ST families 4,229,946 1,510 2,801 5,253,736 1,442 3,643 30.06 ST- Land holding 666,230 220 3,028 513,111 222 2,311 -27.57 ST- Landless 3,563,716 1,290 2,763 4,740,625 1,220 3,886 40.66
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LDP income by Type of Household LDP Income 2005 2009 % Total No.of HH Avg income Total No.of HH Avg increase in Type of Household income(Rs) income(Rs) income income Total - All households 0 0 0 3,148,440 1,810 1,739 100.0 Total Landless 0 0 0 2,830,755 1,593 1,777 100.0 Total - Land holding 0 0 0 317,686 217 1,464 100.0 Total -SC families 0 0 0 528,750 319 1,658 100.0 SC-Land holding 0 0 0 43,596 29 1,503 100.0 SC- Landless 0 0 0 485,154 290 1,673 100.0 Total ST families 0 0 0 1,508,776 836 1,805 100.0 ST- Land holding 0 0 0 170,147 115 1,480 100.0 ST- Landless 0 0 0 1,338,630 721 1,857 100.0
Cultivation income by Type of Household
2005 2009 % Income from Total No.of HH Avg income Total No.of HH Avg increase in Cultivation income(Rs) income(Rs) income income Type of the household Total - All households 31,677,764 891 35,553 39,069,446 987 39,584 11.3 Total Landless - 0 - 2,033,741 96 21,185 100.0 Total - Land holding 31,677,764 891 3,553 37,035,705 891 41,566 16.9 Total -SC families 4,754,326 155 30,673 5,959,514 176 33,861 10.4 SC-Land holding 4,754,326 155 30,673 5,458,474 155 35,216 14.8 SC- Landless - 0 - 501,040 21 23,859 100.0 Total ST families 11,725,922 305 38,446 14,691,427 343 42,832 11.4 ST- Land holding 11,725,922 305 38,446 13,770,162 305 45,148 17.4 ST- Landless - 0 - 921,265 38 24,244 100.0
Agri & Non- Agri Wages income by Type of Household
2005 2009 % Agri & Non Agri Total No.of HH Avg income Total No.of HH Avg increase in Wages income(Rs) income(Rs) income income
Type of the household Total - All households 56,476,258 4,557 12,393 93,312,898 5,140 18,154 46.5 Total Landless 54,192,889 4,144 13,077 81,066,158 4,281 18,936 44.8 Total - Land holding 2,283,368 413 5,529 12,246,740 859 14,257 157.9 Total -SC families 11,277,872 868 12,993 18,127,105 983 18,441 41.9 SC-Land holding 324,710 58 5,598 2,219,062 151 14,696 162.5 SC- Landless 10,953,163 810 13,522 15,908,043 832 19,120 41.4 Total ST families 21,540,900 1,866 11,544 34,454,685 1,986 17,349 50.3 ST- Land holding 1,227,226 230 5,336 3,315,619 300 11,052 107.1 ST- Landless 20,313,674 1,636 12,417 31,139,066 1,686 18,469 48.75
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Household Income by Source of Income (Sector)
Source of Income 2005 2009 Amount % Amount % Wage Forest Income 9,460,823 9.0 12,083,915 7.5 Non- wage Forest Income 7,089,853 6.8 15,924,924 9.9 Non- Forest Income 88,154,022 84.2 132,382,344 82.5 Total 104,704,697 100.0 160,391,183 100.0
Forest wage income by Type of Household Wage Forest 2005 2009 % increase Total Total Avg Type of Household No.of HH Avg Income No.of HH in Income Income(Rs) Income(Rs) Income Total- All households 9,460,823 3366 2,811 12,083,915 3,443 3,510 24.87 Total Landless 8,286,293 2971 2,789 10,895,985 2,898 3,760 34.81 Total Landholding 1,174,530 395 2,973 1,187,930 545 2,180 -26.70 Total - SC families 1,729,466 604 2,863 2,141,451 639 3,351 17.04 SC- Landholding 185,950 56 3,321 226,084 94 2,405 -27.57 SC- Landless 1,543,516 548 2,817 1,915,368 545 3,514 24.77 Total ST families 4,229,946 1510 2,801 5,253,736 1,442 3,643 30.06 ST- Landholding 666,230 220 3,028 513,111 222 2,311 -23.68 ST- Landless 3,563,716 1290 2,763 4,740,625 1,220 3,886 40.66
Forest wage income by Type of Household
Non Wage Forest 2005 2009 % Type of Total Total Avg increase in No.of HH Avg income No.of HH Household income(Rs) income(Rs) income income Total- All households 7,089,853 3232 2,194 15,924,924 4988 3,193 45.54 Total Landless 6,152,012 2837 2,168 14,157,075 4159 3,404 56.97 Total Landholding 937,841 395 2,374 1,767,849 829 2,133 -10.18 Total - SC families 1,235,687 585 2,112 2,856,587 944 3,026 43.26 SC- Landholding 136,328 51 2,673 278,257 139 2,002 -25.11 SC- Landless 1,099,359 534 2,059 2,578,331 805 3,203 55.58 Total ST families 3,260,229 1480 2,203 6,964,720 1939 3,592 63.06 ST- Landholding 551,211 233 2,366 771,239 286 2,697 13.99 ST- Landless 2,709,018 1247 2,172 6,193,481 1653 3,747 72.47
Non Forest income by Type of Household
2005 2009 Non Forest % increase in Type of Total Total Avg No.of HH Avg income No.of HH income Household income(Rs) income(Rs) income Total- All households 88,154,022 5035 17,508 132,382,344 5172 25,596 46.19 Total Landless 54,192,889 4144 13,077 83,099,899 4281 19,411 48.43 Total Landholding 33,961,132 891 38,116 49,282,445 891 55,311 45.11 Total - SC families 16,032,198 965 16,614 24,086,619 987 24,404 46.89 SC- Landholding 5,079,036 155 32,768 7,677,536 155 49,532 51.16 SC- Landless 10,953,163 810 13,522 16,409,083 832 19,722 45.85 Total ST families 33,266,822 1941 17,139 49,146,112 1991 24,684 44.02 ST- Landholding 12,953,148 305 42,469 17,085,781 305 56,019 31.9 ST- Landless 20,313,674 1636 12,417 32,060,332 1686 19,016 53.15
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Report 2
Decline in seasonal migration for employment. % Migration within District % Migration outside District Total Migration Base line 11% 3% 14% 2009 (From DRS) 4% 2% 6%
% Of VSSs that have reported incidence of migration Report for Base line is for 2003, Report for 2009 is from Study of Socioeconomic Impacts undertaken by DRS
Report 3
Report 3 : No of functioning VSS undertaking forest management tasks according to their covenants and agreed procedures.
Total No of VSS with No.off VSS surveyed Name of the Division approved micro plans and categorised A B C D Adilabad 321 295 66.8 23.4 9.8 0 Bellampally 192 184 82.6 16.3 1.1 0 Jannaram (WLM) (T) 73 69 42 52.2 5.8 0 Kagaznagar 88 86 59.3 38.4 2.3 0 Mancherial 112 112 82.1 17 0.9 0 Nirmal 201 185 1.1 29.2 69.2 0.5 Chittoor West 120 115 19.1 52.2 26.1 2.6 Nellore 162 147 23.1 49 27.9 0 Mahabubnagar 200 190 1.6 21.1 75.3 2.1 Bhadrachalam North 56 56 14.3 44.6 41.1 0 Khammam 110 108 40.7 48.1 11.1 0 Kothagudem 100 99 10.1 63.6 26.3 0 Paloncha 86 82 39 39 22 0 Cuddapah 94 90 20 33.3 35.6 11.1 Proddatur (WL) 88 78 3.8 67.9 26.9 1.3 Medak 202 180 20 30.6 42.8 6.7 Kamareddy 83 62 6.5 30.6 58.1 4.8 Nizamabad 119 100 20 25 41 14 Kakinada 518 409 39.6 30.6 24.9 4.9 Srikakulam 241 239 20.9 29.3 35.1 14.6 Vizianagaram 193 183 18 31.7 47.5 2.7 Narsipatnam 286 268 19.4 34.7 38.4 7.5 Paderu 298 297 18.2 29.6 34 18.2 Visakhapatnam 305 275 18.2 27.6 46.5 7.6 Karimnagar East 126 126 17.5 42.9 39.7 0 Karimnagar West 233 228 0.9 20.2 73.7 5.3 Warangal North 92 86 4.7 30.2 64 1.2 Warangal South 113 109 7.3 68.8 23.9 0 WLM Achampet 33 31 12.9 41.9 45.2 0 WL Chittoor East 126 115 2.6 60.9 36.5 0 WLM Tirupathi 14 14 21.4 57.1 21.4 0 WL Rajampet 54 52 1.9 30.8 67.3 0 Total 5039 4670 25.8 33.9 35.6 4.6
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Report 4
Report - 4
No. of Financial Sl.No. No.of VSS's No. of Clusters Units Physical Income Generation Activity Members (Rs. In Lakhs) 1 Timber 562 Cmt. 57869.71 2725.18 2 Poles 2,252 Nos 3,169,904.12 1342.22 3 Firewood 3,823 Tons 1,905,866.03 6135.68 4 Pulpwood 215 Tons 36,508.20 688.12 5 Long Bamboo 307 Nos 6,949,677.00 549.10 6 Bamboo Industrial 399 Tons 1,234,515.92 275.98 7 Adda Leaf Plates 800 43 20,478 Bundles 656,989.28 220.04 8 Agarbathi Making 157 22 6,452 Tons 669.69 99.73 9 Amla based activity 100 939 Tons 96.63 6.34 10 Apiculture 229 2,275 Kgs 11,030.50 13.88 11 Bamboo based activity 6 99 Ls 1,051.00 2.52 12 Beedileaf collection 1,429 116,330 SBs 3,737,477.67 3950.49 13 Community Based Eco-Tourism 10 20 147 Ls 19.00 40.56 14 Embroidery 2 40 Ls 8,700.00 3.23 15 Fodder grass 585 35,522 Qtls 34,762.89 1303.15 16 Pisciculture 61 1,738 Tons 50.30 12.46 17 Vermi Compost 1,183 12,053 Tons 3,484.05 106.09
18 Others 2,551 88306 Ls 7,385,665.41 1166.92 Total 284,379 18,641.68
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Report 5
No of meetings of Managing Committee held No of meetings of General Body held during during
Total Yearly Yearly Sl. No. Name of Circle 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 VSS No Target Target 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 Adilabad 1015 4060 4470 11396 11720 11628 10628 10524 10245 2030 994 2035 2144 1990 2100 2040 2030 2 Ananthapur 120 480 576 1360 1368 1379 1325 1345 1375 240 160 301 302 299 275 240 238 3 Guntur 162 648 615 1531 1537 1553 1575 1498 1510 324 142 325 330 286 308 300 296 4 Hyderabad 200 800 832 2036 2563 2149 2148 2150 2200 400 418 440 396 429 412 402 400 5 Khammam 356 1424 2190 5117 5269 5319 5289 5215 5150 712 487 992 937 890 724 712 712 6 Kurnool 184 736 510 1900 2078 2159 2170 2200 2195 368 101 784 990 1044 368 368 368 7 Nizamabad 404 1616 1284 3405 3080 3747 3740 3725 3708 808 389 771 762 763 800 810 808 8 Rajamundry 518 2072 1897 5163 5166 5029 4958 5010 5010 1036 3620 5420 5414 5415 2150 1850 1850 9 Visakhapatnam 1318 5272 7937 19093 19235 19364 18558 17550 17750 2636 2030 3374 3365 3124 2612 2620 2612 10 Warangal 576 2304 2111 6278 6381 6451 6258 5980 6025 1152 753 1766 1754 1788 1650 1485 1152 11 Wlm Tirupathi 194 776 1126 2535 2619 2412 2512 2498 2502 388 256 530 562 390 410 390 386 12 PT Srisailam 33 132 269 737 853 901 902 900 875 66 161 352 264 169 128 124 122 Grand Total 5080 20320 23817 60551 61869 62091 60063 58595 58545 10160 9511 17090 17220 16587 11937 11341 10974 Average Meetings per VSS 11.13 PM Average Meetings per VSS 2.66 Pannum
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Report 6: Employment Generation (Number of Mandays)
