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Eyewitness to Utopia Scientific Conquest and Communal Settlement in C.-A

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Eyewitness to Utopia Scientific Conquest and Communal Settlement in C.-A Copyright (c) 2019 by Bauke Ritsert Rinsma. All rights reserved. Free distribution of these sample pages and index is authorized. For more information: https://real-utopia.info Bauke Ritsert Rinsma Eyewitness to Utopia Scientific Conquest and Communal Settlement in C.-A. Lesueur’s Sketches of the Frontier Foreword by: Edouard Philippe, Prime Minister of France Donald E. Pitzer, Professor Emeritus of History, Center for Communal Studies Ralph G. Schwarz, Founding President of Historic New Harmony, Inc. Drawings: Charles-Alexandre Lesueur Translation: Leslie Jean Roberts B-001-RINSMA-Preface.indd 1 20/10/2020 16:37:59 Copyright (c) 2019 by Bauke Ritsert Rinsma. All rights reserved. Free distribution of these sample pages and index is authorized. For more information: https://real-utopia.info Main subjects: Sketches of the United States of America and early American utopias (1816-1837); Charles-Alexandre Lesueur (1778-1846), explorer, geologist, zoologist and natural history painter; William Maclure (1763-1840), father of American geology and utopian philosopher; Robert Owen (1771-1858), British social reformer and utopian philosopher; early history of New Harmony, Indiana (1814-1837); early history of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (1812-1825); early history of the United States Geological Survey (1839-1879); Pestalozzian schools of Joseph Neef (1770-1854) and Marie Duclos Fretageot (1783-1833); Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827). Also in this book: History of lithography in the USA (1807-1822); creation of the Smithsonian Institution (1836-1856); Lewis and Clark expedition (1803-1806); Stephen. H. Long expedition (1819-1820); American Revolution (1775-1783); Louisiana Purchase (1803); War of 1812; United States Boundary Commission (1819); Harmonists in America (1803-1832); Moravians in America (1741-1825); English settlements on Prairie Albion, Illinois (1825-1826); slave emancipation in Nashoba, Tennessee (1825-1830); Valley Forge retreat of George Washington (1732-1799); Declaration of Independence and Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826); boyhood of Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865). With contemporaneous illustrations, photographs, maps, bibliography, index and notes. Website: www.charles-alexandre-lesueur.info e-mail: [email protected] A Heiligon Publication Copyright © Bauke Ritsert Rinsma, 2019 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright holders. Legal deposit in August 2019. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rinsma, Bauke Ritsert Eyewitness to Utopia: Scientifi c Conquest and Communal Settlement in C.-A. Lesueur’s Sketches of the Frontier / text and photographs by Bauke Ritsert Rinsma ; drawings by Charles-Alexandre Lesueur ; translation by Leslie Jean Roberts ; foreword by Edouard Philippe, Donald Elden Pitzer and Ralph Grayson Schwarz. p. cm.—(Published by Heiligon Limited) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-2-491405-01-4 [scholar’s edition] (hardcover : alkaline paper) ISBN 978-2-491405-02-1 [deluxe edition] (hardcover : alkaline paper) ISBN 978-2-491405-04-5 [economy edition] (paperback : alkaline paper) 1. Charles-Alexandre Lesueur—Biography. 2. New Harmony (Ind.)—History. 3. Science in the USA—History. 4. American communal utopias—History. I. Rinsma, Bauke Ritsert, 1969- II. Title. Publication, cover and interior design by B. R. Rinsma Le Camp du Roy, Heuqueville, 76280, France Printed in the Netherlands by Pumbo De Factorij 28J, 1689 AL Zwaag, Holland B-001-RINSMA-Preface.indd 2 20/10/2020 16:38:01 Copyright (c) 2019 by Bauke Ritsert Rinsma. All rights reserved. Free distribution of these sample pages and index is authorized. For more information: https://real-utopia.info B-001-RINSMA-Preface.indd 3 20/10/2020 16:38:03 Copyright (c) 2019 by Bauke Ritsert Rinsma. All rights reserved. Free distribution of these sample pages and index is authorized. For more information: https://real-utopia.info Contents Foreword xi Chapter 2 Lesueur and Maclure’s Travels in the Northeast 45 Author’s Preface xxiii Maclure and Lesueur: Precursors of Uniformitarianism 47 First Evidence of an Interest in Utopian Societies 49 List of Consulted Archives and Abbreviations xxiv William Maclure’s Carefully Defined Utilitarian Objective 54 A Model of the American Utopian Experience 61 Acknowledgements xxv Chapter 3 Dissemination of Knowledge in the Land of Jefferson 79 Prologue 1 Thomas Jefferson’s Quest for Knowledge 81 C.