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Introduction to Programming in Fortran 77 for Students of Science and Engineering
Introduction to programming in Fortran 77 for students of Science and Engineering Roman GrÄoger University of Pennsylvania, Department of Materials Science and Engineering 3231 Walnut Street, O±ce #215, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Revision 1.2 (September 27, 2004) 1 Introduction Fortran (FORmula TRANslation) is a programming language designed speci¯cally for scientists and engineers. For the past 30 years Fortran has been used for such projects as the design of bridges and aeroplane structures, it is used for factory automation control, for storm drainage design, analysis of scienti¯c data and so on. Throughout the life of this language, groups of users have written libraries of useful standard Fortran programs. These programs can be borrowed and used by other people who wish to take advantage of the expertise and experience of the authors, in a similar way in which a book is borrowed from a library. Fortran belongs to a class of higher-level programming languages in which the programs are not written directly in the machine code but instead in an arti¯cal, human-readable language. This source code consists of algorithms built using a set of standard constructions, each consisting of a series of commands which de¯ne the elementary operations with your data. In other words, any algorithm is a cookbook which speci¯es input ingredients, operations with them and with other data and ¯nally returns one or more results, depending on the function of this algorithm. Any source code has to be compiled in order to obtain an executable code which can be run on your computer. -
A Beginner's Guide to Freebasic
A Beginner’s Guide to FreeBasic Richard D. Clark Ebben Feagan A Clark Productions / HMCsoft Book Copyright (c) Ebben Feagan and Richard Clark. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". The source code was compiled under version .17b of the FreeBasic compiler and tested under Windows 2000 Professional and Ubuntu Linux 6.06. Later compiler versions may require changes to the source code to compile successfully and results may differ under different operating systems. All source code is released under version 2 of the Gnu Public License (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html). The source code is provided AS IS, WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Microsoft Windows®, Visual Basic® and QuickBasic® are registered trademarks and are copyright © Microsoft Corporation. Ubuntu is a registered trademark of Canonical Limited. 2 To all the members of the FreeBasic community, especially the developers. 3 Acknowledgments Writing a book is difficult business, especially a book on programming. It is impossible to know how to do everything in a particular language, and everyone learns something from the programming community. I have learned a multitude of things from the FreeBasic community and I want to send my thanks to all of those who have taken the time to post answers and examples to questions. -
C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Fifth Edition
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition Chapter 5: Control Structures II (Repetition) Objectives In this chapter, you will: • Learn about repetition (looping) control structures • Explore how to construct and use count- controlled, sentinel-controlled, flag- controlled, and EOF-controlled repetition structures • Examine break and continue statements • Discover how to form and use nested control structures C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 2 Objectives (cont'd.) • Learn how to avoid bugs by avoiding patches • Learn how to debug loops C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 3 Why Is Repetition Needed? • Repetition allows you to efficiently use variables • Can input, add, and average multiple numbers using a limited number of variables • For example, to add five numbers: – Declare a variable for each number, input the numbers and add the variables together – Create a loop that reads a number into a variable and adds it to a variable that contains the sum of the numbers C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 4 while Looping (Repetition) Structure • The general form of the while statement is: while is a reserved word • Statement can be simple or compound • Expression acts as a decision maker and is usually a logical expression • Statement is called the body of the loop • The parentheses are part of the syntax C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 5 while Looping (Repetition) -
Compiler Construction Assignment 3 – Spring 2018
Compiler Construction Assignment 3 { Spring 2018 Robert van Engelen µc for the JVM µc (micro-C) is a small C-inspired programming language. In this assignment we will implement a compiler in C++ for µc. The compiler compiles µc programs to java class files for execution with the Java virtual machine. To implement the compiler, we can reuse the same concepts in the code-generation parts that were done in programming assignment 1 and reuse parts of the lexical analyzer you implemented in programming assignment 2. We will implement a new parser based on Yacc/Bison. This new parser utilizes translation schemes defined in Yacc grammars to emit Java bytecode. In the next programming assignment (the last assignment following this assignment) we will further extend the capabilities of our µc compiler by adding static semantics such as data types, apply type checking, and implement scoping rules for functions and blocks. Download Download the Pr3.zip file from http://www.cs.fsu.edu/~engelen/courses/COP5621/Pr3.zip. After unzipping you will get the following files Makefile A makefile bytecode.c The bytecode emitter (same as Pr1) bytecode.h The bytecode definitions (same as Pr1) error.c Error reporter global.h Global definitions init.c Symbol table initialization javaclass.c Java class file operations (same as Pr1) javaclass.h Java class file definitions (same as Pr1) mycc.l *) Lex specification mycc.y *) Yacc specification and main program symbol.c *) Symbol table operations test#.uc A number of µc test programs The files marked ∗) are incomplete. For this assignment you are required to complete these files. -