2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 Sl.No. Division ST SC Oth Total ST SC Oth Total ST SC Oth Total ST SC Others Total 1 Adilabad 1471 0 0 1471 52317 2325 4191 58833 336773 25663 36778 399214 269404 43910 25333 338647 2 Bellampally 11840 0 2618 14458 123482 20105 20873 164460 179225 37659 43171 260055 191328 100806 80433 372567 3 Jannaram (WLM) (T) 1444 434 25 1903 59160 29114 4646 92920 96205 54499 24078 174782 271889 96320 57933 426142 4 Kagaznagar 0 85056 51085 56548 192689 158262 72449 143792 374503 124613 72401 160969 357983 5 Mancherial 0 511 0 511 31640 32829 30465 94934 111329 93204 83576 288109 141647 141373 112122 395142 6 Nirmal 0 212153 55140 103250 370543 236651 68856 109463 414970 122936 49960 75205 248101 7 Chittor West 0 30807 53964 157765 242536 39877 54203 218493 312573 34159 21520 116719 172398 8 Nellore 0 53052 80960 58078 192090 357301 401480 328499 1087280 307125 312228 310925 930278 9 Mahabubnagar 0 67 71 513 651 254722 56841 242266 553829 97415 21545 110518 229478 10 Bhadrachalam North 0 134265 2447 9025 145737 64119 880 3952 68951 67076 1246 4655 72977 11 Bhadrachalam South 0 101963 7077 7003 116043 67784 8680 3408 79872 49261 4161 2632 56054 12 Khammam 2389 1642 0 4031 294249 73312 55890 423451 166608 52503 22916 242027 131093 53453 21548 206094 13 Kothagudem 0 0 0 0 252365 22763 35705 310833 123899 16077 19362 159338 396980 48722 63232 508934 14 Paloncha 9369 0 0 9369 364492 67801 27487 459780 240070 38948 19171 298189 412182 46790 31581 490553 15 Cuddapah 0 1501 8876 6756 17133 80257 79535 111205 270997 61145 115475 98576 275196 16 Proddatur (WL) 0 49242 137470 131351 318063 34508 120058 105481 260047 55262 139907 84915 280084 17 Medak 7236 7151 6999 21386 32 471 897 1400 166756 171928 572813 911497 163310 140179 436407 739896 18 Kamareddy 9257 15684 18904 43845 0 84764 44551 137882 267197 87385 54605 156410 298400 19 Nizamabad 0 46 110 232 388 47396 53624 160215 261235 40213 43788 131749 215750 20 Kakinada 0 396553 11665 24747 432965 569951 45843 96784 712578 289051 35964 58937 383952 21 Srikakulam 0 12051 546 1731 14328 99142 4819 6448 110409 43457 6629 4530 54616 22 Vizianagram 80 0 0 80 911 90 78 1079 251010 5301 33629 289940 185130 2263 13774 201167 23 Narasipatnam 4511 5 0 4516 1431 295 1041 2767 302216 3765 14396 320377 221032 6958 32090 260080 24 Paderu 0 28387 0 0 28387 183860 0 0 183860 215442 0 0 215442 25 Visakhapatnam 6378 0 0 6378 70824 4684 46727 122235 170285 13643 150768 334696 103408 6846 94722 204976 26 Karimnagar East 0 43279 76246 105109 224634 47515 64754 81538 193807 57077 66458 75687 199222 27 Karimnagar West 0 20407 33328 146912 200647 27160 61857 235424 324441 31991 61801 242601 336393 28 Warangal North 5869 437 756 7062 217583 64746 205053 487382 21910 21037 54844 97791 80769 35203 114206 230178 29 Warangal South 0 259005 17768 34231 311004 263694 19382 43439 326515 290567 26102 58967 375636 30 WLM Achampet 0 13123 6498 19254 38875 19983 9672 34752 64407 36006 11058 71042 118106 31 WL Chittoor East 77 42 399 518 172884 124004 112052 408940 116739 81461 70052 268252 116977 86345 86622 289944 32 WLM Tirupati 0 19084 19606 10198 48888 35021 26914 36373 98308 31960 25914 34031 91905 33 WL Rajampet 0 44540 93596 65315 203451 55299 78388 67561 201248 40893 84043 64434 189370
Total 59921 25906 29701 115528 3145951 1098992 1483123 5728066 5010291 1888474 3312529 10211294 4768183 1963973 3033505 9765661
120
2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 Grand Total ST SC Others Total ST SC Others Total ST SC Others Total ST SC Others Total ST SC Others Total 72744 11131 12975 96850 35517 6940 5339 47796 12779 1554 2238 16571 584 925 301 1810 781589 92448 87155 961192 66857 34562 21514 122933 39403 22014 17885 79302 5943 4717 3495 14155 261 157 229 647 618339 220020 190218 1028577 89105 53231 39739 182075 53857 20739 17182 91778 22242 6903 3736 32881 2959 1196 850 5005 596861 262436 148189 1007486 23599 20514 54132 98245 15981 7150 54661 77792 508 275 4916 5699 0 408019 223874 475018 1106911 33346 29059 25559 87964 42002 38366 34587 114955 17192 13088 14225 44505 5991 2658 2179 10828 383147 351088 302713 1036948 16257 8815 8775 33847 21037 7589 7977 36603 1195 902 295 2392 0 610229 191262 304965 1106456 16563 11202 59633 87398 6607 5810 22225 34642 1515 3175 8988 13678 199 238 1003 1440 129727 150112 584826 864665 252773 249638 247447 749858 157423 151184 151934 460541 59611 63208 55570 178389 10844 8158 13604 32606 1198129 1266856 1166057 3631042 72514 13498 76276 162288 30150 6072 31411 67633 3613 816 5870 10299 471 234 1887 2592 458952 99077 468741 1026770 67614 2017 8026 77657 47002 900 4118 52020 6081 0 248 6329 0 386157 7490 30024 423671 47373 4396 1082 52851 25361 3125 2460 30946 2372 587 7 2966 0 294114 28026 16592 338732 126449 43012 18183 187644 58704 26876 12347 97927 11135 5580 2532 19247 0 790627 256378 133416 1180421 194158 38848 36606 269612 82920 10176 8698 101794 23764 2789 5505 32058 2581 0 180 2761 1076667 139375 169288 1385330 201639 51616 17181 270436 108404 18936 5946 133286 12080 2647 1361 16088 0 1348236 226738 102727 1677701 32620 43349 25143 101112 13019 15643 11375 40037 6389 3169 15896 25454 0 0 10596 10596 194931 266047 279547 740525 24889 55079 35510 115478 14717 27321 16650 58688 1247 4626 3085 8958 4745 1985 847 7577 184610 486446 377839 1048895 50787 55839 165580 272206 15576 20068 63453 99097 2498 3006 9681 15185 1301 2135 7937 11373 407496 400777 1263767 2072040 61592 41334 112750 215676 21239 15291 40384 76914 5273 2711 5948 13932 0 269510 174176 472278 915964 24174 24829 58637 107640 8539 9692 19701 37932 738 852 1307 2897 73 84 89 246 121179 132979 371930 626088 194257 18643 25922 238822 47047 9601 6920 63568 60729 3345 6031 70105 35887 16303 4186 56376 1593475 141364 223527 1958366 21578 1417 1695 24690 21364 1179 2076 24619 34030 543 1331 35904 0 231622 15133 17811 264566 178422 5090 8797 192309 60736 1847 2553 65136 81276 2463 718 84457 9113 429 134 9676 766678 17483 59683 843844 169514 6691 19221 195426 234793 1944 7803 244540 503571 21633 58205 583409 1198 0 0 1198 1438266 41291 132756 1612313 187424 0 0 187424 208941 0 0 208941 928247 0 0 928247 9453 0 0 9453 1761754 0 0 1761754 229235 2652 72063 303950 208246 3138 35457 246841 450500 9334 50403 510237 9453 0 734 10187 1248329 40297 450874 1739500 35795 30074 28674 94543 25118 39083 31260 95461 6461 4909 3466 14836 0 215245 281524 325734 822503 11078 20363 78823 110264 6824 18667 51166 76657 934 2130 7536 10600 0 98394 198146 762462 1059002 49020 10626 50443 110089 39806 7134 37246 84186 3284 2801 6956 13041 243 2 22 267 418484 141986 469526 1029996 134684 24211 24829 183724 64680 17690 15890 98260 18390 3206 3158 24754 0 1031020 108359 180514 1319893 30299 9104 39796 79199 4140 1385 9714 15239 362 56 753 1171 0 103913 37773 175311 316997 61677 37667 34298 133642 42662 15893 17670 76225 19103 9488 1989 30580 3831 2657 122 6610 533950 357557 323204 1214711 24555 17104 33023 74682 9387 8357 10831 28575 7952 8515 10232 26699 2749 3812 1999 8560 130708 110222 136687 377617 20894 34594 31341 86829 13086 33937 21217 68240 6501 29043 23191 58735 583 9548 3809 13940 181796 363149 276868 821813 2823485 1010205 1473673 5307363 1784288 573747 778136 3136171 2317515 218071 318872 2854458 102519 50521 50708 203748 20012153 6829889 10480247 37322289
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Report 7: Reinvestment by VSSsbin forest areas from generated funds
Division Timber Bamboo Pulpwood Total %Reinvested No. of VSS Amount No. of VSS Amount No. of VSS Amount No. of VSS Amount Total revenue Kakinada 22 1440.209 88 298.335 20 136.454 130 1875.00 Nellore 0 0 2 1.98 90 517.267 92 519.247 Kothagudem 0 0 0 0 15 26.016 15 26.016 Mahabubnagar 0 0 0 0 19 116.098 19 116.098 Mancherial 1 3.502 4 39.85 5 23.37 10 66.722 Sub Total 23 1443.711 94 340.165 149 819.205 266 2603.081 Reinvestment fund Kakinada 22 41.77 88 149.167 20 68.225 130 259.162 Nellore 0 2 0.99 90 258.63 92 259.62 Kothagudem 0 15 13.008 15 13.008 Mahabubnagar 0 19 58.049 19 58.049 Mancherial 1 1.75 4 19.92 5 11.69 10 33.36 Sub Total 23 43.52 94 170.077 149 409.602 266 623.199 Amount reinvested Kakinada 12 10.386 40 76.588 0 0 52 86.974 33.56 Nellore 0 42 77.26 42 77.26 29.76 Kothagudem 0 2 0.99 2 0.99 7.61 Mahabubnagar 0 12 23.532 12 23.532 40.54 Mancherial 1 1.5 0 0 2 2.4 3 3.9 11.69 Sub Total 13 11.886 40 76.588 58 104.182 111 192.656 30.91
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Report 8
Year % Area under % Area % Area % Area under Dense forest under open under scrub blanks forest Forest
1996 16.144 28.259 40.249 14.648 2000 20.816 35.476 35.442 8.264 2006 25.457 38.578 31.098 4.865
Source Remote Sensing analysis by Geomatcs wing of APFD
Report 9
Year % Area % Area % Area under under open under scrub Dense forest Forest forest 1996 8000 10000 9990
2008 10866 8141 9721
Source Remote Sensing analysis by DRS as part of Assessment of Ienvironmental Impacts and Impacts of Foret Treatmenst
Report 10
Productivity Enhancement Year Dense Open Scrub Total 1996 87.04 72.12 49.51 208.67 2002 102.98 98.67 42.97 244.62 2006 128.05 105.57 36.56 270.18
Units in lakh cum of Growing stock Source: Data from Remote sensing from Geomatics wing of APFD and State wide inventory of Forest repources of AP
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Report 11: Productivity assessment and yield forecast
Year of Year of Projected Specices raising harvesting yield Projected revenue Eucalyptus plantaions 2002 2010 6162 141.72094 2003 2011 64080 1473.830927 2004 2012 225272 5181.264087 2005 2013 189836 4366.221613 2006 2014 217012 4991.277808 2007 2015 84322 1939.395146 2008 2016 44855 1031.656295 2017 157687 3626.795728 2018 132882 3056.280018 2019 151905 3493.808601 2020 59023 1357.537632 2021 31395 722.083344 2022 110369 2538.489613 2023 93007 2139.170678 2024 106322 2445.408429 2025 39199 901.5774048 Total 1713327 39406.51826
Note. 1. The productivity of 7th year planatation ( 58.13 ) is taken for calculating the yield of 1 st rotation plantations.
2. The yield of 2nd rotation plantations were calculated by taking 70% of the productivity of the 1 st rotation plantations.( i.e.40.69 )
3. The yield of 3rd rotation plantations were calculated by taking 70% of the productivity of the 2nd rotation plantations. ( i.e. 28.48 )
Assessment of per Ha productivity of plantations. Source Report by TERI for Developing Project t access Carbon revenue for Nellore Division Species Year Vol / Ha. Eucalyptus plantations 1 26.33 2 26.33 3 33.39 4 44.99 5 58.13 6 58.13 7 58.13
Note: The productivity for the 6th and 7th years are taken at par with the productivity of 5th year.