-A. Lesueur’s Place in American Scientific Circles 85 Pioneering New Printing Techniques 90 Introduction 9 Charles-Alexandre Lesueur: Printer and Businessman 93 Chapter 1 Chapter 4 How Prometheus Defied the Gods of Olympus 23 Lesueur’s Prolonged Stay in Philadelphia 97 Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, Protégé of William Maclure 25 The Long Expedition and Lesueur’s Relation with France 99 Lesueur and the Clan of the McClures 28 Failure of a Social Experiment in Spain 104 William Maclure: Disciple of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi 33 The New School and Lesueur’s Pupils 106 Propagation of Pestalozzi’s Method: First Efforts 36 A New Inexpensive Means of Diffusing Knowledge 121 Maclure’s Contract with Lesueur: A New Beginning 41 Victories in Philadelphia but a Defeat in France 123 B-001-RINSMA-Preface.indd 7 20/10/2020 16:38:09 Copyright (c) 2019 by Bauke Ritsert Rinsma. All rights reserved. Free distribution of these sample pages and index is authorized. For more information: https://real-utopia.info Chapter 5 Chapter 9 Robert Owen’s Utopian Venture in New Harmony 129 The New Harmony Community of Equality 257 The Social Reformer of New Lanark 131 The Difficult Debut of the Ideal City 259 Owen’s Invective on the Misdeeds of Industrialization 132 The Athens of the West? 272 Utopia in Indiana: From New Lanark to New Harmony 137 Testimony of a Famous Painter 276 Organizing and Financing the Social Utopia 140 Lesueur and Troost’s Utilitarian Mission 280 Were African Americans Excluded from this Paradise? 152 Chapter 10 Chapter 6 Quarrels Ruin the Cooperative System 293 Lesueur’s Reasons for Joining Owen in Indiana 159 Lesueur’s Scientific Work in and around New Harmony 295 Utopian Meditations During the Summer of 1825 162 Marie Fretageot’s Coup d’Etat 306 The Cooperative Society of Moravian Nazareth 168 Owen and Maclure’s Duel 321 Charles-Alexandre Lesueur’s Meditative Nature 179 Maclure’s Pecuniary Loss and its Consequences 329 A Precipitate Departure 182 The Angel and the Serpent 332 The Queen of the North 337 Chapter 7 The Mayflower of Intellectual Colonization 189 Conclusion 351 C.-A. Lesueur: Father of a Small Family 191 Robert Owen Announces his Millennium of Peace 194 Epilogue & List of Eyewitnesses and Participants 365 The Boat Load of Knowledge 200 Sojourn at Economy: Example of a Millenarian Movement 202 Notes 373 C.-A. Lesueur’s Publications & Bibliography 407 Chapter 8 The Odyssey and the Philosophers 227 List of Illustrations 421 Maclure’s Philosophical Nature 229 The Pilgrimage in the Ice 233 General Index 431 Reunion in Louisville 239 Debacle at Mount Vernon 247 Chronological and Thematic Index 459 B-001-RINSMA-Preface.indd 8 20/10/2020 16:38:09 Copyright (c) 2019 by Bauke Ritsert Rinsma. All rights reserved. Free distribution of these sample pages and index is authorized. For more information: https://real-utopia.info Bust of Charles-Alexandre Lesueur – sculpted by Joseph E. A. Mezzara in 1844 and cast in bronze in 1879 Courtesy of the Natural History Museum in Le Havre B-001-RINSMA-Preface.indd 10 20/10/2020 16:38:11 Copyright (c) 2019 by Bauke Ritsert Rinsma. All rights reserved. Free distribution of these sample pages and index is authorized. For more information: https://real-utopia.info Foreword by Donald E. Pitzer Charles-Alexandre Lesueur’s sketchbooks are the enduring Indiana. There Lesueur lavished his energies and talents work of an exceptional “eyewitness to utopia.” Lesueur as one of the 782 official communal members–including experienced the utopian quest that was inherent in the early scientists and educators from Philadelphia and families American Republic–the pursuit of happiness through the from the frontier–whose names and other information are rights of liberty and justice, the progress in knowledge helpfully brought together for the first time in an annotated through discoveries in science, and the promise of perfection list by Ritsert Rinsma. In all, this work provides American through experiments in communal living. In his sketchbooks, readers their first opportunity to view early nineteenth- Lesueur left his legacy, thousands of meticulously detailed century utopias through the eyes of an artistic eyewitness: drawings–an unparalleled record of one man’s embrace of Charles-Alexandre Lesueur. the spirit, environment, and life forms he found on extensive Lesueur is one of the last major naturalists from Thomas travels as a natural scientist and teacher in the United States Jefferson’s age of exploration whose story has not been from 1816 to 1837. However, Lesueur left scant accounts sufficiently told. His recognition has taken far too long, in writing, either in his native French or his limited English. which does not mean that Lesueur’s work was not noted and Therefore, Dutch historian Bauke Ritsert Rinsma chose the recognized in his native France before and after his arrival daunting task of searching out, analyzing, and compiling in America. He participated
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