PDF Python 3
Python for Everybody Exploring Data Using Python 3 Charles R. Severance 5.7. LOOP PATTERNS 61 In Python terms, the variable friends is a list1 of three strings and the for loop goes through the list and executes the body once for each of the three strings in the list resulting in this output: Happy New Year: Joseph Happy New Year: Glenn Happy New Year: Sally Done! Translating this for loop to English is not as direct as the while, but if you think of friends as a set, it goes like this: “Run the statements in the body of the for loop once for each friend in the set named friends.” Looking at the for loop, for and in are reserved Python keywords, and friend and friends are variables. for friend in friends: print('Happy New Year:', friend) In particular, friend is the iteration variable for the for loop. The variable friend changes for each iteration of the loop and controls when the for loop completes. The iteration variable steps successively through the three strings stored in the friends variable. 5.7 Loop patterns Often we use a for or while loop to go through a list of items or the contents of a file and we are looking for something such as the largest or smallest value of the data we scan through. These loops are generally constructed by: • Initializing one or more variables before the loop starts • Performing some computation on each item in the loop body, possibly chang- ing the variables in the body of the loop • Looking at the resulting variables when the loop completes We will use a list of numbers to demonstrate the concepts and construction of these loop patterns. -
AN125: Integrating Raisonance 8051 Tools Into The
AN125 INTEGRATING RAISONANCE 8051 TOOLS INTO THE SILICON LABS IDE 1. Introduction 4. Configure the Tool Chain This application note describes how to integrate the Integration Dialog Raisonance 8051 Tools into the Silicon Laboratories Under the 'Project' menu, select 'Tool Chain Integration’ IDE (Integrated Development Environment). Integration to bring up the dialog box shown below. Raisonance provides an efficient development environment with (Ride 7) is the default. To use Raisonance (Ride 6), you compose, edit, build, download and debug operations can select it from the 'Preset Name' drop down box integrated in the same program. under 'Tools Definition Presets'. Next, define the Raisonance assembler, compiler, and linker as shown in 2. Key Points the following sections. The Intel OMF-51 absolute object file generated by the Raisonance 8051 tools enables source-level debug from the Silicon Labs IDE. Once Raisonance Tools are integrated into the IDE they are called by simply pressing the ‘Assemble/ Compile Current File’ button or the ‘Build/Make Project’ button. See the “..\Silabs\MCU\Examples” directory for examples that can be used with the Raisonance tools. Information in this application note applies to Version 4.00 and later of the Silicon Labs IDE and Ride7 and later of the Raisonance 8051 tools. 4.1. Assembler Definition 1. Under the ‘Assembler’ tab, if the assembler 3. Create a Project in the Silicon executable is not already defined, click the browse Labs IDE button next to the ‘Executable:’ text box, and locate the assembler executable. The default location for A project is necessary in order to link assembly files the Raisonance assembler is: created by the compiler and build an absolute ‘OMF-51’ C:\Program Files\Raisonance\Ride7\bin\ma51.exe output file. -
4 Using HLA with the HIDE Integrated Development Environment
HLA Reference Manual 5/24/10 Chapter 4 4 Using HLA with the HIDE Integrated Development Environment This chapter describes two IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) for HLA: HIDE and RadASM. 4.1 The HLA Integrated Development Environment (HIDE) Sevag has written a nice HLA-specified integrated development environment for HLA called HIDE (HLA IDE). This one is a bit easier to install, set up, and use than RadASM (at the cost of being a little less flexible). HIDE is great for beginners who want to get up and running with a minimal amount of fuss. You can find HIDE at the HIDE home page: http://sites.google.com/site/highlevelassembly/downloads/hide Contact: [email protected] Note: the following documentation was provided by Sevag. Thanks Sevag! 4.1.1 Description HIDE is an integrated development environment for use with Randall Hyde's HLA (High Level Assembler). The HIDE package contains various 3rd party programs and tools to provide for a complete environment that requires no files external to the package. Designed for a system- friendly interface, HIDE makes no changes to your system registry and requires no global environment variables to function. The only exception is ResEd (a 3rd party Resource Editor written by Ketil.O) which saves its window position into the registry. 4.1.2 Operation HIDE is an integrated development environment for use with Randall Hyde's HLA (High Level Assembler). The HIDE package contains various 3rd party programs and tools to provide for a complete environment that requires no files external to the package. Designed for a system- friendly interface, HIDE makes no changes to your system registry and requires no global environment variables to function. -