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Report 12
No. of VSS members Trained in Silviculture Modern Nursary Practices,SMC activities, book keeping and Financial Management Conflict Resolutions
Training Type VSS Members FD Staff NGOs & CEWs Forestry (Nursery and Planting techniques, Forestry 83527 27189 210 activities, Treatment, Practical, Forestry impact, Saturation watershed Harvesting plans, Financial Management)
Financial Management (Training on financial management, 73580 29537 650 Book keeping, Value addition, Marketing of NTFP, Quantification of NTFP, Business planning, Livelihoods, etc.,) Social (PRA, Microplan preparation, Social auditing, 92422 23965 1202 Conflict resolutions) Study Tours 20249 6614 669
Interactive Seminars & Others (Api culture, preparation of 12833 12681 11999 TDPs, RAP, Vermi culture)
Total 282611 99986 14730
Report 13
No. of Revenue Expenditure No. of Clusters Income Generation Activity Members (Rs. In Lakhs) (Rs. In Lakhs) Adda Leaf Plates 43 20478 220.037 66.261 Agarbathi Making 22 6452 99.733 108.379 Community Based Eco-Tourism 20 147 40.560 740.951 Total 27077 360.330 915.591
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Report 14
Year / Activity wise Key-Achievement Details under APCFM Scheme
Sl.No. Activity Units 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 Total Forest Area Treated through Improvement to Ha. 140.00 9,450.39 6,621.57 2,502.50 2,593.00 1,409.18 22,716.65 1 Bamboo regeneration Forest Area Treated through Singling & Ha. 2,970.80 133,308.21 86,595.98 1,945.25 379.03 244.25 225,443.52 2 Coppicing 3 Under Planting of Bamboo Ha. 15,311.66 4,915.07 20,226.73 4 SMM Bamboo Ha. 4.00 342.28 1,052.83 2.00 496.82 1,897.93 5 SMM Eucalyptus Ha. 106.00 1,102.35 3,875.32 3,265.71 3,733.22 1,376.37 13,458.97 6 SMM Pongamia Ha. 5,616.49 5,616.49 7 SMM NTFP Ha. 3.00 674.33 2,363.77 696.36 490.29 129.93 4,357.68 8 SMM NTFP (Pongamia) Ha. 64.25 3,739.82 3,804.07 9 MLCT / LRHT Ha. 79.23 650.10 133.91 275.20 151.93 1,290.36 10 Barren Hill Afforestation Ha. 16.00 652.94 2,953.04 1,669.01 1,007.57 264.58 6,563.13 11 Barren Hill Afforestation (Pongamia) Ha. 1,044.00 571.50 263.00 36.00 1,914.50 12 Gap Planting (Pongamia) Ha. 1,819.94 11,487.94 1,003.08 14,310.96 13 Gotti Grafting Ha. 0.00 37.88 395.63 12.50 0.00 0.00 446.00 14 Preferential treatment Ha. 75.00 381.05 6,831.44 3,819.83 5,467.43 2,139.31 18,714.05 15 Shelterbelt Ha. 2,308.00 16 Mangrove plantations Ha. 2,190.00 3,379.05 147,848.59 118,000.15 41,418.17 22,863.62 7,251.45 345,259.03
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Report 15: Plantations in VSS Forests Managed Areas and their Survival
No. of Seedlings Survived No. of No. of Seedlings Survival Year Species Area(Ha) VSS's Planted 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year Percentage 2003-2004 Acacia auriculiformis 8 142.00 45,780 27,307 22,333 14,522 5,666 12.4 2004-2005 Acacia auriculiformis 6 66.50 19,120 12,467 9,467 4,794 2,135 11.2 2005-2006 Acacia auriculiformis 3 4.25 1,900 1,742 1,541 1,062 55.9 2006-2007 Acacia auriculiformis 10 8.89 10,021 8,079 6,469 64.6 2007-2008 Acacia auriculiformis 4 7.61 9,895 8,366 84.5 2003-2004 Achras sapota 2 1.25 400 356 263 207 192 187 46.8 2004-2005 Achras sapota 1 0.50 200 150 100 80 80 40.0 2004-2005 Adhatoda zeylanica 86 17.19 151,092 113,158 83,470 60,598 21,851 14.5 2006-2007 Adina cordifolia 2 1.00 1,658 1,481 1,302 78.5 2003-2004 Aegle marmelos 1 0.20 8,000 7,521 6,981 5,412 5,104 63.8 2004-2005 Aegle marmelos 19 2.46 2,606 648 643 639 32 5 0.2 2005-2006 Aegle marmelos 10 5.29 7,417 6,522 5,997 1,182 15.9 2006-2007 Aegle marmelos 1 0.25 100 98 92 92.0 2005-2006 Agave americana 1 2.00 800 789 785 784 98.0 2007-2008 Ailanthus excelsa 14 11.82 12,594 10,548 950 7.5 2004-2005 Albizia amara 7 25.00 10,200 9,600 8,040 6,470 3,279 32.1 2006-2007 Albizia amara 31 44.77 51,202 38,985 24,775 780 1.5 2007-2008 Albizia amara 20 23.81 33,996 23,247 2,857 8.4 2006-2007 Albizia odoratissima 1 1.00 1,120 1,120 820 73.2 2007-2008 Albizia odoratissima 1 1.48 1,629 1,513 1,513 92.9 2003-2004 Alo Vera 3 1.50 55,500 53,740 50,575 36,166 17,250 16,926 30.5 2005-2006 Alo Vera 1 2.00 800 786 772 759 94.9 2003-2004 Annona squamosa 71 75.66 34,811 27,185 23,422 20,254 10,225 4,485 12.9 2004-2005 Annona squamosa 106 134.54 81,088 62,699 44,616 19,568 6,511 1,600 2.0 2005-2006 Annona squamosa 47 99.02 43,696 33,427 28,925 14,457 180 0.4 2006-2007 Annona squamosa 56 124.74 73,321 50,827 11,986 16.3 2007-2008 Annona squamosa 6 14.40 3,880 3,009 77.6
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2003-2004 Artocarpus hirsutus 12 11.00 4,344 4,340 4,090 3,780 3,505 2,201 50.7 2004-2005 Artocarpus hirsutus 169 604.50 186,184 168,917 155,031 135,526 111,482 59.9 2005-2006 Artocarpus hirsutus 35 124.20 47,850 44,587 41,189 38,503 80.5 2006-2007 Artocarpus hirsutus 4 12.00 8,800 8,105 4,220 48.0 2003-2004 Azadirachta Indica 48 283.19 35,260 30,290 25,610 22,409 20,155 11,680 33.1 2004-2005 Azadirachta Indica 181 122.26 56,275 50,975 42,575 37,811 28,299 850 1.5 2005-2006 Azadirachta Indica 71 148.71 60,535 51,837 44,918 28,284 154 0.3 2006-2007 Azadirachta Indica 73 218.38 93,798 81,409 64,430 68.7 2007-2008 Azadirachta Indica 10 12.35 5,951 4,780 80.3 2003-2004 Bixa orellana 11 15.00 7,000 6,889 6,542 5,050 4,600 3,095 44.2 2004-2005 Bixa orellana 210 439.25 451,922 382,967 277,355 61,845 18,303 4.1 2005-2006 Bixa orellana 28 77.00 78,150 57,346 23,758 30.4 2006-2007 Bixa orellana 23 81.00 42,875 23,101 2,560 6.0 2005-2006 Bombax ceiba 1 10.00 6,800 6,750 6,700 6,650 6,600 97.1 2006-2007 Bombax ceiba 1 10.00 4,000 3,800 3,700 3,692 3,682 3,681 92.0 2003-2004 Cashew 1 0.50 200 180 160 150 145 72.5 2004-2005 Cashew 2 19.00 3,475 2,476 2,326 2,261 65.1 2004-2005 Cassia auriculata 16 5.00 7,000 3,307 2,254 1,391 121 1.7 2005-2006 Cassia auriculata 1 0.82 200 182 169 132 66.0 2006-2007 Cassia auriculata 2 1.97 980 923 613 62.6 2007-2008 Cassia auriculata 1 1.07 1,786 1,642 91.9 2002-2003 Casuarina equisetifolia 4 13.00 32,500 14,000 11,700 10,625 6,175 19.0 2003-2004 Casuarina equisetifolia 6 8.80 23,000 12,310 10,560 9,684 7,321 4,436 19.3 2004-2005 Casuarina equisetifolia 17 197.71 494,024 359,060 320,216 283,987 161,399 32.7 2005-2006 Casuarina equisetifolia 12 257.50 672,500 600,738 547,343 342,065 24,000 3.6 2006-2007 Casuarina equisetifolia 8 214.00 535,000 459,053 349,420 65.3 2007-2008 Casuarina equisetifolia 16 59.70 148,906 115,969 4,600 4,570 3.1 2006-2007 Chinduga 1 2.00 2,150 1,572 73.1 2004-2005 Citrus aurantifolia 4 2.00 800 750 724 719 700 87.5 2005-2006 Citrus aurantifolia 3 3.00 1,200 1,155 1,105 1,055 87.9 2006-2007 Citrus aurantifolia 1 3.00 1,200 1,185 1,179 98.3 2007-2008 Cochlospermum religiosum 1 0.50 320 305 95.3 2003-2004 Dalbergia latifolia 5 5.84 2,336 1,680 1,400 1,230 765 32.7 2006-2007 Dalbergia latifolia 18 41.83 23,088 20,132 12,274 1,980 8.6 2007-2008 Dalbergia latifolia 12 32.35 20,706 14,907 500 2.4 2002-2003 Dendrocalamus strictus 1 2.00 800 795 300 220 27.5 2003-2004 Dendrocalamus strictus 126 327.78 148,351 125,271 107,702 87,045 72,106 31,476 21.2 2004-2005 Dendrocalamus strictus 300 1,033.83 404,609 325,144 273,354 220,057 129,695 2,329 0.6 2005-2006 Dendrocalamus strictus 1,584 15,311.66 2,785,150 2,101,442 1,678,486 1,039,581 49,939 19,550 0.7 2006-2007 Dendrocalamus strictus 576 4,915.07 989,917 808,883 515,008 20,089 2.0 2007-2008 Dendrocalamus strictus 92 496.82 160,308 132,210 9,100 5.7
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2005-2006 Dolichandrone crispa 3 2,600 1,860 1,635 62.9 2006-2007 Dolichandrone crispa 9 3.46 9,613 8,930 2,333 24.3 2007-2008 Dolichandrone crispa 3 5.70 2,527 1,935 76.6 2004-2005 Elka 1 2.50 1,000 832 582 262 26.2 2002-2003 Emblica officinalis 1 3.00 400 400 200 100 100 100 25.0 2003-2004 Emblica officinalis 128 186.65 81,930 68,184 59,674 52,245 45,837 23,126 28.2 2004-2005 Emblica officinalis 258 705.43 237,375 211,759 187,984 153,779 116,578 66,218 27.9 2005-2006 Emblica officinalis 214 418.81 187,792 140,812 119,808 73,804 3,200 1.7 2006-2007 Emblica officinalis 75 141.28 58,115 42,604 29,697 51.1 2007-2008 Emblica officinalis 43 56.46 25,320 19,113 56 0.2 2002-2003 Eucalyptus 22 106.00 223,160 158,873 128,817 111,927 100,069 49,963 22.4 2003-2004 Eucalyptus 358 1,102.35 1,749,108 1,560,199 1,447,739 1,321,949 1,200,442 892,703 51.0 2004-2005 Eucalyptus 861 3,951.82 5,917,516 5,174,033 4,652,738 3,923,235 3,069,727 100,821 1.7 2005-2006 Eucalyptus 714 3,321.21 4,555,177 3,924,933 3,557,358 2,411,319 115,354 47,080 1.0 2006-2007 Eucalyptus 558 3,743.22 5,550,465 4,696,325 3,419,278 147,446 62,597 50,131 0.9 2007-2008 Eucalyptus 203 1,376.37 1,809,793 1,531,450 33,826 850 0.0 2006-2007 Euphorbia tortilis 1 4.00 2,000 1,667 1,255 62.8 2003-2004 Falacourtia indica 1 0.50 100 100 90 71 46 46.0 2003-2004 Feronia Elephantum 1 0.50 160 158 154 150 145 144 90.0 2003-2004 Ficus benghalensis 2 1.00 400 400 300 200 160 120 30.0 2004-2005 Ficus benghalensis 5 0.37 140 127 120 116 109 35 25.0 2005-2006 Ficus benghalensis 1 1.00 400 300 225 160 40.0 2003-2004 Ficus religiosa 1 0.30 125 110 100 80 75 60.0 2004-2005 Ficus religiosa 4 0.32 124 115 109 106 103 38 30.6 2005-2006 Ficus religiosa 2 2.18 870 616 505 413 47.5 2006-2007 Gardenia gummifera 1 2.00 800 800 784 98.0 2003-2004 Grevillea robusta 1 9.00 12,000 11,900 11,800 11,700 10,200 9,750 81.3 2004-2005 Grevillea robusta 155 689.50 997,219 911,510 836,208 749,601 659,889 66.2 2005-2006 Grevillea robusta 129 612.50 1,355,450 1,219,867 1,086,106 947,414 1,750 0.1 2006-2007 Grevillea robusta 74 226.00 454,700 413,336 359,403 2,000 0.4 2006-2007 Hardwickia binata 2 0.54 600 500 83.3 2007-2008 Hardwickia binata 6 9.03 6,762 5,650 83.6 2004-2005 Henna 128 432.76 133,235 100,873 70,503 47,572 3,589 2.7 2005-2006 Jack 8 14.75 1,040 773 574 55.2 2003-2004 Jafra 5 13.00 5,200 2,960 2,560 2,144 1,680 32.3 2004-2005 Jafra 19 21.50 8,600 5,106 4,538 3,904 168 2.0 2003-2004 Jamun 8 14.18 5,566 2,468 2,443 2,422 2,325 478 8.6 2004-2005 Jamun 4 1.06 444 428 402 379 365 82.2 2003-2004 Jatropha curcas 1 3.00 1,200 900 850 765 725 60.4 2005-2006 Jatropha curcas 1 5.00 2,000 1,600 1,314 65.7 2004-2005 Jinne 1 1.00 400 400 326 305 225 56.3 2006-2007 Kovela 1 1.00 190 154 81.1
