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Reinvention of Australasian Biogeography

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Reinvention of Australasian Biogeography Reinvention of Australasian BiogeographyReinvention Biogeography, the study of the distribution of life on Earth, has undergone more conceptual changes, revolutions and turf wars than any other scientific field. Australasian biogeographers are responsible for several of these great upheavals, including debates on cladistics, panbiogeography and the drowning of New Zealand, some of which have significantly shaped present-day studies. Australasian biogeography has been caught in a cycle of reinvention that has lasted for over 150 years. The biogeographic research making headlines Reinvention today is merely a shadow of past practices, having barely advanced scientifically. Fundamental biogeographic questions raised by naturalists a century ago remain unanswered, yet are as relevant today as they were then. Scientists still do not know whether Australia and New Zealand are of Australasian natural biotic areas or if they are in fact artificial amalgamations of areas. The same question goes for all biotic areas in Australasia: are they real? Australasian biogeographers need to break this 150-year cycle, learn Biogeography from their errors and build upon new ideas. Reinvention of Australasian Biogeography tells the story of the history of Australasian biogeography, enabling understanding of the cycle of reinvention and the means by which to break it, and paves the way for future biogeographical research. Reform, Revolt and Rebellion ABOUT THE AUTHOR Malte C. Ebach is a Senior Lecturer in Biogeography at UNSW Australia and a Research Associate at the Australian Museum. He has published extensively on the history, theory and methodology of biological systematics, taxonomy and biogeography. He is an Associate Editor for the Journal of Biogeography, Australian Systematic Botany, Editor of Zootaxa and Phytotaxa, and Editor-in-Chief of the CRC Biogeography Book Series. In 2010, Malte and his co-author Lynne R. Parenti were recipients of the C. Ebach Malte Smithsonian’s Secretary Prize for the textbook Comparative Biogeography: Discovering and Classifying Biogeographical Patterns of a Dynamic Earth. Malte C. Ebach Reinvention of Australasian Biogeography Reform, Revolt and Rebellion Malte C. Ebach For Melinda Reinvention of Australasian Biogeography Reform, Revolt and Rebellion Malte C. Ebach © Malte C. Ebach 2017 All rights reserved. Except under the conditions described in the Australian Copyright Act 1968 and subsequent amendments, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, duplicating or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Contact CSIRO Publishing for all permission requests. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Ebach, Malte C., author. Reinvention of Australasian biogeography : reform, revolt and rebellion / Malte Ebach. 9781486304837 (paperback) 9781486304844 (ePDF) 9781486304851 (epub) Includes bibliographical references and index. Biogeography – Australasia. Evolution (Biology) – Australasia. 578.09 Published by CSIRO Publishing Locked Bag 10 Clayton South VIC 3169 Australia Telephone: +61 3 9545 8400 Email: [email protected] Website: www.publish.csiro.au Cover illustrations by vendor/Shutterstock, Val_Iva/Shutterstock and nikiteev_konstantin/Shutterstock Set in 9.5/13.5 Adobe Garamond Pro Edited by Peter Storer Editorial Services Cover design by Andrew Weatherill Typeset by Desktop Concepts Pty Ltd Index by Bruce Gillespie Printed in China by 1010 Printing International Ltd CSIRO Publishing publishes and distributes scientific, technical and health science books, magazines and journals from Australia to a worldwide audience and conducts these activities autonomously from the research activities of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of, and should not be attributed to, the publisher or CSIRO. The copyright owner shall not be liable for technical or other errors or omissions contained herein. The reader/ user accepts all risks and responsibility for losses, damages, costs and other consequences resulting directly or indirectly from using this information. Original print edition: The paper this book is printed on is in accordance with the rules of the Forest Stewardship Council . The FSC promotes environmentally responsible, socially® beneficial® and economically viable management of the world’s forests. Foreword I’ve dabbled in Australasian biogeography for the last quarter of the 150 years traversed by this book: not as a skilled or particularly insightful biogeographer, but as a lightly educated enthusiast. My first foray in peer-reviewed print – at the