7. Control Flow First?
Copyright (C) R.A. van Engelen, FSU Department of Computer Science, 2000-2004 Ordering Program Execution: What is Done 7. Control Flow First? Overview Categories for specifying ordering in programming languages: Expressions 1. Sequencing: the execution of statements and evaluation of Evaluation order expressions is usually in the order in which they appear in a Assignments program text Structured and unstructured flow constructs 2. Selection (or alternation): a run-time condition determines the Goto's choice among two or more statements or expressions Sequencing 3. Iteration: a statement is repeated a number of times or until a Selection run-time condition is met Iteration and iterators 4. Procedural abstraction: subroutines encapsulate collections of Recursion statements and subroutine calls can be treated as single Nondeterminacy statements 5. Recursion: subroutines which call themselves directly or indirectly to solve a problem, where the problem is typically defined in terms of simpler versions of itself 6. Concurrency: two or more program fragments executed in parallel, either on separate processors or interleaved on a single processor Note: Study Chapter 6 of the textbook except Section 7. Nondeterminacy: the execution order among alternative 6.6.2. constructs is deliberately left unspecified, indicating that any alternative will lead to a correct result Expression Syntax Expression Evaluation Ordering: Precedence An expression consists of and Associativity An atomic object, e.g. number or variable The use of infix, prefix, and postfix notation leads to ambiguity An operator applied to a collection of operands (or as to what is an operand of what arguments) which are expressions Fortran example: a+b*c**d**e/f Common syntactic forms for operators: The choice among alternative evaluation orders depends on Function call notation, e.g. -
A Survey of Hardware-Based Control Flow Integrity (CFI)
A survey of Hardware-based Control Flow Integrity (CFI) RUAN DE CLERCQ∗ and INGRID VERBAUWHEDE, KU Leuven Control Flow Integrity (CFI) is a computer security technique that detects runtime attacks by monitoring a program’s branching behavior. This work presents a detailed analysis of the security policies enforced by 21 recent hardware-based CFI architectures. The goal is to evaluate the security, limitations, hardware cost, performance, and practicality of using these policies. We show that many architectures are not suitable for widespread adoption, since they have practical issues, such as relying on accurate control flow model (which is difficult to obtain) or they implement policies which provide only limited security. CCS Concepts: • Security and privacy → Hardware-based security protocols; Information flow control; • General and reference → Surveys and overviews; Additional Key Words and Phrases: control-flow integrity, control-flow hijacking, return oriented programming, shadow stack ACM Reference format: Ruan de Clercq and Ingrid Verbauwhede. YYYY. A survey of Hardware-based Control Flow Integrity (CFI). ACM Comput. Surv. V, N, Article A (January YYYY), 27 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/nnnnnnn.nnnnnnn 1 INTRODUCTION Today, a lot of software is written in memory unsafe languages, such as C and C++, which introduces memory corruption bugs. This makes software vulnerable to attack, since attackers exploit these bugs to make the software misbehave. Modern Operating Systems (OSs) and microprocessors are equipped with security mechanisms to protect against some classes of attacks. However, these mechanisms cannot defend against all attack classes. In particular, Code Reuse Attacks (CRAs), which re-uses pre-existing software for malicious purposes, is an important threat that is difficult to protect against. -
Repetition Structures
