Lecture 23 Assembler Fundamentals
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6.004 Computation Structures Spring 2009
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 6.004 Computation Structures Spring 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. M A S S A C H U S E T T S I N S T I T U T E O F T E C H N O L O G Y DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE 6.004 Computation Structures β Documentation 1. Introduction This handout is a reference guide for the β, the RISC processor design for 6.004. This is intended to be a complete and thorough specification of the programmer-visible state and instruction set. 2. Machine Model The β is a general-purpose 32-bit architecture: all registers are 32 bits wide and when loaded with an address can point to any location in the byte-addressed memory. When read, register 31 is always 0; when written, the new value is discarded. Program Counter Main Memory PC always a multiple of 4 0x00000000: 3 2 1 0 0x00000004: 32 bits … Registers SUB(R3,R4,R5) 232 bytes R0 ST(R5,1000) R1 … … R30 0xFFFFFFF8: R31 always 0 0xFFFFFFFC: 32 bits 32 bits 3. Instruction Encoding Each β instruction is 32 bits long. All integer manipulation is between registers, with up to two source operands (one may be a sign-extended 16-bit literal), and one destination register. Memory is referenced through load and store instructions that perform no other computation. Conditional branch instructions are separated from comparison instructions: branch instructions test the value of a register that can be the result of a previous compare instruction. -
Introduction to Programming in Fortran 77 for Students of Science and Engineering
Introduction to programming in Fortran 77 for students of Science and Engineering Roman GrÄoger University of Pennsylvania, Department of Materials Science and Engineering 3231 Walnut Street, O±ce #215, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Revision 1.2 (September 27, 2004) 1 Introduction Fortran (FORmula TRANslation) is a programming language designed speci¯cally for scientists and engineers. For the past 30 years Fortran has been used for such projects as the design of bridges and aeroplane structures, it is used for factory automation control, for storm drainage design, analysis of scienti¯c data and so on. Throughout the life of this language, groups of users have written libraries of useful standard Fortran programs. These programs can be borrowed and used by other people who wish to take advantage of the expertise and experience of the authors, in a similar way in which a book is borrowed from a library. Fortran belongs to a class of higher-level programming languages in which the programs are not written directly in the machine code but instead in an arti¯cal, human-readable language. This source code consists of algorithms built using a set of standard constructions, each consisting of a series of commands which de¯ne the elementary operations with your data. In other words, any algorithm is a cookbook which speci¯es input ingredients, operations with them and with other data and ¯nally returns one or more results, depending on the function of this algorithm. Any source code has to be compiled in order to obtain an executable code which can be run on your computer. -
A Beginner's Guide to Freebasic
A Beginner’s Guide to FreeBasic Richard D. Clark Ebben Feagan A Clark Productions / HMCsoft Book Copyright (c) Ebben Feagan and Richard Clark. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". The source code was compiled under version .17b of the FreeBasic compiler and tested under Windows 2000 Professional and Ubuntu Linux 6.06. Later compiler versions may require changes to the source code to compile successfully and results may differ under different operating systems. All source code is released under version 2 of the Gnu Public License (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html). The source code is provided AS IS, WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Microsoft Windows®, Visual Basic® and QuickBasic® are registered trademarks and are copyright © Microsoft Corporation. Ubuntu is a registered trademark of Canonical Limited. 2 To all the members of the FreeBasic community, especially the developers. 3 Acknowledgments Writing a book is difficult business, especially a book on programming. It is impossible to know how to do everything in a particular language, and everyone learns something from the programming community. I have learned a multitude of things from the FreeBasic community and I want to send my thanks to all of those who have taken the time to post answers and examples to questions. -
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, Programs, and Java