end of a taxonomic account of the freshwater red algae in south-eastern Australia published in 1984 – was descriptive, subjective and inconclusive. The affinities of this phycological flora, I said, ‘could not be fully assessed’. I had too few collections and too little knowledge of diversity and distribution to make any meaningful comparisons. What I didn’t realise then was that I also lacked any scientific method for assessing biogeographical connections, and that at best I was trying to craft an interesting (perhaps) but untestable narrative. A few years later I wrote an opinion piece for The Age about another group of algae I was working on, arguing that the unlikely disjunct distribution of a species, known previously from California but now recorded from the goldfield region of Victoria, might be a case of long- distance dispersal on the shovels of miners. An attractive idea, but again not supported by any scientific theory or method. In 1992 I published my first cladogram and it wasn’t until the year 2000 that I published a paper with the word ‘biogeography’ in the title (using a freshwater algal species to postulate a closer connection between the northern tip of North Island in New Zealand and south-west Tasmania, than both with the east coast of New South Wales). By then I was a convert to Ebach’s favoured form of biogeography, announcing optimistically at the end of my paper: ‘the presence of diverse and distinct Australasian clades of organisms independent from green plants and animals is good news for cladistic biogeography’. As with cladistics, I kept abreast of the ‘reforms, revolts and rebellions’ in historical biogeography, sometimes from primary sources but mostly from (more readable) book reviews and historical summaries. I missed things. The New Zealand passion for panbiogeography failed to capture my full attention despite the beguiling diagrammatic representation of tracks. Within Australia I became little more than an interested bystander. At times I felt excluded by the complexity of arguments and the exclusivity of a club I wasn’t sure I even wanted to join. My attempt to write up a ‘light-hearted’ report of the 1990 Willi Hennig conference held in Canberra for a then largely cladistics-ignorant audience of Australia phycologists was slashed and trashed by (cigar smoking at times, as you’ll read) Chris Humphries who somehow found it on the magazine editor’s desk. I liked Chris but this response was symptomatic of the discipline. Conversely, meeting Gary Nelson for the first time was transformative and I became, appropriately enough a transformed cladist; this despite his favoured method of instruction being to provoke with question rather than provide with answer. Malte Ebach doesn’t shy away from the blemishes, biases and bullies of biogeography, particularly in the historical quarter I experienced. He takes no prisoners but the book is prosecuting a case rather than the misguided people who fall along the way. Like everything written about cladistics and cladistic biogeography, Reinvention of Australasian Biogeography: Reform, Revolt and Rebellion will be received variously as heretic or v Reinvention of Australasian Biogeography heroic. While Ebach provides an engaging history of biogeography in Australia and New Zealand, and more particularly a perspective on the role of the scientists and biota in these regions in the development of this science, he is really making a robust case for change and reform. Most players in this story stumble and fall, only rarely adding a fragment towards Ebach’s grand synthesis. It’s a pragmatic approach to history, quickly dispensing with the completely foolish and gathering the occasional fleck of insight from the rest. Despite our author’s clear frustration, the central theme is one of possibility and potential. If we can determine units of biogeography that are testable and informative, we have the basis of analytical biogeography. Having only recently become awakened to Alexander von Humboldt’s pivotal and inspirational role in creating the discipline of plant geography, I enjoyed the journey from his recognition of plant formations responding to the climate of a region, through to more inclusive biomes and biotic areas, then to (monophyletic) natural areas. An area of endemism is the unit of historical biogeography, and the grand objective, according to Ebach, is to find the ‘single areagram of life [modelled on the predictive “tree of life”] … the relationship of every biotic area that has ever existed’. I was pleased to read that descriptive contributions such as my own can be a reasonable step towards analytical biogeography, and as good a means as any to hypothesise areas of
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