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2003-2004 Kunkudu 1 0.86 344 213 201 199 195 193 56.1 2003-2004 Leucaena leucocephala 1 0.50 200 150 120 100 80 40.0 2007-2008 Leucaena leucocephala 1 0.50 555 500 90.1 2003-2004 Limonia elephantum 51 35.08 15,515 12,252 11,319 10,463 9,593 6,882 44.4 2004-2005 Limonia elephantum 21 33.25 13,880 12,444 10,067 3,547 2,565 302 2.2 2005-2006 Limonia elephantum 11 6.97 3,029 2,301 2,079 1,683 55.6 2006-2007 Limonia elephantum 1 0.75 300 150 149 49.7 2003-2004 Maddi 9 12.71 5,082 4,315 3,756 3,544 3,215 2,741 53.9 2004-2005 Maddi 22 28.19 16,264 13,670 10,840 8,857 5,405 33.2 2005-2006 Maddi 18 21.45 9,780 7,652 6,558 4,963 50.7 2006-2007 Maddi 17 38.30 13,118 6,468 3,976 30.3 2007-2008 Maddi 16 18.30 7,317 5,451 74.5 2004-2005 Maddina Kommu 8 5.00 2,050 150 100 75 3.7 2003-2004 Madhuca Indica 12 24.77 4,907 3,257 2,886 2,511 2,154 1,395 28.4 2004-2005 Madhuca Indica 3 2.21 884 833 823 813 789 20 2.3 2005-2006 Madhuca indica 1 1.00 140 138 136 134 95.7 2006-2007 Madhuca Indica 1 0.50 140 120 83 59.3 2004-2005 Mangifera indica 1 40.00 5,600 5,600 5,100 4,200 2,800 1,900 33.9 2006-2007 Mangifera indica 1 9.00 4,000 2,400 1,440 36.0 2003-2004 Medicinal Plants 1 2.00 800 800 550 550 550 550 68.8 2006-2007 Medicinal Plants 1 9.00 11,000 9,000 7,500 68.2 2003-2004 Mesua ferrea 4 90.00 17,700 17,330 16,800 16,380 15,845 15,300 86.4 2004-2005 Mesua ferrea 20 781.00 128,300 123,800 118,950 115,200 111,905 101,470 79.1 2002-2003 MFP 1 2.00 2,220 1,998 1,332 666 30.0 2003-2004 MFP 9 14.50 16,095 14,708 13,209 11,378 9,713 7,937 49.3 2004-2005 MFP 13 19.00 20,380 18,342 14,833 10,499 6,327 31.0 2005-2006 MFP 1 2.00 800 720 560 320 160 20.0 2004-2005 Millingtonia hortensis 1 25.00 5,800 5,600 5,300 5,000 4,500 4,000 69.0 2006-2007 Mitragyna parviflora 1 270 243 219 81.1 2007-2008 Mitragyna parviflora 4 4.08 4,914 4,534 92.3 2006-2007 Mitragyna parvifolia 1 0.54 616 431 420 68.2 2007-2008 Mitragyna parvifolia 8 18.50 17,168 14,327 83.5 2006-2007 Mitragyna purviflora 1 0.50 555 527 344 62.0 2007-2008 Mitragyna purviflora 1 1.00 1,111 811 73.0 2006-2007 Mokaeb 4 7.50 8,305 5,954 4,370 52.6 2006-2007 Mokkam 1 2.00 2,222 1,321 59.5 2004-2005 Munuga Grafts 1 0.68 200 182 164 150 145 72.5 2006-2007 Nagur 1 1.00 1,111 999 990 89.1 2004-2005 Nela Vemu 8 3.10 1,275 100 80 50 3.9 2003-2004 Neredu 1 1.00 400 292 198 111 32 8.0 2004-2005 Neredu 1 2.50 1,000 820 622 318 31.8 2003-2004 NTFP 1 0.86 1,432 1,250 860 860 860 60.1 2004-2005 NTFP 2 2.00 800 800 720 600 75.0 2006-2007 NTFP 3 7.25 2,350 2,350 2,140 91.1 2007-2008 NTFP 1 5.00 2,000 2,000 100.0 2004-2005 NTFP - Tectona grandis 1 1.00 1,111 1,111 1,008 913 769 69.2 130
Patalagiridi 20 9.35 6,927 5,204 3,469 2,228 32.2 Pedda Manu 1 5.00 5,555 5,000 3,000 54.0 Pedda Manu 16 17.30 18,540 16,417 503 2.7 Pedda Vepa 2 1.00 2,059 1,805 87.7 Pheronia Elephantium 2 0.36 344 302 291 290 289 287 83.4 Pheronia Elephantium 1 86 77 77 77 77 89.5 Phyllanthus emblica 1 200 170 170 170 170 170 85.0 Phyllanthus Emblica 1 200 170 170 170 170 85.0 Poda Patri 80 162.70 63,045 37,720 26,442 18,608 267 0.4 Poda Patri 3 7,800 7,020 6,910 88.6 Pongamia pinnata 14 64.25 16,725 15,773 13,736 5,232 5,068 1,379 8.2 Pongamia pinnata 523 1,819.94 556,970 468,685 398,463 328,039 268,818 166,443 29.9 Pongamia pinnata 1,582 6,660.49 2,600,114 2,242,009 1,903,622 1,535,960 1,093,004 171,059 6.6 Pongamia pinnata 1,571 12,059.44 3,934,765 2,987,478 2,177,908 1,404,198 147,153 84,730 2.2 Pongamia pinnata 644 4,002.82 1,524,495 1,212,481 700,942 88,141 33,465 30,700 2.0 Pongamia pinnata 190 1,039.08 419,588 366,233 65,970 15.7 Premna tomentosa 1 6.00 2,125 2,110 2,105 2,100 98.8 Premna tomentosa 1 5.00 2,000 1,980 1,970 98.5 Pterocarpus marsupium 12 7.06 9,420 8,135 4,668 49.6 Pterocarpus marsupium 1 1.00 1,111 1,054 94.9 Pterocarpus santalinus 9 9.80 3,913 3,433 3,055 2,870 2,582 295 7.5 Pterocarpus santalinus 1 1.83 733 634 546 462 63.0 Pterocarpus santalinus 14 25.83 13,703 12,022 6,837 2,400 17.5 Pterocarpus santalinus 6 2.68 5,132 4,499 87.7 Punuga 1 1.00 400 326 305 76.3 Radermachera xylocapa 1 5,730 5,157 4,641 81.0 Radermachera xylocapa 4 1.00 2,228 1,574 70.6 Radermachera xylocarpa 1 1.00 1,111 1,049 948 85.3 Randia candolieana 1 5.00 5,500 4,950 90.0 Rauvolfia serpentina 49 0.65 5,875 4,248 2,934 1,996 34.0 Red orchard 1 0.55 616 539 539 87.5 Redamachera 2 6.75 6,050 5,012 1,300 21.5 Redamachera 1 605 482 79.7 Reeta 1 25.00 5,000 2,300 2,300 2,300 46.0 Rudraganapa 1 1,546 1,428 92.4 Sadanam Strictus 1 2.00 800 750 700 87.5 Sapindus emarginata 1 200 170 170 170 170 170 85.0 Sapindus emarginata 2 1.00 436 232 232 232 232 53.2 Sapindus emarginatus 28 13.34 5,848 4,793 4,089 3,569 2,309 2,035 34.8 Sapindus emarginatus 31 28.97 12,388 11,091 9,496 8,264 5,246 82 0.7 Sapindus emarginatus 25 25.56 10,664 9,584 8,562 7,190 67.4 Sapindus emarginatus 9 10.90 4,356 3,847 3,465 79.5 Sapindus emarginatus 3 3.30 1,320 757 57.3 131
Sara 1 0.75 300 0.0 Saraca asoca 1 40.00 4,000 4,000 3,750 3,200 2,800 2,000 50.0 Schrebera swietinioides 1 2.50 2,750 1,883 68.5 Schrebera switenoides 1 3,431 3,088 2,779 81.0 Seema Rooba 7 4.03 1,644 1,561 1,380 1,209 1,074 929 56.5 Seema Rooba 13 12.12 5,223 3,875 3,835 3,693 3,180 60.9 Seema Rooba 9 19.96 2,722 2,270 2,231 1,771 65.1 Seema Rooba 5 22.00 25,642 18,554 3,600 14.0 Seema Rooba 2 3.25 3,860 3,376 87.5 Seesam 3 8.50 9,133 7,062 4,960 54.3 Seesam 1 1.75 1,388 1,115 80.3 Sinduga 1 1.10 1,220 1,212 1,209 99.1 Sinduga 1 1.50 1,666 576 34.6 Sitrus Media 1 0.94 200 190 189 188 187 93.5 Soyamida Febrifuga 1 0.58 168 168 150 121 72.0 Soyamida Febrifuga 1 940 846 761 81.0 Sterculia urens 5 6.00 2,400 1,943 1,052 665 306 12.8 Sterculia urens 10 19.00 6,100 5,680 4,214 3,420 56.1 Sterculia Urens 12 18.19 8,708 6,479 5,862 4,023 46.2 Sterculia urens 19 51.07 16,912 8,948 7,027 41.6 Sterculia urens 1 0.50 121 110 90.9 Syzygium cumini 121 184.32 73,932 67,263 61,070 53,817 49,204 38,015 51.4 Syzygium cumini 234 477.70 187,145 169,637 139,370 108,661 82,801 17,651 9.4 Syzygium cumini 129 307.74 127,903 116,182 100,427 77,553 332 0.3 Syzygium cumini 66 127.83 56,169 50,612 40,624 72.3 Syzygium cumini 50 58.45 26,013 19,288 1,023 3.9 Syzygium Jamblanum 1 0.50 160 150 148 145 142 142 88.8 Syzygium Jamblanum 1 0.94 200 195 194 193 188 94.0 Tamarindus Indica 1 3.00 400 400 200 100 100 100 25.0 Tamarindus Indica 130 156.46 57,027 46,123 38,961 31,635 25,178 15,134 26.5 Tamarindus Indica 73 68.93 27,559 23,181 19,276 15,792 5,990 21.7 Tamarindus Indica 26 45.18 21,642 19,510 17,424 7,766 35.9 Tamarindus Indica 1 500 460 92.0 Tarenna asiatica 1 15.00 2,000 1,600 1,400 1,000 800 800 40.0
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Teak 34 66.23 136,617 73,037 57,559 43,665 24,485 1,666 1.2 Teak 556 617.80 1,034,826 747,298 565,790 385,739 235,073 22.7 Teak 49 131.50 60,808 45,310 43,150 21,196 314 0.5 Teak 89 234.81 159,066 131,175 69,073 5,509 3.5 Teak 55 148.24 157,662 118,470 2,821 1.8 Terminalia arjuna 13 15.25 7,100 6,319 5,844 5,537 5,207 4,689 66.0 Terminalia arjuna 15 24.00 9,600 8,838 8,481 8,179 7,741 80.6 Terminalia arjuna 20 44.05 18,295 16,271 15,467 8,965 289 1.6 Terminalia arjuna 12 31.25 12,500 11,649 10,564 84.5 Terminalia arjuna 11 15.25 6,100 5,294 86.8 Terminalia pallida 3 2.16 860 0.0 Thani 2 2.00 800 613 347 274 120 15.0 Tinospora cordifolia 60 1.82 10,910 8,487 5,703 3,647 33.4 Vitex negundo 3 0.41 1,025 879 601 390 38.0 Zizyphus mauritiana 1 2.00 800 800 765 95.6
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Report 16: Community Land Planting
Year Block Avenue Plantation Plantation
2004-05 961.2 415.6
2005-06 1050.1 288.5
2006-07 609 249.6
2007-08 1182.4 571
2008-09 403.7 0
Total 4206.4 1524.7
Report 17: Group Farm Forestry
Year Number of seedlings planted (in lakhs) 2004-05 5.5 2005-06 72.15 2006-07 89.07 2007-08 563.72 2008-09 39.435 Total 769.875
Report 18: Percentage of planting material from modren nursery techniques.
% of seedlings Total no. of No. of seedlings from from improved Specices seedlings planted improved sources sources
Eucalyptus clones 19805219 19805219 100.00 NWFP specices (Pongamia, emblica, Tamarind, Annona squamosa, Syzigium cumini etc) 11092350 6756364 60.91
Misc specices ( Bamboo, Azadirachta, Grevillea robusta etc) 9119288 0 0.00
LRHT Specices ( Teak , Yegisa, Rosewood) 1607315 647944 40.31 Casuarina equisetifolia 1905930 556058 29.18 Total 43530102 27765584.5 63.78
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Report 19: Key Achievement In Soil And Moisture Conservation During Project Period
Water Holding Water Impounded in a Sl.No. Type of Structure Unit 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Total Capacity (LCM) Rainy Season (LCM)
Staggered Trenches No. 3,322 157,551 206,129 113,423 73,052 83,414 636,891 1 5.10 50.95 Contineous Contour Cmt. 45,240 2,385,493 1,454,110 1,436,237 314,684 285,203 5,920,967 2 Trenches 59.21 592.10
Check Dams No. 46 12,778 367 104 42 2 13,339 3 333.47 1333.88
Mini Percolation Tanks No. 62 10,971 4,386 10,506 6,149 933 33,007 4 825.18 3300.70
Percolation Tanks No. 22 4,714 889 599 109 51 6,384 5 319.20 1276.80
Rock Fill Dams No. 340 7,820 10,562 819 347 80 19,968 6 9.98 99.84
Sunken Gully Pits No. 2,290 125,039 4,374 4,793 198 275 136,969 7 3424.22 13696.87 4976.35 20351.13
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Report 20: Details of NGOs associated - Names of NGOs associated
Number of Areas of association Number Services provided NGOs of CEWs associated associated
321 NGOs The designated role of NGOs in the project is that 991 CEWs are involved in have been of a facilitator for planning and capacity-building CEWs mobilization of VSS members associated of the community, and strengthening for execution of works, with 2,271 communication and coordination with the Forest conducting of General Body and VSSs Department. Executive Committee meetings Conducting Awareness campaigns to the VSS and imparting of skills to VSS community. members as trainers. They also Conducting Training programs for the VSS for help VSS members in rendering capacity Building and Value Addition. accounts and Book keeping. Awareness programs in the aspects of book- They work as liaison between keeping VSS members and Forest Identification of TOT for training on Micro Plans. department staff. CEWs were Micro Plan Preparation. trained in modern silvicultural Strengthening of VSS institution through promotion techniques, Nursery practices, of User Group in VSS. SMC works, Social Promotion of VSS federation for better mobilization, gender issues, institutional development of VSS and NTFP Conflict resolution. They were Marketing. effective community Lobbying with GCC full form on VSS rights over silviculturists for the VSS NTFP selling. community. Facilitator n conflict resolutions. Enhancing income generating activities. Exclusive campaigns, awareness programmes for women on enhancing their participation in VSS. Regular monitoring of the VSS. Active participation as member of advisory committee. Organizing exposure visits. Developing a pool of resource persons Documentation and database on usage of Medicinal Plants. Documentation of case studies. Process documentation as VSS level. Developing participatory self monitoring and evaluation systems. Publication of District level News letter.