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, Programs, and Java 1.1 Introduction • The central theme of this book is to learn how to solve problems by writing a program . • This book teaches you how to create programs by using the Java programming languages . • Java is the Internet program language • Why Java? The answer is that Java enables user to deploy applications on the Internet for servers , desktop computers , and small hand-held devices . 1.2 What is a Computer? • A computer is an electronic device that stores and processes data. • A computer includes both hardware and software. o Hardware is the physical aspect of the computer that can be seen. o Software is the invisible instructions that control the hardware and make it work. • Computer programming consists of writing instructions for computers to perform. • A computer consists of the following hardware components o CPU (Central Processing Unit) o Memory (Main memory) o Storage Devices (hard disk, floppy disk, CDs) o Input/Output devices (monitor, printer, keyboard, mouse) o Communication devices (Modem, NIC (Network Interface Card)). Bus Storage Communication Input Output Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices Devices e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor, and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer FIGURE 1.1 A computer consists of a CPU, memory, Hard disk, floppy disk, monitor, printer, and communication devices. CMPS161 Class Notes (Chap 01) Page 1 / 15 Kuo-pao Yang 1.2.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU) • The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of a computer. • It retrieves instructions from memory and executes them. -
AN125: Integrating Raisonance 8051 Tools Into The
AN125 INTEGRATING RAISONANCE 8051 TOOLS INTO THE SILICON LABS IDE 1. Introduction 4. Configure the Tool Chain This application note describes how to integrate the Integration Dialog Raisonance 8051 Tools into the Silicon Laboratories Under the 'Project' menu, select 'Tool Chain Integration’ IDE (Integrated Development Environment). Integration to bring up the dialog box shown below. Raisonance provides an efficient development environment with (Ride 7) is the default. To use Raisonance (Ride 6), you compose, edit, build, download and debug operations can select it from the 'Preset Name' drop down box integrated in the same program. under 'Tools Definition Presets'. Next, define the Raisonance assembler, compiler, and linker as shown in 2. Key Points the following sections. The Intel OMF-51 absolute object file generated by the Raisonance 8051 tools enables source-level debug from the Silicon Labs IDE. Once Raisonance Tools are integrated into the IDE they are called by simply pressing the ‘Assemble/ Compile Current File’ button or the ‘Build/Make Project’ button. See the “..\Silabs\MCU\Examples” directory for examples that can be used with the Raisonance tools. Information in this application note applies to Version 4.00 and later of the Silicon Labs IDE and Ride7 and later of the Raisonance 8051 tools. 4.1. Assembler Definition 1. Under the ‘Assembler’ tab, if the assembler 3. Create a Project in the Silicon executable is not already defined, click the browse Labs IDE button next to the ‘Executable:’ text box, and locate the assembler executable. The default location for A project is necessary in order to link assembly files the Raisonance assembler is: created by the compiler and build an absolute ‘OMF-51’ C:\Program Files\Raisonance\Ride7\bin\ma51.exe output file. -
4 Using HLA with the HIDE Integrated Development Environment
HLA Reference Manual 5/24/10 Chapter 4 4 Using HLA with the HIDE Integrated Development Environment This chapter describes two IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) for HLA: HIDE and RadASM. 4.1 The HLA Integrated Development Environment (HIDE) Sevag has written a nice HLA-specified integrated development environment for HLA called HIDE (HLA IDE). This one is a bit easier to install, set up, and use than RadASM (at the cost of being a little less flexible). HIDE is great for beginners who want to get up and running with a minimal amount of fuss. You can find HIDE at the HIDE home page: http://sites.google.com/site/highlevelassembly/downloads/hide Contact: [email protected] Note: the following documentation was provided by Sevag. Thanks Sevag! 4.1.1 Description HIDE is an integrated development environment for use with Randall Hyde's HLA (High Level Assembler). The HIDE package contains various 3rd party programs and tools to provide for a complete environment that requires no files external to the package. Designed for a system- friendly interface, HIDE makes no changes to your system registry and requires no global environment variables to function. The only exception is ResEd (a 3rd party Resource Editor written by Ketil.O) which saves its window position into the registry. 4.1.2 Operation HIDE is an integrated development environment for use with Randall Hyde's HLA (High Level Assembler). The HIDE package contains various 3rd party programs and tools to provide for a complete environment that requires no files external to the package. Designed for a system- friendly interface, HIDE makes no changes to your system registry and requires no global environment variables to function. -
Binary and Hexadecimal