24785_CH06_BRONSON.qrk 11/10/04 9:05 M Page 301 Repetition Structures 6.1 Introduction Goals 6.2 Do While Loops 6.3 Interactive Do While Loops 6.4 For/Next Loops 6.5 Nested Loops 6.6 Exit-Controlled Loops 6.7 Focus on Program Design and Implementation: After-the- Fact Data Validation and Creating Keyboard Shortcuts 6.8 Knowing About: Programming Costs 6.9 Common Programming Errors and Problems 6.10 Chapter Review 24785_CH06_BRONSON.qrk 11/10/04 9:05 M Page 302 302 | Chapter 6: Repetition Structures The applications examined so far have illustrated the programming concepts involved in input, output, assignment, and selection capabilities. By this time you should have gained enough experience to be comfortable with these concepts and the mechanics of implementing them using Visual Basic. However, many problems require a repetition capability, in which the same calculation or sequence of instructions is repeated, over and over, using different sets of data. Examples of such repetition include continual checking of user data entries until an acceptable entry, such as a valid password, is made; counting and accumulating running totals; and recurring acceptance of input data and recalculation of output values that only stop upon entry of a designated value. This chapter explores the different methods that programmers use to construct repeating sections of code and how they can be implemented in Visual Basic. A repeated procedural section of code is commonly called a loop, because after the last statement in the code is executed, the program branches, or loops back to the first statement and starts another repetition. -
Control-Flow Analysis of Functional Programs
Control-flow analysis of functional programs JAN MIDTGAARD Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University We present a survey of control-flow analysis of functional programs, which has been the subject of extensive investigation throughout the past 30 years. Analyses of the control flow of functional programs have been formulated in multiple settings and have led to many different approximations, starting with the seminal works of Jones, Shivers, and Sestoft. In this paper, we survey control-flow analysis of functional programs by structuring the multitude of formulations and approximations and comparing them. Categories and Subject Descriptors: D.3.2 [Programming Languages]: Language Classifica- tions—Applicative languages; F.3.1 [Logics and Meanings of Programs]: Specifying and Ver- ifying and Reasoning about Programs General Terms: Languages, Theory, Verification Additional Key Words and Phrases: Control-flow analysis, higher-order functions 1. INTRODUCTION Since the introduction of high-level languages and compilers, much work has been devoted to approximating, at compile time, which values the variables of a given program may denote at run time. The problem has been named data-flow analysis or just flow analysis. In a language without higher-order functions, the operator of a function call is apparent from the text of the program: it is a lexically visible identifier and therefore the called function is available at compile time. One can thus base an analysis for such a language on the textual structure of the program, since it determines the exact control flow of the program, e.g., as a flow chart. On the other hand, in a language with higher-order functions, the operator of a function call may not be apparent from the text of the program: it can be the result of a computation and therefore the called function may not be available until run time. -
Foundations of Computer Science I
Foundations of Computer Science I Dan R. Ghica 2014 Contents 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Basic concepts . .2 1.2 Programming the machine, a historical outlook . .2 1.3 Abstraction . .3 1.4 Functional programming: a historical outlook . .4 2 \Formal" programming: rewrite systems 6 2.0.1 \Theorems" . .7 2.1 Further reading . .8 3 Starting with OCaml/F# 9 3.1 Predefined types . .9 3.2 Toplevel vs. local definition . 11 3.3 Type errors . 11 3.4 Defined types: variants . 12 4 Functions 13 4.1 Pattern-matching and if . 14 5 Multiple arguments. Polymorphism. Tuples. 18 5.1 Multiple arguments . 18 5.2 Polymorphism . 18 5.3 Notation . 19 5.4 Tuples . 20 5.5 More on pattern-matching . 21 5.6 Some comments on type . 22 6 Isomorphism of types 23 6.1 Quick recap of OCaml syntax . 24 6.2 Further reading . 24 7 Lists 25 7.1 Arrays versus lists . 25 7.2 Getting data from a list. 26 8 Recursion. 28 8.0.1 Sums . 28 8.0.2 Count . 29 8.1 Creating lists . 30 8.2 Further reading . 32 8.3 More on patterns . 32 1 1 Introduction 1.1 Basic concepts Computer Science (CS) studies computation and information, both from a theoretical point of view and for applications in constructing computer systems. It is perhaps not very helpful to try and define these two basic, and deeply connected, notions of \computation" and \information", but it is perhaps helpful to talk about some properties they enjoy. Information is what is said to be exchanged in the course of communication.