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Report 21: Details of livelihood plans prepared will be furnished separately
Sl. No Division Number of Livelihood Major livelihood activities included in development plans prepared the plan 1 Adilabad 129 MFP Collection,
2 Bellampally, 118 Agarbathi stick making, MFP Collection, Leaf plate making Jannaram (WL) 3 Kagaznagar 74 MFP Collection, Leaf plate making
4 Mancherial 9 Agarbathi stick making, MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 5 Nirmal 25 Agarbathi stick making, MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 6 Chittoor West 55 MFP Collection, Leaf plate making
7 Nellore 20 MFP Collection, Leaf plate making
8 Mahabubnagar 115 MFP Collection, Leaf Plate making, Neem Cake preparation 9 Bhadrachalam (N) 26 Agarbathi stick making, MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 10 Bhadrachalam (S) 30 Agarbathi stick making, MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 11 Khammam 98 Agarbathi stick making, MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 12 Kothagudem 98 Agarbathi stick making, MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 13 Paloncha 80 Agarbathi stick making, MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 14 Kadapa 37 Agarbathi stick making, MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 15 Proddatur (WL) 13 MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 16 Medak 19 MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 17 Kamareddy 24 MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 18 Nizamabad 18 MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 19 Kakinada 123 MFP Collection, Bamboo harvesting, Leaf plate making 20 Srikakulam 40 MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 21 Vizianagaram 80 MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 22 Narsipatnam 257 MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 23 Paderu 92 MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 24 Visakhapatnam 107 MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 25 Karimnagar (E) 73 Agarbathi stick making, MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 26 Karimnagar (W) 80 Agarbathi stick making, MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 27 Warangal (N) 81 Agarbathi stick making, MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 28 Warangal (S) 69 Agarbathi stick making, MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 29 WLM Achampet 21 MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 30 WLM Chittoor (E) 54 MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 31 WLM Tirupathi 1 MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 32 WLM Rajampet 17 MFP Collection, Leaf plate making 2283
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Report 22: Village infrastructure improvement works carried out in Tribal and Non Tribal VSSs.
Sl.No. Type of Infrastructure No. of Units No. of Tribal No. of Non-Tribal VSSs covered VSSs covered 1 Adda leafe Machine 1 1 0 2 Bamboo cutting machine 6 6 0 3 Bore well 164 91 58 4 Bus Shelter 25 11 14 5 Cattle pond 29 7 14 6 CC Drain 1 0 1 7 CC Road 1 0 1 8 Common Facilitation Center 11 10 1 9 Community Hall 132 73 53 10 Compound Wall 2 2 0 11 Crowbars 1050 44 1 12 Crowbars&Speades 328 23 18 13 Culvert 1 1 0 14 Decilting of Tank 78 51 1 15 Driking Water facility 74 41 27 16 Form Pond 3 1 1 17 Implements 664 40 8 18 Implements (Agricultural kits) 11178 385 20 19 Ippa Mill Shed 5 4 1 20 Kirana Shop 1 1 0 21 Leaf Plate Making Machines 7 2 5 22 Milch Cattles 14 1 0 23 Mini Water Tank 6 2 4 24 Oil Engine 4 4 0 25 Oil Engine/Solar Lamp 28 24 0 26 Others 15 7 6 27 Pedal Machines 5 3 2 28 Peetalu-Big 98 18 7 29 Peetalu-Small 1767 20 9 30 Pipe Line 2 1 1 31 Plouh Bulllocks 12 1 0 32 Power Spray 1 0 1 33 Preparation School gate 1 0 1 34 Rachhakatta 26 16 9 35 Sewing machine 657 146 2 36 Sheeps 16 1 0 37 Spades 1050 44 1 38 Storage Tank 3 1 2 39 Tamarid Machine 3 2 0 40 Tent House 4 2 2 41 Utensils 1 1 0 42 Water Tank 3 2 1
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Report 23: Resettlement Action Plan
Sl.No. Name of the VSSs VSSs Estimated No. of No. of Balance Eligible PAFs and Sanction Amount Expenditure Division Investigated found fit PAFs Plans Plans VSSs Land Land Total No. of Total up to this till now for RAP Prepared approved Owned Less No. of PAFs Amount month PAFs PAFs PAFs Grounded Sanctioned (Rs.in (Rs.in Lakhs) Lakhs) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 Visakhapatnam 219 139 3532 139 139 0 2657 875 3532 3532 953.413 935.290 2 Narsipatnam 205 144 3442 144 144 0 1993 1449 3442 3442 931.413 931.413 3 Paderu 176 128 4903 128 128 0 3396 1507 4903 4903 1330.209 1330.209 4 Vizianagaram 14 12 481 12 12 0 388 93 481 481 130.420 128.148 5 Srikakuklam 44 4 125 4 4 0 39 86 125 125 34.032 34.032 Circle Total 658 427 12483 427 427 0 8473 4010 12483 12483 3379.487 3359.092 6 Kothagudem 1 1 19 1 1 0 12 7 19 19 4.863 4.863 7 Medak 2 26 2 2 0 24 2 26 26 7.566 6.64 G. Total 659 430 12528 430 430 0 8509 4019 12528 12528 3391.916 3370.595
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Annex 3:
STATUS REPORT ON TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENT (Research under APCFM)
1. BACKGROUND
Research and Development constitutes an essential component of any organization for delivering the desired output which when operationalized in the field gives a spectacular increase in the productivity both quantitatively and qualitatively. The APFD did recognize this principle and prepared a forestry research and development plan for the period of five years from 1995-2002 which was implemented under APFP. The main focus of research endeavor during the APFP was the genetic improvement of the planting stock and in order to achieve that objective, tree improvement works of many economically important species were launched; breeding plan on a long-term perspective was designed and executed; domestication strategy of some of the secondary species of economic importance was evolved and implemented; clonal technology as a means to transfer the genetic gain from the preliminary selection to increase the productivity of the plantation was introduced extensively for few species; seed source improvement works including the expansion of seed production areas, establishment of clonal seed orchards and seedling seed orchards were initiated; the system of propagation of planting stock and the structure of the propagation units in the nursery was improved and the extension of the research outputs to the field was strengthened.
2. RESEARCH PLAN FOR CONTINUITY OF THE PROJECTS INITIATED UNDER APFP
In order to further consolidate and expand the benefits achieved from the investment made during the first phase attempt in the APFP, the PIP of APCFM Project envisages that additional investments are needed in maintenance and expansion of Clonal Multiplication Areas (CMAs) which can serve to the requirement of improved material for planting in VSS areas, Group Farm Forestry Lands and Community land plantations. Therefore the Research projects initiated under APFP are being continued under APCFM Project and a number of CMAs, CSOs, Progeny and Clonal Test plots, established under APFP are included in the Plan for maintenance. Data is being collected regularly from the test plots and best performing clones and families and individuals within families are being shortlisted. CMAs are being used to produce high yielding clones for utilizing under the project. The present project wise status of progress is given in Annexure - I.
3. RESEARCH PLAN AS APPROVED IN APCFM PROJECT (Salient features)
In the APCFM project, while sustaining the critical importance on optimizing the growth and the productivity through the tree improvement and planting stock improvement programme, initiatives on the new areas were attempted in consonance with the objective of poverty alleviation of the APCFM project as a whole. The salient features of the Research Plan are:
Investments are designed to consolidate and expand the benefits achieved under AP Forestry Project (APFP) Research Plan attempts to integrate with the prioritized research themes of the department and provide continuity and flexibility to the research projects initiated
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under AP Forestry Project. It emphasizes site-specific package of practices supported by good extension strategy to accelerate production and improve yield by producing superior planting stock. Allocation of research programmes to the respective regional centres is based on the facilities existing and relevance of programme in that zone.
Some of the new areas where the emphasis has been given are development of site- specific matching clones; natural forest management trials to address the impact on the growth pattern of different species which were subjected to the various treatments as a part of silvicultural intervention; innovative practices of value addition to enhance the livelihood of VSS members and more emphasis on the training module through the technology dissemination centres (TDC).The forest research programme under CFM project has tried to maintain its desired project objective for improved productivity of the timber and NWFP species through the continuous supply of improved clonal planting stock; through the supply of genetically and physiologically upgraded reproductive propagules from the established seed stands, clonal seed orchards and seedling seed orchards. The productivity enhancement of the established stands through the adoption of several innovative cultural methods like increasing use of biofertilizers, optimum soil and moisture conservation practices has been given importance. The main components of the Research Plan under APCFM are Multilocational Clonal Trials, Natural Forest Management trials, Capacity Building by transfer of research technology in the newly created Technology Dissemination Centers, and more emphasis on Training Programme. However, the programmes undertaken under APFP such as planting structure improvement, tree improvement, improvement of seed quality etc. are continued in APCFM. Various Research Projects included under APCFM Project and their current status is sequentially listed in Annexure - II. These projects are allotted to the respective Regional Research Centres based on the facilities existing and relevance of program in that zone where the center is located. Each project is prepared duly listing out the objective, methodology, statistical design, timing, collaboration etc.
3.1. Multilocational Clonal Trials
One of the important projects of Research Plan under APCFM Project is conducting Multilocational Clonal Trials (MLCTs). Testing of clones (MLCT) as a part of Clonal Forestry Programme was introduced as a new activity in CFM programme since 2003-04 by Research and Development wing to assess the performance of different clones of different species across a wide range of agro-climatic zones. The ultimate objective of this newly introduced research programme is to shortlist the site-specific clones of various species, so far as the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the clones are concerned. The objective of MLCTs is to study the following: a) To identify “stable” clones which can be planted with confidence over a wide range of soil types, and also “reactive” clones adapted to key plantation sites. b) Investigations to characterize juvenile-mature correlations in pulpwood and timber species and to refine selection criteria so that they more accurately reflect utilization value. c) To fully capture benefits offered by clonal forestry, it may be necessary to tailor specific silviculture regimes to individual clones. MLCTs help in determining the extent to which
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requirements with respect to a range of silvicultural parameters – nursery silviculture, site preparation and soil moisture status at planting, soil nutrient status and fertilizer applications and spacing – vary with clone. d) MLCTs also help in extensively studying the genotype X environment interaction
From 2003-04 to 2005-06, the focus was on NWFP species; and from 2006-07 to 2007-08, the focus was on the timber and pulpwood species. The statement showing the location of all MLCTs created is given in Annexure – III. The data regarding the growth, survival and the yield of fruits in different clones are being collected. These plantations were raised and managed by the VSS and territorial staff with the technical guidance by the research staff. However, most of the NWFP plantations are not being maintained and therefore the incidence of fruiting is highly erratic. Therefore, if the objective of such trial plots is to ascertain the site-specific clones based on the yield pattern, the plantations are to be maintained intensively in an orchard mode with the usual inputs like watering, manuring, site cultivation and protection for a minimum period of 5-7 years. Analysis so far done is with regards to the qualitative characters only and it is too early for the quantitative characters to be ascertained. The timber species are only 2 year old and will not yield any conclusion at the moment. 3.2. Impact of Research related to Natural Forest Management Trials
It was desired by the Mission members that the research should provide results, though preliminary, to demonstrate the impact of research undertaken on natural Forest Management (NFM) on the improvement of forest productivity and VSS livelihoods. It was also suggested to develop specific education programme for VSS on forest treatment practices and treatment and harvesting of NTFPs. Apart from that it was stressed to develop simple technique for NTFP quantitative assessment. Similarly, it was suggested to consider alternative species for short rotation woody crops and long-rotation higher value trees in VSS plantations. In this connection following actions have already been initiated: 1. Basically, to assess the impact of the various treatment practices adopted by territorial staff on the productivity and site quality, the following types of NFM trials have been undertaken in the VSS areas.