Binary and Hexadecimal Binary and Hexadecimal Introduction This document introduces the binary (base two) and hexadecimal (base sixteen) number systems as a foundation for systems programming tasks and debugging. In this document, if the base of a number might be ambiguous, we use a base subscript to indicate the base of the value. For example: 45310 is a base ten (decimal) value 11012 is a base two (binary) value 821716 is a base sixteen (hexadecimal) value Why do we need binary? The binary number system (also called the base two number system) is the native language of digital computers. No matter how elegantly or naturally we might interact with today’s computers, phones, and other smart devices, all instructions and data are ultimately stored and manipulated in the computer as binary digits (also called bits, where a bit is either a 0 or a 1). CPUs (central processing units) and storage devices can only deal with information in this form. In a computer system, absolutely everything is represented as binary values, whether it’s a program you’re running, an image you’re viewing, a video you’re watching, or a document you’re writing. Everything, including text and images, is represented in binary. In the “old days,” before computer programming languages were available, programmers had to use sequences of binary digits to communicate directly with the computer. Today’s high level languages attempt to shield us from having to deal with binary at all. However, there are a few reasons why it’s important for programmers to understand the binary number system: 1. -
ARM Instruction Set
4 ARM Instruction Set This chapter describes the ARM instruction set. 4.1 Instruction Set Summary 4-2 4.2 The Condition Field 4-5 4.3 Branch and Exchange (BX) 4-6 4.4 Branch and Branch with Link (B, BL) 4-8 4.5 Data Processing 4-10 4.6 PSR Transfer (MRS, MSR) 4-17 4.7 Multiply and Multiply-Accumulate (MUL, MLA) 4-22 4.8 Multiply Long and Multiply-Accumulate Long (MULL,MLAL) 4-24 4.9 Single Data Transfer (LDR, STR) 4-26 4.10 Halfword and Signed Data Transfer 4-32 4.11 Block Data Transfer (LDM, STM) 4-37 4.12 Single Data Swap (SWP) 4-43 4.13 Software Interrupt (SWI) 4-45 4.14 Coprocessor Data Operations (CDP) 4-47 4.15 Coprocessor Data Transfers (LDC, STC) 4-49 4.16 Coprocessor Register Transfers (MRC, MCR) 4-53 4.17 Undefined Instruction 4-55 4.18 Instruction Set Examples 4-56 ARM7TDMI-S Data Sheet 4-1 ARM DDI 0084D Final - Open Access ARM Instruction Set 4.1 Instruction Set Summary 4.1.1 Format summary The ARM instruction set formats are shown below. 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9876543210 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Cond 0 0 I Opcode S Rn Rd Operand 2 Data Processing / PSR Transfer Cond 0 0 0 0 0 0 A S Rd Rn Rs 1 0 0 1 Rm Multiply Cond 0 0 0 0 1 U A S RdHi RdLo Rn 1 0 0 1 Rm Multiply Long Cond 0 0 0 1 0 B 0 0 Rn Rd 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Rm Single Data Swap Cond 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 Rn Branch and Exchange Cond 0 0 0 P U 0 W L Rn Rd 0 0 0 0 1 S H 1 Rm Halfword Data Transfer: register offset Cond 0 0 0 P U 1 W L Rn Rd Offset 1 S H 1 Offset Halfword Data Transfer: immediate offset Cond 0 -
Language Translators
Student Notes Theory LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS A. HIGH AND LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES Programming languages Low – Level Languages High-Level Languages Example: Assembly Language Example: Pascal, Basic, Java Characteristics of LOW Level Languages: They are machine oriented : an assembly language program written for one machine will not work on any other type of machine unless they happen to use the same processor chip. Each assembly language statement generally translates into one machine code instruction, therefore the program becomes long and time-consuming to create. Example: 10100101 01110001 LDA &71 01101001 00000001 ADD #&01 10000101 01110001 STA &71 Characteristics of HIGH Level Languages: They are not machine oriented: in theory they are portable , meaning that a program written for one machine will run on any other machine for which the appropriate compiler or interpreter is available. They are problem oriented: most high level languages have structures and facilities appropriate to a particular use or type of problem. For example, FORTRAN was developed for use in solving mathematical problems. Some languages, such as PASCAL were developed as general-purpose languages. Statements in high-level languages usually resemble English sentences or mathematical expressions and these languages tend to be easier to learn and understand than assembly language. Each statement in a high level language will be translated into several machine code instructions. Example: number:= number + 1; 10100101 01110001 01101001 00000001 10000101 01110001 B. GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 4th generation 4GLs 3rd generation High Level Languages 2nd generation Low-level Languages 1st generation Machine Code Page 1 of 5 K Aquilina Student Notes Theory 1. MACHINE LANGUAGE – 1ST GENERATION In the early days of computer programming all programs had to be written in machine code. -
Assembly Language
Assembly Language University of Texas at Austin CS310H - Computer Organization Spring 2010 Don Fussell Human-Readable Machine Language Computers like ones and zeros… 0001110010000110 Humans like symbols… ADD R6,R2,R6 ; increment index reg. Assembler is a program that turns symbols into machine instructions. ISA-specific: close correspondence between symbols and instruction set mnemonics for opcodes labels for memory locations additional operations for allocating storage and initializing data University of Texas at Austin CS310H - Computer Organization Spring 2010 Don Fussell 2 An Assembly Language Program ; ; Program to multiply a number by the constant 6 ; .ORIG x3050 LD R1, SIX LD R2, NUMBER AND R3, R3, #0 ; Clear R3. It will ; contain the product. ; The inner loop ; AGAIN ADD R3, R3, R2 ADD R1, R1, #-1 ; R1 keeps track of BRp AGAIN ; the iteration. ; HALT ; NUMBER .BLKW 1 SIX .FILL x0006 ; .END University of Texas at Austin CS310H - Computer Organization Spring 2010 Don Fussell 3 LC-3 Assembly Language Syntax Each line of a program is one of the following: an instruction an assember directive (or pseudo-op) a comment Whitespace (between symbols) and case are ignored. Comments (beginning with “;”) are also ignored. An instruction has the following format: LABEL OPCODE OPERANDS ; COMMENTS optional mandatory University of Texas at Austin CS310H - Computer Organization Spring 2010 Don Fussell 4 Opcodes and Operands Opcodes reserved symbols that correspond to LC-3 instructions listed in Appendix A ex: ADD, AND, LD, LDR, … Operands registers -
Basic Processor Implementation Jinyang Li What We’Ve Learnt So Far
Basic Processor Implementation Jinyang Li What we’ve learnt so far • Combinatorial logic • Truth table • ROM • ALU • Sequential logic • Clocks • Basic state elements (SR latch, D latch, flip-flop) Clocked Clocked unclocked (Level (edge triggered) triggered) Today’s lesson plan • Implement a basic CPU Our CPU will be based on RISC-V instead of x86 • 3 popular ISAs now ISA Key advantage Who builds the Where are the processors processors? used? x86 Fast Intel, AMD Server (Cloud), Desktop, CISC Laptop, Xbox console Complex Instruction Set ARM Low power (everybody can license the Samsung, NVIDIA, Phones, Tablets, Nintendo design from ARM Holdings for $$$) Qualcomm, Broadcom, console, Raspberry Pi RISC Huawei/HiSilicon Reduced RISC-V Open source, royalty-free Western digital, Alibaba Devices (e.g. SSD controllers) Instruction Set RISC-V at a high level RISC-V X86-64 # of registers 32 16 similarities Memory Byte-addressable, Byte-addressable, Little Endian Little Endian Why RISC-V is much simpler? Fewer instructions 50+ (200 manual pages) 1000+ (2306 manual pages) Simpler instruction encoding 4-byte Variable length Simpler instructions • Ld/st instructions • Instructions take either load/store memory to memory or register operands or from register • Complex memory addressing • Other instructions take modes D(B, I, S) only register operands • Prefixes modify instruction behavior Basic RISC-V instructions Registers: x0, x1, x2,…, x31 64-bit Data transfer load doubleword ld x5, 40(x6) x5=Memory[x6+40] store doubleword sd x5, 40(x6) Memory[x6+40]=x5 -
Exposing Native Device Apis to Web Apps
Exposing Native Device APIs to Web Apps Arno Puder Nikolai Tillmann Michał Moskal San Francisco State University Microsoft Research Microsoft Research Computer Science One Microsoft Way One Microsoft Way Department Redmond, WA 98052 Redmond, WA 98052 1600 Holloway Avenue [email protected] [email protected] San Francisco, CA 94132 [email protected] ABSTRACT language of the respective platform, HTML5 technologies A recent survey among developers revealed that half plan to gain traction for the development of mobile apps [12, 4]. use HTML5 for mobile apps in the future. An earlier survey A recent survey among developers revealed that more than showed that access to native device APIs is the biggest short- half (52%) are using HTML5 technologies for developing mo- coming of HTML5 compared to native apps. Several dif- bile apps [22]. HTML5 technologies enable the reuse of the ferent approaches exist to overcome this limitation, among presentation layer and high-level logic across multiple plat- them cross-compilation and packaging the HTML5 as a na- forms. However, an earlier survey [21] on cross-platform tive app. In this paper we propose a novel approach by using developer tools revealed that access to native device APIs a device-local service that runs on the smartphone and that is the biggest shortcoming of HTML5 compared to native acts as a gateway to the native layer for HTML5-based apps apps. Several different approaches exist to overcome this running inside the standard browser. WebSockets are used limitation. Besides the development of native apps for spe- for bi-directional communication between the web apps and cific platforms, popular approaches include cross-platform the device-local service.