Simple methodology of finding growing stock and MAI in degraded natural forests treated with coppicing and singling has been evolved. The parameters of the study are growing stock and MAI estimation and dynamics of vegetation in treated area vis-à-vis untreated areas. Trial plots have been laid to determine the optimum thinning regime in the degraded natural forest. The objective of singling and thinning experiment is to determine the thinning regime (including intensity and interval) in order to produce maximum financial returns of which the site is capable. The parameters of the study are the number of stems to be retained in the degraded natural forest and the age at which the reduction is made to an accepted minimum. Trial plots have been laid to assess the effect of shoot reduction (singling of coppice shoots) at various intensities and intervals on the volume and growth of the coppice. Similarly the trial plots in bamboo forests have been laid with three objectives
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of study: i) Effect of the canopy intensity on the growth and yield of bamboo. This experiment assumes greater significance because of the fact of large areas have been planted under bamboo under-planting in the natural forests of different canopy intensity. Sample plots are being laid in pure bamboo areas, bamboo plantation areas, bamboos growing under the teak plantations and the bamboos planted under different canopy intensity of miscellaneous plantations. ii) Effect of silvicultural operations taken up in natural bamboo forest areas under TP-7 of the APFP. iii) Effect of clear-felling of congested bamboo clump area to find out the new clump recruitment and annual productivity. Trial plots have been laid out to assess the impact of SMC works on existing vegetation and on natural regeneration. Trial plots have been laid out to find the performance of in-situ grafting. Demonstration plots have been raised taking teak, Eucalyptus, Casuarina and Gmelina arborea to demonstrate the growth variations of the Clonal (rooted cuttings, bud grafts, serial cuttings, tissue culture seedlings) CSO/SSO seed and unknown source seed-origin planting stock. These plots are being laid not only in all the field research stations but also in the farmers‟ fields also.
In total 143 NFM trial plots (Rajahmundry – 20; Warangal – 90; Tirupathi – 7 and Hyderabad – 26) have been laid out in different types of forests of Andhra Pradesh under the jurisdiction of the respective State Silviculturists / Forest Geneticists and the data capturing forms have been standardized.
The sample plot analysis of 3 representative sites of Adilabad and Warangal circles (Warangal – mixed teak forests, represented by Yellareddipally VSS of Warangal North Division; Warangal – pure teak forests, represented by Linethanda VSS of Warangal South Division; and Adilabad pure teak forests, represented by Narsingapur VSS of Janaram Division) was done. The data of 7 sample plots of 0.1 ha each in Linetanda VSS, 2 sample plots of 0.1 ha each in Yellareddipalli and 1 sample plot of 0.25 ha in Narsinghapur were analyzed and the important findings of this study is given as below:
Growth parameters Warangal Warangal Adilabad Mixed teak Pure Teak Pure Teak forests Forests Forests Basal Area (m2 / ha) 5.80 4.40 6.53 Volume (cum / ha) 38.0 35.0 16.50 Crop Height (in m) 8.57 8.51 3.88 Top height (in m) 7.96 8.85 4.77 Number of trees / ha 1100 830 1620 Average GBH (in cm) / tree 27.11 35.85 24.68 MAI (Vol / ha) 1.90 1.75 0.82 MAI (Basal Area / ha) 0.29 0.22 0.32 MAI crop height (in m) 0.42 0.42 0.19 MAI GBH (in cm) 1.35 1.79 1.23 NPV of Project on starting day 1098250.95 886961.87 1309365.31 IRR (%) 45.66 48.64 30.72
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3.3. Trainings
Transfer of technology through interactive seminars and regular training programme has remained as an important activity of the Research wing. The target groups of the training programme and interactive seminar have been the departmental staff, senior officers, NGOs, VSS members, Community Silviculturists etc. The objective of the trainings, seminars and workshops is to expose the VSS and FD personnel to various research trials propose under APCFM Project and to get their feed back and opinion on the transfer of technology initiated under APFP and how to improve it further and also to clarify their doubts and demonstrate on improved nursery technology, NTFP including medicinal plants, clonal technology, natural forest management etc. Some of the topics that are covered in the interactive seminars are: 12. Co-ordination and collaboration with territorial officers and staff by Research wing on laying and conducting Multilocational Clonal Trials and Natural Forest Management Trials. 13. Treatment of various types of degraded natural forests involving the VSS 14. Sustainable harvesting of Bamboo 15. Evaluation of performance and shortlisting of NTFP clones 16. Expansion of CMAs in central nurseries with shortlisted NTFP clones including oil yielding species such as Simarouba glauca, Pongamia, Neem, Mohwa etc. 17. Improved nursery technology 18. Issues pertaining to maintenance and expansion of central nurseries and vegetative propagation units 19. Allotment of NTFP grafts produced in the Research centres for planting in the VSS areas 20. Development of Technology transfer centes @ 1 each in all the 14 districts where APCFM Project is being implemented 21. Production and utilization of bio-fertilizers, compost and vermicompost 22. Conservation, cultivation, harvesting and value addition of Medicinal plants.
The trainings/ workshops were so far conducted by the Research Wing on transfer of technology from the inception of the project is given in Annexure – IV
3.4. Technology Dissemination Centres
Under Para 4.4.2.5.1 of PIP (Vol.I) and Cost table-6 of APCFM Project, there is a provision of establishing Technology Dissemination Centers (TDC) by upgrading one central nursery per district (14 in all). The objective of these TDCs is to decentralize the improved technology (an output of research wing) dissemination by making these new developments more assessable to the staff and VSS members so that the improved technologies get more popularized based on merit and subsequently get internalized. These centers will not only continue to function as propagation unit with all modern propagation facilities but will increase their mandate to include direct dialogue with VSS and field level functionaries of the department. Training in these centres will focus on interactive seminars and field demonstrations of new applied research findings and act as a platform for training the VSS members, NGOs, farmers and department staff on various aspects of improved technology.
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Improved plant material should continue to be produced in these centres even after their upgradation as TDCs and they will also perform the function of modern High-tech nurseries. The Circle wise break up of districts where TDCs are established is as follows:
Circle District Location Assisted by
Visakhapatnam Srikakulam Tamrapalli SS Rajahmundry Vizianagaram Phoolbag Visakhapatnam Kambalakonda Rajahmundry East Godavari Diwancheruvu Hyderabad Mahabubnagar Pillalamarri SS Hyderabad Nizamabad Mosra Medak Vallur Anantapur Chittoor Pallamner SS Tirupathi Kurnool Kadapa Kadapa Guntur Nellore Mungunur Adilabad Adilabad Janaram FG Warangal Warangal Karimnagar LMD, Karimnagar Warangal Forest Complex, Warangal Khammam Khammam Chatakonda, Kothagudem
The following infrastructure is established in the TDCs in a phased manner
1. A lecture hall cum auditorium with necessary seating arrangements 2. Audio-visual equipment such as Computer, LCD, OHP etc. 3. Museum for demonstrating models, exhibits, posters, charts, flow diagram on improved nursery technology, clonal technology, NTFP, Medicinal plants, value addition etc. 4. Dormitory for the stay of the trainees 5. Dining hall 6. Permanent fencing 7. Network of internal roads 8. Permanent and assured water supply 9. Stand by electricity generator 10. Low Cost Mist chambers 11. Polypropagators 12. Shade house 13. Permanent sand beds 14. Root trainer nursery of at least 1 lakh capacity 15. Expansion/ establishment of CMAs with high yielding clones of Timber, Pulpwood and NTFP species including oil yielding trees and Medicinal plants in a phased manner, year after year. 16. Demonstration plots with high yielding clones 17. Kitchen herbal garden and Demonstration plots on Medicinal plants cultivation. 18. Demonstration unit on oil extraction from Pongamia & Azadirachta indica etc. 19. Organic Compost unit
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20. Vermi-compost unit
4. PRODUCTION & SUPPLY OF IMPROVED NTFP GRAFTS AND CLONAL PLANTING STOCK
Originally CMAs of different species were created in various research centres so that the transfer of the improved clones reach the Central Nurseries located in various parts of the State and the territorial staff starts producing the improved planting stock. Therefore, production has become a part of regular activity in all the Field Research Centers.Initially, only the grafts of NTFP species, such as Phyllanthus emblica, Tamarindus indica, Pongamia pinnate, Syzygium cuminii, Feronia elephantum, Simarouba glauca, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Annona squamosa etc., were produced Necessary precautiosn were being taken to ensure that the scion material of only best performing and short-listed clones are used for grafting and all the 4 Research centres are certifying the quality and origin of the grafts. Along with the NTFP grafts, the production of Eucalyptus clonal planting stock was taken up. After the decision for introduction of LRHT species to the VSS plantation programme, the production of the total requirement of planting stock of LRHT species was taken up by the research wing.
5. MID-TERM REVISION OF RESEARCH PLAN (Adaptive Research Plan)
Having reached half-way through the project, a critical analysis of the initiatives taken from the research wing was made and it was examined as to whether the achievements in the research front are helping the in the realization of the overall project objectives of livelihood enhancement and poverty reduction. During the whole period of the project, research wing tried to review the technical requirements of the field operations and accordingly took adaptive research programmes. It was strongly felt that the research should make its useful contribution towards the establishment of economic assets through creation of high-yielding plantations by VSS members. An important ingredient of the business planning is the sustainable availability of the resources at the disposal of the VSS. Accordingly, following are the areas where renewed efforts were given in the second half of the project period:
As a part of the expansion of the strategy to develop short-term revenue in order to ensure sustainability of the VSS beyond the project, it was thought pertinent to create large extent of high-yielding plantation of short rotation woody crops (SRWP). Accordingly, Eucalyptus and Casuarina plantations were established to a large extent. While doing so, the focus was given by the research wing on introduction of some alternative SRWP species apart from Eucalyptus and Casuarina. An attempt was made to introduce the SRWP species such as Acacia hybrid, Ailanthus excelsa, Anthocephalus cadamba, Melia dubia etc. Research also reoriented its direction in deploying more productive clones of the practiced species and bringing in new SRWP species to the clonal forestry programme. Accordingly, clonal plantations of Gmelina arborea was also planted in many of the VSS areas. We are operationalizing the genetic gain noticed in the tree improvement trials into the field plantation programme to a limited extent, which can be further expanded.
It has been felt worthwhile to introduce some of the long rotation high-value timber (LRHT) species in the VSS plantation which not only can ensure a handsome return in the future years like the teak plantations yielding the returns at present but also can as ex-situ conservation stands. Accordingly, 687 ha and 308 ha was planted with
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LRHT species during 2006-07 and 2007-08 respectively. The species raised were comprising of Tectona grandis, Dalbergia latifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, P.santalinus, Adina cordifolia, Mitragyna parviflora, Hardwickia binnata, Radermachera xylocarpa, Schrebera swietenoides, Oogeinia dalbergioides, Albizia odoratissima, Bridelia retusa etc. Similarly, keeping in view the fast dwindling population of Sterculia urens and Cochlospermum religiosum (the two species which continue to immensely contribute to the tribal economy) from the wild, a programme for creation of the plantation of 100 ha of these two species was initiated. All these plantations were created in VSS areas by territorial and staff. However, the total planting stock for the above planting was supplied by R&D wing.
The third critical step which the R&D initiated was the creation of more of the demonstrative plantations of SRWP species with the integration of appropriate clones and the optimum cultural practices to showcase the potential of high short-term return. The need to raise such model demonstration plantations by the R&D arose from the observation that the high-value clones are planted without much attention to the cultural needs of such clones resulting in short-fall of the desired output at the time of the harvest. Accordingly, more SRWP demonstration plots were raised in the various Field Research Stations. The growth of Melia dubia, Ailanthus excelsa, Radermachera xylocarpa, Cedrella toona, Dolichandrone crispa in these plots have been recorded very encouraging.
As a part of long-term strategy to meet the quality-seed requirement of the tree farming programme in the State which would be obviously to a greater scale in future years, it was felt strongly to develop the Clonal Seed Orchard (CSO) for various hardwood commercially important timber species. It was intended that these seed orchards would produce seeds that could be both abundant and of high genetic value. This strategy warranted the standardization of cloning technology of various timber species. The species were selected, the cloning technique was standardized and already the CSO of Dalbergia latifolia, Gmelina arborea and Pterocarpus marsupium were established. There is a plan to expand to a very large extent with the CAMP funding.
Research wing carried forward the focus on the bio-pesticide – both botanical and microbial. The locally produced bio-pesticide from plant-parts like Cleistanthus collinus, Vitex negundo, Carica papaya, Calotropis procera etc are being refined with the efficacy study and wide-range use. Should there be a need, the R&D can supply this locally made bio-pesticide to all the nurseries and plantations of the State. BIOTRIM is more focused on the production of microbial bio-pesticide
6. STUDIES AS PER THE LAST AID MEMOIRES
6.1 Assessment of yield of bamboo plantation
It was felt necessary to carry out the field assessment of bamboo plantations raised under semi-mechanical method to ascertain the survival and yield potential. In this connection, instructions were issued to State Silviculturists, Rajahmundry and Forest Geneticist, Warangal to take 20% sampling in a 3-4 year old plantations (at least one in each district where such plantations had been raised) and parameters like survival percentage, clump
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diameter, number of culms present in the clump with the number of matured culms and number of culms of different ages, average height of the culms, average basal girth of the culm etc. can be ascertained.
SS Rajahmundry collected the data in 2003 bamboo plantation (Dendrocalamus strictus) in Annapureddipalli VSS of Satupalli Range. The data recorded in the sample plot has yielded the following results:
Survival % 97.5% Clump Diameter 0.76 m No. of matured culms present in the clump 4.28 / clump No. of 2nd year culms 4.97 / clump No. of 1st year culms 7.86 / clump Average height of the culm 8.72 m Average basal girth of the culm 0.12 cm
6.2 Assessment of yield of coppiced teak forest
A large number of degraded pure and mixed teak plantations were treated with “stool coppicing followed by singling” treatment and such plantations had come to thinning promising a good financial return to the VSS. Earlier, Research wing took up an impact analysis study of such treatment practice in one VSS of Adilabad Circle and 2 VSSs in Warangal Circle and the report was submitted to MTR mission during May 2006. Because of the varied nature of the stands in terms of stocking and crown density there is a need to apply an objective site-specific approach. Basal area per hectare and the requisite number of trees to achieve this for a given age class and site quality is a guide. In the above context, the Research wing developed a methodology to ascertain the allowable cut from such plantations and this was demonstrated to Mr Paul Rayon in Jagtial Range of Karimnagar Division. After the approval of this methodology, it was suggested in the last Aide Memoire to revisit baseline plots within at least 2 more Divisions with reasonable teak forests to determine forest growth and the impact of stand improvements. Accordingly, Forest Geneticist, Warangal was instructed to collaborate with DFO, Karimnagar (West) and carry out the exercise.
6.3 Study on Incidence of Gall Insect Pests in Eucalyptus plantations
Large extent of Eucalyptus clonal plantations was affected by gall infestation caused by a Lepidopteran wasp (Leptocybe invasa) leading to deformation of plant, inducing epicormic branches and cessation of apical growth. Different clones were exhibiting different degrees of susceptibility. The symptoms of this insect pest infestation were more pronounced during 2007 summer. However, during the last rainy season, the infestation was noticed to be at low ebb and fresh growth was noticed. Another observation was that this infestation was severe in the drier areas like Chittoor, Nellore, Kadapa, Rangareddy, Warangal, Mahboobnagar etc and higher rainfall sites like East Godavari was less affected. Keeping in view the fact the possible role of moisture playing a role in the susceptibility of the clonal plantations, it was to be seen over the next few months if the attack have been induced by moisture stress on younger trees or the decline in the incidence is due to a life cycle phenomenon of the insect pest. Therefore it was felt appropriate to take permanent sample plots in different agro- climatic zones and monitor the infestation. Accordingly, all State Silviculturists and Forest Geneticists were instructed to visit the same plantations once again and assess the plantations with respect to the incidence of this insect pest.
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However, as per the preliminary information provided by State Silviculturists and Forest Geneticist, the plants which suffered from gall wasp infestation and exhibited varying degrees of loss of vigour and retarded rate of growth had been recovered although the symptoms had not been fully disappeared. The observation suggests that the faster rate of growth of Eucalyptus making the tissue harder for the further life cycle of the insect difficult. Secondly, some of the clones like APSST-83 and APSST-63 did not recover from the damage. However, the monitoring has to be continued and loss of potential yield will be ascertained in due course of time.
7. PROGRESS OF EXPENDITURE DURING 2009-10 The Approved Work Plan for 2009-10 was submitted for an amount of Rs. 350.440 lakh. However, an amount of Rs. 147.971 lakh was released and an amount of Rs. 62.401 lakh has been spent up to February, 2010.
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Annex 4 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a management intervention which combines one or more appropriate pest management tactics into a package that minimizes costs and environmental impacts, whilst maximizing yields and net benefits. In this, all or most of pest control techniques are blended in a harmonious manner so that pest population is suppressed to an appreciably low level. Its two bedrock foundations are prevention and monitoring, i.e. strive to avoid pest pest problems at the outset, but keep a watch on the crop in case something goes wrong. As a practical crop protection solution, IPM is far from universal – it is often difficult to produce a viable IPM package for a crop particularly plantation on a large area. Problems which arise to curtail the full implementation of IPM include pest dynamics, host-plant and climate interactions, the practicalities of crop production, and very often, the socio-economic conditions prevalent in the region of the plantation.
1. COMPONENTS OF IPM 1.1. PREVENTIVE PEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The IPM of forest insects must be considered to be a preventive technique first and foremost. For ecological, economic, technological and social reasons, it is frequently impossible to control a pest outbreak or eradicate a damaging species even locally once the damage has begun, and so it is vital to grow trees, whether at a local agroforestry level or in an industrial plantations, in ways that reduce the probability of serious pest incidence. Following vital factors are taken into consideration while developing the Preventive Pest Management System (PPMS): 1.1.1. Detail Knowledge of Tree-Insect Pest Interaction: The first stage in this preventive strategy involves developing a sound knowledge of why insect pest outbreaks occur. Armed with this knowledge, foresters can grow trees using methods which avoid such occurrences. Of course, it may be that a tactic which is well known to increase the likelihood of pest problems, such as intense monoculture, is essential to sound silvicultural practice, and hence cannot be avoided. 1.1.2. Tree species Resistance and Site Matching: Out of all the predisposing or avoidable problems in the PPMS, two related items stand out as fundamental to promoting and preserving tree health and reducing pest or disease attack. These are: a) tree species and site- matching (essentially environmental); and b) the use of resistant and non-susceptible tree species or genotypes. In other words, even if a tree which s genetically resistant to an insect or a fungus is chosen, it may still be rendered prone to attacks by planting it in a place where the soils and climate are unsuitable. On the other hand, if susceptible tree species or genotype has to be used for sound economic reasons, then planting it in a habitat where its health and vigor will be optimal may enable resulting pest problems to be tolerated. The type of pests also has an influence here. Sap-feeders and stem, shoot, or bark borers seem to be particularly influenced by tree stress or lack of vigor in the host, whereas defoliators are less predictable. Defoliators may be deterred, however, if a tree genotype is basically disliked or rejected by a potential pest, irrespective of where it is planted. 1.1.3. Pest Reservoirs: Trees of the same species within the same stands can also act as pest reservoirs, especially when outbreaks are, initially at least, localized to small pockets of
150 damage or death. These small pockets provide new colonists which spread into the surrounding patches, causing more widespread and serious damage. One example of this is the spread of Tingis besonii in large Gmelina arborea plantations. 1.1.4. Handling Damage: There are various stages in the growth of a forest crop when hands-on intervention is called for. This can start in the nursery, continue into young plantations, and still be prevalent as far as harvest and beyond. For example, it is very easy to damage the rootsof nursery stock by rapid and rough transplanting. Root curling is a common problem which, whilst not serious enough at the outset to prevent vigorous young trees establishing in a plantation, can lead to early root decline, secondary pest attack, and tree death, as in the case of Acacia mangium plantations. Pruning to shape the canopy, coppicing to activate the new shoots, singling and other tending operations are called for in a young plantations or forest, and untrained or careless action can provide ideal sites for the ingress of insects such as termites or other fungal pathogens. Similarly, in a later stage of the plantation, thinning is carried out to boost the growth of vigorous tree. But it is important not to leave thinned timber lying within stands since it may help pest breeding and proliferating in the debris. Examples include the massive increase in bark beetles which may kill some of the remaining healthy trees. Forest hygiene is, therefore, another form of preventive pest control.
1.2. INERVENTIONIST MANAGEMENT TACTICS Prevention is thus much better than cure, but is unfortunately not entirely dependable. For example, defoliators in particular are less influenced by attempts to grow the healthiest trees (e.g. Ailanthus excelsa), and various „risky‟ strategies such as growing monocultures of exotic tree species on poor soils may be unavoidable logistically and economically. Appropriate management tactics differ for different types of insect pest, and actual „hands- on‟ control of insects is often not a viable option. However, recourse may be made to more interventionist tactics, if available. These may either be in the form of longer-term, semipermanent control using natural enemies of pests in biological control, or the short, sharp tactic of employing various types of pesticides, biological or chemical, in response to an acute outbreak. 1.2.1. Inspection and Quarantine: Some of the new insect pests move from one region of the world to another the along with the movement of planting materials, timbers, wood products etc. For example, the blue chalsid gum or gall-inducing wasp (Leptocybe invasa) moved from Australia to Israel to India and affected large scale Eucalyptus plantations in especially south India. Hence a vital part of IPM for insect pests these days is a routine but efficient system of inspection at docks and harbors to prevent such imports, to quarantine infested material. 1.2.2. Monitoring and Evaluation: The most fundamental feature of IPM compared with conventional pest management tactics is the reliance on some form of monitoring procedure to tell the forester whether or not he or she can expect to have a pest problem in the future. Hence the luxury of IPM is the decision to take no action, safe in the knowledge that nothing economically serious is going to happen. It is crucial to note that no monitoring system can be regarded as reliable without impact assessment, risk or hazard ratings, and a knowledge of threshold densities (numbers of the lifestage counted above which significant pest damage can be expected). Understanding of the insect pests of the various trees and the means to monitor them throughout the growing season of the plant in the nursery as well as in the plantation form the basic prerequisites in the development of integrated pest management strategies. It is
151 necessary that the insects collected should be verified and identified by an entomologist for their opinion whenever possible. Changing pest status due to climatic and various other factors can be identified through periodical pest detection surveys. Based on such survey, the pest spectrum of nursery seedlings and plantation crops should be identified and suppressive measures taken against them. Precise estimation of extent of injury or damage to the seedlings in the nursery or plants in the plantations is essential to take decision for the initiation of control operations. A clear understanding of the environmental factors which influence or modify the pest build up or suppression is necessary for effective management of various pest at low cost. High build up of some pests have been mainly influenced by rainfall. Soon after the rain, one round of safe pesticide spray can minimize the incidence of such defoliators. 1.2.3..Cultural and Mechanical Methods: Cultural method is the reduction of the insect population by utilization of cultivation practices, which make the environment unfavourable of pests. It involves avoidance of factors that favour multiplication of insect pests. Careful choice of location for establishment of nursery may help reduce insect incidence and damage. Proper soil preparation before establishment of nursery beds will expose stages of pests inhabiting inside the soil, which will be eaten away by birds or can be hand-picked and destroyed. Soil work can also mechanically damage the stages of insects and eliminate weed plants which are alternate host to insect pests. Arranging nursery beds with alternate species may minimize and slowdown infestation by injurious insects. Removal and burning of waste residues and weed plants will eliminate insect stages hibernating or sheltering in plant debris. Changes (advancing or delaying) in sowing or planting time can also be employed to avoid an expected incidence of a pest during susceptible season. Significant control by hand collection and destruction of caterpillars, grubs and adult beetles or bugs will help to reduce defoliation on young seedlings. Similarly, sweep net collection and destruction of adult stages can suppress the pest population significantly. Traps or nets laid around seed beds can trap or deter insects which damage seedlings. However, it should be borne in mind that adoption of these types of control practices should be based on availability of labour and the cost involved. 1.2.4. Biological Control: In theory, the use of natural enemies of forest insect pests to regulate their numbers below a level where damage is economically important is a very useful strategy. Predators such as birds, small mammals and especially other insects seem to consume large numbers of lepidopteran larvae or aphids, whilst more host species- specificparasites (parasitoids) in the insect orders Hymenoptera and Diptera can reduce the densities of pest considerably. The problem, however is that in many cases this reduction in percentage mortality is insufficient either to prevent significant damage or to reduce existing outbreaks sufficiently. In other words, the reasons behind the outbreaks where clearly the pest is being very successful for one reason or another tend to outweigh the ability of the enemies to make serious inroads into the pest population until most of the pest‟s food, such as foliage, has disappeared. By then, of course, it is too late for pest management to prevent significant losses. In the case of forestry, particularly the natural forests or the large scale plantations, unlike many situations in agriculture and horticulture, there are relatively few management success stories for biological control using predators or parasitoids of insect pests. Secondly, mass production and release of parasites and predators may not be economical in a temporary environment like nursery. Instead, these natural enemies may be conserved and favourable environment can be created to enhance their population for effecting natural suppression of these pests.
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Biological control in pest management has a better track record when considering the potential of insect pathogens. Microbial agents like the nucleopolyhedro-virus (NPV), bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis and fungus Beauveria basiana hold promise for effective suppression of certain groups of forest pests, the defoliators in particular and possibly some of the shoot borers and stem-feeders. The NPV of teak defoliator moth, Hyblaea purea, in southern India is the best example so far of pathogens in the control of tropical forest pests. NPVs are usually extremely species-specific, have enormous multiplication rates, and can persist in a stable forest environment for long periods of time. The remaining problems to their commercial adoption center around their production prior to application, the efficient timing and application of pathogens, and the ability to respond rapidly to new and geographically isolated pest outbreaks. Commercial formulation of microbial agents is available in the market for ready use in the field. 1.2.5. Chemical Control: Chemical control is always the effective and reliable method of management at a reasonable cost in a short time besides preventing extensive damage to the seedlings or plantation crops. Pesticides are used both as a preventive (prophylactic) and as a curative measure to minimize insect pest damage. Because of their rapid action, pesticides are always used wherever there is a large scale outbreak of insect pests. Many synthetic organic insecticides are available in the market. Few of them are organochlorine compounds (contact insecticide, which can persist in the environment for a long time without degeneration and therefore most of them like DDT, BHC, lindane, dicofol, endosulphan etc. are banned and not in use); Organophosphorous compounds having contact and systemic activity, having very short residual action and hence mostly used (e.g. chloropyriphos, dichlorovs, dimethoate, malathion, methyl parathion, methyl demeton, monocrotophos, phosphamidon, phosalone, phorate, quinalphos etc.); Carbamates, which breakdown readily and leave no harmful residue and hence safe (e.g. carbaryl, carbofuran); and Synthetic Pyrethroids, which are synthetic analogues of pyrethrum and has got a quick knock-down effect on insects and are effective at very low doses (e.g. allethrin, cypermethrin, permithrin, fenvalerate). Effective control can be achieved with least destruction to ecosystem if the pesticide application can coincide with the weak or vulnerable stage of the insect. Though a number of insecticides are effective against a pest, preferential choice should fall on comparatively safe insecticides like dimethoate, methyl demeton, monocrotophos, chloropyriphos and dichlorovos. Selective and improved method of application should be practiced for efficient pest management in nurseries or plantations. Soil application of chloropyriphos is highly effective for suppressing subterranean pests like termites and white grubs. Spray application of dimethoate or methyl demeton are effective against sucking pests while monocrotophos or methyl parathion or carbaryl can control defoliators. Dichlorvos can be used to control borers and gall insects. Pheromones are used extensively for monitoring insect pest populations, but they also have limited success in a technique known as mating disruption and confusion. In this technique, synthetic analogs of species-specific sex attractant pheromones are uniformly released over large areas of forest or plantation from various types of dispenser. Male moths attempting to locate the point-source attractiveness of female lose the ability to find the mates, resulting n far fewer eggs laid and hence significantly reduced pest populations. Because of health and environmental hazards due to synthetic pesticides (insecticide and pheromones), the naturally occurring chemicals from plants are used to manage insect pests. The vast and diverse chemical profiles of some plants have properties of poisoning or repelling the pest. These natuarally occurring chemicals are used as ecofriendly and
153 economic pest control agents. The insect antifeedants are the chemicals that inhibit the pests from feeding. Some of the commonly available plants with active principles, which are traditionally used in pest control are Azadirachta indica, Annona squamosa, Cleistanthus collinus, Nicotiana tabacum, Adhatoda vasica, Vitex negundo, Acorus calamus, Pongamia pinnata, Ocimum sanctum etc. These types of extracts are not harmful to beneficial insects like parasites, predators and pollinators. Under conditions of proper coverage, plant extracts are effective in limiting feeding damage by insects on plants. Extractions and applications of plant-based products are cost-effective. Therefore, they are best suited into IPM programme. However, disadvantages also limit the use of plant extracts in insect control in the field. Sucking pests and borers cannot be controlled by plant extracts. In addition to this the short shelf life of the plant extract discourages the use.
2. OPTIONS IN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT Traditional pest management tends to rely on a low number of options for reducing the damage caused by a particular organism. Choices are driven by the economic threshold that can be tolerated and by how quickly the pest population must be reduced below the economic threshold. In some cases, there is little choice but to use direct intervention methods based on chemical pesticides and this is an option within an IPM strategy. However, the key advantage of IPM is the assessment of a range of options and the choice of combination of these to achieve pest reduction. IPM, therefore requires a disciplined approach to decision making, taking account of the individual and combined effects of a range of options. Below figure illustrates a range of the steps required to develop IPM in forestry and distinguishes two complementary approaches to management, namely prevention and cure.
IPM as an approach to sustainable forest pest management has many attractions. In particular, it is a knowledge based system that involves development of deep understanding of underlying processes. Emphasis has been laid on prevention of pest outbreaks so that planning for pest management is included from the outset of any forest operations from nursery to planting to harvesting. Although success can be achieved at any stage of the crop, the options available tend to diminish as the crop matures. For example, choice of less susceptible tree species or provenances or clones is only n option that can be controlled fully during the establishment phase of a crop. Thereafter, adjustment to the balance of species, ages, sizes, and spacing of trees are viable options, provided that the process employed to adjust the variables are understood. Of course, it may not be possible to put the choices into practice in all cases, either for economic or for logistic reasons and, therefore, a high element of flexibility is needed to implement successful IPM. The increasing trend to reduce the use of chemical pesticides provides further impetus to strengthen knowledge-based management systems, although no options to be ruled out until all variables have been considered and their consequences are assessed. IPM is, therefore, not a quick-fix solution to pest management, but can provide sustainable long-term pest prevention or suppression with only limited recourse to repeated intervention, particularly with chemical pesticides. Below figure illustrates a range of the steps required to develop IPM in forestry and distinguishes two complementary approaches to management, namely prevention and cure.
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IPM in forestry
Prevention Monitoring Cure
Tree species Identify likely Routine pest choice pests monitoring No action
Impact Site selection Sanitation assessment
Silvicultural Biological system Economic control threshold Nursery management Chemical Maintain tree Decision control Stand vigor making management
- Schematic representation of the key components of IPM in forestry Nursery & Plantation -
Although the actions involved in achieving these ends may be similar, the ultimate aim will be to develop prevention so that long-term, sustainable population management can be achieved. In reality, there is usually a balance between prevention and cure, both of which depend on the quality of the monitoring and decision making components of the IPM systems. Emphasis on maintaining tree vigor as a baseline component of an IPM system goes a long way towards achieving both prevention and cure.
3. IPM TOOLBOX FOR NURSERY AND PLANTATION INSECT PEST An IPM „toolbox can be imagined which contains all the elements of pest management described above. These include preventive systems such as site choice and species matching, as well as interventionist tactics such as chemical and biological control. Underpinning these tactics is a sound and reliable monitoring system with which management decisions can be made. Clearly, not all specific situations in forest nursery and plantations will require each of these tactics, and so the toolbox concept can be applied whereby the various components appropriate to a particular problem and its solution can be used, leaving the rest for a different scenario.
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3.1. IPM TOOLBOX FOR NURSERY INSECT PEST
No. PEST LEVEL ACTIVITY EXPECTED OUTCOME I Cultural and Mechanical Methods 1 NIL Carefully select location Recurring pest attack can be for establishment of avoided. nursery. 2 NIL / LOW Carry out proper weeding, Expose stages of pests clearing and soil work. inhabiting inside the soil which will be eaten away by birds or can be collected and destroyed. Mechanically damage stages of insects, eliminate weed plants which are alternate hosts to insect pests. 3 NIL / LOW Remove and burn waste Eliminate insect stages residues and weed plants hibernating or sheltering in plant debris or waste. 4 NIL / LOW Arrange proper irrigation Suppress disease and pest and drainage facilities incidence 5 NIL / LOW Use best seed lot for Superior seed sources will give sowing. healthy and vigorous growing plants. 6 NIL / LOW Provide seed treatment if Seed treatment can avoid necessary. damage by termite and other subterranean pests. 7 NIL / LOW Advance or delay sowing This will avoid an expected or planting time incidence of pest during a susceptible season. 8 NIL / LOW Avoid arranging Discontinuous beds of same continuous beds of same species will retard spread of species. Alternate beds of insect pests particularly sap- different species may be sucking paste like scale insects. arranged. 9 LOW Hand collection and Reduce injury and damage on destruction of caterpillars, young seedlings. grubs and adult beetles or bugs. II Monitoring and Evaluation 1 NIL / LOW Undertake regular (once in Incidence of pest species in two weeks) pest detection nursery seedlings can be surveys throughout the identified well in advance and seedling growing season suppressive measures can be taken. 2 NIL / LOW Keep track of Application of one round of safe environmental factors like pesticide spray soon after the rainfall in the area which rain can minimize incidence of generally results in high pests like defoliators. build up of some pests
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3 LOW/MEDIUM/HIGH Precisely estimate the This will help in taking decision extent of injury or damage for the initiation of appropriate to the seedlings due to pest control operations attack and the population level. 4 LOW/MEDIUM/HIGH Insects collected should be Exact determination of the pest verified and identified by species will help in devising an entomologist. proper management practices. 5 LOW / MEDIUM Sweep net collection and Significant suppression of pest destruction of adult stages population 6 NIL / HIGH Installation of light traps / Trap or detect insects which traps of nets damage seedlings.
III Biological Control 1 LOW / MEDIUM Locate, identify and assess Available natural enemies can the natural enemies be conserved and favorable operating in the field environment can be created by delaying pesticide application to enhance their population for effecting natural suppression of these pests. 2 LOW / MEDIUM Use commercial Favorable environments will be formulation of microbial resulted for natural enemies like agents available in the parasites and predators to market for management of multiply. pests. IV Chemical Control 1 LOW / MEDIUM Prepare crude aqueous Pest population at low or extracts of traditionally medium level infestation will be used plants in pest repelled or killed. In the absence controls like Azadirachta, of chemical pesticides, Vitex, Cleistanthus etc. favorable environment will be and apply against insect resulted for natural enemies like pests if at low or medium parasitoids and predators to level of infestation. multiply Commercial formulations of such products can also be applied 2 HIGH Coincide application of Effective pest control with least chemical pesticide with destruction to ecosystem the weak or vulnerable stage of the insect 3 HIGH Rationalize the choice of Hazards of insecticide residue, pesticide. Select safe, non- development of insecticidal persistent pesticides and resistance in insects and practice need-based outbreak of other secondary application pests can be avoided. 4 HIGH Selective and improved Efficient pest management. method of application
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3.2. IPM ‘TOOLBOX’ FOR MANAGING INSECT PESTS IN PLANTATION CROPS
Host of insects have been reported damaging several species deployed in plantation programme. Easy way a forester finds is recommendation of some broad-based insecticide without really going into the details of the type of damage and what prevention and cure methods could have kept the insect population at bay. Insects selecting the plantation crops for food, shelter and egg-laying are often classified according to the sites that are damaged during the life cycle. The majority of the cases relate to the immature, larval, or nymphal stages of the particular pests. In fact this is determined by the processes employed by the adult pests to select suitable egg-laying sites that will lead to the highest likelihood of successful survival of their progeny. Consequently, the tactics employed to manage pests will be tailored to the types of feeding strategy by a given pest species. The wide gamut of insects damaging the plantation crops can be broadly classified into four categories based on insect feeding strategy: 1) Bark Feeders & Wood Borers, 2) Defoliators, 3) Sap Feeders, and 4) Root Feeders. The following IPM „toolbox‟ has been recommended giving some of the tactics to be employed to either prevent (a primary IPM strategy) or cure the problems.
Sl. Damage Details Management Tactics No. Prevention Cure 1 BARK FEEDERS & BORERS This group of pests is - Match tree species to site. - Injection of systemic dominated by beetles. - Avoid soil aridity and insecticide foe high-value In the majority of waterlogging. trees either directly in the cases, the life cycle - Avoid overmaturity. entry holes or through the includes a period of - Avoid root damage in active roots. feeding in the nursery - Remove infested materials cambial layer of the - Avoid stacking of pruned from site before re- inner bark which may or thinned materials near emergence of pest. occupy some or all of stands - Change tree species the larval feeding - Avoid pruning, coppicing mix/age structure to favour phase of the pest. or thinning damage. less susceptible species / age Wood borer includes an additional period during which the pest feeds in the sapwood. Some, such as wood wasps, oviposit directly in the sapwood using a long ovipositor capable of boring into the wood. Example: Bark-eating caterpillar in Gmelina arborea. II DEFOLIATORS Defoliators damage - Avoid preferred tree - Plant less susceptible trees as a result of mixture species / provenance /
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feeding on the leaves. clones Severity varies with - Use the planting stock of the type of tree being Seedling Seed Orchard or attacked and on the Clonal Seed Orchard Seeds. time of the year, - Change tree species relative to the growth mix/age structure to favour cycle of the tree, less susceptible species/age when the attack - Apply microbial occurs. insecticides Example: Teak & - Using mating disruption to Ailanthus defoliator reduce breeding success III SAP FEEDERS OR SAP SUCKERS Sap Feeedrs – both - Avoid non-vigorous trees - Plant less susceptible the adults and - Avoid highly susceptible species / provenance / immature (nymphs) provenances or clones clones stages feed on sap by - Use systemic insecticides inserting their through active roots. specialized sucking - Spray the shaded areas of mouthparts (stylets) the trees like holes, knots, into the phloem or cankers, bark furrows where sometimes xylem of the insects congregate in buds, leaves or in day time to avoid the direst some cases bark. sun. This reduces the Most cases tree population to large extent. survives but there may be secondary effects in making the tree vulnerable to attack by other pests and in the production of honeydew which is colonized by fungi such as sooty moulds. This severely restricts the tree growth by reducing the photosynthetic area of the growing buds, leaves and the branchlets. Example: Scale insects, plant bugs and Tingis beesonii in Gmelina
IV ROOT FEEDERS Root Feeders remain - Reduce availability of - Plant less susceptible underground. Impacts breeding resources for species / provenance / in plantations can be weevils. clones. serious, but the cause - Encourage alternative - Reduce breeding resource
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can be overlooked non-crop food sources for the pests by using because of the cryptic - Incorporation of pheromones. nature of the niche insecticide granules in - Intervention using occupied by the pests. planting hole if termite chemicals and microbial This pest is more losses are high pesticides in extreme cases. prevalent in nursery - Drenching the seedling - For the first 2 years of the seedlings. with chloropyriphos before plantation crop drench the Example: Root borers planting in the areas known soil with insecticide in Tectona grandis, for termite infestation - Judiciously use the Gmelina arborea fungicide since all the root feeders insect damage is followed by fungal infection.
CONCLUSION
The principles of integrated pest management (IPM) require a comprehensive knowledge of the reasons for pest outbreaks and, further, an understanding of which processes can be manipulated to reduce the severity of any outbreaks. While the concept of IPM is intuitively sound, the practical implementation of those concepts to reach a successful conclusion is not always so easily achieved. Of course, there are some successful instances in which forest nurseries are subjected to IPM regime since it is relatively easier to implement the IPM guidelines in a restricted area like nursery. In fact, case studies to illustrate IPM successes in forestry are relatively very few if strict definition of ‘integrated’ is adopted, such that there is a requirement for a multifaceted approach across a range of disciplines. In reality, although there are multiple variables to contend with, management will tend to rely on one or two key elements to achieve pest reduction.
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